Relevant bibliographies by topics / Language and languages

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Language and languages'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Language and languages"

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Weaire, Denis L. "Of Language and Languages." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 6 (June 1994): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036848.

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Giri, Ram Ashish. "Languages and language politics." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir.

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One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.
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Haynes, K. "Milton's Languages, Milton's Language." Literary Imagination 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/2.1.93.

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Tonkin, Humphrey. "Language Planning and Planned Languages: How Can Planned Languages Inform Language Planning?" Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13, no. 2 (2015): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7906/indecs.13.2.1.

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Axatovna, Safina Farida, and Baymatov Abduaziz Abdujabbarovich. "WHY LATIN LANGUAGE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN STUDYING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES." American Journal of Philological Sciences 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue12-16.

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The development of language is a fascinating study. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians used pictographic languages which took years for the priests and scholars to master. The common working citizen had no time for such study and so remained powerless and able to be exploited. About 1500BC the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which could be used by the common merchants to conduct their trading businesses. The Greeks learned it from them and further developed it by adding vowels. This phonetic alphabet made people think differently. It encouraged analysis and the developmentof awhole written language of interchangeable components.All the languages that developed from the Latin and Greek root vocabularies function like that. If we don’t teach the root meaning of those components, we burden ourselves with the task of learning thousands of individual English words as wholes. By studying Latin can master the components of many languages, including English.
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Shimi, G., C. Jerin Mahibha, and Durairaj Thenmozhi. "An Empirical Analysis of Language Detection in Dravidian Languages." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 15 (April 16, 2024): 1515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i15.765.

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Objectives: Language detection is the process of identifying a language associated with a text. The proposed system aims to detect the Dravidian language that is associated with the given text using different machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The paper presents an empirical analysis of the results obtained using the different models. It also aims to evaluate the performance of a language agnostic model for the purpose of language detection. Method: An empirical analysis of Dravidian language identification in social media text using machine learning and deep learning approaches with k-fold cross validation has been implemented. The identification of Dravidian languages, including Tamil, Malayalam, Tamil Code Mix, and Malayalam Code Mix, is performed using both machine learning (ML) and deep learning algorithms. The machine learning algorithms used for language detection are Naive Bayes (NB), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The supervised Deep Learning (DL) models used include BERT, mBERT and language agnostic models. Findings: The language agnostic model outperform all other models considering the task of language detection in Dravidian languages. The results of both the ML and DL models are analyzed empirically with performance measures like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The accuracy associated with different machine learning algorithms varies from 85% to 89%. It is evident from the experimental result that the deep learning model outperformed with an accuracy of 98%. Novelty: The proposed system emphasizes on the use of the language agnostic model to implement the process of detecting Dravidian languages associated with the given text which provides a promising result of 98% accuracy which is higher than the existing methodologies. Keywords: Language, Machine learning, Deep learning, Transformer model, Encoder, Decoder
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Dal Negro, Silvia. "Language contact and dying languages." Revue française de linguistique appliquée IX, no. 2 (2004): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfla.092.0047.

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Isa, Baba Zanna, HajjaKaru Ahmed, and Yagana Grema. "Language Death and Endangered Languages." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 10 (2014): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-191064648.

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Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden. "Language change in contact languages." Language Change in Contact Languages 33, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.2.01cle.

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Leonard, Laurence B. "Specific Language Impairment Across Languages." Child Development Perspectives 8, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12053.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Language and languages"

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Maciá, Fábrega Josep. "Natural language and formal languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10348.

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Cook, Jonathan J. "Language interoperability and logic programming languages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/725.

