Journal articles on the topic 'Landscape properties'
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Plantegenest, Manuel, Christophe Le May, and Frédéric Fabre. "Landscape epidemiology of plant diseases." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 16 (July 24, 2007): 963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1114.
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Many agricultural landscapes are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and fragmentation. Landscape ecology focuses on the influence of habitat heterogeneity in space and time on ecological processes. Landscape epidemiology aims at applying concepts and approaches originating from landscape ecology to the study of pathogen dynamics at the landscape scale. However, despite the strong influence that the landscape properties may have on the spread of plant diseases, landscape epidemiology has still received little attention from plant pathologists. Some recent methodological and technological progress provides new and powerful tools to describe and analyse the spatial patterns of host–pathogen interactions. Here, we review some important topics in plant pathology that may benefit from a landscape perspective. These include the influence of: landscape composition on the global inoculum pressure; landscape heterogeneity on pathogen dynamics; landscape structure on pathogen dispersal; and landscape properties on the emergence of pathogens and on their evolution.
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Egerer, Monika, and Elsa Anderson. "Social-Ecological Connectivity to Understand Ecosystem Service Provision across Networks in Urban Landscapes." Land 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120530.
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Landscape connectivity is a critical component of dynamic processes that link the structure and function of networks at the landscape scale. In the Anthropocene, connectivity across a landscape-scale network is influenced not only by biophysical land use features, but also by characteristics and patterns of the social landscape. This is particularly apparent in urban landscapes, which are highly dynamic in land use and often in social composition. Thus, landscape connectivity, especially in cities, must be thought of in a social-ecological framework. This is relevant when considering ecosystem services—the benefits that people derive from ecological processes and properties. As relevant actors move through a connected landscape-scale network, particular services may “flow” better across space and time. For this special issue on dynamic landscape connectivity, we discuss the concept of social-ecological networks using urban landscapes as a focal system to highlight the importance of social-ecological connectivity to understand dynamic urban landscapes, particularly in regards to the provision of urban ecosystem services.
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Hedblom, M., H. Hedenås, M. Blicharska, S. Adler, I. Knez, G. Mikusiński, J. Svensson, S. Sandström, P. Sandström, and D. A. Wardle. "Landscape perception: linking physical monitoring data to perceived landscape properties." Landscape Research 45, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2019.1611751.
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Rowe, William, Mark Platt, David C. Wedge, Philip J. Day, Douglas B. Kell, and Joshua Knowles. "Analysis of a complete DNA–protein affinity landscape." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 44 (July 22, 2009): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0193.
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Properties of biological fitness landscapes are of interest to a wide sector of the life sciences, from ecology to genetics to synthetic biology. For biomolecular fitness landscapes, the information we currently possess comes primarily from two sources: sparse samples obtained from directed evolution experiments; and more fine-grained but less authentic information from ‘ in silico ’ models (such as NK -landscapes). Here we present the entire protein-binding profile of all variants of a nucleic acid oligomer 10 bases in length, which we have obtained experimentally by a series of highly parallel on-chip assays. The resulting complete landscape of sequence-binding pairs, comprising more than one million binding measurements in duplicate, has been analysed statistically using a number of metrics commonly applied to synthetic landscapes. These metrics show that the landscape is rugged, with many local optima, and that this arises from a combination of experimental variation and the natural structural properties of the oligonucleotides.
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Liebmann, Matthew J. "FROM LANDSCAPES OF MEANING TO LANDSCAPES OF SIGNIFICATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST." American Antiquity 82, no. 4 (August 22, 2017): 642–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.39.
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This article builds upon two convergent trends in landscape archaeology: (1) investigations of symbolic meaning and (2) collaboration with descendant and stakeholder communities. The recent merger of these research agendas in the Southwest US provides an innovative approach to addressing meaning in the past. But the interpretations that result can inadvertently propagate notions of static and unchanging indigenous landscapes. Archaeologists can develop more dynamic studies of meaning and landscape by paying greater attention to the indexical properties of the archaeological record. To illustrate this point, I present a case study focused on ancestral Jemez (Pueblo) meanings associated with the Valles Caldera in northern New Mexico between AD 1300 and 1700. By combining contemporary Jemez understandings of this landscape with the indexical properties of obsidian revealed through pXRF analysis, this study illustrates how the uses of this landscape changed through time, particularly as a result of European colonization in the seventeenth century. It concludes that increased attention to the indexical properties of the archaeological record is critical for archaeological studies of meaning to reconstruct more robust and dynamic past landscapes.
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Gavrylenko, Olena. "Regional landscape studies for physical planning." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 48 (December 23, 2014): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1343.
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The landscape research essence for design and planning purposes is considered. Content and sequence of the research basic stages aimed at achieving the highest possible compliance of the economy sectoral structure with area contemporary landscape structure are substantiated. The main objectives of the research are study of landscape structure projected area, assessment of their anthropogenic transformation degree and degree of favorability for different kinds of human activity. Investigation is fulfilled by development of recommendations for improvement of landscapes’ properties in order to optimize their socio-economic functions performance. Key words: landscape analysis, district planning, regional nature management.
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Waterbolk, H. T. "Patterns of the peasant landscape." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61 (1995): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00003029.
