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Journal articles on the topic "Landscape regolith"
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Ott, Richard F., Sean F. Gallen, and Darryl E. Granger. "Cosmogenic nuclide weathering biases: corrections and potential for denudation and weathering rate measurements." Geochronology 4, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-455-2022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Cosmogenic radionuclides (CRNs) are the standard tool to derive centennial-to-millennial timescale denudation rates; however, it has been demonstrated that chemical weathering in some settings can bias CRNs as a proxy for landscape denudation. Currently, studies investigating CRN weathering biases have mostly focused on the largely insoluble target mineral quartz in felsic lithologies. Here, we examine the response of CRN build-up for both soluble and insoluble target minerals under different weathering scenarios. We assume a simple box model in which bedrock is converted to a well-mixed regolith at a constant rate, and denudation occurs by regolith erosion and weathering either in the regolith or along the regolith–bedrock interface, as is common in carbonate bedrock. We show that weathering along the regolith–bedrock interface increases CRN concentrations compared to a no-weathering case and how independently derived weathering rates or degrees can be used to correct for this bias. If weathering is concentrated within the regolith, insoluble target minerals will have a longer regolith residence time and higher nuclide concentration than soluble target minerals. This bias can be identified and corrected using paired-nuclide measurements of minerals with different solubility coupled with knowledge of either the bedrock or regolith mineralogy to derive denudation and long-term weathering rates. Similarly, single-nuclide measurements on soluble or insoluble minerals can be corrected to determine denudation rates if a weathering rate and compositional data are available. Our model highlights that for soluble target minerals, the relationship between nuclide accumulation and denudation is not monotonic. We use this understanding to map the conditions of regolith mass, weathering, and denudation rates at which weathering corrections for cosmogenic nuclides become large and ambiguous, as well as identify environments in which the bias is mostly negligible and CRN concentrations reliably reflect landscape denudation. We highlight how measurements of CRNs from soluble target minerals, coupled with bedrock and regolith mineralogy, can help to expand the range of landscapes for which centennial-to-millennial timescale denudation and weathering rates can be obtained.
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Ollier, C. D. "Evolution of the Australian landscape." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00032.
Full textAbstract:
Landscape evolution of Australia is on the same time scale as global tectonics and biological evolution. In places, actual landforms and deep weathering products are hundreds of millions of years old. Much of Australia has a landscape resulting from stripping of weathered rock after an earlier period of very deep weathering. Other regions have sequential landforms that provide a natural laboratory where we can work out the biogeochemistry of the past. Landforms and regolith reveal the long evolution of groundwater in Australia. Lateral movement of groundwater is of paramount importance. The effects of past climates are stored in the landscape. They show that the present is not the key to the past, and former environments must be worked out from consistent internal evidence rather than the application of models based on present-day conditions. Inorganic chemistry alone is inadequate to explain many earth materials, and biology, especially microbiology, has a very significant role. Recent and present-day processes also affect the landscape, and it cannot be assumed that because the landscape and regolith are old the soils are old. Many regions have a complex regolith cover that shows modern processes working on inherited materials.
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Grundy, M. J., R. A. Viscarra Rossel, R. D. Searle, P. L. Wilson, C. Chen, and L. J. Gregory. "Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia." Soil Research 53, no. 8 (2015): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15191.
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The Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia (SLGA) is the first continental version of the GlobalSoilMap concept and the first nationally consistent, fine spatial resolution set of continuous soil attributes with Australia-wide coverage. The SLGA relies on digital soil mapping methods and integrates historical soil data, new measurement with spectroscopic sensors, novel spatial modelling and a web-service delivery architecture. The SLGA provides soil, regolith and landscape estimates at the centre point of 3 arcsecond grid cells (~90 × 90 m) across Australia. At each point, there are estimates of 11 soil attributes and confidence intervals for each estimate to a depth of 2 m or less, depth of regolith and a set of terrain descriptors. The information system also includes a library of mid-infrared spectra, an inference engine that allows estimation of additional soil parameters and an information model that enables users to access the system via web services. The explicit mapping of depth, bulk density and coarse fragments allows estimation of material stores and fluxes on a volumetric basis. The SLGA therefore has immediate applications in carbon, nitrogen and water process modelling. The map of regolith depth will find immediate application to studies of vadose zone processes, including solute transport, groundwater and nutrient fluxes beyond the root zone. Landscape attributes at 1 and 3 arcseconds are useful for a wide spectrum of ecological, hydrological and broader environmental applications. The SLGA can be accessed at no cost from www.csiro.au/soil-and-landscape-grid. It is managed and delivered as part of the Australian Soil Resource Information System (ASRIS).
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Depicker, Arthur, Gerard Govers, Liesbet Jacobs, Benjamin Campforts, Judith Uwihirwe, and Olivier Dewitte. "Interactions between deforestation, landscape rejuvenation, and shallow landslides in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region, Africa." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-445-2021.
