Journal articles on the topic 'Landscape structure'
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1
Brusak, Vitaliy, and Kateryna Moskalyuk. "The landscape structure of the nature reserve “Medobory”." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 50 (December 28, 2016): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8678.
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Tovtry is a complex of fossil reef Miocene buildings that creates one of the most picturesque scenery of the surrounding plains of Podillya region. Tovtry zone consists of main ridge (the late Baden barrier reef), isolated Tovtry hills (the late Baden bioherms, located east of the ridge), isolated tovtry (the early Sarmat bioherms, located west of the main ridge), the territories of the former channels, lagoons and passes between certain reef masses, the part of which is occupied with the modern rivers. These geological and geomorphological elements are the basis of the definition of Podillian Tovtry landscapes areas, and their combination is the basis of the individual landscapes. The great contribution to the study of Tovtry landscapes was made by K. Herenchuk (1949, 1979, 1980), who identified the main types of localities and individual landscapes. In addition to his distinguished achievements, the researches done by M. Chyzhov (1963), T. Kovalyshyn and I. Kaplun (1998), P. Shtoyko (2000), K. Moskalyuk (2011) and others could be mentioned. In Tovtry there are four landscapes: Mylno, Zbarazh, Medobory (Krasna) and Tovtry (Kamianets-Podilskyi). Natural Reserve “Medobory” (9 516.7 hectares) is located in the central part of Tovtry, mainly in Medobory landscape. The landscape map of nature reserve, covering the surrounding area, at a scale of 1: 25,000 has been done. Six landscaped areas and more than 70 kinds of tracts have been identified. The largest area is the area of elongated summit plains of main Tovtry ridge rocky hills, covered by beech hornbeam-oak forests on humus-carbonate soils. The territory with the buried reef formations, overlained by loess-like loams, with hornbeam-oak forests on humus-carbonate soils in combination with grey forest soils occupies large area. The area of grouped and isolated side tovtry, covered by rock and meadow-steppe vegetation, shrubs on humus-carbonate soils are fragmentary represented in the natural reserve. Outside the territory of natural reserve, there are areas of the extensive plains with chernozems. They were covered by meadow vegetation in the past and now they are the agricultural lands. Some areas of the reserve are covered by wavy interfluves of Husiatyn and Lanivtsi landscape, which are typical for stratal-tiered landscapes of Podillya. Wavy watersheds, composed of thick strata of loess loam, are mainly covered by hornbeam forests in place of oak on grey forest soils and podzolic chernozem. Along Zbruch and Gnyla the area of narrow river valleys with wide floodplains and low terraces fragments are very common. Floodplain is covered by grass-forb meadows, with alder and osier bed centres on meadow and meadow soils. The regional and local features of the landscape structure of the reserve have been defined. Enough representation of the main types of Tovtry areas, their altitude differentiation (landscape layering) and monolithic areas of Tovtry main ridge are the most important. Key words: Podillian Tovtry, main ridge, side tovtry hills, nature reserve “Medobory”, area of landscape.
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Sysuev, Vladislav V. "Geophysical analysis of landscape polystructures." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-17.
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The objective identification of landscape cover units is very important for sustainable environmental management planning. The article proposes a method-algorithm for describing the formation of landscape structures, which is based on the classic landscape analysis and applies the parameters of geophysical fields. The main driving forces of all structure-forming processes are the gradients of gravitational and insolation fields, parameters of which were calculated using the digital elevation models and the GIS-technologies. A minimum number of principal parameters are selected for typological and functional classification of landscapes. The number and importance of parameters were identified basing on the results of numerical experiments. Landscape classifications elaborated on the basis of standard numerical methods take a fundamental geophysical value. In this case, a concept of polystructural landscape organization is logical: by selecting different structure-forming processes and physical parameters, different classifications of landscapes could be elaborated. The models of geosystem functioning are closely related to their structure through boundary conditions and relations between parameters. All models of processes and structures are verified by field experimental data obtained under diverse environmental conditions.
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Venturi, Martina, Francesco Piras, Federica Corrieri, Beatrice Fiore, Antonio Santoro, and Mauro Agnoletti. "Assessment of Tuscany Landscape Structure According to the Regional Landscape Plan Partition." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105424.
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The landscape is considered a strategic asset by the Tuscan regional government, also for its economic role, meaning that a specific Landscape Plan has been developed, dividing the region into 20 Landscape Units and representing the main planning instrument at the regional level. Following the aims of the Landscape Plan and the guidelines of the European Landscape Convention, it is necessary to develop an adequate assessment of the landscape, evaluating the main typologies and their characteristics. The aim of this research is to carry out an assessment of the landscape diversity in Tuscany based on 20 study areas, analyzing land uses and landscape mosaic structures through the application of landscape metrics: number of land uses, mean patch size (MPS), Hill’s diversity number, edge density (ED), patch density (PD), land use diversity (LUD). The results highlight a correlation between the landscape typologies (forest, agricultural, mixed, periurban) and the complexity of the landscape structure, especially in relation to MPS and PD, while the combination of PD and LUD calculated on the basis of a hexagonal grid allows obtaining landscape complexity maps. Despite the phenomena of reforestation and urban sprawl of recent decades, Tuscany still preserves different landscape typologies characterized by a good level of complexity. This is particularly evident in mixed landscapes, while agricultural landscapes have a larger variability because of different historical land organization forms. The methodology applied in this study provided a large amount of data about land uses and the landscape mosaic structure and complexity and proved to be effective in assessing the landscape structure and in creating a database that can represent a baseline for future monitoring.
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Bovsunivska, Veronika. "Landscapes of Khmelnytskyi region." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 48 (December 23, 2014): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1295.
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The features of landscape structure of Khmelnitsky region for example of five individual landscapes representing five different genera and three types is characterized in article. Key words: landscape structure, generation of landscapes, unique landscape.
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Kaban, Aronika, Ani Mardiastuti, and Lilik Budi Prasetyo. "Landscape structure affects bird community in Bogor, West Java." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2018.vol7iss2pp109-118.
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Birds have different responses to landscape modification, depends on its adaptation to the environment. The purposes of this study were to identify bird communities in several landscape types and to analyze the landscape structures that affect bird communities. The study was conducted from April to August 2016 at 29 landscapes in the city of Bogor. The landscapes were categorized into four types based on their fragmentation stages: intact, variegated, fragmented, and relict. Birds were surveyed using point count. Bird diversity was calculated using Shanon-Wienner Index, followed by Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis, the similarity of communities was tested using Bray-Curtis. The landscape structures were quantified using 7 variables and measured using ArcGis patch analyst. Total 8,967 individuals from 75 species and 36 families were recorded. Similarity analysis of the bird community suggested that intact landscapes were clustered separately, while other three types were clustered together. The results showed that the abundance and species richness were higher in intact landscape. Bird diversity in Bogor becomes higher when the total edge, the mean shape index, and the shannon evenness index become smaller.
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Pankeeva, Т. V., and N. V. Mironova. "LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE OF THE WESTERN COAST OF SEVASTOPOL." Geopolitics and Ecogeodynamics of regions 7 (17), no. 2 (2021): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2309-7663-2021-7-2-276-291.