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In a slightly different form this paper was given as the Europa Lecture for 1994The subject of this contribution is the origin of the diversity in the 19th century peasant landscape in the northern Netherlands. The first goal of the paper is to introduce a British audience to a line of research, which so far has been mainly reported on in Dutch and German. The second goal is to lay my finger on some basic properties of peasant landscapes elsewhere in the world. The third goal of my efforts in landscape archaeology is to identify ancient structures in today's landscape, which explain their identity, and to present this information to all those who are concerned with landscape conservation and landscape planning in the study area.
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Brubaker, S. C., A. J. Jones, D. T. Lewis, and K. Frank. "Soil Properties Associated with Landscape Position." Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, no. 1 (January 1993): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010041x.
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Purtauf, Tobias, Carsten Thies, Klemens Ekschmitt, Volkmar Wolters, and Jens Dauber. "Scaling properties of multivariate landscape structure." Ecological Indicators 5, no. 4 (November 2005): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.03.016.
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Wood, Margot A., Jessica A. Gilbert, and Thomas E. Lacher. "Payments for environmental service’s role in landscape connectivity." Environmental Conservation 47, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892920000016.
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SummaryCreating landscapes with connectivity is vital for protecting biodiversity and meeting the environmental targets embedded in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, with connectivity specifically mentioned in Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets. Costa Rica created the National Biological Corridor Program (NBCP) in 2006 to enhance connectivity among protected areas. Targeted investments of payments for environmental services (PES) are the main tools used within the designated biological corridors. We conducted spatially explicit analyses to determine whether Costa Rica’s NBCP, using PES, enhanced landscape connectivity within the Paso de las Nubes Biological Corridor. We conducted landscape modelling in order to determine the connectivity held within PES’s properties by developing connectivity resistance surfaces and electrical current models. The results indicate that PES properties established after the NBCP contributed more to areas with intermediate values of connectivity and less to areas with high connectivity values as compared to properties before the NBCP. Although overall connectivity within the corridor has decreased since NBCP establishment, our results confirm the importance of PES properties for landscape connectivity, but emphasize the need for spatially targeted PES in order to improve viable paths of landscape connectivity among protected areas. Future targeted PES investments could contribute greatly to meeting connectivity goals.
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MacRaild, Lindy M., James Q. Radford, and Andrew F. Bennett. "Non-linear effects of landscape properties on mistletoe parasitism in fragmented agricultural landscapes." Landscape Ecology 25, no. 3 (November 12, 2009): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-009-9414-0.
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Reia, Sandro M., and Paulo R. A. Campos. "Analysis of statistical correlations between properties of adaptive walks in fitness landscapes." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 192118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192118.
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The fitness landscape metaphor has been central in our way of thinking about adaptation. In this scenario, adaptive walks are idealized dynamics that mimic the uphill movement of an evolving population towards a fitness peak of the landscape. Recent works in experimental evolution have demonstrated that the constraints imposed by epistasis are responsible for reducing the number of accessible mutational pathways towards fitness peaks. Here, we exhaustively analyse the statistical properties of adaptive walks for two empirical fitness landscapes and theoretical NK landscapes. Some general conclusions can be drawn from our simulation study. Regardless of the dynamics, we observe that the shortest paths are more regularly used. Although the accessibility of a given fitness peak is reasonably correlated to the number of monotonic pathways towards it, the two quantities are not exactly proportional. A negative correlation between predictability and mean path divergence is established, and so the decrease of the number of effective mutational pathways ensures the convergence of the attraction basin of fitness peaks. On the other hand, other features are not conserved among fitness landscapes, such as the relationship between accessibility and predictability.
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Pathak, Prasad, and Stephen Whalen. "Using Geospatial Techniques to Analyze Landscape Factors Controlling Ionic Composition of Arctic Lakes, Toolik Lake Region, Alaska." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 3, no. 3 (July 2012): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2012070103.
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The impacts of climate change on landscapes in arctic Alaska are evident in terms of permafrost melting, frequent thermokarst activity, and the occurrence of more broadleaf vegetation. These changes may alter natural biogeochemical cycles of ions along with major nutrients and affect ionic compositions of lakes, as they are connected with the landscapes. However, the nature of the connectivity between lakes and landscapes in this region is not yet explored. The authors propose that geospatial analysis of landscape properties along with observed lake ion concentrations will enable an understanding of the currently existing landscape controls over ion inputs into the lakes. For the watersheds of 41 lakes in the Arctic Foothills region of Alaska, spatial properties of natural vegetation communities expressed in terms of percentage, shape complexity, and patch density metrics were derived using satellite data. Regression analyses were performed for concentration of ions as well as conductivity in lake water where the spatial metrics along with lake physical properties, lake order, and glacial till age categories were used as predicting variables in the regression. Landscape metrics for major land covers i.e., Percentage of Moist Acidic Tundra (MAT) and Moist Non-acidic Tundra (MNT) were the major predicting variables for concentration of several ions.
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Butorac, Valerija, and Nenad Buzjak. "Landscape research in Croatia from 1945 to 2019." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 83, no. 1 (2021): 25–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2021.83.01.02.
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In Croatia, as elsewhere, significant changes have occurred in the landscape over time, due to changes in land use, climate change, and general anthropogenic activities. Accordingly, the need for deeper and more intensive understanding of landscape properties has arisen, in order to ensure adequate land management and protection. The aim of this study is to give an overview of the state of scientific landscape research in Croatia, and determine the stakeholders, methodologies, various research topics, and degree of research and knowledge regarding Croatia’s landscapes. Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in landscape research, with two clear landscape research approaches emerging: geographic approach and (landscape) architecture approach, that differ in terms of the issues examined, methodologies applied, and spatial context.
