Journal articles: 'Language and languages'

1

Weaire, Denis L. "Of Language and Languages." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 6 (June 1994): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036848.

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Giri, Ram Ashish. "Languages and language politics." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir.

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One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.

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Haynes, K. "Milton's Languages, Milton's Language." Literary Imagination 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/2.1.93.

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Tonkin, Humphrey. "Language Planning and Planned Languages: How Can Planned Languages Inform Language Planning?" Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13, no. 2 (2015): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7906/indecs.13.2.1.

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Axatovna, Safina Farida, and Baymatov Abduaziz Abdujabbarovich. "WHY LATIN LANGUAGE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN STUDYING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES." American Journal of Philological Sciences 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue12-16.

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The development of language is a fascinating study. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians used pictographic languages which took years for the priests and scholars to master. The common working citizen had no time for such study and so remained powerless and able to be exploited. About 1500BC the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which could be used by the common merchants to conduct their trading businesses. The Greeks learned it from them and further developed it by adding vowels. This phonetic alphabet made people think differently. It encouraged analysis and the developmentof awhole written language of interchangeable components.All the languages that developed from the Latin and Greek root vocabularies function like that. If we don’t teach the root meaning of those components, we burden ourselves with the task of learning thousands of individual English words as wholes. By studying Latin can master the components of many languages, including English.

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Shimi, G., C. Jerin Mahibha, and Durairaj Thenmozhi. "An Empirical Analysis of Language Detection in Dravidian Languages." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 15 (April 16, 2024): 1515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i15.765.

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Objectives: Language detection is the process of identifying a language associated with a text. The proposed system aims to detect the Dravidian language that is associated with the given text using different machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The paper presents an empirical analysis of the results obtained using the different models. It also aims to evaluate the performance of a language agnostic model for the purpose of language detection. Method: An empirical analysis of Dravidian language identification in social media text using machine learning and deep learning approaches with k-fold cross validation has been implemented. The identification of Dravidian languages, including Tamil, Malayalam, Tamil Code Mix, and Malayalam Code Mix, is performed using both machine learning (ML) and deep learning algorithms. The machine learning algorithms used for language detection are Naive Bayes (NB), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The supervised Deep Learning (DL) models used include BERT, mBERT and language agnostic models. Findings: The language agnostic model outperform all other models considering the task of language detection in Dravidian languages. The results of both the ML and DL models are analyzed empirically with performance measures like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The accuracy associated with different machine learning algorithms varies from 85% to 89%. It is evident from the experimental result that the deep learning model outperformed with an accuracy of 98%. Novelty: The proposed system emphasizes on the use of the language agnostic model to implement the process of detecting Dravidian languages associated with the given text which provides a promising result of 98% accuracy which is higher than the existing methodologies. Keywords: Language, Machine learning, Deep learning, Transformer model, Encoder, Decoder

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Dal Negro, Silvia. "Language contact and dying languages." Revue française de linguistique appliquée IX, no. 2 (2004): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfla.092.0047.

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Isa, Baba Zanna, HajjaKaru Ahmed, and Yagana Grema. "Language Death and Endangered Languages." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 10 (2014): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-191064648.

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Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden. "Language change in contact languages." Language Change in Contact Languages 33, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.2.01cle.

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Leonard, Laurence B. "Specific Language Impairment Across Languages." Child Development Perspectives 8, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12053.

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Fesl, E. D. "Language death among Australian languages." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.10.2.02fes.

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Abstract This paper looks at the history of language policy formulation and implementation in conjunction with social factors influencing attitudes to both Koorie1 people and their languages. It endeavours to trace the process of enforced language shift, with consequent language death, in the social history of Australia. Factors which aid or are hastening language death in the contemporary period are also discussed. Attention is drawn to the rapidity with which language death has occurred and will continue to occur if measures are not taken to curb the current trends.

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Edwards, John. "Language Families and Family Languages." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26, no. 2 (March 15, 2005): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630508668403.

