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Journal articles on the topic 'Language endangerment'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Roche, Gerald, and Yudru Tsomu. "Tibet's Invisible Languages and China's Language Endangerment Crisis: Lessons from the Gochang Language of Western Sichuan." China Quarterly 233 (March 2018): 186–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018000012.

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AbstractChina is facing a language endangerment crisis, with half of its languages decreasing in number of speakers. This article contributes to the understanding of language endangerment in China with a case study of the Gochang language, which is spoken by about 10,000 Tibetans in western Sichuan. We describe Gochang as an “invisible” language – one that is overlooked by the state's ethnic and linguistic policies and thus is more vulnerable to the social transformations wrought by statist development. Using UNESCO's language vitality and endangerment framework to assess the endangerment of Gochang, we conclude that the language is “definitely endangered.” Our comparison of Gochang with other “invisible” languages in China shows that most are in a similar predicament, suggesting that China's language endangerment crisis is likely to continue unless these languages receive formal recognition or local governments take advantage of ambiguities in the policy framework to support them. The social impacts of a continuing, deepening language endangerment crisis in China are as yet unknown.

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2

Meek, Barbra A. "Language Endangerment in Childhood." Annual Review of Anthropology 48, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050041.

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Language endangerment by definition excludes children and childhood, as the most endangered languages are those which are no longer being used, spoken, or acquired by the youngest generations. By and large, research in this area reflects this exclusion by focusing primarily on the documentation of grammatical knowledge elicited from the oldest speakers for storage in archives (what Maliseet anthropologist Bernard Perley has termed “zombie linguistics”). However, when approached from a language socialization orientation, the seeming paradox of language endangerment in childhood dissolves. Investigations of endangered languages in childhood reveal surprisingly vibrant and complicated amalgams of linguistic practices, socializing discourses, and cultural ideologies. They underscore the need to apply mixed methods to understanding processes of language endangerment. They challenge the grammatical boundedness of languages as (transparently) discrete objects. They recognize the vitalities emergent from situations of aggressive contact. Thus, attention to children and childhood not only calls into question the privileged rhetoric of zombie linguistics but also accentuates and challenges the socially constructed dimensions of languages and linguistic boundaries.

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3

Gyanwali, Gokarna Prasad. "Language Endangerment in South Asia." Patan Pragya 5, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v5i1.30437.

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Language endangerment is the very critical issues of 21st century because the extinction of each language results in the irrecoverable loss of unique expression of the human experience and the culture of the world. Every time a language dies, we have less evidence for understanding patterns in the structure and function of human languages, human prehistory and the maintenance of the world’s diverse ecosystems. Language is thus essential for the ability to express cultural knowledge, the preservation and further development of the culture. In the world, 500 languages are spoken by less than 100 peoples and 96% of the worlds languages are spoken only 4% of the world’s population. Data shows that all most all the minority languages of world are in endangered and critical situation and not becoming to the culture transmitter. This paper will explain the process, stages, paradigms, as well as the language endangerment in global and in South Asian context.

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4

Lee, Nala H. "The Status of Endangered Contact Languages of the World." Annual Review of Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030427.

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This article provides an up-to-date perspective on the endangerment that contact languages around the world are facing, with a focus on pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages. While language contact is often associated with language shift and hence language endangerment, languages arising from contact also can and do face the risk of endangerment. Recent observations and studies show that contact languages may be at twice the risk of endangerment and loss compared with noncontact languages. The loss of these languages is highly consequential. The arguments that usually apply to why noncontact languages should be conserved also apply to many of these contact languages. This article highlights recent work on the documentation and preservation of contact languages and suggests that much more can be done to protect and conserve this unique category of languages.

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5

Turin, Mark. ":Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance:." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16, no. 1 (June 2006): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2006.16.1.148.

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6

Muhlhausler, Peter. "Language endangerment and language revival." Journal of Sociolinguistics 7, no. 2 (May 2003): 232–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00221.

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7

Ravindranath Abtahian, Maya. "Language shift, endangerment and prestige." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 339–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.32.2.05rav.