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Abstract. Deforestation is associated with a decrease in slope stability through the alteration of hydrological and geotechnical conditions. As such, deforestation increases landslide activity over short, decadal timescales. However, over longer timescales (0.1–10 Myr) the location and timing of landsliding is controlled by the interaction between uplift and fluvial incision. Yet, the interaction between (human-induced) deforestation and landscape evolution has hitherto not been explicitly considered. We address this issue in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region (East African Rift). In recent decades, the regional population has grown exponentially, and the associated expansion of cultivated and urban land has resulted in widespread deforestation. In the past 11 Myr, active continental rifting and tectonic processes have forged two parallel mountainous rift shoulders that are continuously rejuvenated (i.e., actively incised) through knickpoint retreat, enforcing topographic steepening. In order to link deforestation and rejuvenation to landslide erosion, we compiled an inventory of nearly 8000 recent shallow landslides in © Google Earth imagery from 2000–2019. To accurately calculate landslide erosion rates, we developed a new methodology to remediate inventory biases linked to the spatial and temporal inconsistency of this satellite imagery. Moreover, to account for the impact of rock strength on both landslide occurrence and knickpoint retreat, we limit our analysis to rock types with threshold angles of 24–28∘. Rejuvenated landscapes were defined as the areas draining towards Lake Kivu or Lake Tanganyika and downstream of retreating knickpoints. We find that shallow landslide erosion rates in these rejuvenated landscapes are roughly 40 % higher than in the surrounding relict landscapes. In contrast, we find that slope exerts a stronger control on landslide erosion in relict landscapes. These two results are reconciled by the observation that landslide erosion generally increases with slope gradient and that the relief is on average steeper in rejuvenated landscapes. The weaker effect of slope steepness on landslide erosion rates in the rejuvenated landscapes could be the result of three factors: the absence of earthquake-induced landslide events in our landslide inventory, a thinner regolith mantle, and a drier climate. More frequent extreme rainfall events in the relict landscapes, and the presence of a thicker regolith, may explain a stronger landslide response to deforestation compared to rejuvenated landscapes. Overall, deforestation initiates a landslide peak that lasts approximately 15 years and increases landslide erosion by a factor 2 to 8. Eventually, landslide erosion in deforested land falls back to a level similar to that observed under forest conditions, most likely due to the depletion of the most unstable regolith. Landslides are not only more abundant in rejuvenated landscapes but are also smaller in size, which may again be a consequence of a thinner regolith mantle and/or seismic activity that fractures the bedrock and reduces the minimal critical area for slope failure. With this paper, we highlight the importance of considering the geomorphological context when studying the impact of recent land use changes on landslide activity.
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EMILIA YOLANDA AGUILERA, AGUSTINA REATO, OSCAR MARTÍNEZ, EUGENIO ARAGÓN, and JORGE RABASSA. "GRANITIC LANDSCAPE IN THE MUNRO PLUTON (TAPERA DE BURGOS), PROVINCE OF CHUBUT, PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA." William Morris Davis – Revista de Geomorfologia 1, no. 1 (August 14, 2020): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48025/issn2675-6900.v1n1.p47-74.2020.
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The Munro Pluton is located in the extra-Andean region of the province of Chubut, Argentina, in northern Patagonia, northeast of the Sierra de Tecka and northwest of the Sierra de Languineo. It is a sub-volcanic pluton with a SHRIMP age of 60 Ma (Paleocene?). Studies of fission tracks on apatites of the studied region suggest that the exhumation of the region took place during the Paleogene, indicating that the lapse since its emplacement until its exhumation, took less than 35 Ma, and that the pluton has been exposed to weathering at least since the Miocene until present times. This pluton has ellipsoidal shape and a surface of 25 km2 and it is intruded by two dyke systems. The Munro Pluton develops a landscape whose weathering front exposes fresh rocks, regolith zones and boulders immersed in regolith. Granitic landforms have been recognized at different scales. Among the bigger landforms of the granitic landscape, the following have been identified: domes (bornhardts), nubbins, koppies and smaller landforms such as boulders, flared slopes, gnammas, rills/gutters/gullies, tafoni and pseudo-bedding. Structural and textural observations allowed the inference that many of the identified landforms are generated in the sub-soil, being followed by the regolith mobilization thus exposing the paleo-weathering front. Other landforms have a tectonic component associated for their development, such as pseudo-bedding, as well as the endogenous deformations, related to the emplacement type of the Munro pluton. In general, most of the landforms are convergent as they evolve along different pathways.
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Marshall, Jill A., Joshua J. Roering, Patrick J. Bartlein, Daniel G. Gavin, Darryl E. Granger, Alan W. Rempel, Sarah J. Praskievicz, and Tristram C. Hales. "Frost for the trees: Did climate increase erosion in unglaciated landscapes during the late Pleistocene?" Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1500715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500715.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding climatic influences on the rates and mechanisms of landscape erosion is an unresolved problem in Earth science that is important for quantifying soil formation rates, sediment and solute fluxes to oceans, and atmospheric CO2regulation by silicate weathering. Glaciated landscapes record the erosional legacy of glacial intervals through moraine deposits and U-shaped valleys, whereas more widespread unglaciated hillslopes and rivers lack obvious climate signatures, hampering mechanistic theory for how climate sets fluxes and form. Today, periglacial processes in high-elevation settings promote vigorous bedrock-to-regolith conversion and regolith transport, but the extent to which frost processes shaped vast swaths of low- to moderate-elevation terrain during past climate regimes is not well established. By combining a mechanistic frost weathering model with a regional Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climate reconstruction derived from a paleo-Earth System Model, paleovegetation data, and a paleoerosion archive, we propose that frost-driven sediment production was pervasive during the LGM in our unglaciated Pacific Northwest study site, coincident with a 2.5 times increase in erosion relative to modern rates. Our findings provide a novel framework to quantify how climate modulates sediment production over glacial-interglacial cycles in mid-latitude unglaciated terrain.