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We discuss P#, our implementation of a tool which allows interoperation between a concurrent superset of the Prolog programming language and C#. This enables Prolog to be used as a native implementation language for Microsoft's .NET platform. P# compiles a linear logic extension of Prolog to C# source code. We can thus create C# objects from Prolog and use C#'s graphical, networking and other libraries. P# was developed from a modified port of the Prolog to Java translator, Prolog Cafe. We add language constructs on the Prolog side which allow concurrent Prolog code to be written. We add a primitive predicate which evaluates a Prolog structure on a newly forked thread. Communication between threads is based on the unification of variables contained in such a structure. It is also possible for threads to communicate through a globally accessible table. All of the new features are available to the programmer through new built-in Prolog predicates. We present three case studies. The first is an application which allows several users to modify a database. The users are able to disconnect from the database and to modify their own copies of the data before reconnecting. On reconnecting, conflicts must be resolved. The second is an object-oriented assistant, which allows the user to query the contents of a C# namespace or Java package. The third is a tool which allows a user to interact with a graphical display of the inheritance tree. Finally, we optimize P#'s runtime speed by translating some Prolog predicates into more idiomatic C# code than is produced by a naive port of Prolog Cafe. This is achieved by observing that semi-deterministic predicates (being those which always either fail or succeed with exactly one solution) that only call other semi-deterministic predicates enjoy relatively simple control flow. We make use of the fact that Prolog programs often contain predicates which operate as functions, and that such predicates are usually semi-deterministic.
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Diallo, Ibrahima. "Language Planning, Language-In-Education Policy, and Attitudes Towards Languages in Senegal." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366175.

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This thesis describes language policy practices in Senegal, identifies the languages used by Senegalese people in various social, public, and institutional settings, and details the attitudes of Senegalese people towards their own mother tongues, Wolof, French, and English and these speech communities. It examines also the importance, place, and future of local languages and European languages in Senegal and analyses the issue of language(s) of education in Senegal. To conduct this research, a variety of sampling techniques were used to collect data from a wide range of population-categories including respondents from the general population, public administration, students, and the business sector. Throughout the period of this study, Senegal was undergoing a phenomenal linguistic experience characterised by the sudden arrival and strengthening of English in the country, increasing interest by Senegalese people in local languages, and a gradual decline of the domains of French language use in the country. Against this linguistic backdrop, a number of major findings have resulted from the research including the finding that home languages (in particular, the mother tongues) are dominant in most family and social settings while French is dominant only in public settings. However, the data show that both mother tongues and Wolof are being used increasingly in public institutions; domains that hitherto belonged to French. The language use with people indicates a similar pattern, i.e. local languages are mostly used with close family members and with people in the extended family circle while French is dominant only with people in public institutions. The home languages (mother tongues and Wolof) and, to a lesser extent English, are more popular in public settings, thus reducing the hegemony of the use of French with people in public institutions. The study based on the data collected from the overall sample found also that the attitudes of the Senegalese people towards French, English, and their mother tongues are high and positive but the attitudes towards Wolof show both positive and negative ratings. The results show that, according to Senegalese people, the local languages are not given due importance in the education system. Similarly, they believe that English is not regarded as important in the education system either. Therefore, they request more importance to be given to both languages in the education system. As for French, it is considered very important in the education system and therefore, there were no particular requests to increase its relative importance in education. Further, French is believed to have negative influences in Senegal while this is not the case for English. Regarding the language(s) of instruction, local languages are described as the most appropriate languages for education. However, when languages are analysed in parallel, French maintains its leadership. In general, the Senegalese people have positive attitudes towards the speech communities. However, the attitudes towards the Wolof and French speech communities are both positive and negative. Similarly, the intensity of the desire to learn languages is generally positive but is characterised by the presence of a mix of positive and negative ratings for French and Wolof. However, a cross-sectional analysis shows quite interesting variations across the four population-categories mentioned earlier, mainly regarding language use, the issue of the language(s) of instruction in Senegal, the attitudes of Senegalese people towards languages and towards speech communities, and the intensity of their desire to learn languages - to name but a few areas of variation. The study has resulted in major findings regarding language use in Senegal. One of these is the loyalty of Senegal people towards their languages, that is, first, to their own mother tongue and then to Wolof - as a second language; second the Senegalese people remain attached to the French language, and finally they have a great admiration for English. According to the study, Senegalese people are attached to their language because of the more effective communication opportunities the local languages offer and also because of the positive benefits associated with (early) education in one's own mother tongue. In addition, the respondents believe that local languages help them assert their identity and maintain their cultures. The study found that Senegalese people are attached to the French language because it is an important national language (the official language of the country) and international language (for communication in the Francophone world). As for English, they admire the language because of its prestige and its status as a 'universal' language for communication and its dominance in science, technology, education, and business. The study concludes with a number of recommendations for the improvement of language planning and language-in-education policy in Senegal. The recommendations focus mainly on enhancing considerably the place and role of local languages in the education system, initiating systematic language policy prestige activities, and developing a rigorous policy that fosters positive attitudes towards local languages in general and the Wolof language and the Wolof speech community in particular. As regards the English language, the study recommends offering greater opportunities to learn the language by widespread reinforcement of its teaching in the education system.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Languages and Linguistics
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Connell, Professor T. J. "Languages (in particular Spanish) : language teaching and learning & languages for the professions." Thesis, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444221.