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Pramanti, Lucia Indah. "Paradigm Shift of Beauty In Landscape Design: Strategies Towards 'Big Foot’ Aesthetic." Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v1i1.353.
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Human perception about beauty always mirrors civilization, and is embodied in their built environment. In other words, what people sees as beautiful plays a crucial role towards how nature/landscape is developed. This paper intentions are to rethink on contemporary aesthetic value in landscape design, to evaluate current aesthetic paradigm, and to find landscape design strategies that can promote sustainable goals. Using qualitative method, this paper first shows historical review on how landscape form through many centuries in both western and eastern civilization. Later, it examines on how contemporary landscapes are built. In the discussion, it is found that -using Chinese foot binding tradition as a metaphor– our contemporary landscape is designed to be unusable, unhealthy, unproductive ‘small feet’. Landscape is designed with beautification – merely for visual properties, not for human activity, destructing the natural properties of landscape, and too difficult to maintain. Human should be able to interact with the nature in landscape in order to create a behavioral changes towards the nature. As a conclusion, we need to shift our paradigm of beauty towards healthy ‘big foot’ aesthetic to be a direction on how to achieve the sustainable beauty. This ‘big foot’ aesthetic can be relevant not only in landscape design, but also in other fields related to the built environment. Keywords: landscape design, sustainability, green design, aesthetic value
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Alyahya, Khulood, and Jonathan E. Rowe. "Landscape Analysis of a Class of NP-Hard Binary Packing Problems." Evolutionary Computation 27, no. 1 (March 2019): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00237.
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This article presents an exploratory landscape analysis of three NP-hard combinatorial optimisation problems: the number partitioning problem, the binary knapsack problem, and the quadratic binary knapsack problem. In the article, we examine empirically a number of fitness landscape properties of randomly generated instances of these problems. We believe that the studied properties give insight into the structure of the problem landscape and can be representative of the problem difficulty, in particular with respect to local search algorithms. Our work focuses on studying how these properties vary with different values of problem parameters. We also compare these properties across various landscapes that were induced by different penalty functions and different neighbourhood operators. Unlike existing studies of these problems, we study instances generated at random from various distributions. We found a general trend where some of the landscape features in all of the three problems were found to vary between the different distributions. We captured this variation by a single, easy to calculate parameter and we showed that it has a potentially useful application in guiding the choice of the neighbourhood operator of some local search heuristics.
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Gagic, Vesna, Teja Tscharntke, Carsten F. Dormann, Bernd Gruber, Anne Wilstermann, and Carsten Thies. "Food web structure and biocontrol in a four-trophic level system across a landscape complexity gradient." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1720 (February 16, 2011): 2946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2645.
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Decline in landscape complexity owing to agricultural intensification may affect biodiversity, food web complexity and associated ecological processes such as biological control, but such relationships are poorly understood. Here, we analysed food webs of cereal aphids, their primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in 18 agricultural landscapes differing in structural complexity (42–93% arable land). Despite little variation in the richness of each trophic group, we found considerable changes in trophic link properties across the landscape complexity gradient. Unexpectedly, aphid–parasitoid food webs exhibited a lower complexity (lower linkage density, interaction diversity and generality) in structurally complex landscapes, which was related to the dominance of one aphid species in complex landscapes. Nevertheless, primary parasitism, as well as hyperparasitism, was higher in complex landscapes, with primary parasitism reaching levels for potentially successful biological control. In conclusion, landscape complexity appeared to foster higher parasitism rates, but simpler food webs, thereby casting doubt on the general importance of food web complexity for ecosystem functioning.
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Kochurov, Boris I., Yulia A. Khaziakhmetova, Irina V. Ivashkina, and Ekaterina A. Sukmanova. "LANDSCAPE APPROACH IN CITY-PLANNING." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-3-71-82.
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Aim. The aim is to justify the application of the landscape approach in urban planning on the basis of theoretical concepts of landscape studies and the requirements of urban planning practices. Discussion. The basic scheme of the landscape approach is to study the natural and anthropogenic landscape as a complex geosystem consisting of a complex of various components which form the planning structure of the city. In territorial and urban planning, the structure and properties of natural and urban landscapes are revealed using functional, historical-genetic, morphotypic, geo-ecological and visual research methods. Abroad, a similar trend is called "landscape urbanism", the theoretical basis of which is based on the understanding that the best option for the organization of urban areas should be based on the landscape features of the city. With the use of the above-mentioned approaches, an urban landscape approach is being formed, a new nature-urban planning system which, in addition to natural complexes, includes man-made structures: buildings, infrastructure, parks and squares. If the natural landscape is a self-regulating geo-system, then the urban one is controlled by man. When taking actions to transform natural landscapes should be taken into account their structure and functioning, as well as the limits of possible impacts and the likely consequences of these changes. Conclusion. The demand for a landscape approach is constantly growing as a result of the significant transformation of modern cities, the replacement of architectural styles, the growth of urban space and communications, the desire to improve the quality of the urban environment and the comfort of the urban population.
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Mitchell, D. C., W. B. Badgery, P. Cranney, K. Broadfoot, S. Priest, and D. Pickering. "In a native pasture, landscape properties influence soil moisture more than grazing management." Animal Production Science 57, no. 9 (2017): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16154.
