Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Language and languages Web-based instruction Evaluation'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Language and languages Web-based instruction Evaluation.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 21 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Language and languages Web-based instruction Evaluation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Deranger, Brant S. Raign Kathryn Rosser. "Blurring the lines between instructor-led and online learning an evaluation of an online composition curriculum on the bleeding edge /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3980.
Full text
2
Garratt, Lesley. "The development, implementation and evaluation of a social constructivist web-based English language learning module." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B24700587.
Full text
3
Deranger, Brant. "Blurring the Lines Between Instructor-Led and Online Learning: an Evaluation of an Online Composition Curriculum on the Bleeding Edge." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3980/.
Full textAbstract:
The contemporary classroom currently faces an evolving world of computer based training, online courses, instructor-led learning and several blended approaches in-between. With the increased presence of computers and communication in every facet of students' lives, students have changed to adapt to the continuous presence of technology in their daily lives. These recent rapid developments have changed the relationship between technology and communication. Indeed, communication and technology have become linked to such a degree that it is difficult to differentiate one from the other, thereby altering our rhetorical situation as instructors. Instructors can no longer deny the presence of technology in the contemporary classroom, much less in the contemporary composition classroom.
This case study serves as a post-modern analysis of the technology based blended classroom. A gap exists between what online learning is (being) today and what it is (becoming) tomorrow. This dissertation explores the gap by examining two rich data sources: online visitor navigational patterns and instructor interviews. The fundamental ideas that this text explores are the following:
- Web server logs and PHP logs can be analyzed to yield relevant information that assists in the design, architecture, and administration of online and blended learning courses.
- Technology in the writing classroom does not necessarily solve traditional problems associated with the composition classroom. Technology is a tool, not a solution.
- Technology has changed the rhetorical situation of the composition classroom. As a result, instructors must adapt to the changed rhetorical environment.
Via this study, readers will hopefully gain a better understanding of the relatively unexplored margins between instruction, composition and technology paradigms. Instructors, trainers, technical writers, pedagogues, industry and academia alike must step forward to research technology-assisted pedagogy so that they can de-privilege the paradigms that position technology itself as a solution, and move forward toward realistic and real-world expectations for instructors in technology mediated learning environments.
4
Riggs, Arthur Hughes. "Evaluating IT in ESP: action research comparing web-based and classroom-based instruction." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3194467X.
Full text
5
Hsueh, Su-Ling. "Design, Development and Evaluation of Chinese Radical and Character Tutorial by Hypermedia." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd834.pdf.
Full text
6
Lai, Chun. "An exploration into factors that affect student perception of their online foreign language learning experience." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-131). Also issued in print.
7
Beckett, Gulbahar Huxur. "Project-based instruction in a Canadian secondary school's ESL classes : goals and evaluations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/NQ46317.pdf.
Full text
8
Nam, Jung Mi. "Perceptions of Korean college students and teachers about communication-based English instruction evaluation of a college EFL curriculum in South Korea /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1110161814.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 197 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-181). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
9
Williams, Kristin K. "An Evaluation of two computer-based training software programs designed to develop the language and listening skills of students." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2004. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Ed.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2004.Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2812. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 1 preliminary leaf ( iii ). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-50 ).
10
Yoon, Young-Beol. "A Comparative Analysis of Two Forms of Gyeonggi English Communicative Ability Test Based on Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3153.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an empirical analysis of the 2009 and 2010 forms of the Gyeonggi English Communicative Ability Test (GECAT) based on the responses of 2,307 students to the 2009 GECAT and 2,907 students to the 2010 GECAT. The GECAT is an English proficiency examination sponsored by the Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education (GOE) in South Korea. This multiple-choice test has been administered annually at the end of each school year to high school students since 2004 as a measure of the students' ability to communicate in English. From 2004 until 2009, the test included 80 multiple-choice items, but in 2010, the length of the test was decreased to include only 50 items. The purpose of this study was to compare the psychometric properties of the 80-item 2009 form of the test with the psychometric properties of the shorter 50-item test using both Classical Test Theory item analysis statistics and parameter estimates obtained from 3-PL Item Response Theory. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for both forms was estimated to be .92 indicating that the overall reliability of the scores obtained from the two different test forms was essentially equivalent. For most of the six linguistic subdomains, the average classical item difficulty indexes were very similar across the two forms. The average of the classical item discrimination indexes were also quite similar for the 2009 80-item test and the 50-item 2010 test. However, 13 of the 2009 items and 3 of the 2010 had point biserial correlations with either negative or lower than acceptable positive values. A distracter analysis was conducted for each of these items with less than acceptable discriminating power as a basis to revise them. Total information functions of 6 subdomain tests (speaking, listening, reading, writing, vocabulary and grammar) showed that most of the test information functions of the 2009 GECAT were peaked at the ability level of around 0.9 < θ < 1.5, while those of the 2010 GECAT were peaked at the ability level of around 0.0 θ < 0.6. Recommendations for improving the GECAT and conducting future research are included.