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This paper examines a scenario of possible language shift in the multilingual village of Hopkins, where the two most commonly used languages are both ‘minority’ languages: Garifuna, now endangered in many of the communities where it was once spoken, and Belizean Creole (Kriol), an unofficial national lingua franca in Belize. It offers a qualitative examination of beliefs about the three primary languages spoken in the community (Garifuna, Kriol, and English) with data gathered from sociolinguistic interviews and surveys in four rural Garifuna communities in Belize. It situates these findings on the social evaluation of Garifuna and Kriol socio-historically by examining them alongside the recent history of language planning for Garifuna and Kriol in Belize.

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8

Kasstan, Jonathan R. "Emergent sociolinguistic variation in severe language endangerment." Language in Society 48, no. 5 (July 29, 2019): 685–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404519000472.

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ABSTRACTContrary to Labov's principle of style shifting, studies in language obsolescence portray speakers of dying languages as ‘monostylistic’, a characterization questioned here. Variationist methodology is adopted in a context of gradual language death. By combining quantitative and interactional analyses of data from older, younger, and new speakers of Francoprovençal in France and Switzerland, the article considers (a) to what extent variability in language obsolescence differs from that found in ‘healthy’ languages, and (b) how innovations might spread through communities speaking threatened languages characterized as ‘monostylistic’ and lacking overt normative infrastructure. It is argued that style variation (not monostylism) emerges from linguistic decay: among more fluent speakers, a categorical rule of /l/-palatalization before obstruents becomes underspecified, rendering palatalization available for strategic use. Among new speakers, novel palatal variants form part of an emergent sociolinguistic norm. The study offers fresh insights on the origins of sociolinguistic variation with implications for variationist theory. (Language obsolescence, language death, language variation and change, style variation, new speakers)*

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9

Lee, Nala Huiying, and John Van Way. "Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI)." Language in Society 45, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404515000962.

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AbstractThe Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) is the central feature of the Google-powered Endangered Languages Project (endangeredlanguages.com), which is a venue for sharing information and resources on the world's endangered languages and the knowledge contained in them. One key feature of ELCat is a quantitative measure that can be used to understand the level of endangerment of any language. Quantitative measurements are needed to compare language vitality across a variety of contexts around the globe, and can be used as a parallel to measurements of other forms of threats to biocultural diversity. This article addresses the development of the Language Endangerment Index (LEI). Based on four factors (intergenerational transmission, absolute number of speakers, speaker number trends, and domains of use), this index is different from other methods of assessment in several ways, especially as it can be used even if limited information is available. (Language endangerment, vitality, intergenerational transmission, speaker numbers, domains of language use)*

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10

ROCHE, GERALD, and HIROYUKI SUZUKI. "Tibet's Minority Languages: Diversity and endangerment." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): 1227–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1600072x.

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AbstractAsia is the world's most linguistically diverse continent and its diversity largely conforms to established global patterns that correlate linguistic diversity with biodiversity, latitude, and topography. However, one Asian region stands out as an anomaly in these patterns—Tibet, which is often portrayed as linguistically homogenous. A growing body of research now suggests that Tibet is linguistically diverse. In this article, we examine this literature in an attempt to quantify Tibet's linguistic diversity. We focus on the minority languages of Tibet—languages that are neither Chinese nor Tibetan. We provide five different estimates of how many minority languages are spoken in Tibet. We also interrogate these sources for clues about language endangerment among Tibet's minority languages and propose a sociolinguistic categorization of Tibet's minority languages that enables broad patterns of language endangerment to be perceived. Appendices include lists of the languages identified in each of our five estimates, along with references to key sources on each language. Our survey found that as many as 60 minority languages may be spoken in Tibet and that the majority of these languages are endangered to some degree. We hope our contribution inspires further research into the predicament of Tibet's minority languages and helps support community efforts to maintain and revitalize these languages.

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11

Koffi, Ettien. "Language Endangerment Threatens Phonetic Diversity." Acoustics Today 17, no. 2 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/at.2021.17.2.23.

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12

Grimes, Joseph E. "Language Endangerment in the Pacific." Oceanic Linguistics 34, no. 1 (June 1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623108.

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13

Dressler, Wolfgang U., Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, and Alain Peyraube. "Introduction: ‘Language Endangerment and Revitalization’." European Review 26, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000461.