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The information about the landscape structure of the western coast of Sevastopol. Landscape studies (summer 2020) were conducted by detailed study of key sites using landscape profiling. In the landscape structure of the study area identified 8 bottom natural complexes (BCN). The capes at a depth of 0.5-5 m are characterized by underwater slope landscapes with boulder and boulder heaps and bedrock outcrops dominated by Carpodesmia crinita and Treptacantha barbata. Between the capes at these depths, underwater slope landscapes formed by sandy sediments, devoid of benthic vegetation, where individual clumps are also dominated by Carpodesmia crinita and Treptacantha barbata. An underwater coastal slope composed of coarse-clastic sediments dominated by Treptacantha barbata, and with alternating pebble-gravel with battered shell sediments dominated by Phyllophora crispa, was recorded at a depth of 5–10 m. A weakly sloping plain composed of gravel-sandy sediments with broken shells, dominated by Phyllophora crispa, can be traced at a depth of 10–15 m. The formation of its landscape structure is influenced by both the natural features of the coastal zone and economic activities in the adjacent territory.
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Klieshch, Anastasia A., and Nadiya V. Maksymenko. "Positional-dynamic territorial structure of the urban landscape." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 3 (October 10, 2020): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112049.
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The knowledge of landscapes’ positional - dynamic structure enabled us to include it in the work on urban landscape and ecological planning, with its ownspecifics as environmental management objects. The aim is to create cartographic models of a positional-dynamic territorial structure of Kharkiv landscape to ensure a balanced use of nature in environmental management. Methods: a positional-dynamic structure of urban landscape was selected by compiling andanalyzing cartographic works of landscape strips, tiers and districts. Territorial configuration of different types of landscape strips were identified and established based on the classical scheme of landscape locations typology by water-geochemical regime proposed by B. Polynov and supplemented by M. Glazovska, which includes 9 main types. Technically, synthesis of parameters combinations and determination of the territories affiliation to certain types of landscape strips was carried out using spatial analysis tools (in particular, reclassification and raster calculator) of initial data on morphometric relief parameters in ArcGIS. Results. A set of qualitative parameters is proposed, based on the characteristics of each type of landscape strips by which they can be identified.Composition and territorial configuration of positional-dynamic landscape strips of the urban landscape are established as a result of systematization and processing of geodata parametric features of the water-geochemical regime. Cartographic models of the positional-dynamic structureof Kharkiv landscapes have been developed, including 13 types of landscape strips with individual features united in 5 groups by types of lateral migration of substances due to the peculiarities of their positionality (common position in relation to frame lines of flow directions) and factors of relief morphology similarity, nature of income and intensity of substances transfer. The identified mode types and the nature of the spatial distribution of the corresponding landscape strips have been described in detail. Conclusions. Cartographic models of the positional-dynamic territorial structure of Kharkiv, developed during the inventory stage of landscape-ecological planning, make it possible to choose areas of balanced nature management of a particular area.
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Gao, Shan, and Songfu Liu. "Exploration and Analysis of the Aesthetic Cognitive Schema of Contemporary Western Urban Landscapes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105152.
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The multidimensional iterative composition of urban landscapes and the formation mechanism of the aesthetic perception dimension are elucidated. The cognitive schema theory aims to reveal the intrinsic mechanism of urban landscape aesthetic activities. Using London as an empirical case to explore the representation and structure of urban landscape aesthetic, a cognitive schema, the cognitive map of its urban landscape, was constructed based on the qualitative analysis of the texts derived from travel notes. Eight aspects of urban landscapes, together with 21 representative concepts of cognitive schema closely related to aesthetic perception, indicate the structures and approaches people perceive in urban landscapes. This article provides experience and reference for urban landscape enhancement and related practices in China by studying the contemporary Western urban landscape.
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Martsinkevich, Galina I., Natallia V. Hahina, Dzmitry M. Kurlovich, and Olga M. Kovalevskaya. "Structure and mapping of landscapes of the Pripyatsky National Park using geoinformation technologies." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2021-1-65-74.
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The article considers new approaches to the study of the structure of natural landscapes, the identification of typical and rare landscapes of Pripyatsky National Park and their mapping using GIS-technologies that allow the creation of digital landscape maps. The relevance of the work is to create the first digital maps for the Pripyatsky National Park, which can be used to expand the network of ecological routes, increase the number of objects of inspection of the territory by tourists, monitoring forests and swamps. The created digital landscape map reflects the hierarchical levels and structure of natural complexes in the rank of genera, species and tracts, as well as the principles of their selection, which correspond to scientific approaches to the classification of landscapes of the Belarusian school of landscape studies. As a result, the main factor of the selection of genera is the genesis, species – the nature of relief, tracts – features of relief and soil-vegetation cover. The mapping of landscapes of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) of the Republic of Belarus using GIS-technologies was first tested on the example of the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve and three national parks (Narochansky, Braslavskie Ozera, Belovezhskaya Pushcha). The digital landscape map of the Pripyatsky National Park, which illustrates the territorial distribution of 4 genera, 19 types of landscapes and 3 types of tracts, helped to clarify the boundaries of landscape units and served as the basis for identifying typical and rare landscapes, which is especially important for identifying rare landscapes that have preserved their natural appearance and have a special nature conservation value and in need of special protection. A digital map of typical and rare landscapes shows that within the boundaries of the park are widely represented species of lake-swamp and alluvial terraced landscapes, typical for the Polesie region, rare landscapes are confined to the floodplain landscape of the Pripyat River with ridged relief, old lakes, floodplain oak forests and tall grass meadows. In general, the identified typical landscapes of the Pripyatsky National Park are representative of the Polesie landscape province and reflect its regional features, and rare ones are found only in this region and emphasize its individuality. Digital maps made it possible to reveal the complex structure of landscapes, to discover not only typical and rare landscapes, but also unique objects in the rank of a natural boundary, and thereby show a more diverse landscape structure of the park than is reflected in the Landscape map of the Republic of Belarus (2014).
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Haines-Young, Roy, and Mark Chopping. "Quantifying landscape structure: a review of landscape indices and their application to forested landscapes." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 20, no. 4 (December 1996): 418–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339602000403.
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An important assumption of many environmental decisions is that some patterns or combinations of land cover are optimal or more preferable to others. Management plans fre quently seek to change the structure of a landscape to realise particular management goals, because it is recognized that the spatial arrangement of elements in a land cover mosaic control the ecological processes which operate within it. This study reviews some of the tools available to those who need to describe and understand the spatial structure of landscapes. In particular, it examines the way in which quantitative measures, or indices, can be used and what contri bution they might make to the management of forested landscapes in the UK. The paper dis cusses the way in which the different landscape indices can be used to assess the spatial impli cations of the various design guidelines that have been proposd to promote sustainable forms of forestry. It is concluded that while progress has been made in the development of a range of landscape pattern measures, and in our understanding of the factors constraining their use, there is a pressing need for further research into the relationship between landscape pattern and ecological process.
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Goodwin, Brett J., and Lenore Fahrig. "How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity?" Oikos 99, no. 3 (December 2002): 552–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.11824.x.