11
Akunal, Zuhal. "English-medium education in Turkey a myth or an achievable goal? : An evaluation of content-based second language instruction at the Middle East Technical University." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317671.
Full text
12
Marsolais-Johnson, Suzanne Florence. "Enhancing foreign language learning through the integration of computer technology." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2672.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of using computer technology and the Internet to enhance classroom teaching. A variety of computer and internet based projects that complement lessons initiated by the classroom teacher provide real life situations for additional practice, reinforcement, motivation and greater student achievement.
13
Coccaro-Pons, Jennifer. "A Mixed Method Study of Prospective Teachers' Epistemic Beliefs and Web Evaluation Strategies Concerning Hoax Websites." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3911.
Full textAbstract:
Teachers need to be equipped with the tools necessary to evaluate content on the Internet and determine if it is a credible source, or a hoax website since they are expected to instruct and prepare students on how to evaluate the sites which is now a relevant phenomenon. The purpose of the mixed‑method study was to obtain an understanding of the web evaluation strategies of prospective teachers regarding the evaluation of hoax websites and how their epistemic beliefs may influence their evaluation. Another aspect of this study was to find out what outcomes resulted from providing guidance, or not to prospective teachers before evaluating the hoax websites.
Seventy‑two prospective teachers from undergraduate education courses completed an online questionnaire, where they evaluated four websites (two hoaxes and two credible) and completed questions regarding their epistemic beliefs. Two groups of prospective teachers were selected. Group A was the control group and Group B was the experiment group. Group A simply took the online questionnaire. However, Group B was provided with an overview of a specific web evaluation strategy, the WWWDOT Framework, before taking the online questionnaire. Sixteen participants were interviewed. Interestingly, almost half of the participants (48.6%), trusted at least one of the hoax websites.
The study concluded that teaching the WWWDOT Framework helped to increase the number of people that did not trust the aesthetically appealing hoax website in Group B. Regarding epistemic beliefs, prospective teachers, who displayed feeling‑based epistemic beliefs, tended to trust the hoax website that was aesthetically appealing in Group A. The qualitative results provided additional insights and supported the quantitative data. The qualitative research suggests that lateral reading, spending sufficient time to read and evaluate and knowing the definition of a hoax website as being the most important web evaluation strategies displayed by those that did not trust the hoax websites.
14
Tuncel, Ediz. "An evaluative study of the relationship between instructional differences and learning outcomes : a survey based and experimental study of a more communicative approach to language teaching in a traditional setting." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423709.
Full text
15
Schonert, Laurie, and Catherine Vaughan-Obregon. "Bridging the gap: A freshman focus program." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1771.
Full text
16
Carvalho, Tatiana Maria Couto. "Objetos de aprendizagem digitais: uma análise sobre a sua pertinência pedagógica para o ensino e aprendizagem de língua espanhola." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2708.