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It has been proposed that changes to grazing systems, from continuous to rotational grazing, alter the pasture mass and composition, which are reflected in changes to stored soil water. Additionally, in highly variable landscapes, determining whether the variation in soil water is due to the inherent landscape properties rather than the imposed grazing management has long been a contentious argument. To address this question, soil moisture was measured across a highly variable landscape under three differing grazing treatments (1-, 4- and 20-paddock systems). From the soil-water measurements, plant-available water and plant-available water capacity were determined. Different production zones (high, medium and low) were identified in the landscape by visually estimating green herbage mass in late spring. There were no observed differences in the measured plant-available water capacity across the grazing treatments; however, significant differences occurred in plant-available water capacity across the three production zones (high-production zone, 114 mm; medium-production zone, 102 mm; low-production zone, 88 mm) within the study period. There appears to be a trend between the plant-available water capacity and near-surface gravel content as measured in production zones. The high production zones held more plant-available water than did the low production zones, enabling more biomass and longer pasture growth during spring and autumn. The plant-available water in the low production zones significantly decreased with time. In all, 22 of the 50 soil-moisture monitoring locations displayed high temporal stability and were identified as being catchment-average soil water-content monitoring locations. A majority of these locations occurred in the medium production zone, demonstrating that representative soil moisture can be measured in these landscapes.
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Langner, Amy N., Andrew Manu, and Dan A. Nath. "Dynamic Soil Properties across a Suburban Landscape." Soil Science Society of America Journal 77, no. 4 (June 4, 2013): 1284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0239.
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Schilling, Rolf. "Energy landscape properties studied using symbolic sequences." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 216, no. 1 (April 2006): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2005.12.013.
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Blume, Hans-Peter, and Peter Leinweber. "Plaggen Soils: landscape history, properties, and classification." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 167, no. 3 (June 2004): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200420905.
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Stillinger, Frank H., and Pablo G. Debenedetti. "Energy landscape diversity and supercooled liquid properties." Journal of Chemical Physics 116, no. 8 (February 22, 2002): 3353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434997.
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Brinson, Mark M. "Landscape properties of pocosins and associated wetlands." Wetlands 11, S1 (February 1991): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03160761.
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Viedma, Olga, D. G. Angeler, and José M. Moreno. "Landscape structural features control fire size in a Mediterranean forested area of central Spain." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 5 (2009): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08030.
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Landscape structure may affect fire propagation and fire size. Propagation may be favoured in landscapes that are homogeneous and hindered at places of greater heterogeneity, and where discontinuities occur. We tested whether there is continuity in landscape structure across the edges of 110 fires in the Sierra de Gredos (central Spain). We used Landsat Multispectral Scanner images to map and assess the land-cover composition and other features of fires. Landscape diversity along the pixel row of the fire edge and of the two adjacent ones (burned and unburned) was compared for all fires. Additionally, changes in landscape properties and fuel hazard perpendicular to the fire edge evaluated the degree of discontinuity from inside the burn towards the outside across the edge. Fire size was related to landscape properties and weather conditions using generalized linear regression models. Diversity increased from inside the burn towards the edge and outside the burn. Discontinuity in land-cover types and fuel hazard increased from the inside towards the outside. Modelling confirmed that fire size was in part related to landscape characteristics of the burned area and of the edges of the fire perimeter. We conclude that landscape structure was important in determining fire size in this area.
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Soleimani, S., M. R. Malek, Z. Soleimani, and R. Arabsheibani. "ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION AND ITS IMPACT ON LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION BY SALIENT ELEMENT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 11, 2015): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-695-2015.
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Describing a landscape means making link between concepts of visible features and people’s perception. Most landscape description methods underline salient entities which are a key trigger for wayfinding problems and tourism management. Searching for a better understanding of landscape descriptions implies to explore and identify the main visual properties that differentiate between landscapes depending on both human cognition and environmental condition. Furthermore, this environmental condition affects the credibility of data produced by people, particularly when using Volunteered Geographical Information systems which brings forward a huge amount of information. Then this paper proposes an approach to emerge patterns by which describing landscape in general and choosing salient objects in particular have been influenced.
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Pennock, D. J., B. L. McCann, E. de Jong, and D. S. Lemmen. "Effects of soil redistribution on soil properties in a cultivated Solonetzic-Chernozemic landscape of southwestern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-035.
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Although approximately 1.3 million ha of mixed Solonetzic – Chernozemic landscapes are cultivated in Saskatchewan, little information is available on the effects that agriculture has had on the quality of these soils. At our research site in southwestern Saskatchewan a clear landscape-scale pattern of soil distribution occurred. Regosolic and thin Chernozemic soils were associated with the long, gentle (2–5%) slopes and Solonetzic-influenced soils were associated with higher catchment area footslope and depressional positions. High rates of soil loss occurred throughout the landscape – overall a net soil loss of 31 Mg ha yr−1 was calculated using 137Cs redistribution techniques. No net depositional sites were observed in the 45 sampling points in the landscape, suggesting that the site was dominated by wind erosion. The high rates of loss were consistent with very low levels of soil organic carbon storage (37 to 46 Mg ha−1 to 45 cm) at all slope positions in the landscape and with the occurrence of sub-soil features in the plough layer. The Solonetzic-influenced soils occupy 38% of the site and have high sodium adsorption ratios (from 18 to 38 in the B horizon) and high soil resistance values as determined with a penetrometer. For the Solonetz and Solodized Solonetz soils these growth-limiting properties occur immediately below the 10-cm plough layer and may constitute a largely irreversible decrease in their productive capacity. Key words: Cesium-137, soil erosion, soil quality, landscape-scale, organic carbon
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Cervera, Héctor, Jasna Lalić, and Santiago F. Elena. "Effect of Host Species on Topography of the Fitness Landscape for a Plant RNA Virus." Journal of Virology 90, no. 22 (August 31, 2016): 10160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01243-16.