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Meyer, Hans Joachim. "A global language or a world of languages." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-201117.

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Wolf, Göran. "Language contact, change of language status : ‘Celtic’ national languages in the British Isles and Ireland." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1936/.

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Contents: Conceptual Clarifications Contact Situations – a Brief Outline Under Scrutiny I: Cornwall, Isle of Man and Scotland Under scrutiny II: Wales Under Scrutiny III: Ireland – a Lengthy Discourse
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Livingstone, Daniel Jack. "Computer models of the evolution of language and languages." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398331.

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Loza, Christian. "Cross Language Information Retrieval for Languages with Scarce Resources." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12157/.

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Our generation has experienced one of the most dramatic changes in how society communicates. Today, we have online information on almost any imaginable topic. However, most of this information is available in only a few dozen languages. In this thesis, I explore the use of parallel texts to enable cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) for languages with scarce resources. To build the parallel text I use the Bible. I evaluate different variables and their impact on the resulting CLIR system, specifically: (1) the CLIR results when using different amounts of parallel text; (2) the role of paraphrasing on the quality of the CLIR output; (3) the impact on accuracy when translating the query versus translating the collection of documents; and finally (4) how the results are affected by the use of different dialects. The results show that all these variables have a direct impact on the quality of the CLIR system.
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Botha, Gerrti Reinier. "Text-based language identification for the South African languages." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-090942008-133715/.

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Loza, Christian E. Mihalcea Rada F. "Cross language information retrieval for languages with scarce resources." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12157.

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Books on the topic "Language and languages"

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Winter, Werner, ed. On Languages and Language. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110881318.

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Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden, eds. Language Change in Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.36.

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Wekker, Herman, ed. Creole Languages and Language Acquisition. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110811049.

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Siemund, Peter, and Noemi Kintana, eds. Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hsm.7.

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Callies, Marcus, and Stefanie Hehner. Pluricentric Languages and Language Education. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003248552.

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1965-, Siemund Peter, and Kintana Noemi, eds. Language contact and contact languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2008.

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Herman, Wekker, and Leiden Creole Workshop (1990 : University of Leiden), eds. Creole languages and language acquisition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.

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name, No. When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2003.

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D, Joseph Brian, ed. When languages collide : perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003.

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Canada, Statistics. Home language and knowledge of languages. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Language and languages"

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Stawarska, Beata. "Language and Languages." In Saussure’s Linguistics, Structuralism, and Phenomenology, 87–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43097-9_10.

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Bugarski, Ranko. "Language and Languages." In History of Linguistics 1993, 321. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.78.39bug.

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Hildén, Raili, and Ritva Kantelinen. "Language Education - Foreign Languages." In Miracle of Education, 161–76. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-811-7_11.

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Mosses, Peter D. "Programming Language Description Languages." In Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions, 249–73. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-736-3_8.