Full textAbstract:
O aumento no uso dos recursos tecnológicos no ambiente escolar, especificamente nas aulas de línguas estrangeiras, revela a importância de uma discussão sobre o tema e a necessidade de uma análise consistente sobre os materiais digitais utilizados com propósito educativo. Considerando a relevância global da língua espanhola e a importância estratégica que seu estudo representa para o Brasil, esta pesquisa objetiva analisar a pertinência pedagógica dos objetos de aprendizagem digitais disponíveis para o ensino e aprendizagem da língua espanhola, fundamentando-se nos documentos oficiais para a educação brasileira. A partir de um estudo bibliográfico e de uma abordagem qualitativa e metodologia exploratória (MINAYO, 2009), (CHIZZOTI, 2010), a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de uma concepção discursiva de língua (BAKHTIN, 2002) e um entendimento sociointeracionista de ensino (VYGOTSKY, 1993). Estudos teóricos sobre tecnologia e sua relação com a educação (PINTO, 2005), (FEENBERG, 2016) precederam a investigação sobre a conceitualização e os entendimentos em relação a objetos de aprendizagem (LEFFA, 2006). Buscou-se em repositórios nacionais gratuitos objetos de aprendizagem de língua espanhola que atendessem ao critério estabelecido pela pesquisa de oferecer interatividade aos usuários. Apenas cinco exemplares correspondiam ao critério e todos foram avaliados segundo suas características de identificação, conteúdo, aspectos didáticos e usabilidade. Os resultados parciais obtidos apontam no sentido de que a área carece de estudos teóricos e de objetos de aprendizagem de qualidade, concernentes com teorias de aquisição de língua estrangeira e métodos de ensino e aprendizagem empregados atualmente e recomendados pelos documentos oficiais que norteiam a educação no país.El incremento en el uso de los recursos tecnológicos en el ambiente escolar, específicamente en las clases de lenguas extranjeras, revela la importancia de una discusión sobre el tema y la necesidad de un análisis consistente sobre los materiales digitales utilizados con propósito educativo. Considerando la relevancia global de la lengua española y la importancia estratégica que su estudio representa para Brasil, esta investigación objetiva analizar la pertinencia pedagógica de los objetos de aprendizaje digitales disponibles para la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la lengua española, fundamentándose en los documentos oficiales para la educación brasileña. A partir de un estudio bibliográfico y de un abordaje cualitativo y metodología exploratoria (MINAYO, 2009), (CHIZZOTI, 2010), la investigación ha sido desarrollada a partir de una concepción discursiva de lengua (BAKHTIN, 2002) y un entendimiento sociointeracionista de enseñanza (VYGOTSKY, 1993). Estudios teóricos sobre tecnología y su relación con la educación (PINTO, 2005), (FEENBERG, 2016) precedieron la investigación sobre la conceptualización y los entendimientos en relación a objetos de aprendizaje (LEFFA, 2006). Se buscó en repositorios nacionales gratuitos objetos de aprendizaje de lengua española que atendiesen al criterio establecido por la investigación de ofrecer interactividad a los usuarios. Solamente cinco ejemplares correspondieron al criterio y todos han sido evaluados según sus características de identificación, contenido, aspectos didácticos y usabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan en el sentido de que el área carece de estudios teóricos y de objetos de aprendizaje de calidad, concernientes con teorías de adquisición de lengua extranjera y métodos de enseñanza y aprendizaje empleados actualmente y recomendados por los documentos oficiales que nortean la educación en el país.
17
Gomes, Renata Gonçalves. "A recepção de ciberpoemas: experiência de navegação no site de Sérgio Capparelli na escola." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2841.
Full textAbstract:
O campo educacional, assim como várias outras esferas da sociedade, passa por mudanças influenciadas por ferramentas tecnológicas digitais de informação e comunicação (TDIC) à disposição da geração digital (TAPSCOTT, 2010). A literatura infantil e juvenil também encontrou nas tecnologias digitais campo para o texto literário. Partindo dessas afirmações, este trabalho tem como objetivo observar a navegabilidade e analisar a recepção de estudantes do sétimo ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública de Curitiba-PR, pelos ciberpoemas da página Ciberpoesia, de Sérgio Capparelli e Ana Cláudia Gruszynski. O trabalho justifica-se, portanto, pela finalidade de constituir material analítico acerca da navegação e recepção de ciberpoemas, além da criação de aporte teórico que corrobore com outras pesquisas relacionadas à estética de poemas digitais. Para desenvolver este trabalho investigativo, utilizou-se da pesquisa participante de cunho qualitativo em que crianças integraram uma Oficina de Leitura na sala informatizada da escola, onde estão regularmente matriculadas. As análises apresentadas nesta pesquisa estão fundamentadas à luz de um aporte teórico relativo ao hipertexto (NOJOSA, 2012), leitura e ao meio digital (HAYLES, 2009; SANTAELLA, 2013), debatidos no primeiro capítulo. O segundo capítulo apresenta a plataforma Capparelli.com.br e versa sobre as questões relacionadas à cibercultura e a formação do leitor (LEMOS, 2013; LEVY, 2000). O último capítulo reserva-se à apresentação da metodologia que segue os pressupostos da pesquisa participante (DEMO, 1982), a navegação (SANTAELLA, 2004) e recepção dos sujeitos da pesquisa por ciberpoemas (JAUSS, 2002). Chega-se às considerações finais com a compreensão de que a ciberpoesia forma um gênero literário digital intersemiótico e que, apesar de ser constituinte da influência cultural das tecnologias digitais, ainda carece de diferentes suportes técnicos, tecnológicos e de mediação pedagógica para integrar as práticas escolares.The educational field, as well as several other spheres of society, go