Journal articles on the topic 'Language and languages study'
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1
Bar-Asher, Moshe. "Jewish Languages and the Hebrew Language." Journal of Jewish Languages 4, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340067.
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This study focuses on the relationship between Jewish languages and Hebrew. It includes a short discussion of a number of topics dealt with in the research literature since the beginning of the study of these languages, with a presentation of my perspective on these issues. Due to space constraints I will deal with only eight of these topics: A. The functional division between Jewish languages and Hebrew in Jewish communities; B. The distinction between ancient and new Jewish languages; C. The special status of Aramaic; D. The Hebrew and Aramaic component in Jewish languages and its extent; E. Semantic fields where the Hebrew component is used; F. Secret languages; G. The Hebrew component’s contribution to the study of Hebrew language traditions; H. Hebrew as a living language in Jewish languages.
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Beratha, Ni Luh Sutjiati, Ni Wayan Sukarini, and I. Made Rajeg. "Balinese language ecology: Study about language diversity in tourism area at Ubud village." Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2017.v07.i02.p07.
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Ubud Village in Gianyar Regency is one of the tourism areas in Bali where Balinese people are bilingual because they have mastered more than one languages. In the environment of Balinese language, there also live other languages including national language (Indonesian) and foreign languages (such as English, Japanese, and Mandarin). Balinese people nowadays, especially in tourism area, have difficulties in using Balinese language so they use mixed languages, namely Balinese language with Indonesian language, with English language, or Mandarin. This phenomenon might indicate that Balinese language appears to be marginalized. This article aims at investigating languages that are used in Balinese language environment in Ubud. Qualitative method is applied with sociocultural approach, and theories related to the use of language are applied. The study shows that the marginalization of Balinese language appears to exist because there are various ethnic groups of immigrants who live in this village. The village of Ubud has already been occupied by expatriates who deliberately come to Bali and settle in Ubud. This effects the choice and use of a language.
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Basaria, Ida. "Seepage Diglossia Pakpak Dairi Language: Sociolinguistics Study." Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i6.1178.
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<p>Diglossia is essentially a term used to describe a state of the people who know and use two or more languages to communicate among its members (a society that recognized two or more languages for intrasocietal communication). So the use of bilingual diglossia situation or more in the same community 'governed' by a policy for the selection of the language to be use. Event diglossia shows the distribution function of two or more languages are also giving the impression of their kind of language that is "high" and the type of language that is "low", This type of language used is high in situations that are considered more formal, by people including educated, and more prestige value and prestige. While the types of lower language used in situations that are more informal, by the common man and as a means of general intercommunication. In fact, diglossia situation is actually happening in Indonesia; Functions performed by Indonesian high and low functions carried out by the regional languages in Indonesia. National language as a second language that calls for all levels of society to use it, could result in local languages as a first language gradually eroded. If it is forced through, then the language area that is less powerful because it’s a little bit unknown can disappear even more in the future. This is certainly very unfortunate, because it coincides with the loss of local languages, indigenous or traditional knowledge stored in the oral tradition also can not be saved. It was when seen from the side of the opposition; Different when seen from the side of the union, then between the local language and national languages can co-exist in harmony. This study wanted to examine the analytic theory of how language Pakpak Dairi sociolinguistic as local and Indonesian language as the national language used by speakers in North Sumatra that suffered disproportionately situation.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
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Chistanov, Marat N. "Networked Language Communities: From Constructed Languages to Natural Languages." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 4 (December 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-4-176-183.
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Activities for the preservation and development of ethnic minority languages are considered as the most important part of the actions to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. The obligatory nature of such activities is enshrined in our country constitutionally. For the ethnic intelligentsia, any attempts to infringe on the linguistic rights of their peoples turn out to be very painful. This problem in domestic science is most often considered in the tradition of linguistic relativism. This approach comes from the Humboldtian tradition in linguistics and in modern practice is associated with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. With all the advantages of this approach, it is not without a number of disadvantages. The theory of a unique linguistic world view leads to the sacralization of the language, conserving and ritualizing it, depriving it of vitality. The situation with the functioning of regional languages will change either with the revitalization of old language communities, or with the formation of new language communities in which the language can function as a real means of communication and will gain a new lease on life. Accepting the fact that it is hardly possible to return to traditional economic systems in which the languages of ethnic minorities were rooted, it seems interesting to study the experience of the functioning of communities of modern artifi cial languages. The network forms of organization of such communities are interesting, because in the context of globalization, the emergence and functioning of local linguistic communities based on a geographical principle becomes diffi cult. This turn makes us take a different look at the problems of the functioning of natural and artifi cial languages: it is not its internal structure, semantics and syntactics that comes to the fore but the conditions for its use and the reasons that make people turn to it, that is, pragmatics. In other words, the problem of the viability of a language is not so much a question of its morphology and syntax, and not even a question of its expressive possibilities and means, but a question of the motives of people’s linguistic behavior.
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Garg, Rakesh, and Supriya Raheja. "Fuzzy Distance-Based Approach for the Assessment and Selection of Programming Languages." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.315761.
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The desire to develop software with more and more functionalities to make human work easier pushes the industry towards developing various programming languages. The existence of the various programming languages in today's scenario raises the need for their evaluation. The motive of this research is the development of a deterministic decision support framework to solve the object-oriented programming (OOP) language's selection problem. In the present study, OOP language's selection problem is modeled as a multi-criteria decision-making, and a novel fuzzy-distance based approach is anticipated to solve the same. To demonstrate the working of developed framework, a case study consisting of the selection of seven programming languages is presented. The results of this study depict that Python is the most preferred language compared to other object-oriented programming languages. Selection of OOP languages helps to select the most appropriate language, which provides better opportunities in the business domain and will result in high success for engineering students.
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Hammad, Osama Khaled Mohammed. "Arabic Is Not Mankind’s First Language: An Analytical Study." International Journal for Arabic Linguistics and Literature Studies 4, no. 3 (September 2022): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/jalls2022.4.3.2.
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Scholars from different times and places have debated over man’s first language. While some assumed it was Arabic, others said it was Hebrew, Persian, etc. Some scholars concluded that looking into this topic was meaningless and invited others not to examine it. This paper aims to address this controversial issue and to dismiss the fallacious arguments and misconceptions that Adam’s first language was Arabic. The analysis argues that Adam did not really speak any modern-day languages; not Arabic or any other. Any person who has looked into the nature of languages and comprehended their secrets knows that languages are continuously changing which is a distinctive feature of language. Adam did speak a language, and it is the mother of all languages. However, his language is not classified as one of these languages we know in much the way that Adam himself is the father of mankind, but does not look like one of them. Adam brought his offspring to the world, and his language brought other languages. So long as people continue to breed, languages, too, develop and change. Just as it is impossible for Adam to be one of today’s humans, so it is impossible for his language to exist in modern time.
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Sengupta, Debapriya, and Goutam Saha. "Study on Similarity among Indian Languages Using Language Verification Framework." Advances in Artificial Intelligence 2015 (May 19, 2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/325703.