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Shaul, David Leedom. "Languages and Language Loss." In Linguistic Ideologies of Native American Language Revitalization, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05293-9_1.

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Mughan, Terry. "Introduction: language and languages." In The Routledge Companion to Cross-Cultural Management, 79–84. London: Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203798706-11.

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Holmes, Janet, and Nick Wilson. "National languages, language policy, and language planning." In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 140–82. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367821852-6.

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Wolf, Michael P. "Ideal language or ordinary languages?" In Philosophy of Language, 21–27. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003183167-5.

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Darquennes, Jeroen. "Language Awareness and Minority Languages." In Language Awareness and Multilingualism, 297–308. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02240-6_19.

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Darquennes, Jeroen. "Language Awareness and Minority Languages." In Language Awareness and Multilingualism, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02325-0_19-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Language and languages"

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Farisiyah, Umi, and Zamzani Zamzani. "Languange Shift and Language Maintenance of Local Languages toward Indonesian." In International Conference of Communication Science Research (ICCSR 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccsr-18.2018.50.

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Rosenan, Boaz. "Designing language-oriented programming languages." In the ACM international conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1869542.1869576.

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Lane, Paul, Ernesto Salazar, and Norling Solis. "THE LANGUAGE BATTLE: INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES VS. THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE." In 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.0760.

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Ermanov, Davron, and Munisa Saydullayeva. "USING BODY LANGUAGE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING." In Modern approaches and new trends in teaching foreign languages. Alisher Navo'i Tashkent state university of Uzbek language and literature, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.conf.teach.foreign.lang.2024.8.5/psld8751.

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This course paper studies what body language is, its importance in the classroom and why teachers should use it while teaching students. Especially when teaching foreign languages, the teacher's teaching body language has a great impact on the effectiveness of the lesson and understanding the lessons topic. In classroom, using body language can help the lesson to be interesting and interactive and students can easily learn and understand the basic meaning of the topic. It is an important method for teachers to learn about the students by noticing the students’ body language. Teachers can figure out whether students understand all that a teacher said and explained or not by watching the students’ expressions in their eyes, on their faces and noticing their actions. In this research, experiment was done with schoolchildren and the importance of body language was analyzed with questionnaire This study searches that foreign languages should be taught with using body language and it is one of the most significant aspects during teaching foreign languages and it was considered while experiment. It is effective for learners to understand and easily learn languages. In this course paper we are going to analyze and reveal the importance of body language and it is helpful in teaching methods that teachers use during the lesson, especially impact on progress of students and some points about using body language to EFL/ESL learners.
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Rosati, Domenic. "Learning to Pronounce as Measuring Cross-Lingual Joint Orthography-Phonology Complexity." In 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (AIAPP 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.120908.

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Machine learning models allow us to compare languages by showing how hard a task in each language might be to learn and perform well on. Following this line of investigation, we explore what makes a language “hard to pronounce” by modelling the task of grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) transliteration. By training a character-level transformer model on this task across 22 languages and measuring the model’s proficiency against its grapheme and phoneme inventories, we show that certain characteristics emerge that separate easier and harder languages with respect to learning to pronounce. Namely the complexity of a language's pronunciation from its orthography is due to the expressive or simplicity of its grapheme-tophoneme mapping. Further discussion illustrates how future studies should consider relative data sparsity per language to design fairer cross-lingual comparison tasks.
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Douglass, James R., Nicholas Chen, and Ralph E. Johnson. "The language of languages research project." In the ACM international conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2048147.2048155.

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Antad, Sonali M., Siddhartha Chakrabarty, Sneha Bhat, Somrath Bisen, and Sneha Jain. "Sign Language Translation Across Multiple Languages." In 2024 International Conference on Emerging Systems and Intelligent Computing (ESIC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esic60604.2024.10481626.

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Yin, Kayo, and Malihe Alikhani. "Including Signed Languages in Natural Language Processing (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/753.