through changes influenced by digital tools of information and communication technology (ICT) available to the digital generation (TAPSCOTT, 2010). Children's and youth literature also found in digital technologies field for the literary text. Based on these statements, this paper aims to observe the navigability and analyze the appreciation of seventh-year students of elementary school in a public school by their cyberpoems in Ciberpoesia´s webpage by Sérgio Capparelli and Ana Cláudia Gruszynski. This academic work is therefore justified by the purpose of constituting analytical material regarding the navigation and reception of cyberpoems, as well as the creation of a theoretical contribution that corroborates with other researches related to the aesthetics of digital poems. To develop this investigative research, it was used the qualitative participant research in which children integrated a Reading Workshop in a computerized room of the school, where they are regularly enrolled. The analysis presented in this research are based on a theoretical contribution related to hypertext (NOJOSA, 2012), reading and the digital media (HAYLES, 2009; SANTAELLA, 2013), discussed in the first chapter. The second chapter presents Capparelli.com.br platform and deals with the issues related to cyber culture and the reader’s formation (LEMOS, 2013; LEVY, 2000). The last chapter reserves to the presentation of the methodology that follows the assumptions of the participant research (DEMO, 1982), the navigation (SANTAELLA, 2004) and subject’s appreciation by cyberpoems research (JAUSS, 2002). It comes to the final considerations with the understanding that cyberspace forms an intersemiotic digital literary gender and that, although constituting the digital technologies cultural influence, still lacks from different technical and technological supports, and pedagogical mediation to integrate school practices.
18
Becker, Theresa. "Evaluating Improvisation as a Technique for Training Pre-Service Teachers for Inclusive Classrooms." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5129.
Full textAbstract:
Improvisation is a construct that uses a set of minimal heuristic guidelines to create a highly flexible scaffold that fosters extemporaneous communication. Scholars from diverse domains: such as psychology, business, negotiation, and education have suggested its use as a method for preparing professionals to manage complexity and think on their feet. A review of the literature revealed that while there is substantial theoretical scholarship on using improvisation in diverse domains, little research has verified these assertions. This dissertation evaluated whether improvisation, a specific type of dramatic technique, was effective for training pre-service teachers in specific characteristics of teacher-child classroom interaction, communication and affective skills development. It measured the strength and direction of any potential changes such training might effect on pre-service teacher's self-efficacy for teaching and for implementing the communication skills common to improvisation and teaching while interacting with student in an inclusive classroom setting. A review of the literature on teacher self-efficacy and improvisation clarified and defined key terms, and illustrated relevant studies. This study utilized a mixed-method research design based on instructional design and development research. Matched pairs t-tests were used to analyze the self-efficacy and training skills survey data and pre-service teacher reflections and interview transcripts were used to triangulate the qualitative data. Results of the t-tests showed a significant difference in participants' self-efficacy for teaching measured before and after the improvisation training. A significant difference in means was also measured in participants' aptitude for improvisation strategies and for self-efficacy for their implementation pre-/post- training. Qualitative results from pre-service teacher class artifacts and interviews showed participants reported beneficial personal outcomes as well as confirmed using skills from the training while interacting with students. Many of the qualitative themes parallel individual question items on the teacher self-efficacy TSES scale as well as the improvisation self-efficacy scale CSAI. The self-reported changes in affective behavior such as increased self-confidence and ability to foster positive interaction with students are illustrative of changes in teacher agency. Self-reports of being able to better understand student perspectives demonstrate a change in participant ability to empathize with students. Participants who worked with both typically developing students as well as with students with disabilities reported utilizing improvisation strategies such as Yes, and…, mirroring emotions and body language, vocal prosody and establishing a narrative relationship to put the students at ease, establish a positive learning environment, encourage student contributions and foster teachable moments. The improvisation strategies showed specific benefit for participants working with nonverbal students or who had commutation difficulties, by providing the pre-service teachers with strategies for using body language, emotional mirroring, vocal prosody and acceptance to foster interaction and communication with the student. Results from this investigation appear to substantiate the benefit of using improvisation training as part of a pre-service teacher methods course for preparing teachers for inclusive elementary classrooms. Replication of the study is encouraged with teachers of differing populations to confirm and extend results.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Education and Human Performance
Education; Instructional Technology
19
Tang, Xiaofei. "Learnability and Pedagogical Implication: An Acquisition-Based Evaluation of English Textbooks in China." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130852.