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14

Holton, Gary. "Bibliography on Language Endangerment (review)." Language 81, no. 2 (2005): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2005.0066.

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15

Sharma, Deepak. "EARLY DETECTION OF FACTORS, INCLUDING PANDEMICS AND DISASTERS, LEADING TO LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT: THINKING STATISTICALLY." IARS' International Research Journal 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51611/iars.irj.v11i1.2021.153.

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The target of this research work is to use a statistical technique on different languages to identify significant factors of endangered languages with similar characteristics to build a model for language endangerment. Factor analysis is used to identify factors. The factors are used to construct a model with and without interaction terms. First three variables (i.e. speakers, longitude and latitude) are analyzed to identify two factors and then these three variables and three interaction terms are used to construct the model. Different variables were identified and a model with and without interaction terms is built using the identified factors. The result shows that the model has significant predictive power. The predictors were retrieved from the dataset. The outcome encourages future studies towards defining techniques of language endangerment prediction for analyzing factors of language endangerment.

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16

Taher, Muhammad Dian Saputra, Veronika Diah Oktaviani, Kafi Dewanda, Vincent Yosafat, and Aprillia Firmonasari. "Language Preservation Parameter: Assesment of Bengkulu Malay Language Vitality Using Level Endangerment Index." Tradition and Modernity of Humanity 2, no. 2 (May 21, 2022): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tmh.v2i2.10133.

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Bengkulu Malay language began to be put away and displaced by other languages so efforts were needed to preserve the language in order to survive. The first step was to take measurements through language life force assessment based on the Level Endangerment Index (LEI). The purpose of this research was to identify the form of language shift, analyze the level of language vitality, and explore language defense strategies as an effort to preserve the Bengkulu Malay language. This research used Level Endangerment Index theory, language shift, and language preservation. The methods used in this research were anthropology and sociolinguistics through interviews, questionnaires, observation, and study literature. Data analysis was carried out with sequential explanatory mixed method including Level Endangerment Index assessment, data reduction, data serving, data verification, and conclusion. The result of this research was the form of Bengkulu Malay language shift in the form of code switching and code mixing. Language shift spreads through community, style of language, and vocabularies in families, educational institutions, and immigrant neighborhood. Bengkulu Malay language vitality is 44% which means endangered. Language preservation efforts are carried out by involving the government, the Customary Council, and the community.

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17

Legère, Karsten. "Language endangerment in Tanzania: identifying and maintaining endangered languages." South African Journal of African Languages 26, no. 3 (January 2006): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2006.10587273.

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18

Swiggers, Pierre. "Two key concepts of language endangerment : language obsolescence and language death." Linguistica 47, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.47.1.21-33.

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In the contemporary context of world-wide language endangerment, of linguistic imperialism and regression of minority languages, it is of vital importance to take initiatives for the maintenance and protection of linguistic biodiversity. Languages that become extinct are a major loss, not only for the communities concerned but also for humanity in general. The role of linguists should not be confined to documentation and recording of threatened languages, but should be extended to policies aimed at the revitalization of languages in the process of obsolescence and extinction, and to programs for stimulating language awareness and language cult. Although practical work and immediate political interventions remain the most urgent tasks, there is also need for a theoretical discussion on the value of language maintenance and preservation. It is important to define adequately the basic concepts to be used in discussions, as well as in scholarly and "bureaucratic" writings in the field of language endangerment. The aim of the present paper has been to clarify the concepts of 'language obsolescence' and 'language death', with an eye at offering a general characterization and typology of both phenomena. Accurate information on the causes and contextual factors involved in language obsolescence and language death can help to elaborate a theoretically coherent frame for construing open-minded language policies and for arousing a widespread feeling of respect for the linguistic rights of speech communities, however small and unprotected they may be.

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19

Bradley, David. "Language reclamation strategies." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.38.2.01bra.

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Language endangerment confronts many Tibeto-Burman (TB) languages. This paper provides a general typology of methods for reclaiming such languages, using TB examples where possible, and discusses the problems which may arise. This is followed by a case study of one such endangered language, Gong in Thailand, and attempts for its reclamation.