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Signed languages are the primary means of communication for many deaf and hard of hearing individuals. Since signed languages exhibit all the fundamental linguistic properties of natural language, we believe that tools and theories of Natural Language Processing (NLP) are crucial towards its modeling. However, existing research in Sign Language Processing (SLP) seldom attempt to explore and leverage the linguistic organization of signed languages. This position paper calls on the NLP community to include signed languages as a research area with high social and scientific impact. We first discuss the linguistic properties of signed languages to consider during their modeling. Then, we review the limitations of current SLP models and identify the open challenges to extend NLP to signed languages. Finally, we urge (1) the adoption of an efficient tokenization method; (2) the development of linguistically-informed models; (3) the collection of real-world signed language data; (4) the inclusion of local signed language communities as an active and leading voice in research.
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Kunschak, Claudia, and Birgit Strotmann. "Unbounded Languages – Translanguaging as the New Language." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.4-7.

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With globalization, multilingualism has replaced monolingualism as the prevalent paradigm across the disciplines, from sociolinguistics to linguistic anthropology to applied linguistics to education, be it from the angle of superdiversity (Blommaert and Rampton 2011), metrolingualism (Pennycook and Otsuji 2015) or translanguaging (García and Wei 2014). We are witnessing an era where multilingualism from below, which has always existed, is increasingly supported by multilingualism from above in language policy and planning via plurilingual pluricultural competence (Council of Europe 2018), innovative language pedagogy such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) (Coyle, Hood and Marsh 2010), and creative use of English as a Lingua Franca (Seidlhofer and Widdowson 2009; Jenkins 2017). However, it is not just English that serves this purpose, but also French and Arabic in the Mediterranean region, and Spanish (Godenzzi 2006) or Chinese further afield (Li 2006). The study examines these new language constellations at the example of three multilingual degree programs at a small, private university in Spain with a strong international projection, a multilingual student population, and equally multilingual / multicultural faculty. Superimposed on the already multilingual and multivarietal structure of the Spanish peninsula, with its largest foreign cohort speaking Latin-American varieties, the languages and language combinations emerging from this study include students' home languages, languages of study, lingua francas, and creative language practices. It was the purpose of the study to identify affordances and challenges in developing translingual transcultural competence (Geisler et al. 2007), that is, the ability to operate between languages, reflect on the world and self through another language and culture, as well as develop critical language awareness and social sensitivity. Based on a survey conducted among students from fresher to graduating class, interviews and focus groups with students, teachers, and administrators, as well as a document analysis of study plans and language requirements, the study aims to document emerging language practices and translingual transcultural competence as well as the factors that support or hinder this development. While English and Spanish are clearly the dominant languages, third and fourth languages play a significant role among both students and faculty. It will be argued that translingual dispositions (Lee and Canagarajah 2019) are widely held, and that instead of cultivating a series of discrete linguistic stills, “translanguaging is the language of the future” as one of the subjects quipped.
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De Sisto, Mirella, Vincent Vandeghinste, Caro Brosens, Myriam Vermeerbergen, and Dimitar Shterionov. "XSL-HoReCo and GoSt-ParC-Sign: Two New Signed Language - Written Language Parallel Corpora." In CLARIN Annual Conference 2023. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp210002.

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Developments in language technology targeting signed languages are lagging behind in comparison to the advances related to what is available for so-called spoken languages.1 This is partly due to the scarcity of good quality signed language data, including good quality parallel corpora of signed and spoken languages. This paper introduces two parallel corpora which aim at reducing the gap between signed and spoken-only language technology: The XSL Hotel Review Corpus (XSL-HoReCo) and the Gold Standard Parallel Corpus of Signed and Spoken Language (GoSt-ParC-Sign). Both corpora are available through the CLARIN infrastructure.
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Reports on the topic "Language and languages"

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Kircher, Ruth, and Mirjam Vellinga. ECMI Minorities Blog. From Acquisition to Activation: How Language Planning Can Promote New Speakers’ Minority Language Us. European Centre for Minority Issues, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/cmlh2988.