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Chistanov, Marat N. "Networked Language Communities: From Constructed Languages to Natural Languages." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 4 (December 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-4-176-183.

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Activities for the preservation and development of ethnic minority languages are considered as the most important part of the actions to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. The obligatory nature of such activities is enshrined in our country constitutionally. For the ethnic intelligentsia, any attempts to infringe on the linguistic rights of their peoples turn out to be very painful. This problem in domestic science is most often considered in the tradition of linguistic relativism. This approach comes from the Humboldtian tradition in linguistics and in modern practice is associated with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. With all the advantages of this approach, it is not without a number of disadvantages. The theory of a unique linguistic world view leads to the sacralization of the language, conserving and ritualizing it, depriving it of vitality. The situation with the functioning of regional languages will change either with the revitalization of old language communities, or with the formation of new language communities in which the language can function as a real means of communication and will gain a new lease on life. Accepting the fact that it is hardly possible to return to traditional economic systems in which the languages of ethnic minorities were rooted, it seems interesting to study the experience of the functioning of communities of modern artifi cial languages. The network forms of organization of such communities are interesting, because in the context of globalization, the emergence and functioning of local linguistic communities based on a geographical principle becomes diffi cult. This turn makes us take a different look at the problems of the functioning of natural and artifi cial languages: it is not its internal structure, semantics and syntactics that comes to the fore but the conditions for its use and the reasons that make people turn to it, that is, pragmatics. In other words, the problem of the viability of a language is not so much a question of its morphology and syntax, and not even a question of its expressive possibilities and means, but a question of the motives of people’s linguistic behavior.

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Dolukhanov, Pavel. "Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts:Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts." American Anthropologist 103, no. 1 (March 2001): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2001.103.1.218.

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Moyo, Themba. "Language loss and language decay of Malawi's indigenous languages." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 21, no. 3 (August 2003): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073610309486336.

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Cohn, Abigail C., and Maya Ravindranath. "LOCAL LANGUAGES IN INDONESIA: LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OR LANGUAGE SHIFT?" Linguistik Indonesia 32, no. 2 (August 21, 2014): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v32i2.22.

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The choice and subsequent development of Bahasa Indonesia as the national language following the founding of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945 is widely cited as a great success story in language planning. With the increased use of Indonesianâ€”both formal (bahasa resmi) and informal (bahasa sehari-hari)â€”in all facets of daily life, the question arises as to whether Indonesia will continue as a highly multilingual society or move toward monolingualism. We consider this issue from the perspectives of research on language policy, language endangerment, and language ideologies. As a case study, we consider current trends and shifts in the use of Javanese by younger speakers as influenced by the increased use of Indonesian. As Indonesian takes over in more and more domains of communication and intergenerational transmission of Javanese breaks down, we are led to conclude that even a language with over 80 million speakers can be at risk, a trend that has serious implications for all of the local languages of Indonesia.

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Korbozerova, Nina. "MULTIPLANNING OF THE METHOD OF THE INTERLINGUAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATED / UNRELATED LANGUAGES." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 42 (2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2022.42.01.