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Majority of Indian languages have originated from two language families, namely, Indo-European and Dravidian. Therefore, certain kind of similarity among languages of a particular family can be expected to exist. Also, languages spoken in neighboring regions show certain similarity since there happens to be a lot of intermingling between population of neighboring regions. This paper develops a technique to measure similarity among Indian languages in a novel way, using language verification framework. Four verification systems are designed for each language. Acceptance of one language as another, which relates to false acceptance in language verification framework, is used as a measure of similarity. If language A shows false acceptance more than a predefined threshold with language B, in at least three out of the four systems, then languages A and B are considered to be similar in this work. It is expected that the languages belonging to the same family should manifest their similarity in experimental results. Also, similarity between neighboring languages should be detected through experiments. Any deviation from such fact should be due to specific linguistic or historical reasons. This work analyzes any such scenario.
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Fauzi, Rachmi Hasan, and Luqman Hakim. "TERTIARY ESL STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE ACQUIRED AND USED LANGUAGES ( A CASE STUDY AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL)." Globish: An English-Indonesian Journal for English, Education, and Culture 11, no. 2 (July 18, 2022): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/globish.v11i2.6575.
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Abstract Language attitudes towards languages acquired and use in young generation is the main issue of this study, This study aimed to answer the following questions; 1. How do tertiary ESL students perceive their language acquisition and use? a. How do they rate their proficiency in each language? b.What language(s) are dominantly used ? for what purposes? In what settings? c.What do they think of their heritage language and its maintenance? 2. What efforts have they done to maintain their heritage languages and/or languages they acquired and use? a.What factors that motivate them to maintain their heritage languages and/or languages they acquired and use? b.What are the constraints in their efforts to maintain the languages? c. What strategies have they adopted in maintaning their heritage language?. The methodology used in this study is qualitative which employs 65 students of English department at fifth semester. The result of this study, all participants have positive attitudes towards the languages they acquired and used. Most of them perceive that they have to maintain their heritage languages, and some of them have done some efforts in maintaining it. Moreover, they also have the same problems in persevere their heritage language, that the languages are rarely used. So, in conclusion the students know that they have to something in maintaining the languages they have acquired and use, however, they did less action.Key words: Heritage language, Language attitude, Language acquisition, Language use, Perceptions
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Pun, Min, and Kamal Gurung. "INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF NEPAL: A STUDY OF PREVENTION BARRIERS AND PRESERVATION STRATEGIES." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (August 29, 2020): 663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8466.
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Purpose of the study: In Nepal, indigenous languages are in danger of disappearing and if the situation does not improve, the dying trend will continue to increase in the future. Thus, this paper aims to explore barriers to indigenous language activities and strategies for revitalizing these dying languages of Nepal.
Methodology: To address this objective, the study adopted the qualitative research method, using the data collected from the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and secondary sources such as the existing literature through print and online sources. The results were presented thematically and discussed for qualitative analysis.
Main findings: The overall results of the study indicated that an inclusive language policy should be adopted by the government to accommodate indigenous languages of Nepal, indigenous language communities should be encouraged by the government to insist on speaking their languages, and language communities are also required to collaborate with the government to address the issues related to improving the preservation and promotion of indigenous languages of Nepal.
Applications of this study: The outcome of this particular research can be a beneficial act for engaging indigenous communities of Nepal in language revival and protecting threatened languages from extinction. It is the responsibility of the researchers that are expected by each of various indigenous language communities in particular and the Nepali society at large.
Novelty/Originality of this Study: Indigenous languages are often considered by many as 'heritage languages' and are used to describe languages that are often in the endangered list. No studies are found on the use of indigenous languages and language revival efforts in the study area such as barriers that prevented indigenous language groups from participating in language activities and ways that can preserve and promote such dying languages in the study area.
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Dahl, Anne. "University language students' motivations for their language of study." Nordic Journal of Language Teaching and Learning 10, no. 1 (September 12, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/njltl.v10i1.1013.
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While there is abundant research on motivation in second-language learning, we know little about what motivations students may have for choosing a specific language of study in the Norwegian university context. The number of students who apply to English study programs every year is high, while the numbers for the traditional foreign languages beyond English, especially German and French, are concerningly low. The present study surveyed students in their first year of university language study, asking key questions about their reasons for choosing their language of study. Overall findings are that students of English are particularly instrumentally motivated, believing that English will be useful for future work. Students of French and Spanish, on the other hand, are more affectively motivated, while German students fall in between the other languages in responses to questions of motivation. While all students generally feel that knowledge of foreign languages beyond English is important, Spanish students were especially consistent in this response. In terms of interest in sub-disciplines of university language study, all student groups were relatively similar in showing a stronger interest in learning about the cultural and social aspects of countries where the language is spoken compared to literature formal aspects of language. The main conclusion is that motivations may be different for studying different foreign languages beyond English, and that in order to recruit more students to academic language programs, focusing on each specific language and its potential motivations is necessary.
Keywords: foreign language, motivation, language studies, English, French, Spanish, German
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Halii, L. H. "Typological structure as a Model to Study Languages in Contrast." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 18 (March 18, 2019): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.18.04.
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The article studies the typological system of languages belonging to Indo-European language family and the influence of native language interference on creative written productions of English language learners. It has been defined that the components of linguistic complexity in writing follow different developmental trajectories related to different levels of language proficiency, interference being observed not only throughout closely related languages. Based on this assumption linguistic complexity has been studied in the aspect of the native language transfer and the languages have been classified according to the typological similarity of language patterns but not according to language family relation. It has been proved that typologically similar languages belonging to the same language group or family cause the same mistakes in the process of ESL studying, specifically while producing complex speech structures. The last stage of the research involves the analysis of the native language influence on English creative written productions depending on the proficiency level of the producer. Finally, languages have been classified into clusters which have the same characteristics (morphological and syntactical) in their influence on ESL studying and a new model to study language interference in contrast has been proposed.
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Yuan, Xinyi. "Language Revitalization: A Case Study of the Khoisan Languages." English Language and Literature Studies 10, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v10n3p79.
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This paper introduces the concept of endangered languages and the corresponding solution of language revitalization. It first illustrates the importance of language preservation and the process of language endangerment and death. The two principal strategies of thwarting language death are discussed, with an emphasis on the language revitalization as the more effective option due to the difficulties that language revival faces. The most commonly successful approaches to language preservation are discussed such as establishing cultural pride and identity, education, and utilizing modern technology. These strategies are discussed in detail through the presentation of a case study: the Khoisan language family.
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Roux, Franck-Emmanuel, and Michel Trémoulet. "Organization of language areas in bilingual patients: a cortical stimulation study." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 4 (October 2002): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0857.
