Dissertations / Theses: 'Language and languages – Law and legislation'

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Abrahams, Eloise. "Efficacy of plain language drafting in labour legislation." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1742.

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Thesis (MTech (Human Resource Management))--Peninsula Technikon, 2003 The framework of the employment relationship is regulated by labour legislation. The relationship is known as the tripartite relationship, it is made up of the employer, employees normally represented by the union and the state. The state is responsible for the statutory and legislative framework within which this relationship is conducted.Legislation has been traditionally written in such a manner that only a selected group could understand and interpret it. The new dispensation in South Africa necessitated a move from the traditional manner in which legislation has been drafted to a more open and transparent format, which the general public can understand and comprehend. Plain language drafting that has been in use for the past 28 years intemationally is a method of drafting legislation which focuses on the reader or end-user.This study investigated the impact on comprehension and understanding levels of subjects when presented with a format of labour legislation that was redrafted using the guidelines of plain language drafting as opposed to the current format of the legislation.The research hypothesis was "Legislation will be more easily understood if redrafted in terms of plain language principles."An extensive literature review on plain language drafting, plain language principles and on mass communication was undertaken. The focal area in the literature review dealt with research that has been conducted on plain language drafting in labour legislation and on the theory of drafting and plain language.The empirical study was conducted at a model C type, senior secondary school in the Westem Cape with English speaking grade 11 students. The study tested the comprehension and understanding levels of the respondents 'In an experimental and control group environment. The experimental group receivedthe redrafted format of the legislation and the control group received the current format of the legislation.The results of the empirical study, conclusively demonstrated that the respondents in the experimental group who received the redrafted fonnat of the legislation, far exceeded the performance of the results that were achieved by the control group who received the current format of the legislation. The test results were exposed to various statistical measures to validate the research hypothesis. The findings of the statistical measures supported the research hypothesis.The findings of the empirical study concurred with the literature review and the research hypothesis; that when plain language drafting principles are applied to legislation, the reader more easily understands it.In conclusion the statistical tests have conclusively proved that, overall, plain language does improve comprehension of the legislation.

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Williams, Matthew. "The language of legislation and the politicisation of British judges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31b03113-216f-4291-8635-aa4aa7e287f0.

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Over the course of the 20th and 21st Centuries the judiciary have increasingly made decisions that have affected the substantive content and the procedural implementation of public policy. The aim of this thesis is to provide an explanation for this political behaviour in judges by introducing the Legislative Politicisation of the Judiciary Theory to the debate. The theory proposes that the key independent causal variable is the language of Parliamentary legislation. The argument is that as legislation has been increasingly used to delegate power from Parliament to its various agents, the language used has become more indeterminate in order to enable discretion. Such indeterminacy creates an institutional problem where the orders of the sovereign Parliament are not clear, and to resolve this uncertainty in the Rule of Law the judges must intervene. The political behaviour of judges is therefore stimulated by a change in the legislative supply-side rather than a change in the behavioural demand-side, and the judges are acting as professional technocrats charged with ensuring the efficacious implementation of Parliamentary legislation. A new discourse analysis methodology has been created for this thesis that provides evidence of change in the language of legislation between 1920 and 2010. A total of 8,328 sections of primary and secondary legislation have been hand-coded, with results showing that 3% of sections in 1920 (21 sections in real terms) were “Henry VIIIth clauses”, where power to make new law was delegated by Parliament; by 2010 this had increased to 16% (400 sections in real terms).

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Peszle, T. L. (Theresa L. ). "Language rights in Québec education : sources of law." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26751.

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This study first provides general background on the public education system of Quebec, and the Canadian and Quebec legal systems. Legal background information includes: the classification of Canadian laws; the Common Law and Civil Law traditions of law, and the definitions of sources of law of each tradition; Quebec's bijurisdictional legal system; the court system of Quebec; Constitutional sources of law; and, the role of the Judiciary in Canadian education. This thesis is a documentary study of the sources of law which establish language of instruction rights in Quebec. Its purpose is to assist educators, students of education, and other lay persons of law to gain understanding of the legal bases upon which the Judiciary formulate decisions in matters of language of instruction. Common Law and Civil Law legislative and case law sources, which are applicable to Quebec, are identified and examined, and relevant sources presented. In addition to providing a summary for Common Law sources, and for Civil Law sources, a chronological summary is given, which reveals six main periods in the development of language of instruction provisions in Quebec. The conclusion is that the primary sources of law for language of instruction in Quebec are: s. 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867, and case law thereunder; and, the judicial interpretation and provisions of s. 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982. Future case law in Quebec may reveal s. 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982 to be the most significant source of law for the preservation of minority English language instruction, institutions, and rights of management and control.

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Mortensen, Melanie J. ""A civilization of the mind" : sovereignty, Internet jurisdiction, and ethical governance." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101822.

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The treatment of Internet jurisdiction ordinarily looks to how the laws of a local jurisdiction apply to the Internet. Less examined is the underlying jurisprudence that may create the basis for legitimate Internet jurisdiction in light of the ambiguity that the Internet creates for establishing sovereignty. This thesis thus takes recent decisions of the Quebec courts that apply the province's Charter of the French Language to the Internet as a point of departure for an in-depth analysis of the nature of sovereignty as an increasingly indeterminate principle of law in the emerging discipline known as Internet Law. Ultimately, the chaos that the Internet initially provoked may be resolved by the return to ethical principles based on the theoretical approach of legal pluralism and the philosophical treatment of ethical responsibility as proposed by Emmanuel Levinas' "humanism of the other".

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Clarke, Tamsin Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Racism, pluralism and democracy in Australia : re-conceptualising racial vilification legislation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20530.

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Australian debates about racial vilification legislation have been dominated by mainstream American First Amendment jurisprudence and popular American notions of 'free speech' to the exclusion of alternative Europeans models. This can be seen from notions of Australian racial vilification legislation as inconsistent with 'free speech' rights as well as the influence of some of the basic assumptions of First Amendment jurisprudence on political speech cases in the Australian High Court. Despite the widespread existence of legislation that penalises racial vilification at State and Federal levels, there has been a rise in Australia over the past 10 years of divisive 'race' politics. Against that background, this thesis considers the scope and limits of racial vilification legislation in Australia. It is argued that First Amendment jurisprudence is inadequate in the Australian context, because it is heavily dependent upon economic metaphors, individualistic notions of identity and outdated theories of communication. It assumes that 'free speech' in terms of lack of government intervention is essential to 'democracy'. It ignores the content, context and effect of harmful speech, except in extreme cases, with the result that socially harmful speech is protected in the name of 'free speech'. This has narrowed the parameters within which racial vilification is understood and hindered the development of a broader discourse on the realities of racist harms, and the mechanisms necessary for their redress. The author calls for the development of an Australian jurisprudence of harmful speech. Failing an Australian Bill of Rights, that jurisprudence would be grounded upon the implied constitutional right of free political speech, informed by an awareness that modern structures of public speech favour a very limited range of speech and speakers. The jurisprudence would take advantage of the insights of Critical Race Theory into the connections between racial vilification and racist behaviour, as well as the personal and social harms of racial vilification. Finally, it is argued that the concepts of human dignity and equality, which underpin European discrimination legislation and notions of justice, provide a way forward for Australian jurisprudence in this area.

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Leiper, Jonathan. "Equity in the South African legal system a critical ethnography." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002637.

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This thesis focuses on the process of interpreting and the difficulties faced by interpreters in the Magistrates' Court in Grahamstown, South Africa. More particularly, the thesis seeks to establish whether the constitutional guarantee of language equity can be applied to the courts - given the numerous problems with interpreting. Respondents from different spheres of the legal profession were interviewed in order to ascertain their perspectives on the state of interpreting, problems that are encountered by interpreters and attitudes displayed by other members of the legal profession towards interpreters. The methodology used in the thesis is that of a critical ethnography. As such, the research also has a critical focus, seeking to determine the ideologies and interests of different ):articipants in the legal process. On the basis of the data collected, a number of conclusions are drawn. The first is that interpreting in South Africa is in trouble. The system of interpreting is beset by a number of different problems. This study describes four different types of problems that are faced by interpreters: linguistic problems, environmental problems, training and administrative issues, and poor status in the eyes of the other participants in the legal process. Together the cumulative effect of these problems is the undermining of the principle of equity in the justice system. Finally, the thesis provides various practical and achievable solutions to the problems outlined above, specifically those faced by interpreters. The researcher also critically evaluates the efforts and motives of the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development.

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Van, Jaarsveld Roslynn. "An investigation of the consumer protection Act (2008) and plain language application at selected businesses in the Port Elizabeth metropole." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4012.