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ABSTRACTAdaptive fitness landscapes are a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology that relate the genotypes of individuals to their fitness. In the end, the evolutionary fate of evolving populations depends on the topography of the landscape, that is, the numbers of accessible mutational pathways and possible fitness peaks (i.e., adaptive solutions). For a long time, fitness landscapes were only theoretical constructions due to a lack of precise information on the mapping between genotypes and phenotypes. In recent years, however, efforts have been devoted to characterizing the properties of empirical fitness landscapes for individual proteins or for microbes adapting to artificial environments. In a previous study, we characterized the properties of the empirical fitness landscape defined by the first five mutations fixed during adaptation of tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) to a new experimental host,Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we evaluate the topography of this landscape in the ancestral hostNicotiana tabacum. By comparing the topographies of the landscapes for the two hosts, we found that some features remained similar, such as the existence of fitness holes and the prevalence of epistasis, including cases of sign and reciprocal sign epistasis that created rugged, uncorrelated, and highly random topographies. However, we also observed significant differences in the fine-grained details between the two landscapes due to changes in the fitness and epistatic interactions of some genotypes. Our results support the idea that not only fitness tradeoffs between hosts but also topographical incongruences among fitness landscapes in alternative hosts may contribute to virus specialization.IMPORTANCEDespite its importance for understanding virus evolutionary dynamics, very little is known about the topography of virus adaptive fitness landscapes, and even less is known about the effects that different host species and environmental conditions may have on this topography. To bridge this gap, we evaluated the topography of a small fitness landscape formed by all genotypes that result from every possible combination of the first five mutations fixed during adaptation of TEV to the novel hostA. thaliana. To assess the effect that host species may have on this topography, we evaluated the fitness of every genotype in both the ancestral and novel hosts. We found that both landscapes share some macroscopic properties, such as the existence of holes and being highly rugged and uncorrelated, yet they differ in microscopic details due to changes in the magnitude and sign of fitness and epistatic effects.
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Fuller, L. G., and D. W. Anderson. "Changes in soil properties following forest invasion of Black soils of the Aspen Parkland." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-059.
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The objective of this study was to document the effect of forest invasion on Black soils of the Aspen Parkland in Saskatchewan. A prairie-forest transition zone less than 100-m wide was studied in an upland landscape (LM) with a strong eluvial regime and a lowland landscape (WQ) where strong leaching was restricted to depressional areas. A direct count of grass opal along each transect provided evidence that forest vegetation had invaded prairie as similar amounts of grass opal occurred under forest and prairie. Soil morphology and horizon development could be related to microrelief and to site productivity as inferred from grass opal content along the transects. Forest invasion affected soils differently in the two landscapes. At LM, forest invasion was accompanied by losses of clay and organic materials as soils were progressively transformed into leached and more acidic Luvisolic soils. Eluvial and illuvial development occurring under forest were most pronounced in microdepressions and concave portions of the transect. At WQ, leached acidic soils occurred only in a depression. Forested soils outside the depression maintained high levels of organic matter and high base status comparable to adjacent prairie soils. Alteration of Black soils following migration of forest vegetation onto prairie depends on large scale physiographical effects as well as smaller scale microrelief effects. This study indicates landscape control of water movement plays a vital role in soil development and regulation of ecosystem processes. Thus, the relationship among water, soil and landscape must be considered in environmental research and environmental impact studies. Key words: Prairie-forest transition, forest invasion, Aspen Parkland, biogenic opal, soil-landscape relationships
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Manning, G., L. G. Fuller, R. G. Eilers, and I. Florinsky. "Topographic influence on the variability of soil properties within an undulating Manitoba landscape." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-057.
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As soil properties influence productivity, it is of interest to characterize their distribution for the purpose of intensified agricultural management in variable landscapes. Soil properties (soil organic C content, soil pH, A horizon thickness, solum thickness and depth to carbonates) were studied in 10 intensively sampled transects in a gently undulating glacial till landscape near Miniota, Manitoba. Using a landform description model, the study site was delineated into upper, mid and lower elevation landform element complexes (LEC). The program used a digital elevation model created from relative elevation data collected on a 10-m grid. Sample points were also stratified by soil series; Newdale (Orthic Black Chernozem), Varcoe (Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem) and Angusville (Gleyed Eluviated Black Chernozem) soils of the Newdale association were identified. Landform element complexes were ranked lower > mid > upper with respect to convergent landscape character. The eluviated Angusville profiles occurred under more convergent landscape character than the Newdale or Varcoe series. There was a consistent rank of lower > mid > upper with respect to depth to carbonates, A horizon thickness, solum thickness and soil organic C content. Relative ranking of the pH in the Ap horizon was the opposite. In all cases, the lower LEC emerged as most clearly distinct. There was substantial variability in soil profile development, and, therefore, soil series membership, within individual LEC. This indicated that the scale at which LEC are delineated is broader than that at which soil series variability occurs. Nonetheless, LEC were useful in capturing gross variability in soil properties within the landscape at a scale that would allow unique agricultural management practices. Key words: Soil-landscape, solum thickness, depth to carbonates, organic carbon, soil pH
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Ladik, Elena, and T. Prohorova. "ASSESSMENT OF AESTHETIC ATTRACTIVENESS OF LANDSCAPES WHEN PLANNING OF RECREATION AREAS (Belgorod region as an example)." Technical Aesthetics and Design Research 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2687-0878-2020-2-1-36-50.