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Lubenets, L. F., and D. V. Chernykh. "Landscape structure of Maima river basin (Russian Altai)." Geodesy and Cartography 941, no. 11 (December 20, 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-941-11-15-24.
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The analysis of landscape differentiation of the low-mountain Maima basin was performed due to the field studies for different periods as well as the remote sensing data. The formation of modern landscapes of the basin depends on regional features related to geographical location of landscapes on the periphery of the mountain region (mainly in its low-mountain part) and local factors as well. Structural-lithological and geomorphological heterogeneity, high-altitude along with climatic background parameters determine the development of the landscape structure of the territory. The basin map represents the peculiarities of current landscapes arrangement at the local level (groups of stows, their spatial modifications) and atregional one (subtypes of landscapes). In the forest-steppe area, slopes (4-10 and 10-20) of the southern, western and eastern aspects with grass-forb real and steppe meadows dominate. Sub-taiga landscapes are represented by terraced slopes (10-20) of northern and northeastern aspects with birch-pine and pine-birch forests. Among the chern-taiga landscapes, the slopes (10-20) of the eastern and western aspects with birch-aspen-fir forests prevail. Modified and transformed landscapes occupy about 30 % of the basin area due to the largest agglomeration (Gorno- Altaisk, Maima and Kyzyl-Ozek) in the Russian Altai. Secondary grasslands occupy 20 % of the basin area that is mainly related with anthropogenic modifications (deforestation, grasslands). The share of perennial plantations and arable land accounts for 2 %; built – up areas-about 4 %.
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Udovychenko, V. "Theoretical-methodological aspects of landscape-hydrological structure of the territory research." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 65 (2016): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.65.3.
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The basins of middle sized and small rivers, their tributaries have considerable levels of diversification, polystructural horizontal and vertical linkages. The complication of basins landscape structure parameterization noticeably increases needs to work out the theoretical-methodological and methodical aspects of their exploration and complex estimation. Taking into account such credence, the essence of landscape-hydrological analysis of the territory as one of the main methodical instrument of constructive-geographical researches is described in the article. The natural complex (geocomplex/landscape) of the rivers basin is defined as the key object of landscape-hydrological analysis and imagine as the area with definite state of water source where the process of water run-off formation takes place. The subject of research is mechanisms of forming and water displacement as the landscape component, or, by other words, hydrofunctioning. As the key tasks of landscape-hydrological analysis could be mention the hydrological features of natural complexes cognition, single out the landscape-hydrological systems (basins landscape systems) as an element of landscape and hydrological territory structure, landscape-hydrological mapping and distinguishing typological units analysis. The landscape-hydrological system (basin landscape system) is described as the part of earth surface where the interaction between hydrological processes and natural (landscapes) structures has local specificity that caused by one or several factors according to the spatial systems hierarchy. The conceptual basis of constructive-hydrological analysis of landscape structure of the territory directed to landscape planning tools implementation and landscape-planning actions elaboration at the regional and local levels is formed by the key geosystem approaches and principles, especially: zonal-azonal multiple-factor principle, basins principle, structural-hydrological, classification and mapping principles. The research process of landscape-hydrological structure of the territory includes a diversity of methodical procedures.
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Kochurov, Boris I., Yulia A. Khaziakhmetova, Irina V. Ivashkina, and Ekaterina A. Sukmanova. "LANDSCAPE APPROACH IN CITY-PLANNING." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-3-71-82.
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Aim. The aim is to justify the application of the landscape approach in urban planning on the basis of theoretical concepts of landscape studies and the requirements of urban planning practices. Discussion. The basic scheme of the landscape approach is to study the natural and anthropogenic landscape as a complex geosystem consisting of a complex of various components which form the planning structure of the city. In territorial and urban planning, the structure and properties of natural and urban landscapes are revealed using functional, historical-genetic, morphotypic, geo-ecological and visual research methods. Abroad, a similar trend is called "landscape urbanism", the theoretical basis of which is based on the understanding that the best option for the organization of urban areas should be based on the landscape features of the city. With the use of the above-mentioned approaches, an urban landscape approach is being formed, a new nature-urban planning system which, in addition to natural complexes, includes man-made structures: buildings, infrastructure, parks and squares. If the natural landscape is a self-regulating geo-system, then the urban one is controlled by man. When taking actions to transform natural landscapes should be taken into account their structure and functioning, as well as the limits of possible impacts and the likely consequences of these changes. Conclusion. The demand for a landscape approach is constantly growing as a result of the significant transformation of modern cities, the replacement of architectural styles, the growth of urban space and communications, the desire to improve the quality of the urban environment and the comfort of the urban population.
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Baude, Mike, and Burghard C. Meyer. "Changes of landscape structure and soil production function since the 18th century in north-west saxony." Journal of Environmental Geography 3, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2010): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jengeo-2010-43779.
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The objectives of this paper are (1) to reconstruct time series of the historical and current landscape structures based on historical documents and serial cadastral maps, (2) to analyse the changes of agricultural production function by the application of historical soil assessments and (3) to analyse the connections between landscape structure and production function in reference to the social and economic driving forces.
The case study area is today an intensively-used agricultural landscape located nearby Taucha-Eilenburg (NW-Saxony), Germany. Arable landscapes in Germany are changing with increasing dynamics: valuable structures and landscape functions of the traditional and multifunctional landscape were lost. New landscape structures replaced the traditional ones slowly or sometimes also in short time steps. Therefore, this paper focuses on the changes of landscape structures and that of the soil production function induced by land use since the 18th century. The changes are analysed on the basis of historical and serial cadastral maps and documents by covering four time steps from 1750 to 2005. The historical maps were scanned, geo-referenced and digitalised in GIS. Thus, quantitative analysis of landscape structure changes on parcel level is enabled. The production function is explicitly reconstructed on the basis of the Prussian Taxation of the real estate of 1864 (Preußische Grundsteuerbonitierung) and The German Soil Taxation (Reichsbodenschätzung) of 1937.
Changes observed on the serial cadastral maps were linked with the social and economical driving forces and the soil production function. Moreover, there is a high demand for the development of methodologies to analyse and to assess time series of landscape structures, land use and landscape functions in the historical context of landscape development.
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Fritz, K. M., and W. K. Dodds. "Macroinvertebrate assemblage structure across a tallgrass prairie stream landscape." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 154, no. 1 (May 13, 2002): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/154/2002/79.
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Sysuev, V. V. "Geophysical paradigm of landscape: postulates and concepts." Известия Русского географического общества 151, no. 4 (September 5, 2019): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-6071151461-83.
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Potential of advance in landscape science is associated with the synthesis of physical-mathematical, geophysical and empirical scientific directions on the basis of GIS technology. This stage is characterized as a geophysical paradigm of landscape science, a feature of which is a new understanding of the physical fundamentals, the need to consider landscapes as dynamic systems. Empirical theoretical concepts of physical geography enable us to apply physical laws to describe landscape structure and functioning. Land structures are described using independent morphometric parameters of geophysical force fields (gravity and insolation), which can be viewed as state parameters of geosystems. The modeling of landscape functioning in terms of continuum mechanics is closely related to the structure of landscapes through boundary conditions and distributed parameters of transfer processes. Verification and development of models requires the use of a complex of geophysical methods. Creating models in accordance with the principles of the irreversible thermodynamics is complete representation of the genesis of natural processes. The dualism and strong non-linearity necessitates the stochastic analysis of geosystems, including using the fractal methods.