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20

TURIN, MARK. "Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization – By Tasaku Tsunoda." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 18, no. 1 (June 2008): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00015.x.

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21

Bradley, David. "Introduction: language policy and language endangerment in China." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2005, no. 173 (January 20, 2005): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.173.1.

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22

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. "Linguistic Diversity, Language Rights And Language Ecology." Sustainable Multilingualism 13, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 14–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2018-0011.

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Summary Aiming at the maintenance of biodiversity and healthy ecosystem in the world – vital issues of the 21st century – it is important to preserve linguistic diversity and prevent the increasing language endangerment, thus ensuring the support of linguistic human rights. The author presents a comprehensive explanation of the key terms related to linguistic diversity and language ecology and investigates if educational language rights in international and regional Charters/Conventions support the maintenance of indigenous, tribal and minority languages (the world’s linguistic diversity), thus preventing language endangerment. The answer is that most educational systems in the word today support linguistic genocide in relation to indigenous, tribal and minority children’s language rights, by providing subtractive education as capability deprivation (according to Amartya Sen), which leads to poverty and violation of human rights in general. The author also argues why linguistic diversity and language rights are important for the maintenance of biodiversity and thus a healthy ecosystem.

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23

Braithwaite, Ben. "Sign language endangerment and linguistic diversity." Language 95, no. 1 (2019): e161-e187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2019.0025.

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24

Jalil Ahmed Mengal and Dr.Manzoor Baloch. "بیست و یکمی صدی ٹی براہوئی زبان نا آخبت، ویل و گڑتیک." Al-Burz 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54781/abz.v10i1.78.

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According to UNESCO 2008 report, 2500 languages are endangered in the world, 27 of them exist in Pakistan. Brahui language is also one of them. In this research paper it would be try to shed some spotlight on the real status of Brahui language, whether the Brahui language is endangered or it is still safe. According to UNESCO report the cause of endangerment of Brahui language is because of the less speakers but at the same time it is interesting to note here that Brahui speakers are present from Balochistan to Afghanistan? Iran and Turkmenistan. The real cause of endangerment of the Brahui language will be tried to evaluate in this article.

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25

Ringel, Christina. "The Role of Country and Self-Determination in Revitalisation." Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal 36 (2022): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35515/zfa/asj.36/2022.02.

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The UNESCO Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022-2032)is a good opportunity for shining a light on language endangerment in Australia. In this paper, I argue that many causes of endangerment can be traced back to a relocation of speakers of Indigenous languages from their traditional land. A case in point is the endangered language Miriwoong. The analysis of a case study with the Miriwoong people will demonstrate that both their traditional educational practices and several current revitalisation projects rely on access to traditional Country. Miriwoong is no longer transmitted in natural contexts, i.e. it is not spoken and learned in the family home. Thus, in order to achieve the goal of countering endangerment, the community needs the support that Australian governments can provide via the mainstream education system. For such projects to be effective, self-determination needs to be part of any policies concerning formal education. This ensures that traditional beliefs and practices, such as teaching ‘on Country’, can be properly incorporated.

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26

Bromham, L., X. Hua, C. Algy, and F. Meakins. "Language endangerment: a multidimensional analysis of risk factors." Journal of Language Evolution 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzaa002.

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Abstract The world is facing a crisis of language loss that rivals, or exceeds, the rate of loss of biodiversity. There is an increasing urgency to understand the drivers of language change in order to try and stem the catastrophic rate of language loss globally and to improve language vitality. Here we present a unique case study of language shift in an endangered Indigenous language, with a dataset of unprecedented scale. We employ a novel multidimensional analysis, which allows the strength of a quantitative approach without sacrificing the detail of individual speakers and specific language variables, to identify social, cultural, and demographic factors that influence language shift in this community. We develop the concept of the ‘linguatype’, a sample of an individual’s language variants, analogous to the geneticists’ concept of ‘genotype’ as a sample of an individual’s genetic variants. We use multidimensional clustering to show that while family and household have significant effects on language patterns, peer group is the most significant factor for predicting language variation. Generalized linear models demonstrate that the strongest factor promoting individual use of the Indigenous language is living with members of the older generation who speak the heritage language fluently. Wright–Fisher analysis indicates that production of heritage language is lost at a significantly faster rate than perception, but there is no significant difference in rate of loss of verbs vs nouns, or lexicon vs grammar. Notably, we show that formal education has a negative relationship with Indigenous language retention in this community, with decreased use of the Indigenous language significantly associated with more years of monolingual schooling in English. These results suggest practical strategies for strengthening Indigenous language retention and demonstrate a new analytical approach to identifying risk factors for language loss in Indigenous communities that may be applicable to many languages globally.