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Mcfarlane, DJ, and RJ George. "Factors affecting dryland salinity in two wheat belt catchments in Western Australia." Soil Research 30, no. 1 (1992): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920085.
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We investigated why the Wallatin Creek Catchment in the Western Australian wheatbelt had an appreciable area of secondary salinity whereas the adjoining North Baandee Catchment had almost none. The Wallatin Creek Catchment, which is long and narrow, had a shallow regolith over granite bedrock. Although this catchment had less salt stored in the regolith than the wider North Baandee Catchment, the groundwaters came close to the ground surface because the regolith was thin and the valley cross-section narrow. Management practices which increase recharge (e.g. using level banks to control runoff), are likely to result in increased salinity in the short term in the Wallatin Creek Catchment. We also investigated whether retaining areas of remnant vegetation had reduced the amount of secondary salinity in a sub-catchment of the Wallatin Creek Catchment. At comparable positions in the landscape, groundwater levels were up to 7 m lower under the remnant vegetation. The vegetation appears to have delayed, if not prevented, the development of salinity in nearby and downslope areas.
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King, Andrew, and Ignacio Gonzalez-Alvarez. "Constraining Airborne Electromagnetic Interpretation with Regolith Stratigraphy and Landscape Evolution Processes." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, no. 1 (December 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abp041.
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Chan, R. A. "Evolution of the Girilambone regolith landscape, central-western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, sup1 (July 2009): S105—S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090902871135.
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Dosseto, Anthony, Heather L. Buss, and P. O. Suresh. "Rapid regolith formation over volcanic bedrock and implications for landscape evolution." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 337-338 (July 2012): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.008.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Landscape regolith"
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Spry, Melissa J., and n/a. "The Regolith and landscape evolution of a low relief landscape: Cobar, Central New South Wales, Australia." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Management, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050704.162445.
Full textAbstract:
Construction of a 1:250,000 scale regolith-landform map of the Cobar area of central New
South Wales (NSW) Australia, demonstrates the presence of a wide range of previously undescribed
regolith materials, landforms and landscape features in the region. The map covers the east-west extent
of the Cobar Basin, extends to the west onto the Darling River Floodplain, and east onto rocks of the
Girilambone Group. The mapping area is centred on the Cobar township and covers -14,730 krn2
between 303113 and 446113 E and 6483184 and 6586183 N (AGO 66, MGA Zone 55). 48 regolithlandform
units have been identified, including both transported (alluvial, colluvial, aeolian, lacustrine)
and in situ materials. A range of siliceous, ferruginous and calcareous indurated materials are also
present.
Four major drainage types have been identified based on lithological, sedimentological and
topographic differences in alluvial materials. The 4 drainage types include: 1) modern drainage; 2)
maghemite and quartzose gravels elevated 1-2 m relative to the modern drainage; 3) higher
topographically inverted, and at least partly silicified, gravels; and, 4) sediments of Cretaceous origin.
Multiple phases of drainage stability and instability from the Cretaceous to the present are indicated
within the sediments. Breaching of drainage divides and increased dissection of the modern drainage,
especially to the south of Cobar, indicate possible tectonic movement across a major regolith-landform
boundary in the southern map area. Colluvial materials are more widespread to the north of Cobar
reflecting the increased landscape dissection to the south. Colluvial fans are preserved adjacent to
major rangefronts. Aeolian and lacustrine materials include longitudinal dunefields of the Darling
River floodplain, source bordering dunes, and small lunettes associated with the Barnato Lakes system.
Regolith-landform mapping at Cobar has been used to assess the applicability of previously
developed landscape evolution models of the Cobar Block and surrounding region, and to develop a
new landscape evolution model for the region. The new landscape evolution model of Cobar indicates
minimal deposition of Cretaceous sediments, succeeded by high-energy early Tertiary fluvial regimes
across the Cobar landscape. Weathering and sediment deposition continued into the Miocene, coupled
with deep valley incision on the Cobar Block associated with early Oligocene regression. By the close
of the Miocene, the Cobar Block had eroded to predominantly bedrock terrain and widespread filling of
previously incised valleys occurred. A decrease in erosion and fluvial activity led to the formation of
the modern drainage during the Pliocene-early Quaternary, followed by the formation of alluvial,
aeolian and lacustrine deposits in the later Quaternary. Regionally, Eromanga Basin sediments were not
extensive over the Cobar Block, and low rates of erosion are recorded at Cobar from the Cretaceous to
the present. Former northerly drainage did exist in this area in the Cretaceous, but was limited in
distribution. By at least the Early Tertiary the Cobar area was a structural high and drainage systems of
the region had assumed their current configuration. These findings do not support interpretations of
AFTT data of significant cover and subsequent stripping over the Cobar Block in the Early Tertiary.