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An, Ru. "Optimal Design of Ecological Landscape Spatial Structure Based on Edge Computing of Internet of Things." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (March 7, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9303327.
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Ecological landscape space refers to a whole composed of many different ecosystems in a larger area. The spatial structure of the ecological landscape is the spatial arrangement and combination of the components and elements of the landscape. With the sustainable development of today’s world, the procedure of urbanization is also accelerating. The urbanization procedure has significantly changed the types of urban landscapes and the spatial structure of urban landscapes, which will also produce corresponding ecological effects. No matter how good or bad the ecological effect is, it will have a certain impact on people’s lives. Therefore, continuously promoting the majorization of the spatial structure of urban ecological landscape is a significant method to promise the healthy improvement of the city. This article is aimed at studying the optimal design of urban ecological landscape spatial structure based on edge computing of the Internet of Things. This paper uses city A as the experimental object to design a space structure majorization experiment of urban ecological landscape based on the edge computing of the Internet of Things, and the experiment draws a conclusion. The urban ecological landscape structure majorization plan based on the edge computing of the Internet of Things increases the biodiversity index of city A by 1.2, indicating that the method of optimizing the structure of the ecological landscape based on the edge computing of the Internet of Things has a better effect of optimizing the structure of the ecological landscape.
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Prydetkevich, S. "Zoocenoses structure and dynamics in the field type agricultural landscapes of Podolia." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 46 (December 26, 2013): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.46.1496.
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Based on analysis of the literature and our own field research identified features zootsenos’es structure and seasonal dynamics of the species composition of animal field landscapes within the territory of the skirts. Found that the structure zoocenoses field landscape is quite differentiated, dependent on farming systems and generally covers 78 species of terrestrial vertebrates. Key words: agricultural landscapes, field landscape, zoocenosis, specific structure of zoocenosis, zootsenos’es dynamics, the environmental group.
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Wolynes, Peter G. "Energy landscapes and solved protein–folding problems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1827 (December 15, 2004): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1502.
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Energy–landscape theory has led to much progress in protein folding kinetics, protein structure prediction and protein design. Funnel landscapes describe protein folding and binding and explain how protein topology determines kinetics. Landscape–optimized energy functions based on bioinformatic input have been used to correctly predict low–resolution protein structures and also to design novel proteins automatically.
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Mishchenko, O. "Structural organization of sacred landscapes." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 3 (October 5, 2019): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111944.
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The article presents the results of scientific developments concerning the structural organization of sacred landscapes. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of constructive-geographic analysis, which is based on the approaches of the natural and the humanitarian sciences. The system approach to the study of sacred landscapes as a holistic organized territorial structure and a set of methods is used in this work, in particular: structural and logical generalization and system analysis, comparative and geographical, historical and geographical. The author considers the significance of the notion of sacral landscape as being broader than religion per se, and considers it a natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic system associated with certain symbols of life, myths, significant events, and , indeed ,religious feelings that are of great importance to a person or group of people and requires special respect and protection. The structural organization of all sacred landscapes is characterized by their properties and spatial structure and is closely connected with their social and functional purpose. As a result, such territorial systems can be divided into: confessional, taphal, active, abnormal. The sacred landscape is characterized by polystructurality, that is, the presence of spatial, temporal and morphological structure. In the spatial structure of the sacral landscape, the following components can be distinguished: the sacred object, anthropogenic and technogenic component, the landscape structure and a person with his/ her spiritual experience. In addition, such a structure has a hierarchical construction, where individual, local, regional, national and global levels can be distinguished. This article presents the peculiarities of the temporal structure of sacral landscapes and outlines the external, internal, and the functioning time. Particular attention is paid to the characteristic of internal time, where one can distinguish the following phases of development: the formation of a natural, natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic landscape; the creation of a spiritual component; loss of sacred human perception of a natural, natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic landscape; the disappearance of the natural or natural- anthropogenic landscape. Taking into account the morphological structure of the sacred landscape, it is substantiated that religious objects serving as markers of sacred landscapes cannot correspond to one or another morphological unit of the landscape, that is, completely repeat its outlines and boundaries. However, there is a correlation between the type of landscape and the features of the sacred objects that were formed there.
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Lipský, Zdeněk. "Landscape Structure Change of the Czech Rural Landscape." Geografie 99, no. 4 (1994): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1994099040248.
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Land use and landscape structure changes were investigated on the example of an agricultural landscape in Central Bohemia. The attention has been paid particularly to deep changes which occurred during recent 40 years of socialist collectivization. The analysis of the landscape development shows that not only the ratio of arable lands, grasslands and forests, but particularly their spatial composition significantly influence the landscape stability.
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Da Silva, Sébastien, Florence Le Ber, and Claire Lavigne. "Structure Analysis of Hedgerows with Respect to Perennial Landscape Lines in Two Contrasting French Agricultural Landscapes." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2014010102.
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Characterizing the spatial distribution of hedgerows over landscapes is important for understanding the effects of this distribution on the dynamics of plant and animal populations. Because hedgerows are planted or managed, the authors hypothesized that their distribution depends on the presence of other linear landscape elements, namely, roads and channels. Using proximity analyses, the authors thus assessed how the spatial distribution of hedgerows was impacted by the position of these linear landscape elements and the spatial extent of this impact for two contrasting agricultural landscapes. The results indicate that hedgerows were generally associated at short distances with other elements (100-150 m). Hedgerows had different association patterns depending on their orientation in one of the two landscapes. In that same landscape, within-landscape heterogeneity was related to different association patterns. These results indicate that models of the spatial distribution of hedgerows would gain from being based on the location of roads and channels in the studied landscape.
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Gavrylenko, Olena. "Regional landscape studies for physical planning." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 48 (December 23, 2014): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1343.
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The landscape research essence for design and planning purposes is considered. Content and sequence of the research basic stages aimed at achieving the highest possible compliance of the economy sectoral structure with area contemporary landscape structure are substantiated. The main objectives of the research are study of landscape structure projected area, assessment of their anthropogenic transformation degree and degree of favorability for different kinds of human activity. Investigation is fulfilled by development of recommendations for improvement of landscapes’ properties in order to optimize their socio-economic functions performance. Key words: landscape analysis, district planning, regional nature management.
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Grieve, Stuart W. D., Simon M. Mudd, Martin D. Hurst, and David T. Milodowski. "A nondimensional framework for exploring the relief structure of landscapes." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 2 (April 8, 2016): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-309-2016.