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Businesses communicate a wide variety of messages to diverse audiences using a number of different communication types and channels daily. For example, business communication includes business reports, documents (booklets, leaflets, and official communiqués), notices, agreements, web copy and advertisements that are produced continually to address a variety of business communication needs for a variety of audiences. Although written business communication has a significant impact on customer satisfaction and consumer attitude which, in turn, affects consumer behaviour positively or negatively, there is a lack of research investigating the knowledge and application of plain language in business communication. Many studies were found to be related to communication and language, however, studies about plain language use were less prevalent. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the awareness of the plain language regulations stipulated in the South African Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 68 of 2008 (2009). The application of these plain language principles within businesses in the Port Elizabeth Metropole, with specific reference to its use in written business communication was also investigated. The study also aimed to identify plain language best practices and constraints resulting from plain language application or non-application within the selected organisations. The research focused attention on the impact of business communication on customer satisfaction, consumer attitude and, ultimately, consumer behaviour as well as the need for plain language use in written business communication practices to ensure effective and fair (ethical) communication. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on communication, communication theory and consumer behaviour, as well as on plain language principles which might add to the effectiveness of organisations’ written business communication, to provide a theoretical foundation for the study. The study’s research methodology was approached from a phenomenological (descriptive and interpretive), and somewhat positivistic perspective, utilising qualitative and limited quantitative measures to obtain data. For this reason, three managers from three respective organisations within the Port Elizabeth Metropole were interviewed and asked to complete a rating-scale survey to obtain insight on the written business communication practices of these organisations. A content analysis of documents supplied by the participating organisations were also reviewed to provide commentary on the plain language application in each organisation. Furthermore, Section 2 of the South African CPA 68 of 2008 (2009) was also reviewed to measure and comment on the application of plain language in these organisations. Based on the data analysis, it was evident that organisations in the Port Elizabeth Metropole were aware of plain language and the plain language regulations stipulated in the South African CPA 68 of 2008 (2009), but that they were not certain what the regulations entailed exactly. Furthermore, plain language principles were applied in the participating organisations, however, complications and areas for possible improvement were identified in the data. From the study’s findings, various recommendations were made that could assist the organisations to improve their organisations’ plain language application. These recommendations included, for example, appointing plain language champions to monitor plain language application in the organisation, as well as assessing language competence of staff and training them to improve their language competencies. Recommendations for future research suggested that future studies needed to include a larger research sample, a more diverse sample population to include consumers and a broader industrial demographic. In addition, future studies could attempt to investigate communication barriers that inhibit or challenge comprehension in consumer communication.

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Xu, Huan. "Do contrato de mediacao imobiliaria." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3537098.

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Wanitzek, Ulrike, and Fauz Twaib. "The presentation of claims in matrimonial proceedings in Tanzania:: A problem of language and legal culture." Swahili Forum; 3 (1996), S. 115-137, 1996. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11636.

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As a system that deals with social ordering, the law is very much a function of words, i. e. of language. Language is one of the most effective ways of communicating. One of the most cardinal principles of the common law criminal system is constituted in the maxim ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance of the law is no excuse). In conformity with this principle, Tanzania`s Penal Code, the basic criminal law statute, assumes that everybody knows the law. Knowledge of the law presupposes `legal literacy`, which in turn means that the citizemy (or at least a reasonable portion of it) is capable of understanding what the law says. Hence, the law must speak in a language the people understand. Only then can they reasonably be expected to generally conduct themselves in accordance with the law.

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Wanitzek, Ulrike, and Fauz Twaib. "The presentation of claims in matrimonial proceedings in Tanzania:." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-95554.

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As a system that deals with social ordering, the law is very much a function of words, i. e. of language. Language is one of the most effective ways of communicating. One of the most cardinal principles of the common law criminal system is constituted in the maxim ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance of the law is no excuse). In conformity with this principle, Tanzania`s Penal Code, the basic criminal law statute, assumes that everybody knows the law. Knowledge of the law presupposes `legal literacy`, which in turn means that the citizemy (or at least a reasonable portion of it) is capable of understanding what the law says. Hence, the law must speak in a language the people understand. Only then can they reasonably be expected to generally conduct themselves in accordance with the law.

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Janse, van Rensburg Leanne. "The violence of language : contemporary hate speech and the suitability of legal measures regulating hate speech in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001866.

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This thesis unites law and social science so as to give a comprehensive account of the phenomenon of racial hate speech in South Africa as an obstacle to transformation. Hate speech is presented as a form of violent language and an affront to the constitutional rights of freedom of speech, equality and dignity. To establish the nature of hate speech, the fluid quality of language is explored so as to show how language can be manipulated, on the one hand, as a means to harm, and employed, on the other hand, as a tool to heal and reconcile. This double gesture is illustrated through the South African linguistic experience of past hate and segregation and the current transformation agenda. It is through this prism that hate speech regulation is discussed as an uneasy fit in a country where freedom of expression is constitutionally protected and where language plays an important role in bringing about reconciliation, and yet words are still being employed to divide and dehumanise. This reality necessitates a clearly articulated stance on the regulation of language. The thesis accordingly interrogates the current legal standards in relation to hate speech with reference to international law that binds South Africa and the constitutional standard set for the regulation of language and the prohibition of hate speech. Thereafter, the current and proposed legislative prohibitions on hate speech, the residual common law provisions governing expression and the regulation of language in the media are outlined and analysed. These legal frameworks are explored in terms of their content and their application in various fora so as to ascertain what the South African approach to hate speech prohibition is, whether it is consistent and, ultimately if it is indeed suitable to the South African experience and the realities of language. This thesis concludes that contemporary hate speech measures lack a coherent understanding of what hate speech entails and a general inconsistency in approach as well as application is found in the treatment of hate speech complaints in South Africa. This is explained through the fallibility of language as a medium to regulate expression and solutions are offered to not only taper current and proposed hate speech provisions but to also consider alternative forms of resolving hate speech complaints

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Arroyo, de Romano Jacqueline Elena. "The policy implications of the No Child Left Behind Act for English language learners." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2589.

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卓倩芝. "澳門基本法下授權立法可行性之初析 =The analysis of authorized legislation feasibility under the Macao Basic Law". Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3570916.

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Ferreira, Pedro Fernando Loureiro. "A liberdade de utilizacao das orbitas terrestres, em particular da orbita geoestacionaria por satelites de telecomunicacoes." Thesis, University of Macau, 1988. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636606.

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Leija, Susana. "The status of English language learners post Proposition 227 in reading in the Leander Unified School District for the years 1998-2001 grades 2-11." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2995.

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This project explored the impact of the implementation of Proposition 227 on SAT-9 scores in grades 2-11 of the Leander Unified School District. Minimal growth in test scores was found as a result of replacing the bilingual programs with English-only programs, contradicting claims by proponents of the proposition.

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Ekdahl, Elin, and Sandra Jansdotter. "Mellan lag och rätt : en rättsvetenskaplig studie av kommunala riktlinjer avseende ekonomiskt bistånd i Stockholms län." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7418.

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The purpose of this essay was to examine municipal guidelines regarding the administration of the social assistance, collected from 18 municipalities in the Stockholm-area to achieve a greater understanding on how they were constructed in respect to the legislation and how the language mediated their contents. The legal aspects of the social assistance was studied through a jurisprudential method in which the legislative history, texts of laws and case laws were examined. The empirical aspect of this essay was studied through a hermeneutical method and analyzed through theories of social constructionism and legal pluralism. The results from the jurisprudential study were also used to understand how the municipal guidelines were constructed in relation to the law. The results of this essay corresponded well with previous studies in this field where considerable divergences in the approval of social assistance have been established. The guidelines allow a local adjustment of the social work stated in the Social service act, on the basis of local priorities and conditions. Our findings showed that the guidelines related to the law in varying degrees, to some extent depending on the stringency of the language used in them. We found expressions that were sometimes vague, normative and restrictive regarding the approval of social assistance. The results were discussed in respect to rule of law and the legal content of the guidelines.