Evidence of landscape evolution from the Cretaceous to the present suggests that the Cobar
landscape has been responding to changes in the primary landscape forming factors of lithology,
climate and to a lesser degree, tectonics. Variations in the these three primary landscape forming
factors have contributed to ongoing weathering, relatively continuous deposition, and periods of
relative stability and instability, particularly in response to climatic and baselevel fluctuations, within a
dynamically evolving landscape throughout the entire Tertiary. Former landscape evolution models of
peneplanation and pediplanation, based on correlation of palaeosurfaces including duricrusts, a deep
weathering profile developed during extended planation in the Early Tertiary, and tectonism during the
late Tertiary in the Cobar area, are not supported by evidence preserved in regolith-landform features at
Cobar.
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Smith, Martin Lancaster. "Towards a geochronology for long-term landscape evolution, Northwestern New South Wales /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20061026.141414/index.html.
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Smith, Martin Lancaster, and martin smith@anu edu au. "Towards a Geochronology for Long-term Landscape Evolution, Northwestern New South Wales." The Australian National University. Research School of Earth Sciences, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20061026.141414.
Full textAbstract:
The study area extends from west of the Great Divide to the Broken Hill and Tibooburra regions of far western New South Wales, encompassing several important mining districts that not only include the famous Broken Hill lodes (Pb-Zn-Ag), but also Parkes (Cu-Au), Peak Hill (Au), Cobar (Cu-Au-Zn) and White Cliffs (opal). The area is generally semi-arid to arid undulating to flat terrain covered by sparse vegetation.
¶
During the Cretaceous, an extensive sea retreated across vast plains, with rivers draining from the south and east. After the uplift of the Great Divide associated with opening of the Tasman Sea in the Late Cretaceous, drainage swung to the west, cutting across the Darling River Lineament. The Murray-Darling Basin depression developed as a depocentre during the Paleogene. Climates also underwent dramatic change during the Cenozoic, from warm-humid to cooler, more seasonal climates, to the arid conditions prevalent today. Up until now, there has been very little temporal constraint on the development of this landscape over this time period. This study seeks to address the timing of various weathering and landscape evolution events in northwestern New South Wales.
¶
The application of various regolith dating methods was undertaken. Palaeomagnetic dating, clay δ18O dating, (U+Th)/He and U-Pb dating were all investigated. Palaeomagnetic and clay dating methods have been well established in Australian regolith studies for the last 30 years. More recently, (U+Th)/He dating has been successfully trialled both overseas and in Australia. U-Pb dating of regolith materials has not been undertaken. Each method dates different regolith forming processes and materials. Palaeomagnetic and clay dating were both successfully carried out for sites across northwestern New South Wales, providing a multi-technique approach to resolving the timing of weathering events. Although (U+Th)/He dating was unsuccessful, there is scope for further refinement of the technique, and its application to regolith dating. U-Pb dating was also unsuccessfully applied to late-stage anatase, which is a cement in many Australian silcretes.
¶
Results from this study indicate that the landscape evolution and weathering history of northwestern New South Wales dates back at least 60 million years, probably 100 million years, and perhaps even as far back as 180 million years. The results imply that northwestern New South Wales was continuously sub-aerially exposed for the last 100 Ma, indicating that marine sedimentation in the Murray-Darling and Eromanga-Surat Basins was separated by this exposed region. The ages also provide further evidence for episodic deep chemical weathering under certain climatic conditions across the region, and add to the data from across Australia for similar events. In particular, the palaeomagnetic ages, which cluster at ~60 ± 10 Ma and 15 ± 10 Ma, are recorded in other palaeomagnetic dating studies of Australian regolith. The clay ages are more continuous across the field area, but show older clays in the Eromanga Basin sediments at White Cliffs and Lightning Ridge, Eocene clays in the Cobar region, and Oligocene Miocene clays in the Broken Hill region, indicating progressively younger clay formation from east to west across northwestern New South Wales, in broad agreement with previously published clay weathering ages from around Australia.
¶
These weathering ages can be reconciled with reconstructions of Australian climates from previously published work, which show a cooling trend over the last 40 Ma, following an extended period of high mean annual temperatures in the Paleocene and Eocene. In conjunction with this cooling, total precipitation decreased, and rainfall became more seasonal. The weathering ages fall within periods of wetness (clay formation), the onset of seasonal climate (clay formation and palaeomagnetic weathering ages) and the initiation of aridity in the late Miocene (palaeomagnetic weathering ages).
¶
This study provides initial weathering ages for northwestern New South Wales, and, a broad geochronology for the development of the landscape of the region. Building on the results of this study, there is much scope for further geochronological work in the region.
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Petts, Anna E. "Termitaria as regolith landscape attributes and sampling media in northern Australia." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57902.