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In the era of globalization and the expansion of language contacts, the interest of linguists in typological studies of related and unrelated languages is growing, which allows to reveal and clarify the national picture of the world in any language. In the field of comparative research, linguistics of the 21st century is characterized by the differentiation of the directions. When conducting a comparative analysis of languages, scientists use the following basic methods that have become traditional: comparative-historical, comparative, typological, contrastive. Recently, the latest research methods have been added to them, thanks to which the comparison of languages turns into a deeper, brighter and multifaceted one. First of all, it concerns areal typology and taxonomic typology. Comparative-historical linguistics studies genetically related languages in a diachronic aspect. In the 19th century, this direction is associated with the names of F. Bopp, J. Grimm, R. Raskov, A. Meillet, and F. Dietz. The goal of research in comparative-historical linguistics is the reconstruction of ancient platforms common to all related languages. In this direction, the indisputable achievement of the Romanistic school of F. Dietz is the discovery of Romano-Latin archetypes. The kinship of the languages of the world is established according to the main feature of their common origin, which makes it possible to classify languages into families/subfamilies, branches, groups and directly into languages. At the same time, accidental coincidences and lexical borrowings are not taken into account. A language family is a basic language structure, according to which closely related and distantly related languages are defined. Languages that make up one language family have common features, are the result of one language that historically preceded them, and belong to the group of related languages. This gives rise to the concept of the genealogical tree of languages and the concept of linguistic divergence. Related languages are considered variants of one continuous language tradition, different in time and space. An example is the Indo-European family of languages that share a common language, or proto-language (Indo-European). Within related languages, subgroups are distinguished, which include languageы that are closest in origin (for example, Spanish and Italian languages). In turn, languages that belong to different groups of the same family are distantly related (eg, Ukrainian and Spanish). The group of unrelated languages consists of languages that originate from different protolanguages and belong to different language families. Linguistic, or comparative, typology arose within the framework of comparative-typological linguistics and is associated with the names of A. Schlegel, A. Schleicher, V. Humboldt. Thanks to the research of representatives of the school of linguistic typology, the question of the type of language was first raised and resolved.

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Bar-Asher, Moshe. "Jewish Languages and the Hebrew Language." Journal of Jewish Languages 4, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340067.

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This study focuses on the relationship between Jewish languages and Hebrew. It includes a short discussion of a number of topics dealt with in the research literature since the beginning of the study of these languages, with a presentation of my perspective on these issues. Due to space constraints I will deal with only eight of these topics: A. The functional division between Jewish languages and Hebrew in Jewish communities; B. The distinction between ancient and new Jewish languages; C. The special status of Aramaic; D. The Hebrew and Aramaic component in Jewish languages and its extent; E. Semantic fields where the Hebrew component is used; F. Secret languages; G. The Hebrew component’s contribution to the study of Hebrew language traditions; H. Hebrew as a living language in Jewish languages.

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Fesl, E. "Language Death and Language Maintenance: Action Needed to Save Aboriginal Languages." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 13, no. 5 (November 1985): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014061.

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Language death can occur naturally, and in different ways, or it can be caused by deliberate policy. This is how deliberate practices and policies brought it about in Australia. •Diverse linguistic groups of Aborigines were forced into small missions or reserves to live together; consequently languages that were numerically stronger squeezed the others out of use.•Anxious to ‘Christianise’ the Aborigines, missionaries enforced harsh penalties on users of Aboriginal languages, even to the point of snatching babies from their mothers and institutionalising them, so they would not hear their parental languages.•Aboriginal religious ceremonies were banned; initiations did not take place, and so liturgical, ceremonial and secret languages were unable to be passed on. As old people died, their languages died with them.•Assimilationist/integrationist policies were enforced which required Aborigines to attend schools where English-only was the medium of instruction.•Finally, denigration of the Aboriginal languages set the seal on their fate in Victoria (within forty years of white settlement, all Gippsland languages had become extinct), most of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. Labelling the languages “rubbish”, “heathen jargon”, “primitive jibberish”, and so on, made Aboriginal people reluctant to use their normal means of communication.

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Abdelbaky Abdelbaky ALY, Emad. "LANGUAGES, LANGUAGE SECURITY AND IDENTITY MAINTENANCE." Route Educational and Social Science Journal 6, no. 45 (January 1, 2019): 775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.2464.

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Lawrance, Benjamin Nicholas. "Language between powers, power between languages." Cahiers d'études africaines 41, no. 163-164 (January 1, 2001): 517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.107.

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Bratman, David. "Philology and Language Studies: Invented Languages." Tolkien Studies 13, no. 1 (2016): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tks.2016.0027.