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Object. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of how multiple languages are represented in the human brain, the authors studied bilingual patients who underwent surgery for brain tumors, during which the authors mapped cortical language sites by using electrostimulation. Methods. Reading, counting, and word retrieval tasks were studied in 12 right-handed bilingual patients with no language deficit. All bilingual patients were native to France. One patient spoke four languages. The patients constituted a nonhomogeneous group in terms of language proficiency or age of acquisition. Languages were evaluated and classified into three major groups, depending on proficiency and date of acquisition. Strict conditions of language site validation were applied, separating typical anomia sites from speech arrest or other language sites (such as hesitation sites). A total of 30 speech arrest sites, 16 anomia sites, and three sites of language difficulties (not typically classified as speech arrest) were found throughout the 26 language studies performed. Strict overlapping of language areas (for all language tasks) was found in five patients, whereas the remaining seven had at least one area that was language-specific and sometimes task-specific. Specific areas for a particular language were found for word retrieval tasks (anomia) in eight sites (50%) but also in six (20%) of the reading or counting sites (speech arrest), either in frontal (three patients) or in temporoparietal (four patients) regions. Among the four early bilingual patients tested (languages acquired before the age of 7 years), three had language-specific cortical areas. Interestingly, six patients in this series who had a discrepancy between two languages did not have more cortical areas devoted to the less proficient language (with acknowledgment of the limit in cortical exposure available for testing by the craniotomy). Conclusions. In this series, the authors found that bilingual patients could have common but also different cortical areas for both languages in temporoparietal areas and in frontal areas. In some cases, the authors found that language tasks such as counting, reading, or word retrieval in different languages can be sustained by language- and task-specific cortical areas. In bilingual patients, cortical mapping should ideally be performed using different language tasks in all languages in which the patient is fluent.
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Winford, Donald. "Some Issues in the Study of Language Contact." Journal of Language Contact 1, no. 1 (2007): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000007792548288.
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AbstractThis paper provides an overview of various approaches to contact-induced change, and assesses their contribution to a unified theory of the processes involved in such change, and the outcomes they produce. I argue that clarification of the terminology and classifications we apply to contact languages can lead to better understanding of the types of contact languages, and the kinds of process that produce them. I further suggest that van Coetsem's framework offers a more uniform terminology and classification, and that it clarifies the distinction between the two major transfer types involved in contact induced change – borrowing via recipient language agentivity, and imposition via source language agentivity. Failure to distinguish these two mechanisms accurately has negative implications for our understanding of the processes by which various contact languages are created. I apply this model to two broad categories of contact languages, bilingual mixed languages, and creoles, and I argue that the differences in transfer type identified by Van Coetsem correspond to differences in the language production processes underlying the two broad types of contact-induced change. Finally, I suggest that psycholinguistic models of language or speech production can contribute significantly to our understanding of the different processes involved in the creation of different types of contact languages.
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Hayakawa, Sayuri, Siqi Ning, and Viorica Marian. "From Klingon to Colbertian: Using Artificial Languages to Study Word Learning." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000592.
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AbstractVocabulary acquisition is a critical part of learning a new language. Yet, due to structural, historical, and individual variability associated with natural languages, isolating the impact of specific factors on word learning can be challenging. Artificial languages are versatile tools for addressing this problem, allowing researchers to systematically manipulate properties of the language and control for learners’ past experiences. Here, we review how artificial languages have been used to study bilingual word learning, with a particular focus on the influences of language input (e.g., word properties) and language experience (e.g., bilingualism). We additionally discuss the advantages and limitations of artificial languages for bilingual research and suggest resources for researchers considering the use of artificial languages. Used and interpreted properly, artificial language studies can inform our understanding of a wide range of factors relevant to word learning.
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Yan, Li. "Study on China’s Languages’ Status Planning for “The Belt and Road Initiative”: Proposing the Ecology-of-language Paradigm." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0805.05.
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Focusing on China’s languages’ status planning for “The Belt and Road Initiative”, this paper constructs a framework for China’s languages’ status planning goals and studies its application of Chinese and minority languages in the social context of “The Belt and Road Initiative” raised by China in 2013. The paper points out the focuses of Chinese and minority languages’ status planning in the form of both status policy planning and status cultivation planning and makes a detailed analysis from the ecology of languages paradigm. It is concluded that China’s languages’ status planning for “The Belt and Road Initiative” should focus on the international language spread of Chinese as second language, the inheritance of Chinese as heritage language, and language maintenance and language revival of the minorities, by providing different platforms for the languages to function complementarily at different levels. The paper also looks forward the application of ecology-of-language paradigm in China’s language planning would trend a sustainable road for language ecological crisis and human sustainable development in the construction of the Belt and Road for building a community with a shared future for mankind.
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Herman, Herman, Ridwin Purba, and Amrin Saragih. "Lexical Items of Flora and Fauna in Local Languages: An Ecolinguistics Study." Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 1, no. 1 (August 6, 2022): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56854/jsshr.v1i1.49.
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Ecolinguistcs study is becoming more popular year by year since many researcher, linguists, and other experts do some researches. Wendel’s (2005:51) definition of ecolinguistics formulated that the ecological approach to language takes into consideration the complex network of relations occurring between environment, languages and people speaking these languages. Since ecolinguistics related to environment, language and people speaking the language, this research is aimed to discuss about the local languages, Hokkian and Tio Cu related to the environment. The data used in this article is the lexical items for fauna and flower. After conducting small observastion, the researcher concludes that the knowledge of lexical items for flora and fauna in local languages, Hokkian and Tio Cu, is less because of environment factors. This means that the language of Hokkian and Tio Cu had been influenced by Bahasa Indonesia as national language. This happened as in the era before the year of 2000, Chinese were not allowed to use their Chinese name, languages (Mandarin or local languages), culture, etc.
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Jaroslavienė, Jurgita, and Jolita Urbanavičienė. "Fundamental study on the sounds of standard Baltic languages: phonetic and phonological differences." Lietuvių kalba, no. 15 (December 28, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2020.22437.
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The article discusses the most important differences in the sound structure of contemporary Lithuanian and Latvian standard languages, scientific and practical benefits of a fundamental comparative instrumental sound research, reviews possible further innovations in theories and methods of acoustic and articulatory phonetics and phonology, and perspectives as well as tasks of such research.In his monograph Comparative History of the Baltic Languages (2019), Pietro Umberto Dini observes that there is a constant decline in the synthetic structure in the Baltic language systems, most notably as a reduction of the flexural forms of the noun and verb. He argues that the Baltic languages, like all other Indo-European languages, recognise a structural development: agglutination → synthetic → isolation language. According to the author, the isolation stage of development in the Lithuanian language is just starting, and the isolation structure of the Latvian language is becoming more and more pronounced. Pietro Umberto Dini states that “from the Baltic systems, the Latvian language ‘drifts’ faster in terms of structural development, and the Lithuanian language remains the most morphologically conservative of the current Indo-European languages due to the much slower change” (Dini 2019, 577). The author, based on, for example, the growing tendency in the colloquial Lithuanian language to move the accent to the first syllable (where the accent has long been emphasised in the Latvian language), considers that analogous tendencies are observed in both languages, i.e. the Baltic languages are evolving towards convergence. The data presented in this article and the latest synchronous instrumental studies of the sounds of the Baltic languages do not confirm the convergence trends: the sound structure of the Lithuanian and Latvian languages is still quite different (cf. Urbanavičienė, Indričāne, Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs 2019, 286; see also Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs, Urbanavičienė, Indričāne 2019). Both Baltic languages are characterised by quantitative vowel opposition, adjective system (polytonicity), sufficiently simple structure of consonant compounds (e.g. CV and CVC syllable types make up 79% of all Lithuanian syllables, see Karosienė, Girdenis 1994, 40), the same phonological opposition of consonants (voting, modal, local). However, the Lithuanian language has a free accent, while the Latvian language has a fixed accent. One of the most important distinguishing features of the current Baltic languages is palatalization: Lithuanian language is characterised by secondary palatalization and opposition palatalised vs. unpalatalised realisation, which presupposes a twice as large inventory of consonant phonemes in the Lithuanian language and, in comparison with the Latvian language, an accurate, precise articulation of consonants.The article highlights certain similarities and differences in the sound structure of the contemporary Lithuanian and Latvian standard languages based on the latest synchronous comparative research of the Baltic sound system: two scientific monographs of the series Sounds of the Baltic Languages in the early 21st Century (Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs, Urbanavičienė, Indričāne 2019; Urbanavičienė, Indričāne, Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs 2019), where the sounds of Lithuanian and Latvian languages are instrumentally studied and described according to the same principles. This is an excellent basis to continue the instrumental study of the contemporary Baltic sounds (and to discuss the importance of the research) on other relevant aspects and perspectives (a few new instrumental non-comparative studies already exist, cf. Ledichova 2020); to update and highlight the practical benefits of such studies and audio recordings (by taking into account the assistance in language learning, examining standard language norms, pronunciation tendencies, the importance in medicine, developing tools and instruments for language technology and artificial intelligence), innovations and perspectives of theories and methods. It is a very important incentive to continue instrumental scientific and practical research of Lithuanian sound methodological innovations, drawing increasingly clear prospects for further research.