Full textAbstract:
This study provides one of the first accounts of the relationships between termites, termitaria and the pedolith, towards developing their application as a biogeochemical sampling medium for mineral exploration. Mapping regolith–landforms, termitaria, and the associated termitaria biogeochemistry show that termites are an integral control on the organisation of trace metals in the landscapes of northern Australia. In particular, termites are important for transporting geochemical signatures from depth, through the pedolith and to the ground surface. This occurs by way of bioturbative and constructional activities of the mound-building termites, which in this study included Nasutitermes triodiae, Amitermes vitiosus, Drepanotermes rubriceps, Tumulitermes hastilis and T. pastinator. Termitaria from these species are mappable regolith– landform attributes at the local scale; this highlights their specific preferences for colony sites, such as access to vegetation, drainage, and the availability of construction materials. The mound-building termites featured in this study are also soil modifiers, altering the pedolith terms of both structure and chemistry. Developing an understanding of these processes has helped to refine a model for pedolith development through biotic processes, which is applicable to subtropical and tropical climatic regions, where termites act as important ecosystem engineers. This research project fills a niche for new scientific investigation of deeper regolith profiles and associated terrains; it moves away from theories of shallow soil development overlying an abiotic deep regolith, towards understanding pedolith development as wholly biotically driven. For mineral explorers this means that ore-related elements, such as Au, As and Zn, are re-organised and moved towards the land surface in settings such as buried Au-deposits and mineralisation in the Tanami region, and Pine Creek Orogen. A key finding within the study of the application of this technique is that the fine, silt-clay (>79 μm) from termitaria is capable of accurately delineating the surficial expression of buried Au mineralisation. Termitaria can therefore provide an accessible surficial biogeochemical sampling media that can be used in mineral exploration programshttp://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1369217
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009
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Aspandiar, Mehrooz F. "Regolith and landscape evolution of the Charters Towers Area, North Queensland." Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147189.
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Smith, Martin Lancaster. "Towards a Geochronology for Long-term Landscape Evolution, Northwestern New South Wales." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48194.
Full textAbstract:
The study area extends from west of the Great Divide to the Broken Hill and Tibooburra regions of far western New South Wales, encompassing several important mining districts that not only include the famous Broken Hill lodes (Pb-Zn-Ag), but also Parkes (Cu-Au), Peak Hill (Au), Cobar (Cu-Au-Zn) and White Cliffs (opal). The area is generally semi-arid to arid undulating to flat terrain covered by sparse vegetation. ¶ During the Cretaceous, an extensive sea retreated across vast plains, with rivers draining from the south and east. After the uplift of the Great Divide associated with opening of the Tasman Sea in the Late Cretaceous, drainage swung to the west, cutting across the Darling River Lineament. The Murray-Darling Basin depression developed as a depocentre during the Paleogene. Climates also underwent dramatic change during the Cenozoic, from warm-humid to cooler, more seasonal climates, to the arid conditions prevalent today. Up until now, there has been very little temporal constraint on the development of this landscape over this time period. This study seeks to address the timing of various weathering and landscape evolution events in northwestern New South Wales. ¶ ...
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Dart, Robert C. "Gold-in-calcrete: a continental to profile scale study of regolith carbonates and their association with gold mineralisation." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/61507.
Full textAbstract:
Regolith carbonate, especially when indurated (calcrete), has been widely adopted as a
sampling medium by many Australian Au exploration companies. Rapid uptake of the
medium in geochemical exploration programs, following its reported success in the South
Australia Challenger Au deposit discovery, has resulted in poorly constrained sampling
methodology with many inconsistencies. Results have therefore been equivocal. This study of
regolith carbonates and their association with Au will improve this situation. Three aspects of
regolith carbonate development and association with Au are investigated. These are based on
variable spatial scales, ranging from the southern Australian continent, to local area, to
individual profile.
On a continental scale, regolith carbonates cover extensive areas of southern Australia. The
primary component, Ca, is sourced from mineral weathering or atmospheric sources. Through
the use of Sr isotopes to provide a surrogate expression for Ca sources, the source was
identified as > 90% atmospheric or marine derived. A uniform inland signature is identified,
which is due to the continual recycling and mixing of marine derived Ca with minimal
bedrock input. An external Ca source means that Ca does not have a direct relationship with
Au, which is locally sourced from mineralised areas.
On a local scale, a Au-in-calcrete anomaly extending over 20 km² and lying over both
mineralised (Tunkillia Au prospect) and barren bedrock was investigated. Regolith-landform
mapping and geochemistry was used to further identify the zone of elevated Au-in-calcrete.
The zone was found to correspond spatially with palaeo- and contemporary drainage systems
that currently flow into ephemeral lakes. Geochemistry of the area shows that the majority of
elements have been transported and enriched along these systems. This dispersion pattern and
its contemporary landscape expression is complicated by dune fields over mineralisation that
partially cover the palaeo-drainage. Millions of dollars have been spent drilling this anomaly
with no significant mineralisation found beyond the discrete Tunkillia mineralized zones, yet
with the aid of regolith-landform mapping an explanation of the anomaly spatial pattern and
dispersion pattern has been provided at very low cost.
On the profile scale, two regolith carbonate profiles from the White Dam Au-Cu prospect
were analysed in detail. Mass balance calculations revealed chemical gains and losses for the
soil horizon and total profile. The investigation quantified the extensive external Ca input and
revealed the position and size of the Au particles. Gold in the profile prior to regolith
carbonate development is concentrated at the top of what is presently the regolith carbonate
horizon as calcite precipitation in void spaces reduces permeability. Ongoing calcite
precipitation up the profile locks in the Au, resulting in a Au-in-calcrete anomaly.