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Pacobahyba, Fernanda Mara de Oliveira Macedo Carneiro. "Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico, entre o passado e o futuro: movimentos da hermenêutica jurídico-tributária brasileira." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21263.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-25T11:52:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Mara de Oliveira Macedo Carneiro Pacobahyba.pdf: 2034067 bytes, checksum: 3152b483af6e834bafb8609a021c1b03 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T11:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Mara de Oliveira Macedo Carneiro Pacobahyba.pdf: 2034067 bytes, checksum: 3152b483af6e834bafb8609a021c1b03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-24 When observing the way in which the juridical-tax interpretation has been processed, distinct movements are perceived and that seem to fit in a point of intellectual confrontation. On the one hand, traditional hermeneutics, based on the literality of the CTN, which seeks the meaning of normative texts from an extraction of their contents. And from this hermeneutics, the construction of doctrine and jurisprudence that makes verberar a sense of assertiveness, completeness, certainty. From another perspective, movements that identify law as being a language, which culminates in complex ideas and a constant dialogue between texts, given the difficulty always present in seeing the legal reality under the sign of language. In the doctrine and jurisprudence that follow, deepening in matters that before seemed exhausted, returns to the fundamental normative structures and recognition of the incompleteness of everything that is said about the legal-tributary phenomenon. And here, emerges the Logical-Semantic Constructivism, by Paulo de Barros Carvalho. The justification of this research is based on the original approach that seeks to offer to the problematic, considering that it approaches the idea of hermeneutical movements in the Science of Law, in order to investigate the possibility of establishing the proper characteristics of these two movements, located in times not -chronic logics: the first, from the "past that is still present", represents the traditional approach; the second, of the "future that is already present", has as its starting point the fundamental work of Logical-Semantic Constructivism. Thus, the starting problem is: can individual different motifs be identified in the way Brazilian juridical-tax hermeneutics takes place? The general objective of the research is to investigate the possibility of identifying these hermeneutical movements and the establishment of characters that represent the overcoming of the traditional model, given the inflows resulting from the adoption of the paradigm of language, as well as the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and, more recently, the new Code of Civil Procedure. The methodology used is the path that interweaves the analytical-hermeneutic method, which is characteristic of Logical-Semantic Constructivism, under the influence of semiotic perspectives in the juridical data: here the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic plans structuring of language, by which the object itself is constructed by a subject, which is also by language. With all of this, the structuring of the thought contained in this work margeia reflections that are processed in the scope of Legal Epistemology, Law Theory and Tax Law itself. The central hypothesis of the work is that, in spite of new intellectual influences in Brazilian juridical-tax doctrine, jurists and scholars of tax law still rely on ulteriorated hermeneutic views, clinging to the use of the various methods scattered in the CTN and masking the complexity of the normative phenomenon. This is true even after the decisive influences of CF / 88. In this way, the possibilities that allow us to deal with different paradigms in the interpretation of texts and legal-tax aspects, as a way of undertaking a new legal rationality that align General Theory of Law and Tax Law from the dialogue between the different languages are deepened, competent and incompetent, which are reflected in Brazilian normative discourse Ao se observar a maneira como se processa a interpretação jurídico-tributária, percebem-se movimentos distintos e que parecem calhar em um ponto de enfrentamento intelectual. De um lado, a Hermenêutica tradicional, fincada na literalidade do CTN, e que busca o sentido dos textos normativos com base na extração de seus conteúdos. E arrimada nesta Hermenêutica, a elaboração da doutrina e da jurisprudência que que faz verberar um sentido de assertividade, de completude, de certeza. Sob outra perspectiva, movimentos que identificam o Direito como sendo linguagem, o que faz culminar em ideias complexas e em um diálogo constante entre textos, dada a dificuldade sempre ocorrente em se enxergar a realidade jurídica sob o signo da linguagem. Na doutrina e na jurisprudência que lhe seguem, aprofundamentos em matérias que antes pareciam esgotadas, retornos às estruturas fundamentais normativas e reconhecimento da incompletude de tudo quanto se diga acerca do fenômeno jurídico-tributário. E aqui desponta o Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico, de Paulo de Barros Carvalho. A justificativa desta pesquisa se fundamenta no enfoque original que se busca oferecer à problemática, tendo em vista que aborda a ideia de movimentos hermenêuticos na Ciência do Direito, de sorte a investigar a possibilidade de estabelecimento dos caracteres próprios desses dois movimentos, situados em tempos não cronológicos distintos: o primeiro, do “passado que ainda se faz presente”, representa o enfoque tradicional; o segundo, do “futuro que já se faz presente”, tem como ponto de partida a obra fundamental do Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico. Com efeito, o problema de partida é: podem ser individualizados mo(vi)mentos distintos na maneira como se processa a Hermenêutica Jurídico-Tributária brasileira? O objetivo geral da pesquisa é investigar a possibilidade de identificação desses movimentos hermenêuticos e o estabelecimento de caracteres que representem a superação do modelo tradicional, dados os influxos decorrentes da adoção do paradigma da linguagem, bem como da promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 e, mais recentemente, do Código de Processo Civil de 2016. A metodologia utilizada é o caminho que interlaça o método analítico-hermenêutico, próprio do Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico, sob os influxos de perspectivas semióticas no dado jurídico: aqui, a estruturação de planos sintático, semântico e pragmático da linguagem, pelo qual o próprio objeto é construído por um sujeito, que também é pela linguagem. Com tudo isso, a estruturação do pensamento contido neste trabalho margeia reflexões que se processam no âmbito da Epistemologia Jurídica, da Teoria do Direito e do próprio Direito Tributário. A hipótese central do trabalho é que, apesar de novos influxos intelectuais na dogmática jurídico-tributária brasileira, os juristas e estudiosos do Direito Tributário ainda se valem de panoramas hermenêuticos ultrapassados, apegando-se à utilização dos diversos métodos espraiados no CTN e que mascaram a complexidade do fenômeno normativo. E isso se dá mesmo após as influências determinantes da CF/88. Efetivamente, aprofundam-se as possibilidades que permitem lidar com paradigmas diferenciados na interpretação dos textos e dos fatos jurídico-tributários, como a maneira de empreender uma nova racionalidade jurídica que alinhe Teoria Geral do Direito e Direito Tributário com esteio no diálogo entre as diversas linguagens, competentes e incompetentes, que se plasmam no discurso normativo brasileiro

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Amaral, Rui Pedro P. do. "Perspectivas do novo poder orcamental em Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637064.

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Ho, Wai Neng. "O estatuto juridico do clone humano e o seu impacto nas relacoes familiares." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1879853.

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趙占全. "試論應否在澳門就安樂死專門立法". Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1644027.

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劉漢傑. "電腦犯罪若干問題研究 =Research into the some question of computer crime". Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3570914.

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Kwok, Wai Hung. "Some linguistic devices in legal English that cause problems to the translation of legislative texts from English to Chinese /." [Milperra, N.S.W. : The Author,], 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030508.083637/index.html.

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Thesis: M.A.--University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, 2000. [Thesis submitted as part requirement for Master of Arts (Translation & Lingusitics), Faculty of Education and Languages]. References: p. 74-77.

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Яворська, В. Г., та V. H. Yavorska. "Забезпечення єдності застосування кримінального законодавства України актами судового тлумачення: дисертація". Thesis, ЛьвДУВС, 2012. http://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/835.

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Яворська В.Г. Забезпечення єдності застосування кримінального законодавства України актами судового тлумачення: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук: спеціальність 12.00.08 – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право / Яворська Вікторія Григорівна. - Львів: ЛьвДУВС, 2012. - 221 с. Дисертація присвячена дослідженню феномену актів судового тлумачення у правовій системі України. В роботі піддано аналізу зміст та обсяг поняття актів судового тлумачення, проаналізовано їх вплив на різні сфери правового життя держави, запропоновано обґрунтовані вимоги до структури, змісту та мови таких актів, проведено ревізію ефективності чинних постанов Пленуму Верховного Суду України та вирішено низку інших супутніх питань. У вирішенні найбільш дискусійного питання про віднесення (невіднесення) таких актів до джерел кримінального права обґрунтованою визнано позицію, що такі акти є джерелом кримінального права. Водночас вони не є судовими прецедентами. Це специфічні джерела права, які мають спільні з прецедентом риси, проте істотно відрізняються від останнього, причому в кращий бік. The dissertation is devoted research of a phenomenon of acts of judicial interpretation in legal system of Ukraine. In work the content and volume of concept of acts of judicial interpretation are subjected the analysis, analysed their influence on various spheres of a legal life of the state, it is offered the proved requirements to structure, the content and language of such acts, audit of efficiency of operating decisions of Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine is spent and a number of other accompanying questions is solved. In the decision of the most debatable question on reference (not reference) such acts to sources of criminal law the position is recognised by proved that such acts are a criminal law source. Simultaneously are not judicial precedents. These are specific sources of the right which have the general with line precedent, however essentially differ from the last, and to the best.

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林桂桁. "僱主解雇權行使及限制法學研究". Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1783417.

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Lewis, Dorothy. "Federal public policy and bilingual education." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1088.

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This paper is divided into four chapters. Chapter one presents an introduction and overview of the nature of the problem, its significance and implication for public policy, and a presentation of the research design and methodology. Chapter two reviews the historical and legal background of bilingual education policy. Chapter three presents a literature review of bilingual education policy making, and examines the impacts and effects of federal aid in practice. Chapter four provides a summary of survey findings and recommendations for reform of the funding criteria for Title VII ESEA bilingual education grants.

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胡守鑫. "農村土地承包經營權流轉的法律問題研究 =Research on the circulation legal issues of the contracted management right of rural land". Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3570015.

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Koo, Yilmin. "Framing the DREAM Act: An Analysis of Congressional Speeches." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157597/.

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Initially proposed in 2001, the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act) continues to be relevant after nearly 20 years of debate. The year 2010 was significant because there seemed to be some possibility of passage. This study investigated the ways in which the DREAM Act discourse was framed that year by supporters and opponents. Selected Congressional speeches of three supporters and three opponents were analyzed using the approach to frame analysis developed by Schön and Rein. Accordingly, attention went to each individual's metacultural frame (i.e., culturally shared beliefs), policy frame (i.e., identification of problem and presentation of possible solution), and rhetorical frame (i.e., means of persuading the audience). Attention also went to the shared framing among supporters and the shared framing among opponents as well as differences in framing across the two groups. Although speakers varied in framing the issue, there were commonalities within groups and contrasts between groups. For supporters, the metacultural frame emphasized equity/equal opportunity, fairness, and rule of law; for opponents, the metacultural frame stressed rule of law, patriotism, and national security. For supporters, the policy frame underscored unfairness as the problem and the DREAM Act as the solution; for opponents, the policy frame emphasized the DREAM Act as the problem and defeating the DREAM Act as the solution. Rhetorical frames also differed, with the supporters making much use of testimonial examples and the opponents making much use of hyperbole. The study illustrates (1) how the same named values and beliefs can have dramatically different interpretations in metacultural framing, as were the case for rule of law and American dream in this discourse; (2) how the crux of an issue and its intractability can be seen by looking at how the problem is posed and how the solution is argued, and (3) how speakers strengthen their claims with particular kinds of rhetorical devices. Through descriptions of political positioning on the DREAM Act, the study contributes to understandings of ongoing issues regarding the lives of undocumented young people who have received and are receiving education in the U.S.

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Barber, Peter Jeffrey. "Evidence for Siever's Law in ancient Greek." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670129.

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Kwok, Wai Hung. "Some linguistic devices in legal English that cause problems to the translation of legislative texts from English to Chinese." Thesis, [Milperra, N.S.W. : The Author,], 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/400.