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Walter, Stephen L., and Kay R. Ringenberg. "Language Policy, Literacy, and Minority Languages." Review of Policy Research 13, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1994.tb00611.x.

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Vella, Alexandra. "Languages and language varieties in Malta." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16, no. 5 (September 2013): 532–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.716812.

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Kiefer, Ferenc. "Languages within Language: An Evolutive Approach." Journal of Pragmatics 36, no. 4 (April 2004): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(03)00110-3.

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LEONARD, LAURENCE B. "Fillers across languages and language abilities." Journal of Child Language 28, no. 1 (February 2001): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004499.

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CERVONE, DANIEL, and DYLAN T. LOTT. "Language and the Languages of Personality." European Review 15, no. 4 (September 18, 2007): 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798707000427.

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Although inquiry in philosophy and some social sciences has attended closely to the question of how investigators use language to describe and explain phenomena of interest, less attention has been devoted to questions of language use in psychological science. This essay explores language use in a major subfield of psychology, the psychology of personality. We identify three descriptive and explanatory languages in the field and critique them from the perspective of scholarship outside of psychology that has explored language use. We conclude with a call for greater exchange between investigators who embrace discursive accounts of persons and social action, and those who posit social-cognitive accounts of the knowledge that individuals use when they create discourse in their efforts to understand the world and to direct their experiences and actions.

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Macías, Reynaldo F. "Bilingualism, Language Contact, and Immigrant Languages." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 10 (March 1989): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500001185.

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This essay covers the literature on bilingualism over the last decade with emphasis on those publications issued between 1985 and 1989. Since this essay must be very selective, it concentrates on English language publications. There has been quite a growth in the descriptive literature of different multilingual areas of the world. This literature has been published in many of the major languages. The selection of publications in English somewhat distorts the distrigution of the literature by region and language, especially the growth of multilingualism-related publications in countries like the Soviet Union and East Germany. Access to some of these works, however, can best be obtained through Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts.

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Ibarra, Oscar H., and Ian McQuillan. "On store languages of language acceptors." Theoretical Computer Science 745 (October 2018): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2018.05.036.

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Hawthorne, John. "A note on ‘languages and language’." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 68, no. 1 (March 1990): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048409012340233.

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Nagy, Naomi. "Heritage languages: a language contact approach." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 41, no. 10 (April 11, 2020): 900–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1749774.

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Xia, Fei, Carrie Lewis, and William Lewis. "Language ID for a Thousand Languages." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.504.

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ODIN, the Online Database of INterlinear text, is a resource built over language data harvested from linguistic documents (Lewis, 2006). It currently holds approximately 190,000 instances of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) from over 1100 languages, automatically extracted from nearly 3000 documents crawled from the Web. A crucial step in building ODIN is identifying the languages of extracted IGT, a challenging task due to the large number of languages and the lack of training data. We demonstrate that a coreference approach to the language ID task significantly outperforms existing algorithms as it provides an elegant solution to the unseen language problem. We also discuss several issues that make automated Language ID and the maintenance of ODIN very difficult.

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Yamasaki, Hideki. "Language-theoretical representations of ω-languages." Theoretical Computer Science 66, no. 3 (August 1989): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(89)90152-7.

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Bao, Zhiming, Ruiqing Shen, and Kunmei Han. "Languages and language contact in China." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 38, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00101.bao.

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Abstract China is ethnically and linguistically diverse. There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the country, including the majority Han, with a 1.2 billion-strong population and Tatar, the smallest minority group with only 3,556 people residing in Xinjiang, according to the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China, the latest census data available on the government’s website (www.stats.gov.cn). The Han accounts for 91.6% of the population, with the minorities taking up the balance of 8.4%. Most ethnic groups have their own languages, which fall into typologically distinct language families, the largest being Altaic and Sino-Tibetan. Ethnologue lists 299 languages in China and rates the country 0.521 in linguistic diversity, compared with 0.035 for Japan and 0.010 for South Korea (Simons & Fennig 2017). A few ethnic groups, such as the Hui (Chinese Muslims) and the Manchus, who founded the last imperial dynasty of Qing (1644–1912), have lost their indigenous languages over the centuries. They speak the language of the Han majority. Linguistic diversity in China is manifested in two ways: across the ethnic groups and within the Han majority. In what follows, we give a schematic description of the languages and briefly summarize the papers in this issue that offer a snapshot of language contact in China.