Exposure of Au-enriched calcrete horizons to chemical and physical weathering results in
decomposition of the material. This material can then be transported in the form of surface
lag, which may settle on top of existing and still developing regolith carbonates to form new
Au-in-calcrete anomalies that are unrelated to underlying bedrock.
The formation of Au-in-calcrete anomalies in relation to landscape processes is demonstrated.
Additional information on landscape setting, gathered while sampling, can therefore improve
interpretation of regolith carbonate geochemistry. Exploration companies that take time to
understand the landscape setting in this way and react accordingly, can therefore expect
improved results.Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009.
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Stoate, Katherine A. "The landscape evolution, geochemistry and biogeochemistry of Kangaroo Island." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/119519.
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This work provides a landscape context and framework for the use of regolith and vegetation in mineral exploration on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Regolith field observations and the production of a regolith–landform map have improved constraints on the ferricrete plateau formation and also on the landscape history of the Island. The ferricrete and ferruginous materials on Kangaroo Island have been found to be the result of continous formation but have been largely in place since the Eocene. Through field observations, microanalysis and a large scale geochemical survey, the nature of the ferruginous materials and the processes that form them have been examined. Ferrolysis and the movement of groundwater have been interpreted to play major roles in the formation of the ferruginous materials. These processes have a significant impact on the use of the weathered materials for mineral exploration as economic and indicator elements are leached early in the weathering process. Ferruginous materials do contain the signature of mineralisation over areas that contain known deposits, however, the apparent lack of dispersion halos makes these materials difficult to use for a large scale geochemical survey for mineral exploration as target zones may be missed by low sampling densities. Despite this, the ferricrete materials can be useful for mineral exploration, as although potentially only providing small target areas, they do highlight areas of mineralisation. Conversely, the underlying weathered bedrock potentially has less use for mineral exploration as the economic metals have been readily mobilised out of the bedrock during the weathering processes on Kangaroo Island. The biogeochemical surveys were successful in highlighting areas of mineralisation, and displayed a greater dispersion halo than observed in the ferruginous materials. The biogeochemical surveys also helped to provide further information into the processes occurring in the landscape. The eucalypts are interpreted to source groundwater from the weathering zone in the bedrock and effectively pick up elements as they are leached. While displaying a high degree of variability, even over areas of known mineralisation, this dataset was better suited to identifying signals of mineralisation at a larger scale than the ferricrete. A limiting factor on the use of eucalypt for biogeochemical surveys is the occurrence of systematic inter-species variations. This makes large, regional scale surveys difficult, as there is a high possibility that there will not be a consistent vegetation species, resulting in a dataset in which different species need to be compared and potentially excluded in order to correctly identify meaningful anomalies. The xanthorrhoea, overall, was less successful in taking up elements of interest, most likely due to its shallower root system, which is likely to tap into the already leached saprolite or groundwater that has only been recently recharged by meteoric water (diluting any chemical signature of the underlying bedrock). This thesis has been able to demonstrate the potential usefulness as well as challenges associated with utilising ferricrete and vegetation for geochemical and biogeochemical sampling for mineral exploration. In doing so it has also furthered understanding of the landscape evolution of Kangaroo Island, building on previous work, and providing a basis for future landscape evolution studies and mineral exploration on the island.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2016.
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Hill, Steven Matthew. "The regolith and landscape evolution of the Broken Hill Block, Western New South Wales, Australia." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148039.
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Johnson, Ashlyn Kate. "Regolith and associated mineral systems of the Eucla Basin, South Australia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/95312.
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This thesis documents previous research into the heavy mineral sands (HMS) of the Eucla Basin. It presents new research designed to incorporate previous work, and to then encourage a broadening of research into the future. Specifically, this thesis is dedicated to demonstrating the importance of encompassing all aspects of research within a mineral system rather than isolating system components. In order to understand the complex regolith geology expressed within the Eucla Basin and its contained HMS deposits, a multi-faceted approach is applied, targeting two broad research areas. The first research area addresses processes acting prior to deposition of the Eucla Basin sediments, including providing constraints on the source of the sediments using U-Pb zircon analysis. The conclusions of this area of the research are that the dominant U-Pb zircon population lies between 1100 and 1250 Ma. Further, that these zircon populations match with the ages of zircon growth events in two of the most proximal potential source regions, the Musgrave Province and the Albany-Fraser Province. This research has also shown that due to the similar magmatic and metamorphic history of the Musgrave Province and Albany-Fraser Province it is difficult to distinguish between the possible sources regions using the U-Pb zircon data alone, highlighting the need for other methods. This thesis also found that kyanite and staurolite, which are common minerals in the Eucla Basin HMS, do not have an identified source in the Musgrave Province but do have a potential source in the Mount Barren Group in the Albany-Fraser Province. Finally, this thesis clearly demonstrates that the recognition of a likely more western source of zircon, kyanite and staurolite requires a revision of existing models of Eucla Basin HMS provenance, which focuses on the Musgrave Province as the most likely source. The second research area concentrates on the syn- and post-depositional history of the sedimentary rocks inclusive of depositional processes, weathering and groundwater interactions, the combination of which are expressed in multi-element whole rock major, trace element and isotope geochemical data. These data can be combined with other components of the HMS mineral assemblage, together with an understanding of the denudation history of the possible source regions, to establish a landscape evolution model from source, through transport to the site of deposition. The conclusion of this section of research is that stratigraphy of the sequences hosting HMS deposits at Jacinth requires revision because stratigraphic boundaries were assigned to horizons that are the result of post-depositional acid-sulphate weathering and groundwater processes. Finally, differentiation of rock types into process related sub-groupings is vital for understanding exploration geochemical data but cannot be achieved using major element chemistry alone. A broad suite of trace elements and selected isotope data are required, including strontium/calcium and strontium isotope ratios for the purpose of discriminating between marine and pedogenic carbonates. This methodology has provided significant breakthroughs in the discrimination of carbonate materials, particularly for landscapes with a complex marine or marginal marine history.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2015
Books on the topic "Landscape regolith"
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Australian, Conference on Landscape Evolution and Mineral Exploration (2nd 1996 Brisbane Queensland). The state of the regolith: Proceedings of the Second Australian Conference on Landscape Evolution and Mineral Exploration. Springwood, N.S.W: Conference Publications for the Geological Society of Australia, 1998.