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Abstract. Considering the relationship between erosion rate and the relief structure of a landscape within a nondimensional framework facilitates the comparison of landscapes undergoing forcing at a range of scales, and allows broad-scale patterns of landscape evolution to be observed. We present software which automates the extraction and processing of relevant topographic parameters to rapidly generate nondimensional erosion rate and relief data for any landscape where high-resolution topographic data are available. Individual hillslopes are identified using a connected-components technique which allows spatial averaging to be performed over geomorphologically meaningful spatial units, without the need for manual identification of hillslopes. The software is evaluated on four landscapes across the continental United States, three of which have been studied previously using this technique. We show that it is possible to identify whether landscapes are in topographic steady state. In locations such as Cascade Ridge, CA, a clear signal of an erosional gradient can be observed. In the southern Appalachians, nondimensional erosion rate and relief data are interpreted as evidence for a landscape decaying following uplift during the Miocene. An analysis of the sensitivity of this method to free parameters used in the data smoothing routines is presented which allows users to make an informed choice of parameters when interrogating new topographic data using this method. A method to constrain the critical gradient of the nonlinear sediment flux law is also presented which provides an independent constraint on this parameter for three of the four study landscapes.
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Norn, Christoffer, Basile I. M. Wicky, David Juergens, Sirui Liu, David Kim, Doug Tischer, Brian Koepnick, Ivan Anishchenko, David Baker, and Sergey Ovchinnikov. "Protein sequence design by conformational landscape optimization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 12, 2021): e2017228118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017228118.
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The protein design problem is to identify an amino acid sequence that folds to a desired structure. Given Anfinsen’s thermodynamic hypothesis of folding, this can be recast as finding an amino acid sequence for which the desired structure is the lowest energy state. As this calculation involves not only all possible amino acid sequences but also, all possible structures, most current approaches focus instead on the more tractable problem of finding the lowest-energy amino acid sequence for the desired structure, often checking by protein structure prediction in a second step that the desired structure is indeed the lowest-energy conformation for the designed sequence, and typically discarding a large fraction of designed sequences for which this is not the case. Here, we show that by backpropagating gradients through the transform-restrained Rosetta (trRosetta) structure prediction network from the desired structure to the input amino acid sequence, we can directly optimize over all possible amino acid sequences and all possible structures in a single calculation. We find that trRosetta calculations, which consider the full conformational landscape, can be more effective than Rosetta single-point energy estimations in predicting folding and stability of de novo designed proteins. We compare sequence design by conformational landscape optimization with the standard energy-based sequence design methodology in Rosetta and show that the former can result in energy landscapes with fewer alternative energy minima. We show further that more funneled energy landscapes can be designed by combining the strengths of the two approaches: the low-resolution trRosetta model serves to disfavor alternative states, and the high-resolution Rosetta model serves to create a deep energy minimum at the design target structure.
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Deneu, Benjamin, Maximilien Servajean, Pierre Bonnet, Christophe Botella, François Munoz, and Alexis Joly. "Convolutional neural networks improve species distribution modelling by capturing the spatial structure of the environment." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): e1008856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008856.
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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are statistical models suited for learning complex visual patterns. In the context of Species Distribution Models (SDM) and in line with predictions of landscape ecology and island biogeography, CNN could grasp how local landscape structure affects prediction of species occurrence in SDMs. The prediction can thus reflect the signatures of entangled ecological processes. Although previous machine-learning based SDMs can learn complex influences of environmental predictors, they cannot acknowledge the influence of environmental structure in local landscapes (hence denoted “punctual models”). In this study, we applied CNNs to a large dataset of plant occurrences in France (GBIF), on a large taxonomical scale, to predict ranked relative probability of species (by joint learning) to any geographical position. We examined the way local environmental landscapes improve prediction by performing alternative CNN models deprived of information on landscape heterogeneity and structure (“ablation experiments”). We found that the landscape structure around location crucially contributed to improve predictive performance of CNN-SDMs. CNN models can classify the predicted distributions of many species, as other joint modelling approaches, but they further prove efficient in identifying the influence of local environmental landscapes. CNN can then represent signatures of spatially structured environmental drivers. The prediction gain is noticeable for rare species, which open promising perspectives for biodiversity monitoring and conservation strategies. Therefore, the approach is of both theoretical and practical interest. We discuss the way to test hypotheses on the patterns learnt by CNN, which should be essential for further interpretation of the ecological processes at play.
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Udovychenko, V. "BIOCENTRIC-NETWORKING CONFIGURATION OF THE FOREST-STEPPE LANDSCAPES OF THE LEFT BANK OF UKRAINE: METRIZATION AND ASSESSMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (86) (2019): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.86.09.
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The aim of the research is to do metrization and evaluation of the biocentric-networking configuration of landscapes on the example of the foreststeppe complexes of the Left Bank of Ukraine research area as a key basis for the landscape planning implementation by using GIS-parcel MapInfo Professional 15.0. Specificity of the biocentric-networking configuration of landscapes of the research area is taken into account according to the hierarchic, structural morphometric and landscape presentivness principles, and due to the concept of landscape diversity, biocentric-networking structure of landscape of a skeleton type, landscape-planning skeleton, and from the functional landscape features evaluation point of view. For the first time detachment, metrization, graphic and mapping modelling of the biocentric-networking configuration of the forest-steppe landscapes complexes of the Left Bank of Ukraine research area was done according to its division into the geniuses and units, its elements differentiation establishing; evaluation of the specificity of their formation and typization according to its environment stabilizing function and landscape-topological territory structure was done for the purpose of future landscape-planning activities elaboration and implementation.
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Martínez-Ruiz, Marisela, Miguel A. De Labra-Hernández, Fernando César Gonçalves Bonfim, and Eliana Cazetta. "Influence of Landscape Structure on Toucans and Parrots in the Fragmented Landscape of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico." Tropical Conservation Science 14 (January 2021): 194008292110499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19400829211049999.
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Background and Research Aims: Habitat amount plays an important role in determining the presence and abundance of bird species in modified landscapes, whereas habitat fragmentation has shown little effects. Toucans (Ramphastidae) and parrots (Psittacidae) are large-bodied primary consumers and among the most representative birds in Neotropical forests. They are highly sensitive to habitat loss; nevertheless, their response to fragmentation has been poorly assessed leading to contradictory results. Here, we evaluate the influence of landscape structure on toucans and parrots in the tropical forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Methods: We censused birds in 12 landscapes of Los Tuxtlas and used a multi-scale landscape approach to assess the influence of landscape composition and configuration on the number of individuals of toucans and parrots. Results: We found that the most important and positive predictor of toucans and parrots was the amount of primary forest cover in the landscape. Forest fragmentation had positive effects on the number of toucan individuals, whereas parrots had negative responses to patch density but positive responses to edge density in the landscape. Conclusion: Our results suggest that primary forest loss is the main threat for toucans and parrots in Los Tuxtlas. Implications for conservation: Future conservation and land management must consider the protection of large and small remnants of primary forest and avoid additional forest loss in order to preserve toucan and parrots and their functional roles in human-modified Neotropical landscapes.
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Flores, Lilian Maria Araujo, Lorenzo Roberto Sgobaro Zanette, Danilo Boscolo, and Francisca Soares Araújo. "Landscape Structure Effects on Bee and Wasp Assemblages in a Semiarid Buffer Zone." Landscape Online 76 (October 25, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201976.