Full textAbstract:
This study conducts an acquisition-based evaluation of four
primary-school English textbook series used on a nationwide scale
in mainland China. The evaluation aims to determine whether the
sequencing of grammatical structures in the four textbook series
is compatible with the L2 learning sequence stipulated in
Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann, 1998, 2005).
L2 acquisition cannot occur without input, and textbooks serve as
the primary form of input for learners, especially in the foreign
language context. In China, learners of L2 English have little
natural exposure to the target language. Textbooks are the main
source of L2 exposure for L2 learners. Therefore, it is essential
to write textbooks based on language acquisition principles.
Currently, the majority of evaluation studies on textbooks
address the potential value of textbooks, the actual effects of
textbooks on users, and the authenticity of dialogues or
sufficiency of pragmatic information in the textbooks. Only a few
studies adopt the SLA theories to evaluate textbooks. My study
attempts to examine four sets of English textbooks from a SLA
theoretical perspective, focusing on the sequencing of English
morphology and key sentence structures.
The analysis began by documenting the morphological and
structural items that the textbooks introduced as teaching
objectives. These items were then categorized according to the
PT-based L2 procedures for English. The outcome was compared to
the sequence of the corresponding items in the processability
hierarchy (Pienemann, 1998, 2005).
The results show that there is partial agreement between the
sequencing of grammatical structures as teaching objectives in
the four textbook series and the PT-based processability
hierarchy. In general, the sequencing of grammatical structures
in the initial stages is consistent with the learning sequence of
L2 English stated in PT. However, several structures in the
intermediate or high stages are taught in a deviant way against
their sequencing in PT.
The deviant grading of the high-stage structures in the textbooks
is possibly associated with the theme-based guidelines adopted in
the textbooks. It appears that concerns with the utility of
grammatical structures in a given context takes precedence over
concerns for the natural L2 development. A number of suggestions
are offered to textbook writers in terms of the role of input,
the learners’ developmental readiness, and the issue of
heterogeneity in L2 classrooms.
20
Dehinbo, Johnson Olumuyiwa. "Towards a framework for determining a platform for teaching web application development in tertiary institutions in South Africa." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/760.
Full textAbstract:
This study develops and applies a conceptual framework that can be used to evaluate dynamic Web platforms in order to determine a platform for teaching Web application development in tertiary institutions. The framework is specific, yet comprehensive and supported with theory and empirical experimental programming results.
We first identify the concepts of Web application development and the constraints to be satisfied by a platform for teaching identified concepts. Then we establish various criteria that will enhance the teaching of the concepts. We also establish qualities and experiment that will ensure that a selected platform is easy to use, fast, portable and affordable.
A spreadsheet tool is developed to apply the framework and enable users to customize the framework by varying the criteria's weights. The developed framework is tested by the evaluation of the suitability of Java Servlets, JSP, ASP and PHP with PHP emerging as a suitable platform.Computing
M.Sc. (Information Systems)
21
Padayachee, Indira. "A methodology for evaluating intelligent tutoring systems." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/15728.
Full textAbstract:
DissertationThis dissertation proposes a generic methodology for evaluating intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs), and applies it to the evaluation of the SQL-Tutor, an ITS for the database language SQL. An examination of the historical development, theory and architecture of intelligent tutoring systems, as well as the theory, architecture and behaviour of the SQL-Tutor sets the context for this study. The characteristics and criteria for evaluating computer-aided instruction (CAl) systems are considered as a background to an in-depth investigation of the characteristics and criteria appropriate for evaluating ITSs. These criteria are categorised along internal and external dimensions with the internal dimension focusing on the intrinsic features and behavioural aspects of ITSs, and the external dimension focusing on its educational impact. Several issues surrounding the evaluation of ITSs namely, approaches, methods, techniques and principles are examined, and integrated within a framework for assessing the added value of ITS technology for instructional purposes.
Educational Studies
M. Sc. (Information Systems)