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Legal draftsmen achieve the dual characteristics of thel egislative genre, viz. precision and all-inclusiveness, by the use of various linguistic devices, among which are (i) common words with uncommon meanings; (ii) binomial and multinominal expressions; (iii) nominalization; and (iv) qualifications. Whilst these four devices are very effective for their intended purpose, they often cause lexical, semantic or syntactic problem in the comprehension and translation of texts. This thesis explores, by analysis of the corpus, the different nature and extent of such problems caused by the above four devices in the translation of legislative texts from English to Chinese. Analyses in the thesis reveal that translation problems caused by the first two of the four devices mentioned above are mainly lexical in nature, though binomials contained in qualifications may sometimes also lead to semantic ambiguity. Translation problems arising from the use of nominalization or the use of qualifications are primarily semantic in nature, and are basically a problem of handling the various semantic units in the clauses. They can occur in both the comprehension stage and the actual rendering stage of the translation process. In the former, the problem lies in the difficulty in unpacking the various semantic units in the clauses, especially in the syntactically interrupted clauses where syntactic discontinuities are caused by the use of qualifications. in the latter, the difficulty lies in the syntactic re-arrangement of those units in the target language text in a manner syntactically acceptable to the target language while strictly in accordance with each semantic relationship intended by the source language text. Both the use of nominalization and the use of qualifications also give rise to some lexical problems. The analyses in the thesis also highlights some of the linguistic and extra-linguistic pre-requisites for a translator of legislative texts, for whom a good common sense and sufficient basic legal knowledge are as important as an extremely high level of proficiency in both the source language and the target language.

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Petar, Šturanović. "Законодавна надлежност скупштине у парламентарним системима земаља у процесу придруживања ЕУ". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Pravni fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100712&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Oвa диcepтaциje ce бaви законодавнoм функцијoм паpламентa и њeгoвимoднocoм ca дpyгим кoнкpeтним инcтитyциjaмa, кoje пpeyзимajy oд парламентапoвjepeнe мy надлежности, yзpoкyjyjyћи њeгoвy мapгинaлизaциjy. Oвaj пpoцec ниjeнoв, aли пocтaje cвe комплeкcниjи. Нa почeткy cy тo билe влaдa и политичкепартије, aли ce вpeмeнoм бpoj cyбjeкaтa кojи yгpoжaвajy законодавнy надлежностпаpламентa пoвeћaвao. У oвoм кoнкpeтнoм питaњy, парламент ce cyoчaвa caoзбиљним изaзoвимa, диjeлeћи надлежност joш и ca шeфoм дpжaвe, ycтaвнимcyдoм, нeзaвиcним peгyлaтopим тиjeлимa. Нaжaлocт, тy ниje кpaj. Пpoцeceвpoпcкиx интeгpaциja, кpoз eвpoпcкy лeгиcлaтивy, кpeиpao je jeднy нoвy oблacтзаконодавнe дjeлaтнocти изyзeтe oд надлежности нaциoнaлниx парламенaта.Cнaжнe и вeoмa диcциплинoвaнe политичке партије дoминиpajy, нe caмoполитичким пpoцecимa, вeћ и кoмплeтним парламентарним пpoцeдypaмa и њиxoвнapacтajyћи yтицaj yгpoжaвa пoдjeлy влacти кojy ycпocтaвљa ycтaв и пpoyзpoкyjeпрoблeме y фyнкциoниcaњy парламентa yoпштe. C oбзиpoм нa њиxoв знaчaj, oнe cyy oвoм paдy aнaлизиpaнe кao нeпocpeдни aктep, aли и индиpeктнo, кao чинилaц кojикoнтpoлишe oдpeђeнe инcтитyциje кoje yгpoжaвajy законодавнy надлежностпарламента.Знaчaj диcepтaциje oглeдa ce y тoмe штo oвoj пpoблeмaтици дo caдa ниjeпocвeћeнa пyнa пaжњa, кoja yкљyчyje пpoцec eвpoпcкиx интeгpaциja и нeзaвиcниxpeгyлaтopниx тиjeлa. Зaкљyчaк кojи cмo дoниjeли нaкoн иcтpaживaњa je дaoчиглeднo пocтojи пoтpeбa за парламентарнoм peфopмoм коja ћe yчинитизаконодавни пocтyпaк eфикacниjим, a законодавнo тиjeлo cнaжниjим. Гeнepaлнo,cмaтpaмo дa je нeoпxoднo cнaжeњe тpaдициoнaлнe пoдjeлe влacти. Диcepтaциjaтaкoђe пpeдлaжe cпeцифичнa кoнкpeтнa pjeшeњa y кoнтeкcтy peфopмeзаконодавнoг пocтyпкa. Ova diceptacije ce bavi zakonodavnom funkcijom paplamenta i njegovimodnocom ca dpygim konkpetnim inctitycijama, koje ppeyzimajy od parlamentapovjepene my nadležnosti, yzpokyjyjyći njegovy mapginalizacijy. Ovaj ppocec nijenov, ali poctaje cve komplekcniji. Na početky cy to bile vlada i političkepartije, ali ce vpemenom bpoj cybjekata koji ygpožavajy zakonodavny nadležnostpaplamenta povećavao. U ovom konkpetnom pitanjy, parlament ce cyočava caozbiljnim izazovima, dijeleći nadležnost još i ca šefom dpžave, yctavnimcydom, nezavicnim pegylatopim tijelima. Nažaloct, ty nije kpaj. Ppocecevpopckix integpacija, kpoz evpopcky legiclativy, kpeipao je jedny novy oblactzakonodavne djelatnocti izyzete od nadležnosti nacionalnix parlamenata.Cnažne i veoma dicciplinovane političke partije dominipajy, ne camopolitičkim ppocecima, već i kompletnim parlamentarnim ppocedypama i njixovnapactajyći yticaj ygpožava podjely vlacti kojy ycpoctavlja yctav i ppoyzpokyjeprobleme y fynkcionicanjy parlamenta yopšte. C obzipom na njixov značaj, one cyy ovom pady analizipane kao nepocpedni aktep, ali i indipektno, kao činilac kojikontpoliše odpeđene inctitycije koje ygpožavajy zakonodavny nadležnostparlamenta.Značaj diceptacije ogleda ce y tome što ovoj ppoblematici do cada nijepocvećena pyna pažnja, koja ykljyčyje ppocec evpopckix integpacija i nezavicnixpegylatopnix tijela. Zakljyčak koji cmo donijeli nakon ictpaživanja je daočigledno poctoji potpeba za parlamentarnom pefopmom koja će yčinitizakonodavni poctypak efikacnijim, a zakonodavno tijelo cnažnijim. Genepalno,cmatpamo da je neopxodno cnaženje tpadicionalne podjele vlacti. Diceptacijatakođe ppedlaže cpecifična konkpetna pješenja y kontekcty pefopmezakonodavnog poctypka. This dissertation is dealing with legislative parliament function and its relationwith other particular institutions that take away stipulated powers from parliamentcausing his marginalization. This process is not new but it‟s become more complex todeal with. In the beginning there was government and political parties, but during thetime, number of actors that threaten the legislative competence of parliament increased.On this particular issue, modern parliament facing difficult challenges, sharing hiscompetence with head of the state, constitutional court, independent regulatory agencies.Unfortunatelly, that is not the end. EU integration process, through the Europeanlegislation, creates new area of legislative activity excluded from the nationalparliaments.Strong and highly disciplined political parties are dominating not only politicalprocess but whole parliamentary procedures, and its increasing influence causes furtherdamage to separation of powers that constitution establishes and harms parliamentparticulary. Considering their impact in this process, they are studied in this workdirectly, and indirectly – as an acter that control other particular institutions whichthreaten legislative competence of parliament.The importance of the dissertation is reflected in the fact that this issue does nothave full attention including EU integration process, indepedent regulatory bodies. Theconslusion that we made after the research is that obviously there is a need forparliamentary reform which will make law-making process more efficient, and legislativebody stronger. Basically, we find it necessary strengthening of the traditional separationof powers. Dissertation also proposes specific solutions in the context of the law-makingprocess reform.

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Choudhary, Karan. "An In-depth look at endangered languages and related issues of social justice and law : a comparative study of laws, for the evolving suitable framework for India." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100019.