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Understanding the effects of anthropogenic changes on groups that perform key ecosystem services, such as pollination and pest control, is essential for conservation and maintenance of these groups in landscapes. We aimed to understand how landscape heterogeneity and the natural vegetation loss affect the diversity of bees, wasps and their parasitoids in a resource limited semiarid environment. We sampled bees and wasps that nest in pre-existing cavities in 20 landscapes, for two years, in Ubajara National Park, in northeastern of Brazil. We recorded eleven species of bees, nine of wasps and six of parasitoids in 657 trapnests. Landscape heterogeneity had different effects on bees, wasps and their parasitoids. Landscape configuration had stronger effect than composition. Bee abundance decreased according to the complexity of the spatial arrangement of landscape units, while wasp abundance increased. Our study shows that in semiarid regions some species may have different responses to landscape structure from those found in other regions. The spatial patterns described here have important implications for conservation of these essential biological groups, indicating that conservation actions for these groups should associate both landscape composition and configuration to increase the provision of resources and to facilitate the access to resources throughout the year.
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Melnyk, Anatolyj, Valeryj Petlin, and Semen Kukurudza. "Landscape studies at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv at the beginning of the 21st century (2004–2014)." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 48 (December 23, 2014): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1290.
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During the last decade, basic research on landscapes at the Franko University was concentrated on the development history, structure, dynamics, and functioning of natural terrain and aquatic complexes of Western Ukraine. Several scientific trends have developed in applied landscape science – namely, landscape monitoring, environmental landscape science, recreational landscape science, regional landscape science, tourist landscape science, studies on natural resources, geoecology, and geosozology. Key words: landscape, natural terrain complex, landscape diversity, landscape studies, applied landscape science.
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Burianyk, Olesya, and Anatoliy Melnyk. "Landscape zoning of Skole`s Beskydy." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 49 (December 30, 2015): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2015.49.8604.
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Historical overview of the development of physical-geographical regionalization of Ukrainian Carpathians and the evolution of ideas about the place and borders of Skole’s Beskydy are shown. According to zoning schemes of Ukrainian Carpathians (Herenchuk, Koynov, Tsys, 1964; Tsys, 1968; Miller, Fedirko, 1990; Miller, 1999; Marinich et al., 2009; Hiletskyy, 2012) Skole’s Beskydy are treated as separate landscape area that consists of landscapes. Based on comparative analysis of physical and geographic (landscape) zoning schemes of Skole’s Beskydy, the results of own landscape mapping of the area in the scale of 1:50 000, modern specific maps (topographic, tectonic, geological etc.) and satellite images, Southwestern border of landscape area is specified. A new more detailed scheme of division of the territory on landscapes is proposed. The basis of the proposed landscape zoning of Skole’s Beskydy is zoning by A. Melnyk (1999). The criteria for landscapes defining were: the unity of the geological foundation, connectedness with their morphological structure of the lowest order, restriction to certain relief macroforms (of entire mountain ranges) and the nature of their internal morphological structure (a combination of highaltitude areas and arrays). The scheme of landscape zoning of the area under investigation includes 32 landscapes. Key words: landscape, landscape zoning, Skole’s Beskydy, Ukrainian Carpathians.Tsaryk, L. P., & Tsaryk, P. L. (2008). Zakhidnopodilski Tovtry – unikalnyi pryrodnyi obiekt v umovakh neratsionalnoho pryrodokorystuvannia. Okhorona i menedzhment obiektiv nezhyvoi pryrody na zapovidnykh terytoriiakh: materialy mizhnarodnoi naukovopraktychnoi konferentsii. Hrymailiv–Ternopil: Dzhura, 310–317 (in Ukrainian).
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Mitchell, Matthew G. E., Dan Wu, Kasper Johansen, Martine Maron, Clive McAlpine, and Jonathan R. Rhodes. "Landscape structure influences urban vegetation vertical structure." Journal of Applied Ecology 53, no. 5 (July 27, 2016): 1477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12741.
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Johnson, Matthew, Paul Reich, and Ralph Mac Nally. "Bird assemblages of a fragmented agricultural landscape and the relative importance of vegetation structure and landscape pattern." Wildlife Research 34, no. 3 (2007): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06103.
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Many of the world’s agricultural areas have greatly reduced levels of natural vegetation. This results in highly fragmented mosaic landscapes with multiple land-use types. We examined the importance of vegetation and landscape pattern by comparing the bird assemblages of riparian zones, non-riparian forest patches, and pasture in a fragmented agricultural landscape in south-eastern Australia. Bird surveys were conducted every four weeks at 27 sites in the Goldfields region of central Victoria for one year. The landscape context (position and shape of patches) and vegetation attributes were measured for each site. We found that bird assemblages strongly differed among these landscape elements. Mean abundance was significantly greater at forested patches, and there was a three-fold reduction in species richness at pasture sites. Bird assemblage structure was influenced substantially more by vegetation than by the landscape context of sites. Our results indicate that riparian vegetation is a key element for avian diversity, even in massively altered landscapes. The restoration of riparian vegetation and its connectivity with adjacent forest types would greatly benefit bird assemblages in agricultural areas.
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Wales, David J. "Decoding the energy landscape: extracting structure, dynamics and thermodynamics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1969 (June 28, 2012): 2877–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0208.
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Describing a potential energy surface in terms of local minima and the transition states that connect them provides a conceptual and computational framework for understanding and predicting observable properties. Visualizing the potential energy landscape using disconnectivity graphs supplies a graphical connection between different structure-seeking systems, which can relax efficiently to a particular morphology. Landscapes involving competing morphologies support multiple potential energy funnels, which may exhibit characteristic heat capacity features and relaxation time scales. These connections between the organization of the potential energy landscape and structure, dynamics and thermodynamics are common to all the examples presented, ranging from atomic and molecular clusters to biomolecules and soft and condensed matter. Further connections between motifs in the energy landscape and the interparticle forces can be developed using symmetry considerations and results from catastrophe theory.
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Rossi, Jean-Pierre, and Gauthier Dobigny. "Urban Landscape Structure of a Fast-Growing African City: The Case of Niamey (Niger)." Urban Science 3, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020063.
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Combining multivariable statistics and geostatistics with landscape metrics, we attempted to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in the city of Niamey, Niger. Landscape metrics provided local quantification of both landscape composition and physiognomy while the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) yielded a multivariable summary of the main source of landscape metrics variation across the city. We used the variogram (geostatistics) to analyze the spatial pattern of the PCA outcomes and to characterize the associated spatial scales of variation. In Niamey, the main urban structure corresponded to a gradient ranging from highly diversified, fragmented, and both wooded and built-up areas in the city center and along the Niger River, to less green zones gathering steel-roofed houses whose density diminished towards the periphery. This concentric structure centered on the Niger River clearly reflected the history of Niamey. PCA and geostatistics provided appealing quantitative estimates of spatial patterns, scales, anisotropy and intensity of urban structures. Although these different tools are known in landscape ecology, they are rarely used together. The present paper illustrates how they allow characterizing the marked spatial variation of the urban landscape of the fast-growing African city of Niamey (Niger). Such a quantification of the urban landscapes may be extremely useful for future correlative investigations in various fields of research and planning.
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Krasilnikova, Elina, Inna Zhuravleva, and Inna Zaika. "Landscape code for therapeutic gardens and therapeutic landscapes." проект байкал, no. 70 (December 17, 2021): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.70.1900.