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Hudgens Henderson, Mary, Miho Nagai, and Weidong Zhang. "What languages do undergraduates study, and why?" Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4704.
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Language attitudes and motivations are among the most important factors in language acquisition that condition the language learning outcomes. College students enrolled in first-semester and second-semester courses of Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish at a Midwest American university completed a survey eliciting instrumental motivations, integrative motivations, and language attitudes. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions the learners of that language(s) held and how their language attitudes and motivations correlate with specific world languages. There was strong interest in using Chinese and Spanish for careers, while participants in Japanese were more interested in using the language for personal enjoyment. American-raised participants take Spanish and Asian-raised students take Chinese and Japanese for much the same reasons, in that they perceive the languages to be easy. Implications for world language programs recruitment are discussed, along with what world language educators can do to take advantage of these pre-existing attitudes and motivations to deliver high quality instruction beyond simply grammar.
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Saidjalalova, Sayyora, and Zulfizar Karimova. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOREIGN AND NATIVE LANGUAGES." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 32, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3213.
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This work is focused on a formation of students’ cognitive interest to learn foreign languages, namely English language. Moreover, it is considered that increasing influence of scientific presentation of English language on all types of science, culture, art, and literature becomes main the issue of teaching. Obviously, foreign languages learning approach should be noticeably enhanced, taking into account the emphasis on the development of the oral speech of any student in order to use the language within their specialty. Another problem which is raised in this paper is contrasting and comparative analysis of two languages, native and learning.
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La Ino and Nanda Saputra. "Relationship of Muna Language, Ciacia, Tukang Besi and Culambacu (Lexicostatistic and Glotochronology Study)." LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/linglit.v2i4.557.
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This article is motivated by the results of the 2019 SIL research that the languages in Southeast Sulawesi Province vary in category. Some are strong and some are threatened. Among the languages that are categorized as threatened are the Muna language, the Ciacia language, while the Tukang Besi language is included in the strong language group. However, there are still several languages that have not been listed in the SIl research, namely the Culamabacu language. This article discusses the kinship between the Muna language, Ciacia language, the Tukang Besi language and the Culambacu language. This paper uses the theory of comparative historical linguistics with lexicostatistical and glotochronological methods. The results of the analysis of the four languages are that the percentage of Muna and Ciacia language kinship is 49%, Muna language kinship with Tukang Besi 43%, Muna language with Culambacu language 36%, Ciacia language with Tukang Besi 43%, Ciacia language with Culambacu language is 37%, the Tukang Besi language is with Culambacu language 33%. Based on the glottochronology, the Ciacia language and Muna language have a separate year of 1912-1532, the Ciacia language and the Tukang Besi language have a separate year of 2279-183, the Ciacia language and Culambacu language have the years 2587-2211, the Muna language and the Tukang Besi language have a 2371-2335 year, Muna language with Culambacu language has the years 2658-2272, the Tukang Besi language with Culambacu language has a separate year 2885-2465.
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Karamian, Gholamreza, and Katarzyna Maksymiuk. "Comparison and some similarities between Polish language and Iranian languages (case study of Old Persian, Pahlav, Middle Persian and Lori language)." Historia i Świat, no. 8 (August 29, 2019): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2019.08.16.
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In general the Slavic languages has a lot in common with old Iranian languages. As Polish language and some Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The similarity between two languages seems to be possible. This brief note could give new insight in Indo European cultural relations.
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Küün, Elvira. "Minority languages in Estonian segregative language environments." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 2, no. 1 (June 17, 2011): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.15.
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The goal of this project in Estonia was to determine what languages are spoken by students from the 2nd to the 5th year of basic school at their homes in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. At the same time, this problem was also studied in other segregated regions of Estonia: Kohtla-Järve and Maardu. According to the database of the population census from the year 2000 (Estonian Statistics Executive Office?s census 2000), there are representatives of 142 ethnic groups living in Estonia, speaking a total of 109 native languages. At the same time, the database doesn’t state which languages are spoken at homes. The material presented in this article belongs to the research topic “Home Language of Basic School Students in Tallinn” from years 2007–2008, specifically financed and ordered by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (grant No. ETF 7065) in the framework of an international study called “Multilingual Project”. It was determined what language is dominating in everyday use, what are the factors for choosing the language for communication, what are the preferred languages and language skills. This study reflects the actual trends of the language situation in these cities.
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Hantgan, Abbie, and Johann‐Mattis List. "Bangime: secret language, language isolate, or language island? A computer‐assisted case study." Papers in Historical Phonology 7 (September 7, 2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/pihph.7.2022.7328.
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We report the results of a qualitative and quantitative lexical comparison between Bangime and neighboring languages. Our results indicate that the status of the language as an isolate remains viable, and that Bangime speakers have had different levels of language contact with other Malian populations at various points throughout their history. Bangime speakers, the Bangande, claim Dogon ancestry. The Bangande portray this connection to Dogon through the fact that the language has both recent borrowings from neighboring Dogon varieties and more rooted vocabulary from Dogon languages spoken to the east from whence the Bangande claim to have come. Evidence of multilayered long‐term contact is clear: lexical items have even permeated even core vocabulary. However, strikingly, the Bangande are seemingly unaware that their language is not intelligible with any Dogon variety. We hope that our fiindings will influence future studies on the reconstruction of the Dogon languages and other neighboring language varieties to shed light on the mysterious history of Bangime and its speakers.
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Hong, Lichan, Gregorio Convertino, and Ed Chi. "Language Matters In Twitter: A Large Scale Study." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 5, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v5i1.14184.
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Despite the widespread adoption of Twitter internationally, little research has investigated the differences among users of different languages. In prior research, the natural tendency has been to assume that the behaviors of English users generalize to other language users. We studied 62 million tweets collected over a four-week period and found that more than 100 languages were used. Only half of the tweets were in English (51%). Other popular languages including Japanese, Portuguese, Indonesian, and Spanish together accounted for 39% of the tweets. Examining users of the top 10 languages, we discovered cross-language differences in adoption of features such as URLs, hashtags, mentions, replies, and retweets. We discuss our work’s implications for research on large-scale social systems and design of cross-cultural communication tools.