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27

Bromham, Lindell, Russell Dinnage, Hedvig Skirgård, Andrew Ritchie, Marcel Cardillo, Felicity Meakins, Simon Greenhill, and Xia Hua. "Global predictors of language endangerment and the future of linguistic diversity." Nature Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01604-y.

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AbstractLanguage diversity is under threat. While each language is subject to specific social, demographic and political pressures, there may also be common threatening processes. We use an analysis of 6,511 spoken languages with 51 predictor variables spanning aspects of population, documentation, legal recognition, education policy, socioeconomic indicators and environmental features to show that, counter to common perception, contact with other languages per se is not a driver of language loss. However, greater road density, which may encourage population movement, is associated with increased endangerment. Higher average years of schooling is also associated with greater endangerment, evidence that formal education can contribute to loss of language diversity. Without intervention, language loss could triple within 40 years, with at least one language lost per month. To avoid the loss of over 1,500 languages by the end of the century, urgent investment is needed in language documentation, bilingual education programmes and other community-based programmes.

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Araujo, Gabriel Antunes. "Portuguese language expansion in São Tomé and Príncipe: an overview." Revista Diadorim 22, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35520/diadorim.2020.v22n1a32012.

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This paper describes how the Portuguese language came to be widely spoken in the Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe and demonstrates how the spread of Portuguese language can be associated with the endangerment of other languages in the archipelago. A country that has been multilingual since its formation has moved towards monolingualism, marginalizing native languages or pushing them into obsolescence in the process. Based on a literature review, we suggest that the spread of Portuguese and its consolidation as the dominant language are associated with a complex socio-historical process, including urbanization, mass schooling, media and the desire of local elites to remain connected to an imperial language and the benefits of such a connection. The choice of the ruling elite to adopt Portuguese as the official language in the young republic in 1975 effectively created the mechanisms for the diffusion of Portuguese and set the stage for the endangerment of other local languages.

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29

Tran, Hao Thi. "Tropical tongues: language ideologies, endangerment, and minority languages in Belize." Current Issues in Language Planning 21, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2018.1520433.

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Černý, Miroslav. "The Vitality and Endangerment of the Western Shoshone Language." Ethnologia Actualis 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eas-2021-0003.

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Abstract Shoshone, the northernmost Uto-Aztecan language, originally spoken in the area of the Great Basin (U.S.), has been frequently reported as threatened. In his paper, the author presents a vitality assessment of the Western dialect of the Shoshone language based on the methodology which stems from the UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages. He takes into account UNESCO′s nine factors in order to determine the degree of language vitality and endangerment for Western Shoshone and to outline strategies which might help to revitalize the language in the future.

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31

Connell, Bruce, David Zeitlyn, Sascha Griffiths, Laura Hayward, and Marieke Martin. "Language ecology, language endangerment, and relict languages: Case studies from Adamawa (Cameroon-Nigeria)." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 244–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0011.

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Abstract As a contribution to the more general discussion on causes of language endangerment and death, we describe the language ecologies of four related languages (Bà Mambila [mzk]/[mcu], Sombә (Somyev or Kila) [kgt], Oumyari Wawa [www], Njanga (Kwanja) [knp]) of the Cameroon-Nigeria borderland to reach an understanding of the factors and circumstances that have brought two of these languages, Sombә and Njanga, to the brink of extinction; a third, Oumyari, is unstable/eroded, while Bà Mambila is stable. Other related languages of the area, also endangered and in one case extinct, fit into our discussion, though with less focus. We argue that an understanding of the language ecology of a region (or of a given language) leads to an understanding of the vitality of a language. Language ecology seen as a multilayered phenomenon can help explain why the four languages of our case studies have different degrees of vitality. This has implications for how language change is conceptualised: we see multilingualism and change (sometimes including extinction) as normative.