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La diversité linguistique dans le monde est aujourd'hui une question d'importance sociale croissante, car la majorité de toutes les langues vivantes sont menacées dans leur existence. Il est indiqué que sur environ 6 000 langues existantes dans le monde, 200 ont disparu et 538 sont en danger critique d'extinction. La langue est le moyen par lequel nous transmettons nos idées, nos connaissances et notre identité d'une génération à l'autre. Il est prévu que 50% des plus de six mille langues actuellement parlées ne survivront pas au tournant du siècle. Et lorsque le dernier locuteur parlant couramment une langue meurt, nous perdons les siècles de connaissances et de traditions qui ont contribué à façonner qui nous sommes. Pour ces communautés, la préservation de leurs langues passe par la restauration de leurs identités culturelles, de leurs valeurs et de leur patrimoine. Avec la disparition des langues non écrites et sans papiers, l'humanité perdrait non seulement une richesse culturelle mais aussi d'importantes connaissances ancestrales ancrées, en particulier, dans les langues autochtones. Afin de souligner l'importance, l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, via la résolution numéro (A / Res / 71/178), a désigné 2019 comme “Année internationale des langues autochtones”.L'Inde est dotée et riche d'une diversité linguistique. Mais l'état de cette diversité est préoccupant. L’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture - Atlas des langues en danger dans le monde déclare que l’Inde compte le plus grand nombre de langues en danger au monde, soit près de 196 langues en danger. C'est extrêmement important et inquiétant. Bien que la mise en danger des langues soit un phénomène mondial, l'Inde semble également confrontée à une mise en danger et à une réduction des domaines. Face à ce scénario, il est impératif d'arrêter cette tendance tant en Inde que dans le monde. Cette recherche cherche à trouver un remède soucieux de la justice à cet égard Linguistic diversity in the world today is an issue of growing social importance, as the majority of all living languages are endangered in their existence. It is indicated that out of approximately 6000 languages existing in the world, 200 have disappeared and 538 are in critical danger of extinction. Language is the means by which we transmit our ideas, our knowledge and our identity from one generation to the next. It is predicted that 50% of the more than six thousand languages currently spoken will not survive the turn of the century. And when the last speaker fluent in a language dies, we lose the centuries of knowledge and traditions that helped shape who we are. For these communities, the preservation of their languages goes through the restoration of their cultural identities, their values and their heritage. With the disappearance of unwritten and undocumented languages, humanity would lose not only a cultural richness but also important ancestral knowledge anchored, in particular, in indigenous languages. In order to emphasize the importance, the United Nations General Assembly, through resolution number (A / Res / 71/178), has designated 2019 as the “International Year of Indigenous Languages”.India is endowed with and rich in linguistic diversity. But the state of this diversity is worrying. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages states that India has the highest number of endangered languages in the world, at nearly 196 endangered languages. It is extremely important and disturbing. Although language endangerment is a global phenomenon, India also appears to be facing endangerment and shrinking domains. Faced with this scenario, it is imperative to stop this trend both in India and in the world. This research seeks to find justice conscious remedy in this regards

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Silfsten, Jemina. "Minäkin haluan oppia suomea! : Ruotsin peruskoulun suomen opetuksen kartoitus." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Education, Culture and Communication, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10194.

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Suomen kieli on yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä. Lain mukaan kaikki lapset, joilla on suomenkielinen tausta ja perustavat taidot suomen kielessä, ovat oikeutettuja suomenkielen opetukseen.Tämä opinnäytetyö on pieni muotoinen kvalitatiivinen kartoitus Ruotsin peruskoulun suomen kielen opetuksesta. Teoria perustuu Ruotsin lakiin ja Ruotsin suomen kielen opetushistoriaan. Empiirinen osuus koostuu suomen kielen opettajien ja suomea opiskelevien oppilaiden haastatteluista sekä ruotsinsuomalaisen vapaakoulun rehtorin ja suomalaistaustaisen vanhemman kanssa käymistäni keskusteluista. Olen myös kysynyt usealta kunnalta suomen kielen opetuksen järjestelyistä ja sen toteuttamisesta.Työn tavoitteena on kartoittaa suomen kielen opetuksen tämänhetkinen tilanne Ruotsin peruskoulussa. Eräs tutkimustulokseni osoittaa, että kunta ei tiedota tarpeeksi suomen kielen opetuksesta. Olen saanut myös selville, että pätevistä suomen kielenopettajista on pulaa Ruotsissa. Lisäksi olen todennut, että suomen kielen oppituntien pituus ei joissakin kunnissa yllä edes yhteen tuntiin. Kiertävien suomen opettajien työolot ovat stressaavia ja työpäivät koostuvat lähes pelkästään opetustunneista.Kaikesta tästä olen tehnyt johtopäätöksen: suomen kielen opetuksen tilaa on parannettava laadukkailla opetustunneilla ja pätevillä opettajilla, joilla on hyväksyttävät työolot. Lisäksi opetuksen määrää täytyisi lisätä. Finska är ett av Sveriges nationella minoritetsspråk. Enligt svensk lag har barn som har finsk bakgrund och grundläggande kunskaper i finska språket rätt till att få undervisning i finska.I detta examensarbete presenterar jag en kort kvalitativ kartläggning av undervisningen i finska i den svenska grundskolan. Teoridelen bygger på förordningstexter och andra styrdokument samt litteratur om den historiska bakgrunden till dagens finskundervising i Sverige. Den empiriska informationen består av intervjuer av finska lärare och elever som läser finska samt diskussioner med en rektor i en sverigefinsk friskola och en förälder till ett barn som har ansökt om finskundervisning. Jag har även frågat flera kommuner om deras sätt att organisera och genomföra finskundervisning.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kartlägga finska språkets situation i dagens svenska grundskola. Ett av mina resultat är att kommunen inte informerar tillräckligt om finskundervisningen. Jag har också fått reda på att det råder brist på behöriga finska lärare i Sverige. Jag har även kommit fram till att finska lektioner i vissa kommuner är kortare än en timma. Ambulerande lärarna har stressiga arbetsförhållanden och arbetsdagarna består nästan endast av undervisningstillfällen.Med hjälp av allt detta har jag kommit fram till följande slutsats: man måste förbättra villkoren för finskundervisningen med hjälp av högkvalitativ undervisning och behöriga lärare, som arbetar under acceptabla arbetsförhållanden. Dessutom bör undervisningstiden utökas. Finnish is one of the Swedish minority languages. According to Swedish law children who have a Finnish background and basic knowledge of the Finnish language have a right to Finnish education.In this Degree Project I present a short qualitative survey of the field of teaching of Finnish in Swedish primary schools. The theoretical frame work is based on Swedish law and the literature on the history of Finnish teaching in Sweden. The empirical data consist of interviews with Finnish teachers and their pupils and some discussions with a principal of the Sweden Finnish independent school and a parent for a child who had applied for Finnish education. In addition, several municipalities were surveyed about their plans forteaching Finnish.The purpose of this study is to document the situation of the Finnish language in Swedish primary schools today. One of my findings is that municipalities do not provide adequate information about teaching in Finnish. A further finding is that there is a shortage of competent Finnish teachers in Sweden. I have also established that in some Swedish states schools the Finnish lessons are not even an hour long. The travelling teachers have stressful circumstances at work and workdays consist almost only of lessons.From this my conclusion is that we have to improve conditions for Finnish language teaching with high qualitative teaching and with competent teachers who have acceptable working conditions. Furthermore teaching time should be increased.

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Blückert, Ann. "Juridiska – ett nytt språk? : En studie av juridikstudenters språkliga inskolning." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111807.

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This dissertation considers the language socialization of law students. One message that the law students encounter is that legal Swedish is an entirely new language. The main aim is to investigate what linguistic norms are conveyed to the students through the teachers’ comments on the students’ texts and through various forms of writing instructions. The material consists of student texts with teacher comments and documentation on various phases of instruction with a focus on writing. Teacher comments on texts written during the first year of the law programme are analyzed and categorized. The analysis stems from two models. The first model is based on different text levels, like formal conventions of writing, sentence construction, text structure, word choice and style, and content. The second model distinguishes different linguistic norms based on three layers: The first layer consists of written language norms in general language practice, the second of academic language norms and the third of norms that are specific to the use of legal language. The results show that word choice and style is the most common category for the teachers’ comments in the first term of the law programme and content is the most common in the second term (with word choice and style the second most common). Formal conventions of writing, sentence structure and different types of grammatical constructions are some of the things the teachers criticize. Surprisingly few of the teachers’ comments concern more overarching aspects such as text structure or the aim and genre of the text. Comments are made on local features in the text, but rarely on more global features. The teaching practice that the writing of law students belongs to entails, among other things, that the students’ texts are assessed anonymously for the sake of fairness. This means that there is not much opportunity for a student to discuss the text with the teacher who commented on and assessed it. The construction of the teachers’ text comments is particularly important when dialogue between student and teacher on the text draft and final version is not an integral part of instruction. The teachers’ written comments are usually brief and do not allow much space for a consideration of linguistic norms and text patterns, which reduces the opportunities for the teachers and the law programme to contribute to a deeper linguistic awareness in the law students.

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Avis, Robert John Roy. "The social mythology of medieval Icelandic literature." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2837907c-57c8-4438-8380-d5c8ba574efd.

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This thesis argues that the corpus of Old Norse-Icelandic literature which pertains to Iceland contains an intertextual narrative of the formation of Icelandic identity. An analysis of this narrative provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between literature and identity, as well as the potency of the artistic use of the idea of the past. The thesis identifies three salient narratives of communal action which inform the development of a discrete Icelandic identity, and which are examined in turn in the first three chapters of the thesis. The first is the landnám, the process of settlement itself; the second, the origin and evolution of the law; and the third, the assimilation and adaptation of Christianity. Although the roots of these narratives are doubtless historical, the thesis argues that their primary roles in the literature are as social myths, narratives whose literal truth- value is immaterial, but whose cultural symbolism is of overriding importance. The fourth chapter examines the depiction of the Icelander abroad, and uses the idiom of the relationship between þáttr (‘tale’) and surrounding text in the compilation of sagas of Norwegian kings Morkinskinna to consider the wider implications of the relationship between Icelandic and Norwegian identities. Finally, the thesis concludes with an analysis of the role of Sturlunga saga within this intertextual narrative, and its function as a set of narratives mediating between an identity grounded in social autonomy and one grounded in literature. The Íslendingasögur or ‘family sagas’ constitute the core of the thesis’s primary sources, for their subject-matter is focussed on the literary depiction of the Icelandic society under scrutiny. In order to demonstrate a continuity of engagement with ideas of identity across genres, a sample of other Icelandic texts are examined which depict Iceland or Icelanders, especially when in interaction with non-Icelandic characters or polities.