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Erzhanova, Asiia, and Anatoliy V. Kharkhurin. "The Influence of Prior Language Experience on Foreign Language Anxiety: A Study on a Russian-Speaking Sample." RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 448–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2022-19-3-448-464.
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The topic of foreign language anxiety has attracted considerable attention in the scientific community in recent years. However, there is no universal approach to how to overcome foreign language anxiety. Apart from everything else, it creates barriers and prevents foreign language learners from achieving high results. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of prior experience of learning foreign languages on language anxiety. The study sample consisted of 152 Russian-speaking persons aged 16-45 who were surveyed using the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale to evaluate communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety. The participants also answered questions regarding their language learning experiences: about the number of acquired languages, the age of their acquisition and the level of proficiency in these languages. The MANCOVA results showed that the group with the similar language experience had lower levels of fear of negative evaluation ( F (1, 156) = 4.07, .05, η2 = .06). Based on the results of the study, the authors put forward several practical recommendations: firstly, it is advisable for the teacher to be aware of the student’s prior language experience; secondly, it is proposed, in the educational process, to focus on the similarities in the phonology of the languages being studied; and, thirdly, it is also useful to pay extra attention to common morphemes in different languages.
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Ana, Haerun. "A comparative study of Mawasangka and Wakatobi language in South East Sulawesi." International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 6, no. 5 (September 4, 2019): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n5.733.
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This research aims at investigating the relationship between Mawasangka language (ML) and Wakatobi language (WL) in Southeast Sulawesi. This research was conducted based on qualitative and quantitative methods (mixed methods). The qualitative analysis shows that both languages have similar vowel and consonants sounds, and phonetic long vocoid sounds. Besides, both languages have unique bilabial implosive consonant /ɓ/, alveolar implosive /ɗ/, velar fricative /ĝ/; and clusters of /ns/, /nt/, /nd/, /mb/, /ŋk/, /ŋg/, and /mp/; and all syllables are opened or categorized as vocalist languages. Both languages also have perfected phoneme correspondences. In addition, the result of the quantitative approach using the lexicostastics technique shows that the relationship of ML-WL is 43,43%. Based on the percentage, ML and WL show closed relationship which is categorized as different languages from the same language family.
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Kolipakam, Vishnupriya, Fiona M. Jordan, Michael Dunn, Simon J. Greenhill, Remco Bouckaert, Russell D. Gray, and Annemarie Verkerk. "A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 3 (March 2018): 171504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171504.
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The Dravidian language family consists of about 80 varieties (Hammarström H. 2016 Glottolog 2.7 ) spoken by 220 million people across southern and central India and surrounding countries (Steever SB. 1998 In The Dravidian languages (ed. SB Steever), pp. 1–39: 1). Neither the geographical origin of the Dravidian language homeland nor its exact dispersal through time are known. The history of these languages is crucial for understanding prehistory in Eurasia, because despite their current restricted range, these languages played a significant role in influencing other language groups including Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) and Munda (Austroasiatic) speakers. Here, we report the results of a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of cognate-coded lexical data, elicited first hand from native speakers, to investigate the subgrouping of the Dravidian language family, and provide dates for the major points of diversification. Our results indicate that the Dravidian language family is approximately 4500 years old, a finding that corresponds well with earlier linguistic and archaeological studies. The main branches of the Dravidian language family (North, Central, South I, South II) are recovered, although the placement of languages within these main branches diverges from previous classifications. We find considerable uncertainty with regard to the relationships between the main branches.
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Weninger, Stefan. "Sounds of Gǝʿǝz – How to Study the Phonetics and Phonology of an Ancient Language." Aethiopica 13 (June 14, 2011): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.13.1.39.
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The phonology belongs to the basic structures of a language. Knowing the sounds of the phonemes of a language is essential for the grammar, etymology or classification of a given language. For ancient languages (extinct or classical), phonology is always problematic, for obvious reasons. In this paper, various approaches are evaluated and combined that can shed light on how Gəʿəz might have sounded in Aksumite times: transcriptions in contemporary language, transcriptions and loanwords from contemporary languages, traditional pronunciation, the phonology of the daughter languages, and comparative evidence.
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Mukaromah, Dyah. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN KOREAN AND JAVANESE QUANTIFIER AND THE APPLICATION IN SENTENCES." International Journal of Business, Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (IJBHES) 1, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46923/ijbhes.v1i1.18.
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Abstract— A language without grammar is a body without soul. Grammar truly holds an essential part in a language. In grammar, there is one important part which is said to be quantifier. Quantifier is specific words used to count numbers of an object. Such as found in the phrases, two pages letter, three bars of chocolate, etc. Quantifier is widely used in plenty languages, yet not all languages. There are several languages which do not recognise the system of counting object using quantifier. Those languages only use substitute words having the same function as quantifier. This paper explain a comparative study between language which use quantifier (in this case Korean) and language which do not use quantifier (Javanese), yet use substitute words instead. The differences then compared in the view of how it is applied in the sentences in each language.
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Peters, Arne, and Susan Coetzee-Van Rooy. "Exploring the interplay of language and body in South African youth: A portrait-corpus study." Cognitive Linguistics 31, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 579–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2019-0101.
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AbstractElicitation materials like language portraits are useful to investigate people’s perceptions about the languages that they know. This study uses portraits to analyse the underlying conceptualisations people exhibit when reflecting on their language repertoires. Conceptualisations as manifestations of cultural cognition are the purview of cognitive sociolinguistics. The present study advances portrait methodology as it analyses data from structured language portraits of 105 South African youth as a linguistic corpus from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. The approach enables the uncovering of (a) prominent underlying conceptualisations of African language(s) and the body, and (b) the differences and similarities of these conceptualisations vis-à-vis previous cognitive (socio)linguistic studies of embodied language experiences. In our analysis, African home languages emerged both as ‘languages of the heart’ linked to cultural identity and as ‘languages of the head’ linked to cognitive strength and control. Moreover, the notion of ‘degrees of proficiency’ or ‘magnitude’ of language knowledge emerged more prominently than in previous studies of embodied language experience.
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Strömqvist, Sven, Hrafnhildur Ragnarsdóttir, Olle Engstrand, Helga Jonsdóttir, Elizabeth Lanza, Matti Leiwo, Åsa Nordqvist, et al. "The Inter-Nordic Study of Language Acquisition." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18, no. 1 (June 1995): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003085.