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32

Coulter, Neil R. "Music Endangerment: How Language Maintenance Can Help." Ethnomusicology Forum 24, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2014.1003076.

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33

Tingsheng, Zhou, and Hu Suhua. "Vitality and endangerment of the Lalo language." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.38.2.05tin.

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This paper aims to discuss the vitality and endangerment of Lalo, a Lolo-Burmese language spoken in Yunnan province in southwest China. Analysis of the data collected during the survey of the use of the Lalo language in Xiaowan area shows that this minority language is definitely endangered. The comparison of the use of language between Nuosu Yi areas and Lalo Yi areas indicates that the endangerment of the Lalo language is related to interruption of intergenerational mother tongue transmission within families and dwindling use of Lalo in the domains of education, media and work. The following five suggestions are proposed for further discussion on preservation and revitalization of the Lalo language: (1) the Lalo language preservation and revitalization programs could be combined with protection of the intangible heritage in Lalo-speaking areas; (2) the Lalo language needs to be comprehensively documented and systematically researched; (3) language teaching and learning materials as well as resources about Lalo culture should be provided using a newly-developed orthography; (4) multilingualism and cultural diversity should be the principle of language development in Lalo-speaking areas; and (5) the preservation and revitalization of Lalo language could be promoted with appropriate policies and adequate financial support as well as widespread support of all parties concerned, especially the speech communities themselves.

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Watts, Sarah H. "Music endangerment: how language maintenance can help." Music Education Research 17, no. 3 (April 2, 2015): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2015.1026569.

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35

Grenoble, Lenore A. "Discourses of endangerment." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 30, no. 4 (July 2009): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630802597763.

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36

Rosaline Mnguhenen Sokpo, Ph.D., Sarah Terwase Shittu, Ph.D, Titus Terver Udu, Ph.D, and Joseph I. Orban, Ph.D. "LEXICAL BORROWING AND LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT: A CASE OF THE TIV LANGUAGE." Ahyu: A Journal of Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (May 2, 2020): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56666/ahyu.v1i3.8.

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Language gives identity to a people and makes them a speech community, thereby defining their culture. It is their means of initiating and propagating development; it therefore means that without language that is peculiar to a people, it becomes difficult for them to forge ahead with the development of their society. However, because language communities co-exist and their strengths and numbers are not equal, some languages that are stronger than others begin to dominate them when they come into contact or co-exist. This dominance could gradually lead to language endangerment and possibly extinction of the weaker language. This is the case betweenthe Hausa language and the Tiv language in the middle belt region of Nigeria, where Tiv language speakers tend to borrow lexical items from the Hausa language. The current study involved oral interviews with adult native speakers of the Tiv language, as well as reviewed reports, journal articles and books written on the subject matter under study. The study explored the extent of lexical borrowing by the Tiv language from the Hausa language and discovered that the Tiv language has borrowed lexical items significantly from the Hausa language. The borrowing is based on the fact that the Tiv language has no lexical equivalents of the borrowed words in its lexicon, or that the speakers of Tiv language have over time adopted such Hausa words because of their knowledge of Hausa language. The danger here is that borrowed lexical items from Hausa have come to replace some Tiv words, making them to gradually go extinct, thereby endangering the Tiv language. The study concludes that the trend of Hausa words gradually replacing Tiv words is worrisome, and calls for intensified studies to ensure that the Tiv language is protected from domination by the Hausa language, to prevent extinction of the language in the future.

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Gomes, Antônio Almir Silva. "Language Endangerment and Endangered Languages. Linguistic and Anthropological Studies with Special Emphasis on the Languages and Cultures of the Andean-Amazonian Border Area." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 7, no. 1 (March 8, 2012): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v7i1.1458.