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Scott, Keith, and Colin Pain, eds. Regolith Science. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098268.
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This comprehensive reference on the fundamentals of regolith geoscience describes how regolith is developed from parental rocks and emphasises the importance of chemical, physical, water and biological processes in regolith formation. It provides details for mapping regolith landforms, as well as objective information on applications in mineral exploration and natural resource management. Regolith Science also provides a concise history of weathering through time in Australia. It includes previously unpublished information on elemental abundances in regolith materials along with detailed information on soil degradation processes such as acid sulfate soils.
Written by experts in the field, Regolith Science summarises research carried out over a 13-year period within the Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration. This book will be a valuable resource for scientists and graduate/postgraduate students in geology, geography and soil science, professionals in the exploration industry and natural resources management.
This paperback edition is a reprint of the original hardback published in October 2008.
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The regolith glossary: Surficial geology, soils, and landscapes. Floreat Park, W.A: Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Evolution and Mineral Exploration, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Landscape regolith"
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Verstraeten, Ingrid M., D. T. Lewis, Dennis L. McCallister, Anne Parkhurst, and E. M. Thurman. "Relation of Landscape Position and Irrigation to Concentrations of Alachlor, Atrazine, and Selected Degradates in Regolith in Northeastern Nebraska." In Herbicide Metabolites in Surface Water and Groundwater, 178–97. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0630.ch015.
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Thwaites, R. N. "Chapter 20 Conceptual and Digital Soil-Landscape Mapping using Regolith-Catenary Units." In Developments in Soil Science, 257–614. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2481(06)31020-3.
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Migon, Piotr. "Granite Landscapes Transformed." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0018.
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An analysis of granite landscapes would not be complete if the modifying human factor were ignored (Godard, 1977). Over the millennia humans have used the resources provided by granite, whether in a solid or weathered state, taken advantage of the spatial configuration of granite landforms, or mimicked natural granite features for various purposes. The combination of rock outcrops, regolith-mantled surfaces, and soil characteristics has acted as a significant constraint on many human activities, especially in the past. Hence many granite areas have very specific histories of human impact. The monumentality of many granite landforms has inspired fear, awe, and spiritual experience, whereas in the modern era the distinctiveness of many granite terrains has become a magnet for tourism. Each of these activities has left its imprint on granite landscapes, to the extent that some of them easily fall into the category of ‘cultural landscapes’, while in others, man-made features have evidently overwhelmed the natural configuration of the land. In this closing chapter of the book a few aspects of human transformation on natural granite landscapes will be briefly addressed. The coverage, and particularly the selection, of examples are by no means exhaustive, and the historical context has not been explored. The intention is rather to review some of the most characteristic relationships between humans and granite landscapes and to show that the characteristics of natural granite landforms dictate very specific adjustments, uses, and strategies of landscape change. Therefore, extensive referencing has also been avoided. The middle and late Neolithic in western Europe (3500–1700 BC) was a period of extraordinary construction activity using local and imported stone. It was not limited to granite lands, but the availability of durable monumental stone was certainly important. Therefore, uplands and rolling plains underlain by granitoid rocks abound in a variety of megalithic structures, including standing stones, stone circles and rows, passage tombs, simple dolmens, burial mounds (cairns), and stone enclosures. Extensive assemblages of Neolithic monuments occur on the Alentejo plain in southern Portugal, in western Spain, in Brittany, France, and on the uplands of south-west England, from Dartmoor through Bodmin Moor, Carnmenellis to Land’s End.
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Gupta, Avijit. "Accelerated Erosion and Sedimentation in Southeast Asia." In The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199248025.003.0026.