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The typological variation between the Nordic languages offers a “natural laboratory” for the cross-linguistic study of first language acquisition. Based on an on-going inter-Nordic project, the present article discusses research designs for the exploration of this laboratory together with pilot analyses of acquisition data across Danish, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. On the basis of evidence from longitudinal case studies, from narrative tasks, and from morphological and phonetic experiments, the project aims at producing an integrated picture of the development of grammatical morphology and its interaction with (a) the semantic domains of spatial and temporal relations and (b) the prosodic domains of tonal word accents and duration. In the present article the focus is on spatial relations and prosody. Comparisons of developmental data between languages that show considerable typological differences (Finnish vs Icelandic vs the Mainland Scandinavian languages) allow us to establish broad cross-linguistic commonalities in acquisition structure. It is shown that, across all five languages, very similar relational concepts are encoded by the first grammatical morphemes emerging in the field of spatial relations. The impact of linguistic details on acquisition structure can be explored with greater precision through comparisons between languages that show minimal typological differences (the internal differences between the Mainland Scandinavian languages: Danish vs Norwegian vs Swedish). Here, the early development of the Verb + particle construction in two Danish and two Swedish children is analysed. Language-specific effects on acquisition structure of syntactical and prosodic traits are demonstrated. Further, language-specific effects on the development of verb argument structure in spatial descriptions are discussed.
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Ong, Teresa Wai See. "Family Language Policy, Language Maintenance and Language Shift: Perspectives from Ethnic Chinese Single Mothers in Malaysia." Issues in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.3075.2021.
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Family language policy comprises three components, namely, ideology, practice, and management. Using the conceptual framework of family language policy, this study draws on data from semi-structured interviews and participant observation to explore the role of mothers in the process of language maintenance and language shift in Malaysia. First, it investigates the language choices and ideologies of four Chinese single mothers from Penang that lead to speaking heritage languages and/or dominant languages with their children. Second, it examines the strategies for heritage culture maintenance adopted by these mothers. The study found that two of the mothers speak Chinese heritage languages with their children to reinforce emotional attachment and family cohesion. Conversely, two other mothers face socioeconomic and educational pressures in relation to maintaining Chinese heritage languages, which trigger a shift to using dominant languages such as Mandarin Chinese and English with their children. Nevertheless, all four mothers made efforts in exposing their children to ethnic Chinese cultures. The findings indicate that maintaining heritage languages in the current era has become a challenge for many families in Malaysia while speaking dominant languages is becoming a necessity.
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Adeyinka, Olalekan Lawrence, Adeleke Kunle Peter, Joshua Emmanuel Temiloluwa, and Godsgift Agboniyehimhen Ehebha. "Review of the Effects of Language Diversity on Learning Biology: A Case Study of Nigeria Ethnic Languages." Research and Analysis Journal 5, no. 9 (September 20, 2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/raj.v5i9.340.
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This paper attempts to review the effects of language diversities in learning of biology, restricted its boundaries to Nigeria’s ethnic languages, the paper research objectives such as investigating the language blend in a typical Nigerian biology classroom, ascertaining the pupils' preferences for their preferred language of teaching, assessing the disparity between pupils' academic performance when learning in English compared to Indigenous languages. The paper reviewed several previous works from scholars on different concepts revolving around the research study including; Educational Multilingualism, English as the medium of instruction, Use of indigenous languages as the medium of instruction, Issues associated with the use of English as the language of instruction, Issues associated with the use of indigenous languages as the language of instruction.
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Fitriati, Anna, and Maria Magdalena Sinta Wardani. "LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE CHOICE AMONG STUDENTS IN YOGYAKARTA: A CASE STUDY AT UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 3, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v3i2.2226.
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Yogyakarta is a multicultural city in which people from different regions and ethnicity live and well known as one of the best foreign tourist destinations in Indonesia. This situation gives an excellent opportunity for the community to communicate with others whose different cultural backgrounds, ethnicity, and language. Commonly, they talk in Javanese, the local language spoken in Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, due to the engagement with those who speak in different languages, Indonesian and English are gaining more frequent usage. Concerning this situation, this paper is to investigate the language choice among students in Yogyakarta. This study also scrutinises their language attitude toward English, colloquial Indonesian, and local languages. In achieving the objectives, a sociolinguistic questionnaire is given to 100 sample respondents who are the students of Universitas Sanata Dharma. The results show that the students have appreciative attitudes towards the colloquial Indonesian, English, and local languages. The investigation on the language choice indicates that the students choose to communicate using Indonesian. The dominance of Indonesian shifts the use of local languages.
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KyungTaekChung. "A Study on Language Policy and Minor Languages in USSR." Korean Journal of Slavic Studies 28, no. 4 (December 2012): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17840/irsprs.2012.28.4.002.
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Ibrayeva, Zh. "THE ROLE OF NEUROLINGUISTIC RESEARCH IN THE STUDY OF BILINGUALISM." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.11.
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The use of two or more languages is common in most countries of the world. However, until recently, bilingualism was considered as a factor that complicates the processing of speech, cognition and the brain. In the past 25 years there have been a surge in research on bilingualism, including the study, mastery and processing of languages, their cognitive and neural foundations, and the lifelong implications of bilingualism for cognition and the brain. Contrary to the belief that bilingualism complicates the language system, new research demonstrates that all known and used languages become part of the same language system. The interactions that occur when using the two languages have consequences for mind and the brain and indeed for language processing itself but these implications are not additive. Thus, bilingualism helps to uncover the fundamental architecture and language processing mechanisms that locates differently in monolingual speakers.
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Wilbur, Ronnie B. "What does the study of signed languages tell us about ‘language’?" Investigating Understudied Sign Languages - Croatian SL and Austrian SL, with comparison to American SL 9, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2006): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.9.1.04wil.
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Linguists focusing on what all languages have in common seek to identify universals, tendencies, and other patterns to construct a general model of human language, Universal Grammar (UG). The design features of this model are that it must account for linguistic universals, account for linguistic diversity, and account for language learnability. Sign languages contribute to the construction of this model by providing a new source of data, permitting the claims and assumptions of UG to be rigorously tested and modified. One result of this research has been that the notion of ‘language’ itself has been clarified, clearly separating it from speech. It has also been possible to identify the design features of ‘natural languages’ themselves, and then to explain why pedagogical signing systems are not natural languages. This paper provides an overview of these issues.
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ERKIBAEVA, Gulfayruz, and Fauzia Shamsievna ORAZBAEVA. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DICTIONARIES OF RUSSIAN AND KAZAKH LANGUAGES." Cherkasy University Bulletin: Pedagogical Sciences, no. 2 (2020): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31651/2524-2660-2020-2-258-266.