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O livro “Language Endangerment and Endangered Languages” é o quinto número da série INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF LATIN AMERICA (ILLA), que edita a Universidade de Leiden. A presente obra foi organizada por Leo Wetzels, professor das universidades de Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam) e Paris-III, Sorbonne Nouvelle. A publicação é constituída de duas partes distintas. A primeira parte, intitulada “General Studies: Endangered Languages and Language Endangerment” é composta por cinco artigos escritos, respectivamente, por Marianne Mithun, Marie-France Patte, Maria S. de Aguiar, Maria do Socorro Pimentel da Silva e Jerzy Koopman. A temática central dos referidos artigos centra-se em questões relacionadas ao trabalho de documentação em campo. A segunda parte, diferentemente da primeira, está subdividida em 03 seções; sendo que as duas primeiras tratam de dois grupos genéticos específicos: Maku e Nambikwara. A última seção apresenta informações acerca de diversas outras línguas indígenas.

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Rodrigues, Aryon Dall’Igna, and Jéssica Gomes de Gusmão da Silva. "Línguas Tupí em Rondônia e na Bolívia Oriental." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica 10, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/rbla.v10i1.19060.

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Esse artigo foi originalmente publicado em Leo Wetzels. (Org.). Language endangerment and endangered languages: linguistic and anthropological studies with special emphasis on the languages nd cultures of the Andean-Amazonian border area.. 1ed.Leiden: CNWS Publications, 2007, v. 1, p. 355-363.

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Errington, Joseph. "Getting Language Rights: The Rhetorics of Language Endangerment and Loss." American Anthropologist 105, no. 4 (December 2003): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.4.723.

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Gomashie, Grace A., and Roland Terborg. "Nahuatl, selected vitality indicators and scales of vitality in an Indigenous language community in Mexico." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0010.

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Abstract Scales or measurements of vitality propose various factors to assess the degree of endangerment of a language. Using these measurements offers important insights into the maintenance of a language and identifies the areas in need of support. The current study employed seven scales to assess the vitality of Nahuatl in the language community of Puebla, Mexico. Data on the selected vitality indicators, absolute speaker population, and intergenerational language transmission were collected through questionnaires on linguistic knowledge and home language use. Results showed that five out of the seven scales characterized Nahuatl as not at an immediate risk of endangerment as it had speakers in all age groups and was spoken at home by them. However, there was need for more emphasis on transmitting Nahuatl to the younger generations who made up the majority of the non-Nahuatl speaker population and were more likely to use Spanish than Nahuatl. The approach taken by this study will be of value when assessing other communities facing language endangerment and seeking language maintenance and revitalization.

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Battenburg, John. "The status of Kumzari and its speakers." Language Problems and Language Planning 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.37.1.02bat.

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The Kumzari language, with approximately 3,000 speakers in the Musandam Governorate of Oman, is an Iranian language spoken in the Arabian Peninsula. Although Kumzari speakers have lived along the Persian Gulf for hundreds of years, little research has been conducted on this language community. Issues related to constructing a systematic approach for analyzing language minority groups are considered in the context of the Kumzari language and community. In addition, factors and degrees of endangerment suggested in the 2003 UNESCO document entitled “Language Vitality and Endangerment” as well as classifications proposed by other researchers are addressed. Finally, the future status of this endangered language community is discussed.

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Chen, Chi Hua, and Li Hua Fang. "On Preservation of the Endangered Languages in Information Era: A Case Study of Tujia Language." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 2068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2068.

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Language endangerment is deteriorating under the background of globalization. In the information era, the preservation of endangered languages is more urgent and important than before. The best preservation of the endangered languages is to study them. Based on the traditional research, a new system of the preservation of the endangered languages should be explored by using modern technology. This paper deals with this problem by taking Tujia language as an example.

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Jian, YUN, LI Xiao-Tong, LIU Shuang, and WANG Chun-Xia. "Social Computational Model of Language Endangerment and Recovery." Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal 9, no. 1 (September 30, 2015): 1524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874110x01509011524.

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Bradley, David. "Sociolinguistics of Language Endangerment in Africa and Asia." Anthropological Linguistics 61, no. 1 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2019.0007.

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Del Corro, Anicia. "Language Endangerment: The Case of the Pangasinan Bible." Bible Translator 61, no. 2 (April 2010): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026009351006100202.