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New speakers (individuals acquiring minority languages outside the home, typically later on in life) can make important contributions to minority language revitalisation. However, this can only happen if they become active and frequent users of the minority languages they have learnt. In many contexts, this is not the case. Taking Frisian in Fryslân as a case study, this blog post examines new speakers’ activation (the process by which they become active and habitual minority language users) – focusing specifically on how this is affected by traditional minority language speakers’ behaviours. The findings highlight how the complex dynamics between traditional and new speakers can hinder the latter’s activation. The blog post discusses the implications of these findings, concluding that there is a need for prestige planning to ameliorate intergroup relations – and thereby foster new speakers’ activation and promote minority language revitalisation.
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Bekmyrzaev, Nurbek. Language Policies of the Central Asian States. Edited by Nargiza Muratalieva. The Representative Office of the Institute for War and Peace Reporting in Central Asia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46950/202004.

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This work outlines the formation of state languages in the Central Asian countries, analyzes their functioning alongside the Russian language, draws conclusions and forecasts for the future, and provides recommendations for improving language policies. The publication is intended for young experts and consultants, researchers, decision-makers, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the policies of the Central Asian countries.
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Arnold, H. G., W. B. Dress, and R. S. Loffman. An investigation of very high level languages and their implementation on a Forth language microprocessor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5606643.

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EdTech Hub, EdTech Hub. Minoritised languages, education, and technology: Current practices and future directions in low- and middle-income countries. EdTech Hub, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0127.

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This article explores the current status and future directions of minoritised language education and the use of technology in low- and middle-income countries. Our literature review of available academic sources in multiple languages reveals a lack of evidence on the use of technology in minoritised language education across different countries, especially multilingual contexts with greater linguistic diversity. To understand the issue in greater detail and to offer recommendations informed by current practice, we then conducted interviews and a collaborative workshop with four organisations with relevant EdTech initiatives. The analysis covers facilitating and limiting factors these organisations have encountered, as well as the impact of good practice initiatives on learners and society at large. We conclude by identifying the practical, policy, and research properties in the development of minoritised language education and technology. Keywords: minoritised languages, mother tongue, educational technology, LMIC, multilingualism, language of instruction An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
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Baader, Franz, and Alexander Okhotin. On Language Equations with One-sided Concatenation. Aachen University of Technology, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.154.

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Language equations are equations where both the constants occurring in the equations and the solutions are formal languages. They have first been introduced in formal language theory, but are now also considered in other areas of computer science. In the present paper, we restrict the attention to language equations with one-sided concatenation, but in contrast to previous work on these equations, we allow not just union but all Boolean operations to be used when formulating them. In addition, we are not just interested in deciding solvability of such equations, but also in deciding other properties of the set of solutions, like its cardinality (finite, infinite, uncountable) and whether it contains least/greatest solutions. We show that all these decision problems are ExpTime-complete.
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Gärkman, Heidi, Katija Aladin, and Christopher Petrie. Spotlight on Bilingual Education. HundrED, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58261/bwof1517.

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Through our research, we have discovered that bilingual education is about learning how to think and act in two (or more) languages and how to navigate between them. Bilingual education is an inclusive environment where more than one language is used to learn! We have been mindful of searching for innovations that best support the learning of languages in positive and welcoming bilingual and multilingual environments – innovations that in one way or another can bring together and support all members of a school community. With this Spotlight, we are proud to highlight innovative practices and approaches in bilingual education that excite, inspire, enable, create and support bilingual teaching and learning, language awareness and confidence, mother tongue education, bilingualism and multilingualism, cultural exchange, inclusion and diversity.
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Duncan, Seira. ECMI Minorities Blog. Indigenous languages and psychological well-being: Comparing educational, healthcare and employment opportunities in Greenland, Sápmi, and Scotland. European Centre for Minority Issues, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/gvxp1463.