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Марковський, В. Я., та V. Ya Markovskyi. "Законодавство та судова практика Другої Речі Посполитої щодо статусу української мови у Східній Галичині в міжвоєнний період (1919–1939 рр.): дисертація". Thesis, НУ ЛП, МОНУ, 2014. http://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/334.

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Марковський В. Я. Законодавство та судова практика Другої Речі Посполитої щодо статусу української мови у Східній Галичині в міжвоєнний період (1919–1939 рр.): дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.01 – теорія та історія держави і права; історія політичних і правових учень / Марковський Володимир Ярославович. – Львів: Національний університет «Львівська політехніка», 2014. - 240 с. На основі аналізу нормативно-правових актів, архівних джерел і спеціальної літератури досліджено законодавство Другої Речі Посполитої у сфері правового регулювання мовних відносин. Доведено звуження правового статусу української мови в Другій Речі Посполитій порівняно з правовим статусом української в Австро-Угорщині. Суттєвим недоліком мовного законодавства Другої Речі Посполитої була невідповідність актів офіційного тлумачення та правозастосовних актів мовним законам; правові норми мовних законів не відповідали конституційним актам держави. Доведено неправовий характер правозастовної діяльності органів виконавчої та судової влади Другої Речі Посполитої стосовно мовних прав українського населення. The dissertation deals with examination of the Second Rich Pospolyta legislation in the sphere of legal regulation of the linguistic relations which is done on the grounds of the analysis of normative and legal acts, archival sources and special literature. The narrowing of the legal status of the Ukrainian language in the Second Rich Pospolyta in comparison with the one in Austria-Hungary is proved. The essential imperfection of the linguistic legislation of the Second Rich Pospolyta was non-conformity of acts of the official interpretation and enforcement acts to the linguistic laws; legal norms of the linguistic laws didn’t comply with the Constitutional acts of the state. Non-legal character of the enforcement activities of executive and judicial branches in the Second Rich Pospolyta concerning the linguistic rights of the Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia is proved.

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36

Figone, Kelsey E. "The Hegemony of English in South African Education." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/43.

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The South African Constitution recognizes 11 official languages and protects an individual’s right to use their mother-tongue freely. Despite this recognition, the majority of South African schools use English as the language of learning and teaching (LOLT). Learning in English is a struggle for many students who speak indigenous African languages, rather than English, as a mother-tongue, and the educational system is failing its students. This perpetuates inequality between different South African communities in a way that has roots in the divisions of South Africa’s past. An examination of the power of language and South Africa’s experience with colonialism and apartheid provides a context for these events, and helps clarify why inequality and division persist in the new “rainbow nation.” Mending these divisions and protecting human dignity will require a reevaluation of the purpose of education and the capabilities of South African citizens.

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37

Schelb, Simone-Ariane. "The Syrian Refugee Crisis and the European Union: A Case Study of Germany and Hungary." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3543.

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This thesis explores the impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on the Common European Asylum System. It evaluates the extent to which the European Union was able to implement a common asylum system, identifies discrepancies between different European countries, primarily Germany and Hungary, and briefly examines the roots of these differences. To this end, the structure of the international refugee protection regime and the German and Hungarian asylum systems are analyzed. Furthermore, the thesis explores how the governments of the two countries perceive the rights of refugees and how their views have affected their handling of the crisis. The case studies of Germany and Hungary have revealed that the treatment of Syrian refugees varies enormously within the EU. Hence, the implementation of the Common European Asylum System has not been achieved, which can be attributed to the deficiencies within the system and the growing ideological rifts within the EU.

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38

Davies, Rita Ann. ""She did what she could" ... A history of the regulation of midwifery practice in Queensland 1859-1912." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15819/1/Rita_Davies_Thesis.pdf.

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The role of midwife has been an integral part of the culture of childbirth in Queensland throughout its history, but it is a role that has been modified and reshaped over time. This thesis explores the factors that underpinned a crucial aspect of that modification and reshaping. Specifically, the thesis examines the factors that contributed to the statutory regulation of midwives that began in 1912 and argues that it was that event that etched the development of midwifery practice for the remainder of the twentieth century. In 1859, when Queensland seceded from New South Wales, childbirth was very much a private event that took place predominantly in the home attended by a woman who acted as midwife. In the fifty-threeyears that followed, childbirth became a medical event that was the subject of scrutiny by the medical profession and the state. The thesis argues that, the year 1912 marks the point at which the practice of midwifery by midwives in Queensland began a transition from lay practice in the home to qualified status in the hospital. In 1912, through the combined efforts of the medical profession, senior nurses and the state, midwives in Queensland were brought under the jurisdiction of the Nurses' Registration Board as "midwifery nurses". The Nurses' Registration Board was established as part of the Health Act Amendment Act of 1911. The inclusion of midwives within a regulatory authority for nurses represented the beginning of the end of midwifery practice as a discrete occupational role and marked its redefinition as a nursing specialty. It was a redefinition that suited the three major stakeholders. The medical profession perceived lay midwives to be a disjointed and uncoordinated body of women whose practice contributed to needless loss of life in childbirth. Further, lay midwives inhibited the generalist medical practitioners' access to family practice. Trained nurses looked upon midwifery as an extension of nursing and one which offered them an area in which they might specialise in order to enhance their occupational status and career prospects. The state was keen to improve birth rates and to reduce infant mortality. It was prepared to accept that the regulation of midwives under the auspices of nursing was a reasonable and proper strategy and one that might assist it to meet its objectives. It was these separate, but complementary, agendas that prompted the medical profession and the state to debate the culture of childbirth, to examine the role of midwives within it, and to support the amalgamation of nursing and midwifery practice. This thesis argues that the medical profession was the most active and persistent protagonist in the moves to limit the scope of midwives and to claim midwifery practice as a medical specialty. Through a campaign to defame midwives and to reduce their credibility as birth attendants, the medical profession enlisted the help of senior nurses and the state in order to redefine midwifery practice as a nursing role and to cultivate the notion of the midwife as a subordinate to the medical practitioner. While this thesis contests the intervention of the medical profession in the reproductive lives of women and the occupational territory of midwives, it concedes that there was a need to initiate change. Drawing on evidence submitted at Inquests into deaths associated with childbirth, the thesis illuminates a childbirth culture that was characterised by anguish and suffering and it depicts the lay midwife as a further peril to an already hazardous event that helps to explain medical intervention in childbirth and, in part, to excuse it. The strategies developed by the medical profession and the state to bring about the occupational transition of midwives from lay to qualified were based upon a conceptual unity between the work of midwives and nurses. That conceptualisation was reinforced by a practical training schedule that deployed midwives within the institution of the lying-in hospital in order to receive the formal instruction that underpinned their entitlement to inclusion on the Register of Midwifery Nurses held by the Nurses' Registration Board. The structure that was put in place in Queensland in 1912 to control and monitor the practice of midwives was consistent with the policies of other Australian states at that time. It was an arrangement that gained acceptance and strength over time so that by the end of the twentieth century, throughout Australia, the practice of midwifery by midwives was, generally, consequent upon prior qualification as a Registered Nurse. In Queensland, in the opening years of the twenty-first century, the role of midwife remains tied to that of the nurse but the balance of power has shifted from the medical profession to the nursing profession. At this time, with the exception of a small number of midwives who have acquired their qualification in midwifery from an overseas country that recognises midwifery practice as a discipline independent of nursing, the vast majority of midwives practising in Queensland do so on the basis of their registration as a nurse. Methodology This thesis explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. The historical approach underpins this research. The historical approach is an inductive process that is an appropriate method to employ for several reasons. First, it assists in identifying the origins of midwifery as a social role performed by women. Second, it presents a systematic way of analysing the evidence concerning the development of the midwifery role and the status of the midwife in society. Third, it highlights the political, social and economic influences which have impacted on midwifery in the past and which have had a bearing on subsequent midwifery practice in Queensland. Fourth, the historical approach exposes important chronological elements pertaining to the research question. Finally, it assists the exposure of themes in the sources that demonstrate the behaviour of key individuals and governing authorities and their connection to the transition of midwifery from lay to qualified. Consequently, through analysing the sources and collating the emerging evidence, a cogent account of interpretations of midwifery history in Queensland may be constructed. Data collection and analysis The data collection began with secondary source material in the formative stages of the research and this provided direction for the primary sources that were later accessed. The primary source material that is employed includes testimonies submitted at Inquests into maternal and neonatal deaths; parliamentary records; legislation, government gazettes, and medical journals. The data has been analysed through an inductive process and its presentation has combined exploration and narration to produce an accurate and plausible account. The story that unfolds is complex and confusing. Its primary focus lies in ascertaining why and how midwifery practice was regulated in Queensland. The thesis therefore explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. Limitations of the study The limitations of the study relate to the documentary evidence and to the cultural group that form the basis of the study. It is acknowledged that historical accounts rely upon the integrity of the historian to select and interpret the data in a fair and plausible manner. In the case of this thesis, one of its limitations is that midwives did not speak for themselves but were, instead, spoken for by medical practitioners and parliamentarians. As a consequence, the coronial and magisterial testimonies that are employed constitute a limitation in that while they reveal the ways in which lay midwifery occurred, they relate only to those childbirth events that resulted in death. Thus, they may be said to represent the minority of cases involving the lay midwife rather than to offer a broader and perhaps more balanced picture. A second limitation is that the accounts are recorded by an official such as a member of the police or of the Coroner's Office and are sanctioned by the witness with a signature or, more often, a cross. It is therefore possible that the recorder has guided these accounts and that they are not the spontaneous evidence of the witness. Those witnesses and the culture they represent are drawn predominantly from non- Indigenous working class. Thus, a third limitation is that the principal ethnic group featured in this thesis has been women of European descent who were born in Queensland or other parts of Australia. This focus has originated from the data itself and has not been contrived. However, it does impose a restriction to the scope of the study.