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Dymet, Marcin. "Digital Language Divide in the European High North: The Level of Online Presence of Minority Languages from Northern Finland, Norway and Sweden." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 10, no. 1 (2019): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_010010012.

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One of the inequalities generated by the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is the digital language divide, that is, differences in the online presence of languages and unequal access to information due to the lack of understanding of the available content. The digital language divide is particularly visible in the case of small languages with a low number of speakers. There is a large group of languages with non-existent or irrelevant online presence. This is often the case of the endangered minority languages. The number of language speakers or the level of knowledge of a given language is not sufficient to generate a vital online community. This article presents the current language situation in the European High North with a focus on minority languages: Sámi and Meänkieli languages in Sweden, Sámi and Kven languages in Norway, and Sámi languages in Finland. It also introduces the phenomenon of digital language divide. The article explores the current situation of the minority languages in the European High North in light of their online presence. It responds to the following questions: Is there online presence of the studied minority languages? Is there a need amongst the minorities’ members for more extensive presence? To conclude, the article discusses the possible effects of a language’s underrepresentation.

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Eneremadu, Queen Easther Chioma, Ndubuaku Rosita, and Chuwuezi Eziku. "Language Planning in Nigeria: Clash Between English Language and Indigenous Languages." Indonesian Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences (ESA) 3, no. 2 (March 16, 2024): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/esa.v3i2.8363.

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In Nigeria almost 500 indigenous language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact in different domains between English language an contact languages in the country continues to effect the performance in English and contact languages thereby making communication in either English or any other indigenous languages unattainable. This research work studied the gap between the use of English language and the indigenous languages in multilingual country, Nigeria which exists as a result of the non-implementation of language policies as stipulated by the Government. The sampling research method was adopted and questionnaires were employed to test the research hypothesis which proved positive. The major conclusion deduced from the findings reflect that if there must exist a linguistic balance between the use of English language in the country, the Government must endeavour through the Ministries of Education that both public owned and private owned schools adhere to a new language policy as the research work suggests. Offering indigenous languages in schools must be made compulsory and not optional as well as a compulsory subject to gain admission into Nigerian Universities like the English language.

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Sugiyanta. "PARENTS’ LANGUAGE ATTITUDES TOWARDS LANGUAGES AND MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGE LANGUAGE." Dialectical Literature and Educational Journal 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51714/dlejpancasakti.v5i1.13.pp.43-52.

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This current research is to explore parents’ language attitudes towards languages and maintenance of heritage language and to find out the efforts of maintaining heritage language and its supporting and inhibiting factors. In this research, a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were employed to collect data. There were 62 respondents, consisting of 37 males and 25 females coming from eleven provinces in Indonesia. Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents by both electronic and direct systems. Respondents were asked to fill in the questionnaires. Interviews were conducted to some respondents. The findings of this current research reveal that most parents show positive attitudes towards languages and the maintenance of heritage language. The results also indicate that there were some factors supporting the maintenance of heritage language, including parents’ attitudes and roles, community, school, family, daily practices, and culture. In addition, there were a number of factors inhibiting to the maintenance of heritage language such as parents’ attitudes and roles, community, school, family, external culture, and technological advancements. In terms of the efforts to maintain the heritage language, the results show that the language should be taught in the families and at schools, and should be used for social interactions and in traditional and ceremonial events.

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Gholami, Saloumeh. "Endangered Iranian Languages: Language Contact and Language Islands in Iran." Iranian Studies 53, no. 3-4 (July 3, 2020): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2020.1721997.