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The creation of therapeutic gardens and therapeutic landscapes in the structure of landscaping of hospitals and clinics is an important direction in the formation of the landscape and urban planning framework of cities to avoid the consequences of the pandemic. The landscape code of therapeutic gardens and therapeutic landscapes is scientifically grounded practical guidelines for the architectural and landscape design of the territories of healthcare facilities.
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Gkoltsiou, Aikaterini, Theano S. Terkenli, and Sotirios Koukoulas. "Landscape indicators for the evaluation of tourist landscape structure." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 28, 2013): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2013.827594.
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O. Festus, Olusola, Wei Ji, and Opeyemi Zubair. "Characterizing the Landscape Structure of Urban Wetlands Using Terrain and Landscape Indices." Land 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010029.
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Several studies have shown human impacts on urban wetlands. These impacts are mostly studied at broad scales, which may generalize and aggregate important information needed for landscape quantification or terrain analysis. This situation can weakly or inappropriately address the structure of wetland landscapes, thus affecting the assessment of the quantities and qualities of terrestrial wetland habitats. To address these issues for urban wetland dynamics, this study proposes the use of landscape and terrain indices to characterize the landscape structure of urban wetlands at a fine scale in order to assess its usefulness in contributing to wildlife sustainability. To achieve this goal, secondary terrain attribute data are integrated with an object-based satellite image classification at the wetland and watershed level. The result reveals a general swell in wetland coverage at the watershed level. Further analysis shows the size and shape complexities, and edge irregularities are increased significantly at the patch level but slightly at the watershed level. Terrain analysis further reveals a potential increase in wetness and decrease in stream power vulnerability for most of the major wetlands under study. These results suggest that terrain and landscape indices are effective in characterizing the structure of urban wetlands that supports socio-ecological sustainability.
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Hellberg, Erik, Mats Niklasson, and Anders Granström. "Influence of landscape structure on patterns of forest fires in boreal forest landscapes in Sweden." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-175.
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To analyze the effect of landscape structure (viz. amount of wetlands) on the past forest fire regime in boreal Sweden, we reconstructed detailed fire histories by cross-dating fire scars in living and dead Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in two different landscape types: mire-free landscapes with a low proportion (1%2%) of mires and mire-rich landscapes with a high proportion (21%33%) of mires. Two localities were selected and at each one, adjacent mire-free and mire-rich areas of 256601 ha were sampled. Over the studied 650-year period, the two landscape types differed primarily in the fire intervals and sizes of fires. In the mire-rich landscapes, fires had frequently stopped against mire elements. The net effect was significantly longer fire intervals in the mire-rich than in the mire-free landscape (on average, 32 versus 56 years). The mire-rich areas also had a tail of very long fire intervals lacking in the mire-free areas (maximal interval 292 years). We conclude that mires can have a profound effect on both spatial and temporal patterns of forest fires in the boreal forest, but only when they are effective fuel breaks (i.e., they are wet enough) at the time the fires burn and if they truly dissect the nonmire portion of the forest landscape.
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Drăguţ, Lucian, Ulrich Walz, and Thomas Blaschke. "The third and fourth dimensions of landscape: Towards conceptual models of topographically complex landscapes." Landscape Online 22 (November 18, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201022.
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Relating spatial patterns to ecological processes is one of the central goals of landscape ecology. The patch-corridor-matrix model and landscape metrics have been the predominant approach to describe the spatial arrangement of discrete elements ("patches") for the last two decades. However, the widely used approach of using landscape metrics for characterizing categorical map patterns is connected with a number of problems. We aim at stimulating further developments in the field of the analysis of spatio-temporal landscape patterns by providing both a critical review of existing techniques and clarifying their pros and cons as well as demonstrating how to extent common approaches in landscape ecology (e.g. the patch-corridor-matrix model). The extension into the third dimension means adding information on the relief and height of vegetation, while the fourth dimension means the temporal, dynamic aspect of landscapes. The contribution is structured around three main topics: the third dimension of landscapes, the fourth dimension of landscapes, and spatial and temporal scales in landscape analysis. Based on the results of a symposium on this theme at the IALE conference in 2009 in Salzburg and a literature review we emphasize the need to add topographic information into evaluations of landscape structure, the appropriate consideration of scales; and to consider the ambiguity and even contradiction between landscape metrics.
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Gagic, Vesna, Teja Tscharntke, Carsten F. Dormann, Bernd Gruber, Anne Wilstermann, and Carsten Thies. "Food web structure and biocontrol in a four-trophic level system across a landscape complexity gradient." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1720 (February 16, 2011): 2946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2645.
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Decline in landscape complexity owing to agricultural intensification may affect biodiversity, food web complexity and associated ecological processes such as biological control, but such relationships are poorly understood. Here, we analysed food webs of cereal aphids, their primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in 18 agricultural landscapes differing in structural complexity (42–93% arable land). Despite little variation in the richness of each trophic group, we found considerable changes in trophic link properties across the landscape complexity gradient. Unexpectedly, aphid–parasitoid food webs exhibited a lower complexity (lower linkage density, interaction diversity and generality) in structurally complex landscapes, which was related to the dominance of one aphid species in complex landscapes. Nevertheless, primary parasitism, as well as hyperparasitism, was higher in complex landscapes, with primary parasitism reaching levels for potentially successful biological control. In conclusion, landscape complexity appeared to foster higher parasitism rates, but simpler food webs, thereby casting doubt on the general importance of food web complexity for ecosystem functioning.
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Morgan, R., and M. Gallagher. "Using Landscape Topology to Compare Continuous Metaheuristics: A Framework and Case Study on EDAs and Ridge Structure." Evolutionary Computation 20, no. 2 (June 2012): 277–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00070.
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In this paper we extend a previously proposed randomized landscape generator in combination with a comparative experimental methodology to study the behavior of continuous metaheuristic optimization algorithms. In particular, we generate two-dimensional landscapes with parameterized, linear ridge structure, and perform pairwise comparisons of algorithms to gain insight into what kind of problems are easy and difficult for one algorithm instance relative to another. We apply this methodology to investigate the specific issue of explicit dependency modeling in simple continuous estimation of distribution algorithms. Experimental results reveal specific examples of landscapes (with certain identifiable features) where dependency modeling is useful, harmful, or has little impact on mean algorithm performance. Heat maps are used to compare algorithm performance over a large number of landscape instances and algorithm trials. Finally, we perform a meta-search in the landscape parameter space to find landscapes which maximize the performance between algorithms. The results are related to some previous intuition about the behavior of these algorithms, but at the same time lead to new insights into the relationship between dependency modeling in EDAs and the structure of the problem landscape. The landscape generator and overall methodology are quite general and extendable and can be used to examine specific features of other algorithms.
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Kravtsova, I., and О. Lavryk. "SPATIAL-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS FORMATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF MODERN GARDEN-PARK LANDSCAPES OF RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 73 (2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2019.73.8.