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39

Davies, Rita Ann. ""She did what she could" ... A history of the regulation of midwifery practice in Queensland 1859-1912." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15819/.

Full text

Abstract:

The role of midwife has been an integral part of the culture of childbirth in Queensland throughout its history, but it is a role that has been modified and reshaped over time. This thesis explores the factors that underpinned a crucial aspect of that modification and reshaping. Specifically, the thesis examines the factors that contributed to the statutory regulation of midwives that began in 1912 and argues that it was that event that etched the development of midwifery practice for the remainder of the twentieth century. In 1859, when Queensland seceded from New South Wales, childbirth was very much a private event that took place predominantly in the home attended by a woman who acted as midwife. In the fifty-threeyears that followed, childbirth became a medical event that was the subject of scrutiny by the medical profession and the state. The thesis argues that, the year 1912 marks the point at which the practice of midwifery by midwives in Queensland began a transition from lay practice in the home to qualified status in the hospital. In 1912, through the combined efforts of the medical profession, senior nurses and the state, midwives in Queensland were brought under the jurisdiction of the Nurses' Registration Board as "midwifery nurses". The Nurses' Registration Board was established as part of the Health Act Amendment Act of 1911. The inclusion of midwives within a regulatory authority for nurses represented the beginning of the end of midwifery practice as a discrete occupational role and marked its redefinition as a nursing specialty. It was a redefinition that suited the three major stakeholders. The medical profession perceived lay midwives to be a disjointed and uncoordinated body of women whose practice contributed to needless loss of life in childbirth. Further, lay midwives inhibited the generalist medical practitioners' access to family practice. Trained nurses looked upon midwifery as an extension of nursing and one which offered them an area in which they might specialise in order to enhance their occupational status and career prospects. The state was keen to improve birth rates and to reduce infant mortality. It was prepared to accept that the regulation of midwives under the auspices of nursing was a reasonable and proper strategy and one that might assist it to meet its objectives. It was these separate, but complementary, agendas that prompted the medical profession and the state to debate the culture of childbirth, to examine the role of midwives within it, and to support the amalgamation of nursing and midwifery practice. This thesis argues that the medical profession was the most active and persistent protagonist in the moves to limit the scope of midwives and to claim midwifery practice as a medical specialty. Through a campaign to defame midwives and to reduce their credibility as birth attendants, the medical profession enlisted the help of senior nurses and the state in order to redefine midwifery practice as a nursing role and to cultivate the notion of the midwife as a subordinate to the medical practitioner. While this thesis contests the intervention of the medical profession in the reproductive lives of women and the occupational territory of midwives, it concedes that there was a need to initiate change. Drawing on evidence submitted at Inquests into deaths associated with childbirth, the thesis illuminates a childbirth culture that was characterised by anguish and suffering and it depicts the lay midwife as a further peril to an already hazardous event that helps to explain medical intervention in childbirth and, in part, to excuse it. The strategies developed by the medical profession and the state to bring about the occupational transition of midwives from lay to qualified were based upon a conceptual unity between the work of midwives and nurses. That conceptualisation was reinforced by a practical training schedule that deployed midwives within the institution of the lying-in hospital in order to receive the formal instruction that underpinned their entitlement to inclusion on the Register of Midwifery Nurses held by the Nurses' Registration Board. The structure that was put in place in Queensland in 1912 to control and monitor the practice of midwives was consistent with the policies of other Australian states at that time. It was an arrangement that gained acceptance and strength over time so that by the end of the twentieth century, throughout Australia, the practice of midwifery by midwives was, generally, consequent upon prior qualification as a Registered Nurse. In Queensland, in the opening years of the twenty-first century, the role of midwife remains tied to that of the nurse but the balance of power has shifted from the medical profession to the nursing profession. At this time, with the exception of a small number of midwives who have acquired their qualification in midwifery from an overseas country that recognises midwifery practice as a discipline independent of nursing, the vast majority of midwives practising in Queensland do so on the basis of their registration as a nurse. Methodology This thesis explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. The historical approach underpins this research. The historical approach is an inductive process that is an appropriate method to employ for several reasons. First, it assists in identifying the origins of midwifery as a social role performed by women. Second, it presents a systematic way of analysing the evidence concerning the development of the midwifery role and the status of the midwife in society. Third, it highlights the political, social and economic influences which have impacted on midwifery in the past and which have had a bearing on subsequent midwifery practice in Queensland. Fourth, the historical approach exposes important chronological elements pertaining to the research question. Finally, it assists the exposure of themes in the sources that demonstrate the behaviour of key individuals and governing authorities and their connection to the transition of midwifery from lay to qualified. Consequently, through analysing the sources and collating the emerging evidence, a cogent account of interpretations of midwifery history in Queensland may be constructed. Data collection and analysis The data collection began with secondary source material in the formative stages of the research and this provided direction for the primary sources that were later accessed. The primary source material that is employed includes testimonies submitted at Inquests into maternal and neonatal deaths; parliamentary records; legislation, government gazettes, and medical journals. The data has been analysed through an inductive process and its presentation has combined exploration and narration to produce an accurate and plausible account. The story that unfolds is complex and confusing. Its primary focus lies in ascertaining why and how midwifery practice was regulated in Queensland. The thesis therefore explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. Limitations of the study The limitations of the study relate to the documentary evidence and to the cultural group that form the basis of the study. It is acknowledged that historical accounts rely upon the integrity of the historian to select and interpret the data in a fair and plausible manner. In the case of this thesis, one of its limitations is that midwives did not speak for themselves but were, instead, spoken for by medical practitioners and parliamentarians. As a consequence, the coronial and magisterial testimonies that are employed constitute a limitation in that while they reveal the ways in which lay midwifery occurred, they relate only to those childbirth events that resulted in death. Thus, they may be said to represent the minority of cases involving the lay midwife rather than to offer a broader and perhaps more balanced picture. A second limitation is that the accounts are recorded by an official such as a member of the police or of the Coroner's Office and are sanctioned by the witness with a signature or, more often, a cross. It is therefore possible that the recorder has guided these accounts and that they are not the spontaneous evidence of the witness. Those witnesses and the culture they represent are drawn predominantly from non- Indigenous working class. Thus, a third limitation is that the principal ethnic group featured in this thesis has been women of European descent who were born in Queensland or other parts of Australia. This focus has originated from the data itself and has not been contrived. However, it does impose a restriction to the scope of the study.

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40

Moser, Heather S. "Silencing the Revelry: An Examination of the Moral Panic in 186 BCE and the Political Implications Accompanying the Persecution of the Bacchic Cult in the Roman Republic." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1398073604.

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41

Guilherme, Maria Lígia Freire. "Os discursos sobre a identidade de sujeitos trans em textos online: neutralização, enquadramento e relações dialógicas." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/3010.

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O reconhecimento da identidade de gênero e o uso do nome social são algumas das principais pautas do movimento trans e LGBTI e contribuem para a diminuição da opressão e exclusão desse grupo social. Essas demandas foram parcialmente atendidas com a publicação do Decreto Nº 8.727, que dispõe sobre o uso do nome social e o reconhecimento da identidade de gênero de pessoas trans em órgãos públicos federais, suscitando diversas reações-respostas nas diferentes esferas sociais. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os discursos sobre a identidade de pessoas trans em textos online, mais precisamente a partir das relações dialógicas entre o Decreto Nº 8.727, de 28 de abril de 2016, e notícias do jornalismo online. Nesta análise, foram considerados dados de pesquisa, além do referido decreto, dez notícias do jornalismo online, publicadas entre abril de 2016 e agosto de 2017, que tematizam questões relativas ao uso do nome social e ao reconhecimento da identidade de gênero, buscando verificar que relações de diálogo se tecem entre os enunciados e o Decreto Nº 8.727. A ancoragem teórico-metodológica da pesquisa teve como embasamento os estudos do Círculo de Bakhtin (BAKHTIN, 2012[1920-1924; 2014[1927]; 2015[1930-1936]; 2014[1934-1935]; 2016[1952-1953]; 2015[1963]; 1987[1965]; 2015[1979]; BAKHTIN/VOLOCHÍNOV, 2014[1929]; VOLOCHÍNOV 2013[1930]; MEDVIEDEV, 2016[1928]), além de estudos acerca da identidade a partir da perspectiva da Linguística Aplicada e seus diálogos interdisciplinares (BHABHA, 2014; MOITA LOPES, 2003; 2006, 2010, 2013a, 2013b; RAJAGOPALAN, 2003) e também sobre as questões da transgeneridade e do gênero social (BUTLER, 2015; BENTO, 2008, JESUS, 2010a; 2010b; 2012a; 2012b; JESUS, ALVES, 2010; LOURO, 2016). Com relação às regularidades discursivas, observouse a reenunciação das teorias de gênero e sexualidade e a tentativa de neutralização por parte do discurso jornalístico, tornando opacas suas valorações. Além disso, tem-se o reenquadramento de discursos acerca da identidade de pessoas trans como estratégia discursiva por parte dos veículos de comunicação, evidenciando posicionamentos axiológicos de naturezas distintas. Nesses discursos, em alguns momentos, o Decreto Nº 8.727 e o uso do nome social eram tratados como ferramentas importantes de cidadania e visibilidade para o movimento trans, instituindo o sujeito trans como um sujeito de direito; em outros, tanto o uso do nome social quanto as vivências de gênero que extrapolam a cisnormatividade eram questionados. The recognition of gender identity and the use of the social name are some of the main guidelines of the trans and LGBTI movement and contribute to the reduction of the oppression and exclusion of this social group. These demands were partially met with the publication of the decree, which deals with the use of social name and the recognition of the gender identity of trans people in federal public agencies, provoking diverse reactions in the different social spheres. The present work had as main objective to analyze the speeches about the identity of trans people in online texts, more precisely from the conexions between Decree N. 8.727, of April 28, 2016, and news of online journalism. In this analysis, we have selected, in addition to the aforementioned decree, ten news articles on online journalism that discuss issues related to the use of social name and the recognition of gender identity, seeking to verify that dialogue relations are woven between the statements and Decree No. 8.727. To reach our goal, we opted for theoretical-methodological anchoring in Bakhtin Circle studies (BAKHTIN, 2012 [1920-1924, 2014 [1927], 2015 [1930-1936], 2014 [1934-1935], 2016 [1952-1953 (1990), [1929], and also studies of identity from the perspective of the Applied Linguistics, (BHABHA, 2014, MOITA LOPES, 2003, 2010, 2013a, 2013b; RAJAGOPALAN, 2003) and also on issues of transgender and social gender studies (BUTLER, 2015, BENTO, 2008, JESUS , 2010a; 2010b; 2012a; 2012b; JESUS, ALVES, 2010; LOURO, 2016). The data gave rise to some regularities, such as the reenactment of theories of gender and the attempt to neutralize the journalistic discourse, making their valuations opaque. In addition, there is a reframing of discourses about the identity of trans people as a discursive strategy on the part of the communication vehicles, evidencing axiological positions of different natures. In these discourses, we noticed how Decree No. 8,727 and the use of the social name were treated as important tools of citizenship and visibility for the trans movement, instituting the trans subject as a subject of law; at the sime time, both the use of the social name and the experiences of gender that extrapolated the cisnormativity were questioned.