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Introduction. Now many people believe that any information can be found on the Internet: the interpretation of words, the selection of synonyms or antonyms, the meaning of phraseologisms, translation from one language to another. Yes, it is possible, but the information received over the Internet is not always correct. Therefore, we believe that only in dictionaries can one find reliable, accurate information.The methods. Comparative training presupposes students' readiness to work with dictionaries of the Kazakh language, and on the basis of these skills, a readiness is formed to work with dictionaries of the Russian language. Solving the tasks of forming a multilingual personality, it is necessary to develop the need for students to constantly use dictionaries in order to improve language competence, enrich vocabulary, and independently perform language and speech tasks. For the implementation of intersubject communications in Russian and native languages, an implicit and explicit comparison of universal and specific phenomena of the native and studied languages was used. Results. One of the main goals of studying the Russian language in a school with the Kazakh language of instruction is to master its lexical wealth. Work with the dictionary of the Russian language should begin by repeating information about the identical dictionary of the Kazakh language, with which they are already familiar from the lessons of their native language. After consolidating knowledge of the dictionary of the Kazakh language (consolidation is carried out in the form of questions and answers and completing practical tasks), the teacher can turn to the dictionary of the Russian language. Such use of dictionaries in Russian language lessons in schools with the Kazakh language of instruction not only expands the vocabulary of students, but also helps to increase their level of knowledge of the Russian language, broadens their horizons in general and knowledge of the theory of language in particular, develops skills in working with books, as well as in general their oral and written speech activity. The scientific novelty of the research results. A review and analysis of scientific literature revealed that all methodologists are unanimous in the usefulness and necessity of using dictionaries in the educational process of the school. Types and types of work with dictionaries proposed and developed by specialists at the school are scientifically based and convincing. However, no techn-?que is universal. Each contingent, school, class require their own methodology, interpretation, since national traditions, way of thinking, perception of the world are specific. Therefore, work with dictionaries in schools with the Kazakh language of instruction also requires its scientific justification, the development of its own methodology, namely, training in the use of Russian dictionaries in comparison with dictionaries of the Kazakh language. Conclusion When teaching the Russian language dictionaries, we, based on the principle of interconnected teaching of Russian and Kazakh languages on the material of the dictionaries of the Russian and Kazakh languages, familiarized ourselves with the Russian language dictionary preceded by a repetition of the identical Kazakh language dictionary. Using a concrete example (lecture lesson plan), we showed how the principle of interconnected teaching of Russian and Kazakh languages is implemented on the basis of material from the dictionaries of Russian and Kazakh languages.
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Mabule, Dorah Riah. "Who Cares What We Speak: A Case Study at Kgoši Mampuru Correctional Facility." European Review Of Applied Sociology 11, no. 16 (June 1, 2018): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eras-2018-0001.
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AbstractThe aim of this article is to explore the dynamic of language choice and language use as well as to examine the effect of language policy on language attitudes in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) with special reference to Pretoria Central Prison, now called Kgoši Mampuru Correctional facility where there is some resistance to the use of English as the only official language of business.A case study was conducted at this facility to find out the language attitudes of the participants towards English as the only official language of business. A questionnaire was used to evoke the participants’ attitudes and beliefs regarding the importance of the use of other official languages (indigenous languages which, like English, also have official status) in their daily lives. A total of 60 correctional services staff and 280 offenders took part in this research study. Interviews and observations were mainly carried out at the research site to triangulate the data. Only the findings from the 280 offenders will be reported in this article.The findings of this research study show that the participants were keen to use their languages of choice and favoured the language functions of their indigenous languages. The findings suggest that the prevailing language attitudes were in contrast with the aims of language policy at DCS thus making the effect of language planning not to be realized.
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Reagan, Timothy. "Language planning and language policies for sign languages: an emerging civil rights movement." Sociolinguistica 36, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2022): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soci-2022-0010.
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Abstract Following the publication of William Stokoe’s Sign Language Structure in 1960, there was a proliferation of linguistic research addressing different aspects of sign languages. The emergence of this research had implications not only for linguistics as an academic discipline, but also for the deaf community itself. One area in which the study of sign languages and the growing activism of deaf communities overlapped in powerful ways was in calls for the official recognition of sign languages – that is, with respect to status planning. In addition to status planning, there have also been clear examples of corpus planning, acquisition planning, and prestige planning with respect to sign languages. Although efforts to engage in language planning for sign languages, and to develop and implement language policies for such languages, share many characteristics with language planning targeting spoken languages, in other ways they are quite distinctive. In this article, an overview of language planning and policy for sign languages is provided, followed by discussions of the linguistic human rights of sign language users and the role of language policies for sign languages in efforts to ensure civil rights for deaf individuals and communities.
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Jannah, Siti Nur Rochmatul. "Language Kinship between Tulambatu and Tolaki Language in North Konawe." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0009.
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Abstract This study was intended to explore the genetic relationship between Tulambatu and Tolaki languages as members of Austronesian family language, particularly those included in the branch of Malay Polynesian sub-group. They have identical and similar lexis, phonetics, as well as corresponding phonemic and different phonemes. The aims of this study were: (1) to describe the level of genetic relationship between Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages in North Konawe regency, (2) to determine the period when the two languages were separated in terms of the basic vocabulary, (3) to predict the age of Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages in North Konawe regency. Data of the study were 200 vocabulary of Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages based on Swadesh lists that have been translated by native speakers of the two languages. The study was a historical comparative linguistics research and used the Lexicostatistics technique to find evidences that explain the genetic relationship of the languages. Based on the Lexicostatistics technique, it was found that the percentage of the vocabulary relationship of Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages was 52.02%. This proved that both languages are members of a sub-family of genetically similar languages (Astronesian Malayo Polinesian). In addition, it is believed that Tulambatu and Tolakinese languages were a single language 1636-1378 years ago, and they began to separate from their mother language around 379-637 AD (as of 2015).
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Sudaryanto, Sudaryanto, Soeparno Soeparno, and Lilis Ferawati. "Politics of Language in Indonesia (1975-2015): Study of History and Language Policy." AKSIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/aksis.030113.
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Indonesia has a political concept of language that is always updated in a certain period of time. The concept was born from a scientific meeting entitled “Seminar Politik Bahasa Nasional” (1975), “Seminar Politik Bahasa” (1999) and finally, “Seminar Politik Bahasa” (2015). Each scientific meeting produces a concept of language politics that is complementary and updates the previous concept. Furthermore, the concept of language politics is closely related to the implementation of a language policy in Indonesia. The research method used is content analysis. The data sources used are books, document archives, and photographs that record language political events over a period of 40 years. The results of this study indicate that (1) the concept of national language politics in the version of the Seminar Politik Bahasa Nasional (1975) focuses more on aspects of Indonesian, regional languages, and foreign languages; the political concept of the national language version of the Seminar Politik Bahasa (1999) focuses more on aspects of Indonesian language and literature, regional language and literature, and foreign languages, and the national language politics version of the Seminar Politik Bahasa (2015) emphasizes improving the function of Indonesian language into an international language; and (2) the political concept of national language 1975 and 1999 language politics became the elaboration of Pasal 36 UUD 1945 and the 2015 political concept of language became the elaboration of UU No. 24 Tahun 2009 and PP No. 57 Tahun 2014.
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Mosca, Michela. "Trilinguals’ language switching: A strategic and flexible account." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (March 21, 2018): 693–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818763537.
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The goal of this study was to determine how trilinguals select the language they intend to use in a language switching context. Two accounts are examined: (a) a language-specific account, according to which language selection considers the activation level of words of the intended language only (i.e., language co-activation without language competition), and (b) a language non-specific account, where activated words from both the intended and non-intended languages compete for selection (i.e., language co-activation with language competition). Results showed that, in both groups, all three languages competed for selection and that selection was achieved by inhibiting the currently non-relevant languages. Moreover, extending findings from previous research, the study reveals that, in both Experiments 1 and 2, the amount of inhibition was influenced not only by language proficiency but also by the typological similarity between languages. Overall, the study shows that language switching performance can be accounted for by a strategic and flexible inhibitory account. In particular, the controlling system is “strategic” in the sense that it aims at preventing potential conflicting situations, such as typological closeness between languages, and it is “flexible” in that it adjusts languages’ activation levels, depending on the conflict to be solved.