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The article is focused on studies of domestic and foreign scientists concerning the aesthetic properties of landscapes. Different methodological approaches of analysis and description of the visual quality of landscapes are presented. The world experience in the application of methods to assess the landscape attractiveness of territories when arranging of recreational zones was studied. The analysis of different types of landscapes, their aesthetic advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristics from the point of view of the arrangements of recreational areas was carried out. The relation between natural features of the area, its aesthetic parameters and the demand degree among vacationers was revealed. The features of the natural framework of the Belgorod region were determined; characteristic of regional landscape features, affecting the emotional perception of landscapes (chalk outcrops, wetlands of riverine lands, etc.) were identified. The assessment of the aesthetic attractiveness of landscapes is carried out using the territories of the Valuysky municipal district as an example. The localization of the areas with the greatest aesthetic attractiveness was determined and the promising territories for the development of recreational zones were identified. The compositional structure of the gully-like landscape was analyzed as one of the characteristic features for this region as a whole. Recommendations on the application of the assessment method for aesthetic of landscape attractiveness, taking into account regional characteristics the Belgorod region as an example were proposed.
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Wiseman, P. Eric, and Christina Wells. "(115) Soil Inoculum Potential and Mycorrhizal Colonization of Acer rubrum in Forested and Developed Landscapes." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1079D—1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1079d.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a symbiotic relationship with numerous landscape tree species and can improve tree growth and environmental stress tolerance. Construction-related soil disturbance is thought to diminish AMF colonization of transplanted trees in newly developed landscapes. We gathered root, soil, and foliar data from red maples (Acer rubrum) growing in newly developed landscape sites and adjacent native forest sites to test the hypotheses that: 1) landscape trees show lower levels of AMF colonization than forest trees; and 2) the AMF inoculum potential of landscape soils is lower than that of forest soils. Fine roots sampled from landscape maples had significantly lower AMF colonization than maples from adjacent forest sites (3% vs. 22%; P= 0.0002). However, soil-sand mixtures made from landscape soils possessed greater AMF inoculum potential than those made from forest soils (10% vs. 4%; P= 0.0081). Forest soils were more acidic and possessed less extractable P than landscape soils, and differences in AMF colonization between forest and landscape maples appeared to reflect differences in soil chemical properties rather than in soil inoculum potential.
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Marra, W. A., S. J. McLelland, D. R. Parsons, B. J. Murphy, E. Hauber, and M. G. Kleinhans. "Groundwater seepage landscapes from local or distal sources in experiments and on Mars." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 19, 2015): 129–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-129-2015.
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Abstract. Theater-headed valleys can form due to groundwater sapping, but these valleys could also be the result of knick-point (waterfall) erosion generated by overland flow. This morphological ambiguity hampers the interpretation of such valleys on Mars, especially due to insufficient knowledge of material properties, but the climate implications are quite different. Instead of single-valley morphology, metrics of the entire landscape may provide diagnostic insight in the formative hydrological conditions. However, flow patterns and the resulting landscapes are different for different sources of groundwater and poorly understood. We aim to increase our understanding of the formation of the entire landscapes by sapping from different sources of groundwater and to provide a framework of landscape metrics of such systems to aid interpretation of such landscapes. We study sapping from local and distal sources of groundwater in sandbox experiments and combine our results with previous experiments. Key results are that groundwater piracy acts on distally-fed valleys, which results in a sparsely dissected landscape of many small and a few large valleys while locally-fed valleys result in a densely dissected landscape. In addition, distally-fed valleys grow into the direction of the groundwater source while locally-fed channels grow in a broad range of directions and have a strong tendency to bifurcate, particularly on flat horizontal surfaces. As an example, we apply these results to two Martian cases. The valleys of Louros Valles show properties of sapping by a local source and Nirgal Vallis shows evidence of a distal source, which is likely groundwater from Tharsis.
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Sargentis, G. Fivos, Panayiotis Dimitriadis, Romanos Ioannidis, Theano Iliopoulou, and Demetris Koutsoyiannis. "Stochastic Evaluation of Landscapes Transformed by Renewable Energy Installations and Civil Works." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 22, 2019): 2817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142817.
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Renewable energy (RE) installations and civil works are beneficial in terms of sustainability, but a considerable amount of space in the landscape is required in order to harness this energy. In contemporary environmental theory the landscape is considered an environmental parameter and the transformation of the landscape by RE works has received increasing attention by the scientific community and affected societies. This research develops a novel computational stochastic tool the 2D Climacogram (2D-C) that allows the analysis and comparison of images of landscapes, both original and transformed by RE works. This is achieved by a variability characterization of the grayscale intensity of 2D images. A benchmark analysis is performed for art paintings in order to evaluate the properties of the 2D-C for image analysis, and the change in variability among images. Extensive applications are performed for landscapes transformed by RE works. Results show that the 2D-C is able to quantify the changes in variability of the image features, which may prove useful in the landscape impact assessment of large-scale engineering works.
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Owolabi, Christiana Olusola, Oluwole Olawale Ogunsajo, Jacob Goke Bodunde, and Olusegun Olufemi Olubode. "Assessment of designed landscapes and their management practices in selected capital cities in Nigeria." Ornamental Horticulture 26, no. 1 (March 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v26i1.2055.