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Yuan, Xinyi. "Language Revitalization: A Case Study of the Khoisan Languages." English Language and Literature Studies 10, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v10n3p79.

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This paper introduces the concept of endangered languages and the corresponding solution of language revitalization. It first illustrates the importance of language preservation and the process of language endangerment and death. The two principal strategies of thwarting language death are discussed, with an emphasis on the language revitalization as the more effective option due to the difficulties that language revival faces. The most commonly successful approaches to language preservation are discussed such as establishing cultural pride and identity, education, and utilizing modern technology. These strategies are discussed in detail through the presentation of a case study: the Khoisan language family.

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Maikanti, Sale, Austin Chukwu, Moses Gideon Odibah, and Moses Valentina Ogu. "Globalization as a Factor for Language Endangerment: Nigerian Indigenous Languages in Focus." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i9.1055.

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Globalization can be viewed from economic, cultural and socio-political perspectives including information and communication technology (ICT). In view of this, it is seen as the increasing empowerment of western cultural values including language, philosophy and world view. In many African countries Nigeria inclusive, English language which is the language of colonization is gradually becoming a global language due to its influence and subsequent adoption as the official language by many African nations which are largely multi-cultural and multilingual under the British colony. This trend has not only relegated the status of Nigerian Indigenous languages to the background but has also threatened their existence in Nigeria which accommodates over 500 native languages. If this trend is left unchecked, the ill-wind of globalization will gradually sweep the native languages including the so-called major ones (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) out of existence particularly in Nigeria. This paper discusses globalization as one of the major factors for language endangerment with respect to Nigeria as a nation, with a view to proffering possible solutions capable of sustaining and empowering the nation’s socio-cultural and economic stability.

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Yu, Defen. "The impact of urbanization and Han Chinese migration on the endangerment of languages and cultures in China." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 39, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.39.1.06yu.

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Through a case study on the Zijun Samatao community of Kunming City in Yunnan Province of China, this paper discusses the impact of urbanization and mass Han Chinese migration on the endangerment of an ethnic minority language and culture. Samatao of Kunming is a subgroup of the minority Yi nationality of China. Historically, Kunming was the original homeland of many Yi communities including the Samatao. With the fast pace of urbanization and increasing Han Chinese migration, the Samatao community is losing their language and has lost their traditional culture and religion. Urbanization has brought mass migration into Zijun village, accelerating the endangerment of the Samatao language. Of nearly three thousand registered Samatao people, fewer than 100 (including semi-speakers) have any level of active knowledge of their language and culture. Since 1994, the endangerment of Samatao language has dramatically increased, especially since 2003. Based on data from fieldwork in the community over more than twenty years, this paper explores how the ideals of the Samatao community about preserving their language and culture are challenged by the contextual reality of urbanization and mass Han Chinese migration.

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Hameed, Ansa. "Mother, Mother Tongue, and Language Endangerment Process: An Exploratory Study." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1204.13.

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There is no denying fact that many languages of the world are vanishing at an irrepressible pace, and the status quo of many indigenous languages in Pakistan is an accurate mirror to this reality. According to a UNESCO report, around 27 languages in Pakistan are in the danger zone. There are many causative factors behind this situation. One important factor can be the parents, not teaching their local languages to their young ones. This paper attempts to analyse the role of parents and especially mothers in the transmission and preservation of languages. The key aim is to locate whether or not; the mothers in Pakistani society are promoting their local or native dialects. For this purpose, a survey research is conducted. The tool of the study is a questionnaire that is disseminated to a sample population of mothers. The responses collected from a population sample (comprising of almost 270 mothers) exposes the fact that at present a great number of mothers and especially educated mothers tend to emphasize the learning of Urdu (for general communication) and English (for educational purposes) among their children rather than their native dialects. The situation is worse with the Punjabi language. This is alarming and demands certain actions on the part of the government to familiarize the public with the importance of their native languages. The paper suggests the formulation of policies besides the broadcasting of some awareness programs for the common public, to avoid a heritage of ‘zombie languages’.

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Mesthrie, Rajend. "Subordinate immigrant languages and language endangerment: Two community studies from Kwazulu-Natal." Language Matters 37, no. 1 (January 2006): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228190608566249.

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