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Irawan, Yusup. "PERGESERAN KECAKAPAN BERTUTUR DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA BAHASA AKIBAT INTERAKSI BAHASA INDONESIA, BAHASA DAERAH, DAN BAHASA ASING." tuahtalino 15, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/tt.v15i1.2226.
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This study aims to examine the existence of language shifts through shifts in speaking skills due to interactions between Indonesian, regional languages, and foreign languages. The data collection technique used is the recording technique as the main technique, while the interview and direct observation techniques are additional techniques. The respondents of this study were 34 students of the Indonesian language study program and the foreign language study program. Speech data were analyzed with three aspects of oral language skills, namely (2) speech tempo (prosody or intonation), (2) fluency, and (3) lexical (Itkonen, 2010:15-17). The results of the analysis show that there has been a shift in speaking skills from regional languages to Indonesian for all groups of respondents. Even students who are engaged in foreign languages are on average more fluent in foreign languages than in regional languages. These are indicators of a shift in regional languages to Indonesian and a shift in regional languages to foreign languages among this group of students. It can be formulated that the lower the speaking skill of a language is mastered by the speaker, the more vulnerable the language is to be shifted by a language that is more capable of being mastered by the speaker.
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GARCIA, RONALD, JAAKKO JARVI, ANDREW LUMSDAINE, JEREMY SIEK, and JEREMIAH WILLCOCK. "An extended comparative study of language support for generic programming." Journal of Functional Programming 17, no. 2 (March 2007): 145–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796806006198.
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AbstractMany modern programming languages support basic generics, sufficient to implement type-safe polymorphic containers. Some languages have moved beyond this basic support, and in doing so have enabled a broader, more powerful form of generic programming. This paper reports on a comprehensive comparison of facilities for generic programming in eight programming languages: C++, Standard ML, Objective Caml, Haskell, Eiffel, Java, C# (with its proposed generics extension), and Cecil. By implementing a substantial example in each of these languages, we illustrate how the basic roles of generic programming can be represented in each language. We also identify eight language properties that support this broader view of generic programming: support for multi-type concepts, multiple constraints on type parameters, convenient associated type access, constraints on associated types, retroactive modeling, type aliases, separate compilation of algorithms and data structures, and implicit argument type deduction for generic algorithms. We find that these features are necessary to avoid awkward designs, poor maintainability, and painfully verbose code. As languages increasingly support generics, it is important that language designers understand the features necessary to enable the effective use of generics and that their absence can cause difficulties for programmers.
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Sadouki, Fatiha. "The Effect of the Second Language on Metalinguistic Awareness in Third Language Vocabulary Learning." Romanian Journal of English Studies 18, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2021-0011.
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Abstract This study aims at investigating the effect of second language in third language learning. It focuses on metalinguistic awareness, which reflects the extent to which learners can use their background languages in the process of third and additional language learning. The study gives insights into the issue of metalinguistic awareness by testing the participants’ vocabulary knowledge in learning English as a foreign language. The number of participants in this study is 30; they are all middle school students who have Arabic/Berber as native languages, French as a second language, and English as a third language. Two translation tasks were designed to find out how participants use their background languages in learning English: translating words in the first task and paragraph translation (from English into Arabic) and think-aloud protocols in the second task. Additionally, a semi-structured interview is conducted with 8 participants. The findings reveal how participants possess greater cognitive control in language acquisition due to language relatedness between the foreign languages they learn.
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Ogunyemi, Kehinde Olufemi, and Abiodun Emmanuel Bada. "Ecolinguistics in a Multilingual Society: A Case Study of Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria." American International Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 2 (August 11, 2019): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v4i2.377.
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Language, biology, and culture have been intimately related throughout human history. We cannot dispute the fact that we live in an ecolinguistic world, where human beings relate with at least one language. Language has pioneered many interracial relationships and historical milestones. Language is a necessity for basic communication and cultural diversity in human society. In dealing with linguistic aspect of acculturation in a multilingual society, it is pertinent to trace the ecology of language from an individual point of view. This study examined ecolinguistics in a multilingual society using Adekunle Ajasin University as a case study.The research design adopted was descriptive research of survey type. The sample consists of 180 students drawn randomly from the six faculties in the school. Data was collected through a self-constructed questionnaire(r=0.79) distributed to the students. Data collected was analysed using the descriptive statistics of frequency count and simple percentage for the demographic information of the respondents and analysis of research questions. Findings from the data collected unveil the rate at which Nigeria’s native languages are endangered and derogated by foreign languages. Specifically, it was revealed that language is used as the agent of cultural and bio-diversity. Findings of this study also disclosed that English language is predominantly infused into the linguistic culture of the students of Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba-Akoko as it is used as the students’ instrument and expression of thoughts. Conclusions are made by looking critically into the making of individuals’ bio-cultural diversity. It is then concluded that Nigerian’s native languages are considered informal and have a way of limiting ones thought thereby leading to the robustness of foreign language(s) and endangerment of these native languages. This study recommended and advocated for the enrichment and robustness of Nigerian native languages by making sure that our culture is promoted via these native languages.
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Pun, Min, and Kamal Gurung. "Languages in Danger: How Can Linguistic Diversity Be Preserved and Promoted in Nepal?" Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 65 (May 5, 2020): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.65.503.511.
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This paper focuses on the decline and death of indigenous languages with special reference to sampled languages used by indigenous communities in Kaski district, arguing that the indigenous language communities should be supported by the government for giving official status to their native languages, focused on formulation and implementation of education policies, and encouraged to insist on speaking their native languages. Together, the indigenous language communities need to collaborate with the government to curb all the issues related to preserving and promoting linguistic diversity in Nepal. Based on the findings and discussion of the study, the following recommendations have been made to preserve and promote linguistic diversity in Nepal: 1) The findings of the study concluded that documentation is one of the most important ways to preserve and promote indigenous languages; 2) The findings of this study concluded that both formal and informal languages classes can be effective to cover all types of age group indigenous language speakers; 3) It is recommended that language teachers should be provided with appropriate trainings to be good indigenous language teachers; 4) It is recommended that indigenous language groups should put pressure on the government for policy development and political advocacy for the preservation of indigenous languages; 5) The study suggested that indigenous language groups should be given language awareness programs occasionally in order to motivate them to use their native languages and then to preserve the linguistic diversity in Nepal; and 6) The study suggested that indigenous language communities need to get help of language researchers to address the issues related to indigenous language revitalization strategies.
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Aghamirzayeva, Esmira. "ENRICHMENT OF LANGUAGES IN THE PROCESS OF LANGUAGE RELATIONS." Globus: human sciences 8, no. 2(40) (June 19, 2022): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3087-40-2-4.
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The paper describes the enrichment of languages in language contacts. The study has shown that the key reason for borrowing words by languages is the lack of an appropriate word to express any subject, thing, process, event, or concept in them. To express a concept in the absence of a relevant word, a new word should be either created using the language’s own word-formation capabilities or borrowed from another language. It is defined that borrowing not only fills empty semantic ‘voids’ in the language but also sometimes acts as either a new variant of a certain word or a terminological unit. Such terms belong to different terminological fields and play a unique role in enriching the language vocabulary. The term first emerges in one language and then passes from one language to another, expanding its application area.