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Periodic attempts to plot global distribution of erosion and sedimentation usually attribute most of Southeast Asia with a very high sediment yield (Milliman and Meade 1983). The erosion rates and sediment yield figures are especially high for maritime Southeast Asia. Milliman and Syvitski (1992), for example, listed 3000 t km−2 yr−1 for the archipelagos and peninsulas of Southeast Asia. They provided a number of natural explanations for the high erosion rate: location near active plate margins, pyroclastic eruptions, steep slopes, and mass movements. This is also a region with considerable annual rainfall, a very substantial percentage of which tends to be concentrated in a few months and falls with high intensity. Part of Southeast Asia (the Philippines, Viet Nam, Timor) is visited by tropical cyclones with heavy, intense rainfall and possible associated wind damage to existing vegetation. The fans at the foot of slopes, the large volume of sediment stored in the channel and floodplain of the rivers, and the size of deltas all indicate a high rate of erosion and episodic sediment transfer. This episodic erosion and sediment transfer used to be controlled for most of the region by the thick cover of vegetation that once masked the slopes. When vegetation is removed soil and regolith de-structured, and natural slopes altered, the erosion rates and sediment yield reach high figures. Parts of Southeast Asia display striking anthropogenic alteration of the landscape, although the resulting accelerated erosion may be only temporary, operating on a scale of several years. Over time the affected zones shift, and slugs of sediment continue to arrive in a river but from different parts of its drainage basin. The combination of anthropogenic alteration and fragile landforms may give rise to very high local yields. Sediment yields of more than 15 000 t km−2 yr−1 have been estimated from such areas (Ruslan and Menam, cited in Lal 1987). This is undoubtedly towards the upper extreme, but current destruction of the vegetation cover due to deforestation, expansion of agriculture, mining, urbanization, and implementation of large-scale resettlement schemes has increased the sediment yield from < 102 to > 103 t km−2 yr−1.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Formation and Classification." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0010.
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Soil is the superficial layer of the land area of the Earth and contains weathered inorganic materials, organic matter, air, and water. The branch of soil science that studies the formation and classification of soils is termed pedology. For both scientific and technical purposes, soils around the world are organized into various categories on the basis of their differences and similarities. There are two types of soil classification schemes: (i) the scientific or pedological classification schemes which group soils on the basis of morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties as well as stage of weathering; and (ii) the technical or practical classification schemes which group soils based on selected properties for specific applications in agriculture and urban development, such as making a quick appraisal of soil fertility capability of farmlands or determining the suitability of septic tank installations of a housing development site. Soils are formed from the weathering of rocks and rock debris that have been eroded and transported by water, wind, ice, or gravity to other sites within the landscape. The soil, together with any underlying weathered debris and/or weathered bedrock, is termed regolith. The formation of soils from rock and minerals may take a long period of time, that is, thousands or millions of years. The pathways of soil formation are shown in fig. 7-1. The development of distinct characteristics of a soil profile or pedon involves physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes. The weathering process that involves the breakdown of rock and minerals by the action of water, pressure, heat, and freeze, into increasingly smaller fragments or particles is called physical weathering. The processes that involve hydrolysis, dissolution, and the formation of secondary minerals, such as clay-sized layer silicates and Fe and Al oxides, are called chemical weathering. The two important and interrelated chemical processes of tropical weathering are desilication and laterization. Desilication involves the dissolution of silicate minerals, and the subsequent leaching of dissolved silica from the soil profile by rain. The loss of silica from the soil eventually leads to the formation and accumulation of Fe and Al oxides in the soil, a weathering process known as laterization.
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Migon, Piotr. "Slope Development in Granite Terrains." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0013.
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Rock slopes developed in granite may take different forms, as reflected in their longitudinal profiles. Field observations and a literature survey (e.g. Dumanowski, 1964; Young, 1972) allow us to distinguish at least five major categories of slopes: straight, convex-upward, concave, stepped, and vertical rock walls. In addition, overhang slopes may occur, but their height is seldom more than 10 m high and their occurrence is very localized. These basic categories may combine to form compound slopes, for example convex-upward in the upper part and vertical towards the footslope. Somewhat different is Young’s (1972) attempt to identify most common morphologies of granite slopes. He lists six major categories: (1) bare rock domes, smoothly rounded or faceted; (2) steep and irregular bare rock slopes of castellated residual hills, tending towards rectangular forms; (3) concave slopes crowned by a free face; (4) downslope succession of free face, boulder-covered section and pediment; (5) roughly straight or concave slopes, but having irregular, stepped microrelief; (6) smooth convex-concave profile with a continuous regolith cover. The latter, lacking any outcrops of sound bedrock, are not considered as rock slopes for the purposes of this section. Young (1972) appears to seek explanation of this variety in climatic differences between regions, claiming that ‘Variations of slope form associated with climatic differences are as great as or greater, on both granite and limestone, than the similarity of form arising from lithology’ (Young, 1972: 219). This is a debatable statement and apparently contradicted by numerous field examples of co-existence of different forms in relatively small areas. Slope forms do not appear specifically subordinate to larger landforms but occur in different local and regional geomorphic settings. For example, the slopes of the Tenaya Creek valley in the Yosemite National Park include, in different sections of the valley, straight, vertical, convex-upward, and concave variants (Plate 5.1). Apparently, multiple glaciation was unable to give the valley a uniform cross-sectional shape.
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Wilford, J., and M. Thomas. "Modelling soil-regolith thickness in complex weathered landscapes of the central Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia." In Digital Soil Assessments and Beyond, 69–75. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12728-16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Landscape regolith"
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King, Andrew, and Ignacio Gonzalez-Alvarez. "Exploiting landscape evolution understanding for electromagnetic inversion of regolith." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2017. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2017-17653874.1.
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