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42

DE, WITTE Bruno. "The protection of linguistic diversity through fundamental rights." Doctoral thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4825.

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43

"Afrikaans, meertaligheid en die rol van die universiteit." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14675.

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D.Litt. et. Phil. Despite the prevailing perception, multilingualism and not unilingualism, is the worldwide norm on the political level. However, bi- and multilingualism have been shrouded in controversy over centuries - especially in respect of minority languages. Research done since the 1960s shows, however, that bi- and multilingualism hold several advantages for cognitive processing and other mental functions if present in an additive context ...

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44

Mulwa, Emmah Mwende. "Language management in relation to language needs, uses and preferences in subordinate courts : a case study of Machakos County." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27010.

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This study was an exploration of how language is managed in the subordinate courts of Machakos County in Kenya. It was an investigation into the language policy used in the courts, and whether the languages serve the needs, uses and preferences of the people. Language use in Kenya is constitutional (The Constitution of Kenya, 2010).The national language of the Republic of Kenya is Kiswahili and its official languages are English and Kiswahili. The constitution shall protect and promote indigenous languages of the people of Kenya. The constitution further indicates that there shall be general provisions to the Bill of Rights, fundamental freedoms, and that the authority of courts shall uphold and enforce the Bill of Rights. (The Kenya Constitution, 2010, (Cap 4, entitled “The Bill of Rights” has subcategories ranging from Part 1 to Part 5. Part 1 elaborates on general provisions relating to the Bill of Rights, Part 2 on Rights and fundamental freedoms, Part 3 on specific application of Rights, Part 4 on state of emergency and Part 5 on Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission). The study attempts to establish whether or not the subordinate courts adhere to these provisions, which policy makers need to adhere to. This research further explores solutions to the problem of communication during court proceedings. Its aim was to advance scientific information that would inform the formulation of a more accommodating language policy in Subordinate Courts. The background information and the history of the courts language gave an overview of how language in subordinate courts is used according to various scholars. The evaluation of how language is used during court proceedings shed light on the people‟s language needs, uses and preferences. Linguistics and Modern Languages D. Litt et Phil. (Linguistics)

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Sullivan, Michael D. "Indiana education : English learner instruction at the primary level." 2013. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1738942.

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The number of students enrolled in United States public schools speaking a language other than English in their homes doubled over the last decade. In Indiana more than 60% of all public school districts reported having at least one English Learner student enrolled. It is projected that Indiana EL enrollment will increase 21% by the year 2021 (National Center for Education, 2009). These statistics make EL students, those students whose native language is not English, the fastest growing demographic in the Indiana public school system. As such, there is a need to know, and adhere to, the numerous laws that govern EL education in America. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) allows for state-specific guidelines concerning EL education, but it monitors the states’ progress of the EL student federally. Schools that do not have EL students who show adequate progress are subject to a loss of funding or closure for failing to serve all of their enrolled student population. This has caused many Indiana schools to review their EL practices and procedures when considering instructional strategies. This study examined the history of EL education and what Indiana schools at the elementary level are doing enough to prepare EL students. Department of Educational Leadership

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Mchazime, Hartford Skaliot. "Effects of English as medium of instruction on pupils' academic achievement in social studies in primary schools in Malawi." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/882.

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The current language policy in education in Malawi allows pupils to be taught through local languages form Standard 1 to 4 and through English from Standard 5 upwards. However, classroom observation suggets that teachers use Chichewa as the language of learning even in areas where Chichewa is not the home language of the majority of pupils. Surveys indicate that generally parents feel that their children would be learning better if they started learning through English earlier than in Standard 5. This study was conducted with a view to finding out whether English is the most appropriate language of learning for senior primary school children in Malawi. The study specifically addressed the question of whether or not the use of English as the language of learning in Social Studies resulted in better academic performance among Standard 7 pupils in Malawi. The study also addressed the question of whether the use of English as the language of learning increased pupil participation in the learning process and whether the use of Chichewa as the language of learning favoured Chichewa home language pupils more than Chiyao home language pupils. The findings suggest that primary school children in Malawi are not linguistically prepared for instruction through the medium of English. Standard 7 pupils, the target of the study, found it difficult to learn Social Studies through English although they had had three years of English as the language of learing. Their participation in academic work was hampered by their limited mastery of the language. Pre-test and post-test results show that Standard 7 pupils receiving instruction through Chichewa obtained higher scores than those who were taught in English. When Yao and Chewa children were taught together through the Chichewa medium, the Yao children scored as well as their counterparts whose home language was Chichewa. Thus the study suggests that the use of Chichewa benefited both groups while the use of English seemed to retard their performance. These results imply that the language policy in Malawi and the way teachers are currently trained to teach English in primary schools need to be re-examined and reviewed. English Studies D.Litt. et Phil. (English)

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Michell, Colin Simon. "Investigating the use of forensic stylistic and stylometric techniques in the analyses of authorship on a publicly accessible social networking site (Facebook)." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13324.

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This research study examines the forensic application of a selection of stylistic and stylometric techniques in a simulated authorship attribution case involving texts on the social networking site, Facebook. Eight participants each submitted 2,000 words of self-authored text from their personal Facebook messages, and one of them submitted an extra 2,000 words to act as the ‘disputed text’. The texts were analysed in terms of the first 1,000 words received and then at the 2,000-word level to determine what effect text length has on the effectiveness of the chosen style markers (keywords, function words, most frequently occurring words, punctuation, use of digitally mediated communication features and spelling). It was found that despite accurately identifying the author of the disputed text at the 1,000-word level, the results were not entirely conclusive but at the 2,000-word level the results were more promising, with certain style markers being particularly effective. Linguistics MA (Linguistics)

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Lebese, Samuel Joseph. "The undefined role of court interpreters in South Africa." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11923.

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In South Africa there is no legislation defining the role of court interpreters. This has resulted in legal officials (magistrates and judges) forming their own opinions as to what the role of court interpreters is. As such court interpreters find themselves performing tasks that are outside their scope of duties, for example acting as magistrates, in turn compromising their own tasks in the process. The aim of this study therefore is to determine the degree to which the lack of a definition of the role of court interpreters affects the quality of court interpreting. In the study, the researcher was guided by the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) approach. The research procedures that were followed in the study combined the top-down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down approach, two legislations, namely, “The Magistrates’ Court Act 44 of 1944 (as amended)” and “The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 93 of 1996 (as amended)”, were examined in order to determine whether the role of court interpreters is defined and, if so, to what extent. In the bottom-up approach, examples of court proceedings were studied in order to determine specific roles that are played by court interpreters during trials. Extracts from transcripts of mechanically-recorded court proceedings were also analysed to establish whether magistrates made any references to the role of court interpreters in these trials. It is hoped that this study will shed more light on the role of court interpreters which could lead to better quality interpreting. Linguistics M.A. (Linguistics (Translation studies))

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Trainer, Ty. "The (non)binary of success and failure: A corpus-based evaluation of the European Parliament's commitment to using gender-neutral language in legislation published in English and Portuguese." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/135561.

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Trainer, Ty. "The (non)binary of success and failure: A corpus-based evaluation of the European Parliament's commitment to using gender-neutral language in legislation published in English and Portuguese." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/135561.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Language and languages – Law and legislation'

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