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Cormier, Kearsy, Adam Schembri, and Bencie Woll. "Diversity across sign languages and spoken languages: Implications for language universals." Lingua 120, no. 12 (December 2010): 2664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.03.016.

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Gamallo, Pablo, José Ramom Pichel, and Iñaki Alegria. "Measuring Language Distance of Isolated European Languages." Information 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11040181.

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Phylogenetics is a sub-field of historical linguistics whose aim is to classify a group of languages by considering their distances within a rooted tree that stands for their historical evolution. A few European languages do not belong to the Indo-European family or are otherwise isolated in the European rooted tree. Although it is not possible to establish phylogenetic links using basic strategies, it is possible to calculate the distances between these isolated languages and the rest using simple corpus-based techniques and natural language processing methods. The objective of this article is to select some isolated languages and measure the distance between them and from the other European languages, so as to shed light on the linguistic distances and proximities of these controversial languages without considering phylogenetic issues. The experiments were carried out with 40 European languages including six languages that are isolated in their corresponding families: Albanian, Armenian, Basque, Georgian, Greek, and Hungarian.

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Sivan, Pavita, and Farhana Muslim Mohd Jalis. "'Into the Unknown': a Comparative Study of Figurative Language in German, Tamil, and English." International Journal of Pedagogical Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies (i-Plural) 1, no. 2 (July 18, 2024): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.63011/ip.v1i2.16.

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Figurative language is vocabulary that is used creatively, departing from its literal meaning. Song is one of the resources used by language learners to fill in the gaps between one another. This study was done for non-native speakers of foreign languages who might have trouble understanding figurative language. Finding the most common figurative language among the three languages is the goal of this study. Perrine's theory is applied in this study to analyze the kind of figurative language. Furthermore, Tilly's theory was applied to analyze the figurative language's contextual meaning. The types of figurative language were analyzed in this study using a qualitative method. There are 37 types of figurative language from the English version, 22 types from the Tamil version, and 29 types from the German version. The English version is the most frequently used figurative language among the three languages. Therefore, researchers in the future should examine the parallels, differences, and trends in these languages' use of figurative language, according to this study.

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Kiss, Attila. "Language Ideologies and Learning Historical Minority Languages." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 9, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/2015090105.

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Language ideologies surrounding the learning of historical minority languages deserve more/closer attention because due to the strong nation state ideology, the relation between majority and minority languages has long been problematic, and native speakers of majority languages do not typically learn the languages of the minorities voluntarily. This article discusses the language ideologies of voluntary learners of Swedish and Hungarian in two contexts where these languages are historical minority languages. Data was collected at evening courses in Oradea, Romania and Jyväskylä, Finland on which a qualitative analysis was conducted. In the analysis, an ethnographic and discourse analysis perspective was adopted, and language ideologies were analyzed in their interactional form, acknowledging the position of the researcher in the co-construction of language ideologies in the interviews. The results show that the two contexts are very different, although there are also similarities in the language ideologies of the learners which seem to be significantly influenced by the prevailing historical discourses in place about the use and role of these languages. In the light of resilient historical metanarratives, I suggest that the challenges related to the learning of historical minority languages lie in the historical construction of modern ethnolinguistic nation-states and the present trajectories of such projects. At the same time, the learning of historical languages in contemporary globalized socio-cultural contexts can build on new post-national ideologies, such as the concept of learning historical languages as commodities.

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Shi, Haizhong, and Yue Shi. "Random graph languages." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 09, no. 02 (April 2017): 1750020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830917500203.

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There tend to be no related researches regarding the relationships between graph theory and languages ever since the concept of graph-semigroup was first proposed in 1991. In 2011, after finding out the inner co-relations among digraphs, undirected graphs and languages, we proposed certain concepts including undirected graph language and digraph language; moreover, in 2014, we proposed a broaden concept–(V,R)-language and proved: (1) both undirected graph language and digraph language are (V,R)-languages; (2) both undirected graph language and digraph language are regular languages; (3) natural languages are regular languages. In this paper, we propose a new concept–Random Graph Language and build the relationships between random graph and language, which provides researchers with the possibility to do research about languages by using random graph theory.