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Abstract Landscape practices and business engagement have great potentials to uplift city status to either that of developed, under-developed or developing. Among the accruing benefits, are the value added to style of living, improved health status by way of alleviation of stress and development of a buoyant economy through financial in flow from provision of job opportunities and payment to garden owners for relaxation services rendered. A study was conducted to assess the landscape practices potentials and status of selected cities across different geo-political axis of Nigeria. The cities assessed included Abuja, Benin City, Ibadan, Lagos, and Calabar. Assessment was done with the aid of a structured questionnaire that cut across demography, purpose of landscaping, types of landscape materials, and type of maintenance routines. Data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results showed that most people engaged in landscape business had tertiary education, were males and young in age. The specific purposes for the establishment of landscapes for the city ranged from purely aesthetics only, recreation, relaxation centres and business and recreation centres only. Landscape properties which included private/public properties, recreation centres, social parks/gardens, and schools ranged in sizes from small to large hectares. Selected cities at different pedestals in their landscape practices potentials needed awareness campaign for improved development of city potential. In conclusion, thriving landscape business improved the livelihood of the city dwellers through employment opportunities, promotion of private owned businesses and increased the knowledge of landscape practices skills.
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Dupont, Lien, Marc Antrop, and Veerle Van Eetvelde. "Eye-tracking Analysis in Landscape Perception Research: Influence of Photograph Properties and Landscape Characteristics." Landscape Research 39, no. 4 (May 16, 2013): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2013.773966.
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Mishchenko, O. "Structural organization of sacred landscapes." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 3 (October 5, 2019): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111944.
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The article presents the results of scientific developments concerning the structural organization of sacred landscapes. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of constructive-geographic analysis, which is based on the approaches of the natural and the humanitarian sciences. The system approach to the study of sacred landscapes as a holistic organized territorial structure and a set of methods is used in this work, in particular: structural and logical generalization and system analysis, comparative and geographical, historical and geographical. The author considers the significance of the notion of sacral landscape as being broader than religion per se, and considers it a natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic system associated with certain symbols of life, myths, significant events, and , indeed ,religious feelings that are of great importance to a person or group of people and requires special respect and protection. The structural organization of all sacred landscapes is characterized by their properties and spatial structure and is closely connected with their social and functional purpose. As a result, such territorial systems can be divided into: confessional, taphal, active, abnormal. The sacred landscape is characterized by polystructurality, that is, the presence of spatial, temporal and morphological structure. In the spatial structure of the sacral landscape, the following components can be distinguished: the sacred object, anthropogenic and technogenic component, the landscape structure and a person with his/ her spiritual experience. In addition, such a structure has a hierarchical construction, where individual, local, regional, national and global levels can be distinguished. This article presents the peculiarities of the temporal structure of sacral landscapes and outlines the external, internal, and the functioning time. Particular attention is paid to the characteristic of internal time, where one can distinguish the following phases of development: the formation of a natural, natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic landscape; the creation of a spiritual component; loss of sacred human perception of a natural, natural-anthropogenic or anthropogenic landscape; the disappearance of the natural or natural- anthropogenic landscape. Taking into account the morphological structure of the sacred landscape, it is substantiated that religious objects serving as markers of sacred landscapes cannot correspond to one or another morphological unit of the landscape, that is, completely repeat its outlines and boundaries. However, there is a correlation between the type of landscape and the features of the sacred objects that were formed there.
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Gebhardt, J. Christof M., Thomas Bornschlögl, and Matthias Rief. "Full distance-resolved folding energy landscape of one single protein molecule." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 5 (January 19, 2010): 2013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909854107.
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Kinetic bulk and single molecule folding experiments characterize barrier properties but the shape of folding landscapes between barrier top and native state is difficult to access. Here, we directly extract the full free energy landscape of a single molecule of the GCN4 leucine zipper using dual beam optical tweezers. To this end, we use deconvolution force spectroscopy to follow an individual molecule’s trajectory with high temporal and spatial resolution. We find a heterogeneous energy landscape of the GCN4 leucine zipper domain. The energy profile is divided into two stable C-terminal heptad repeats and two less stable repeats at the N-terminus. Energies and transition barrier positions were confirmed by single molecule kinetic analysis. We anticipate that deconvolution sampling is a powerful tool for the model-free investigation of protein energy landscapes.
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Merz, Peter. "Advanced Fitness Landscape Analysis and the Performance of Memetic Algorithms." Evolutionary Computation 12, no. 3 (September 2004): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1063656041774956.
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Memetic algorithms (MAs) have demonstrated very effective in combinatorial optimization. This paper offers explanations as to why this is so by investigating the performance of MAs in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. A special class of MAs is used to discuss efficiency and effectiveness for local search and evolutionary meta-search. It is shown that the efficiency of MAs can be increased drastically with the use of domain knowledge. However, effectiveness highly depends on the structure of the problem. As is well-known, identifying this structure is made easier with the notion of fitness landscapes: the local properties of the fitness landscape strongly influence the effectiveness of the local search while the global properties strongly influence the effectiveness of the evolutionary meta-search. This paper also introduces new techniques for analyzing the fitness landscapes of combinatorial problems; these techniques focus on the investigation of random walks in the fitness landscape starting at locally optimal solutions as well as on the escape from the basins of attractions of current local optima. It is shown for NK-landscapes and landscapes of the unconstrained binary quadratic programming problem (BQP) that a random walk to another local optimum can be used to explain the efficiency of recombination in comparison to mutation. Moreover, the paper shows that other aspects like the size of the basins of attractions of local optima are important for the efficiency of MAs and a local search escape analysis is proposed. These simple analysis techniques have several advantages over previously proposed statistical measures and provide valuable insight into the behaviour of MAs on different kinds of landscapes.