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The spatial and temporal analysis of the formation of the structure of garden-park landscapes of the Right-Bank Ukraine on the example of the National Dendrology Park “Sofiyivka” of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Alexandria Dendrological Park the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sinitsky Park of Cherkassy region, Nemirovsky Park, Sokiletsky and Pechersk parks of Vinnitsa region were done in the article. The emphasis was placed on the spatial location of Right-Bank Ukraine, the peculiarities of natural conditions and the diversity of natural landscapes, which determined the attractiveness of the territory for its development by different peoples and ethnic groups. The boundary of the situation led to the interaction and overlay of Western European and Eastern European cultures, the material expression of which are garden-park landscapes. Garden-park landscapes are a special group of anthropogenic landscapes, which are composed of natural and technical blocks. The features of the technical block are determined not only by the natural conditions of the territory but also by the culture of the organization and creation of the garden-park landscapes that is characteristic of the corresponding historical period. It was noted that in the landscape structure of the old garden-park landscapes, there are a river, floodplain, sloping and watershed types of areas that are typical for the research area. Formation, functioning and development of gardens and parks are associated with the peculiarities of the socio-economic and historical development of the territory. The river-floodplain type of terrain is represented by tracts of rivers, ponds, islands, levelling surfaces, occupied by meadow vegetation. Mostly, the tracts of this type of terrain are complicated by such landscape-technical systems as bridges and dams. On average, the river-floodplain type of terrain accounts for 10 to 20% of the area of the garden park landscape. The sloping type of terrain includes a variety of simple and complex tracts with steep slopes of 50 to steep sloping walls. Busy, mostly, parked plantations and ray fields. Landscape-technical systems are represented by different types of stairs. This type of terrain accounts for the largest share of a garden-park landscape – from 60% to 90%. This fact is connected with the specifics of the organization of garden-park landscapes within the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine. Watershed type of terrain is represented by tracts of weakly wavy surfaces. It includes a park building, which is represented by various buildings. Regardless of the landscape style of planning the territory, within the limits of the water-type type of terrain, there are regular elements of the organization of the territory – they are alleys, parterals, bosqueets, etc. Up to 20% of the area of the landscape garden landscape belongs to the tract of the watershed type of terrain. It was concluded that most of the garden-parf landscapes of Right-bank Ukraine are now in poor condition. In order to preserve and improve the modern structure of garden-park landscapes, the following measures should be taken: to significantly expand their areas and improve the functioning of the infrastructure elements; to regulate the boundaries of garden-park landscapes and to pay more attention to their paragenetic and paradigmatic interconnections with the surrounding territories: to clearly outline the role and significance of existing and future garden-park landscapes in the structure of regional ecosystems.
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Mas, J. F., B. Soares-Filho, and H. Rodrigues. "CALIBRATING CELLULAR AUTOMATA OF LAND USE/COVER CHANGE MODELS USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (August 19, 2015): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-67-2015.
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Spatially explicit land use / land cover (LUCC) models aim at simulating the patterns of change on the landscape. In order to simulate landscape structure, the simulation procedures of most computational LUCC models use a cellular automata to replicate the land use / cover patches. Generally, model evaluation is based on assessing the location of the simulated changes in comparison to the true locations but landscapes metrics can also be used to assess landscape structure. As model complexity increases, the need to improve calibration and assessment techniques also increases. In this study, we applied a genetic algorithm tool to optimize cellular automata’s parameters to simulate deforestation in a region of the Brazilian Amazon. We found that the genetic algorithm was able to calibrate the model to simulate more realistic landscape in term of connectivity. Results show also that more realistic simulated landscapes are often obtained at the expense of the location coincidence. However, when considering processes such as the fragmentation impacts on biodiversity, the simulation of more realistic landscape structure should be preferred to spatial coincidence performance.
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Iverson Nassauer, Joan. "Culture and changing landscape structure." Landscape Ecology 10, no. 4 (August 1995): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00129257.
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HORI, Shigeru, Masao KURIHARA, and Osamu SHINOHARA. "On Structure of Experienced Landscape." Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architects 51, no. 5 (1987): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila1934.51.5_287.
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Walz, Ulrich, and Ralf-Uwe Syrbe. "Linking landscape structure and biodiversity." Ecological Indicators 31 (August 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.032.
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Udovychenko, V. "THE METRIZATION LANDSCAPE BIOCENTRIC-NETWORK CONFIGURATION WITHIN THLEFT-BANK THE DNIPRO RIVER OF UKRAINE TERRITORY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 66-67 (2017): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2017.66.9.
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The biocentric-network configuration of landscapes (BNCL) is understood as a variety of biocenters that located at the matrix of landscapes and along which the biotic migrations take places. The theoretic-methodological contemporary apparatus of BNCL exploration formed by scientific results which we could find out in works of European and Ukrainian scientists, in particular: A. Buchek, Ja. Lazina, I. Ljov, P Kavaljauskas, R. Forman, M. Godron, M. Grodzinskyi, P. Shyschenko, V. Paschenko, S. Kukurudza, etc. Nevertheless, lack of works which could clarify questions of landscape representativeness and metrization BNCL under conditions of considerable fragmented and anthropogenic territories leads us to accomplishment becoming exploration. Thus, the aim of the article is to determine landscape representiveness (at the levels of type, and sort of landscape complexes) of BNCL by using results of our mapping modelling of landscape-typological structure of the Left-Bank the Dnipro river of Ukraine territory, the structure of BNCL and the nature reserved fund, which could be a good background for choosing criteria of landscape planning typological units distinguishing and for the future possibility of usage it for the purpose of landscape planning tools implementation. The region of the exploration – the Left-Bank the Dnipro river of Ukraine territory – is understood as a totality of four administration region of Ukraine, such as Poltavsjka, Sumsjka, Harkivsjka, and Chernighivsjka. The levels of landscape representiveness were determined by using GIS-parcel MapInfo Professional 10.0.1, and type, and sort of landscape complexes data, including 1 552 objects of nature reserved fund (by 1.11.2016). The methodical basis of the research is formed by the system of methods such as mapping, graphical, statistic, analysis, and synthesis, etc., especially the method of laying on to each other the mapping models of sort of landscape, the nature reserve fund, and the BNCL structure of the Left-Bank the Dnipro river of Ukraine territory done by the author. The level of landscape representiveness of landscapes sorts by the elements of BNCL is understood as plurality it on the unit of a biocentric area. According to the received results of region landscape representiveness calculation at the level of sort of landscapes, we summarized that same objects of BNCL has high or low level of its. The metrization of elements the BNCL structure helps us to distinguish “central” and “provincial” biocenters. Altogether, received results of graphical and matrix modeling the BNCL will be a good background for the future landscape planning tools implementation.
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Kuraeva, Iryna, Iryna Roga, Liudmyla Sorokina, and Olexandr Holubtsov. "Landscapes of Podillian Tovtry and their pollution with heavy metals." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 41 (September 17, 2013): 180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.41.1946.
Full textAbstract:
The main features of landscape structure of Podillian Tovtry within the territory of Ternopil region are considered. The content of heavy metals in the soils of the landscapes is analysed by the example of two key areas with different types of landuse. The landscape structure of the territory and the content of heavy metals in soils have been characterized on the basis of results of the authors’ field research. Key words: landscapes; Podillian Tovtry; anthropogenic impact; heavy metals.