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Lykov, Egor. "Sprache und Sprachen der Volga German Studies Eine globale Perspektive." Zagreber germanistische Beiträge 28 (2020): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/zgb.28.7.

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This paper analyses the language usage in the most recent publications related to Volga German Studies as an interdisciplinary research field dealing with the language, history and culture of Volga Germans. Individual historiographies from the US, Canada, Germany, Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Georgia, Brazil and Argentina will be compared concerning the various languages of scientific publications. Particular attention will be paid to scientific communication between these national research centers, and the role of bilingual publications in the scientific discourse of the discipline will be focused upon. Furthermore, the influence of the increasing role of English in the scientific discourse on Volga German Studies will be discussed.

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Asif Mehdiyeva, Mehriban. "A look to the contemporary changes of lexical system of the Turkic languages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/91-93.

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In this paper were given the changes met in the lexical system of a language, some information on international words, there also made necessary analyses on the contemporary processes taken place in lexic systems of Turkic languages. There met vivid examples of nationalizing vocabulary in the system of Turkic languagea as a result of qaining independence in these Republics. And in this view-point one can note that borrowings for now mainly come from Turkey. Contemporary researches prove that the process of borrowings in the meantime go rather apart from these languages. And this cannot serve forming one common Turkic language for all. Key words: language, contacts, close contacts, disjointed contacts, borrowing, lexics

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Vaudeville, Charlotte. "Kabīr's language and languages, Hinduī as the language of non-conformity." Indo-Iranian Journal 33, no. 4 (1990): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000090790083572.

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Świdziński, Marek, and Paweł Rutkowski. "Korpus ogólny jako model danego języka naturalnego: korpusy języków fonicznych a korpus polskiego języka migowego." Poradnik Językowy, no. 3/2022(792) (March 18, 2022): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2022.3.1.

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The aim of this paper is to discuss the major differences and similarities between the Corpus of Polish Sign Language (KPJM), which has been developed for a decade by the team of the Section for Sign Linguistics, Faculty of Polish Studies, University of Warsaw, and corpora of phonic languages (and in particular the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP)). The KPJM is a general corpus with an ambition to represent the whole language, used by the Polish Deaf. Unlike the corpora of phonic languages, which are collections of existing texts, the material of the KPJM was generated purposefully by recording and annotating an extensive set of videos. The paper shows that the sign language corpus should be viewed as analogous to spoken language corpora rather than to written language corpora. The KPJM can be perceived as a model of Polish Sign Language.

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Whittaker, Simon. "The Language or Languages of Consumer Contracts." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 8 (2006): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802731205.

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Does european community law make any requirement as to the language in which the terms of consumer contracts are to be expressed?At the outset, I need to explain that the significance of this question (and its answer) will differ according to what is meant by the word ‘language’ itself. A first meaning is found where one refers to English, French, or Chinese as a ‘language’, that is, to quote the Oxford English Dictionary, ‘a system of communication used by a particular country or community’. A second meaning of ‘language’, again as explained by the Oxford English Dictionary, refers to ‘the manner or style of a piece of writing or speech’; so, for example, one may describe a piece of prose as being written in simple or elaborate, verbose or laconic, language. To avoid confusion in the following discussion, I shall refer to these two different significances as ‘language type’ and ‘language style’.

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Huehnergard, John, and Robert Hetzron. "The Semitic Languages. Routledge Language Family Descriptions." Journal of the American Oriental Society 121, no. 1 (January 2001): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606765.

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Schellenberg. "Does Language Determine Music in Tone Languages?" Ethnomusicology 56, no. 2 (2012): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.56.2.0266.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Language and languages'

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