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The past several years have seen increased documentation of the association between indigenous language utilisation and psychological well-being. Scotland is the northernmost non-Arctic country and has been fostering ties with its northern counterparts in recent years; like Greenland and Sápmi, it has indigenous languages. This post compares educational, healthcare, and employment opportunities in these regions and analyses the wider psychological implications of indigenous language utilisation in these sectors. While there appears to be room for improvement in all sectors in the three regions, Greenland, Sápmi, and Scotland will likely benefit from strengthening cross-regional dialogues.
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McDermott, Philip, and Mairéad Nic Craith. ECMI Minorities Blog. Debates on Language Rights in Northern Ireland: Beyond Parallel Structures? European Centre for Minority Issues, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/abva2667.

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In this blog, the authors focus on recent developments regarding Irish and Ulster-Scots in Northern Ireland. Beginning with the convening of a newly-devolved government in January 2024, they explore the impact of political instability on linguistic diversity in the region. Subsequently, initiatives such as the Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022 and the proposed establishment of an Office of Identity and Cultural Expression are examined. The authors argue for the need to go beyond parallel structures which align languages with identity politics, whilst highlighting that political elites often fail to acknowledge those who engage with a language associated with another political tradition. A key aspect to the argument is the need for policy interventions which support the development of distinct types of dialogue about language and which have transformative potential.
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Shaba, Varteen Hannah. Translating North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Idioms into English. Institute of Development Studies, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2023.002.

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North-eastern Neo-Aramaic (also known as NENA) languages and literature are a prosperous and encouraging field of research. They abound with oral traditions and expressions that incorporate various spoken forms including everyday language, tales, songs, chants, prayers, proverbs, and more. These are used to transfer culture, knowledge, and community values. Some types of oral forms are idioms and fixed expressions. Idioms are extremely problematic to translate for a number of reasons, including: cultural and linguistic differences between languages; their specific connection to cultural practices and interpretations, and the difficulty of transferring the same meanings and connotations into another language with accuracy. This paper explores how to define and classify idioms, and suggests specific strategies and procedures to translate idioms from the NENA dialect Bartella (a local Aramaic dialect in Nineveh Plain) into English – as proposed by Baker (1992: 63–78). Data collection is based on 15 idioms in Bartella dialect taken from the heritage play Khlola d baretle teqta (Wedding in the old Bartella). The findings revealed that only three strategies are helpful to transfer particular cultural conceptualisations: using an idiom of similar meaning and form; using an idiom of similar meaning but different form, and translation by paraphrasing. Based on the findings, the author provides individuals and institutions with suggestions on how to save endangered languages and dialects, particularly with regard to the religious minorities’ heritage. Key among these recommendations is encouraging researchers and scholars to direct translation projects and activities towards preserving minority languages with their oral heritage and cultural expressions, which are susceptible to extinction.
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Willis, Craig. ECMI Minorities Blog. Minority Language Media and TikTok: Are Broadcasters Showing They Are Still Relevant for Younger Audiences? European Centre for Minority Issues, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/qlmm1477.

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Whilst younger audiences move away from traditional forms of media consumption, public broadcasters – including those in minority languages – have long been facing declining viewing figures in terms of linear television. At the same time, social media consumption habits are diverging along a generational gap – younger audiences favour TikTok and Instagram over Facebook or Twitter. This blogpost sheds light on one element of this, analysing the attempts of institutional actors – in this case minority language broadcasters – to reach different audience segments by creating content directly through TikTok. Concentrated focus is placed on the Welsh language broadcaster S4C, the Galician language broadcaster TVG and the Catalan language broadcaster TV3, with the conclusions pointing towards greater levels of success for their sub-brands which adopt a less-formal, non-institutionalised approach. The positive examples suggest minority language media are finding ways to adapt to contemporary challenges and that their role for younger generations was perhaps neglected too soon by some critics.
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