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Maldonado, Ana, Darío Ramos-López, and Pedro Aguilera . "A Comparison of Machine-Learning Methods to Select Socioeconomic Indicators in Cultural Landscapes." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114312.
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Cultural landscapes are regarded to be complex socioecological systems that originated as a result of the interaction between humanity and nature across time. Cultural landscapes present complex-system properties, including nonlinear dynamics among their components. There is a close relationship between socioeconomy and landscape in cultural landscapes, so that changes in the socioeconomic dynamic have an effect on the structure and functionality of the landscape. Several numerical analyses have been carried out to study this relationship, with linear regression models being widely used. However, cultural landscapes comprise a considerable amount of elements and processes, whose interactions might not be properly captured by a linear model. In recent years, machine-learning techniques have increasingly been applied to the field of ecology to solve regression tasks. These techniques provide sound methods and algorithms for dealing with complex systems under uncertainty. The term ‘machine learning’ includes a wide variety of methods to learn models from data. In this paper, we study the relationship between socioeconomy and cultural landscape (in Andalusia, Spain) at two different spatial scales aiming at comparing different regression models from a predictive-accuracy point of view, including model trees and neural or Bayesian networks.
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Cousins, Sara A. O. "Landscape history and soil properties affect grassland decline and plant species richness in rural landscapes." Biological Conservation 142, no. 11 (November 2009): 2752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.001.
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Wysocka-Czubaszek, Agnieszka. "Variability of Soil Properties in Eroded Agricultural Landscape." Journal of Ecological Engineering 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/113154.
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Jain, Tushar, Tingwan Sun, Stéphanie Durand, Amy Hall, Nga Rewa Houston, Juergen H. Nett, Beth Sharkey, et al. "Biophysical properties of the clinical-stage antibody landscape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (January 17, 2017): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616408114.
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Antibodies are a highly successful class of biological drugs, with over 50 such molecules approved for therapeutic use and hundreds more currently in clinical development. Improvements in technology for the discovery and optimization of high-potency antibodies have greatly increased the chances for finding binding molecules with desired biological properties; however, achieving drug-like properties at the same time is an additional requirement that is receiving increased attention. In this work, we attempt to quantify the historical limits of acceptability for multiple biophysical metrics of “developability.” Amino acid sequences from 137 antibodies in advanced clinical stages, including 48 approved for therapeutic use, were collected and used to construct isotype-matched IgG1 antibodies, which were then expressed in mammalian cells. The resulting material for each source antibody was evaluated in a dozen biophysical property assays. The distributions of the observed metrics are used to empirically define boundaries of drug-like behavior that can represent practical guidelines for future antibody drug candidates.
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Wang, Chenguang, and Changquan Calvin Sun. "The landscape of mechanical properties of molecular crystals." CrystEngComm 22, no. 7 (2020): 1149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01874c.
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An analysis of compiled literature nanoindentation contact hardness (Hc) and elastic modulus (E) values of molecular crystals revealed a wide range of mechanical properties (0.001–1.80 GPa for Hc and 0.27–46.8 GPa for E).
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Wales, David J. "Decoding the energy landscape: extracting structure, dynamics and thermodynamics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1969 (June 28, 2012): 2877–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0208.
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Describing a potential energy surface in terms of local minima and the transition states that connect them provides a conceptual and computational framework for understanding and predicting observable properties. Visualizing the potential energy landscape using disconnectivity graphs supplies a graphical connection between different structure-seeking systems, which can relax efficiently to a particular morphology. Landscapes involving competing morphologies support multiple potential energy funnels, which may exhibit characteristic heat capacity features and relaxation time scales. These connections between the organization of the potential energy landscape and structure, dynamics and thermodynamics are common to all the examples presented, ranging from atomic and molecular clusters to biomolecules and soft and condensed matter. Further connections between motifs in the energy landscape and the interparticle forces can be developed using symmetry considerations and results from catastrophe theory.
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Samarakoon, Anjana, Taku J. Sato, Tianran Chen, Gai-Wei Chern, Junjie Yang, Israel Klich, Ryan Sinclair, Haidong Zhou, and Seung-Hun Lee. "Aging, memory, and nonhierarchical energy landscape of spin jam." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (October 3, 2016): 11806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608057113.
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The notion of complex energy landscape underpins the intriguing dynamical behaviors in many complex systems ranging from polymers, to brain activity, to social networks and glass transitions. The spin glass state found in dilute magnetic alloys has been an exceptionally convenient laboratory frame for studying complex dynamics resulting from a hierarchical energy landscape with rugged funnels. Here, we show, by a bulk susceptibility and Monte Carlo simulation study, that densely populated frustrated magnets in a spin jam state exhibit much weaker memory effects than spin glasses, and the characteristic properties can be reproduced by a nonhierarchical landscape with a wide and nearly flat but rough bottom. Our results illustrate that the memory effects can be used to probe different slow dynamics of glassy materials, hence opening a window to explore their distinct energy landscapes.
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Chakraborty, Shamik, and Abhik Chakraborty. "Satoyama Landscapes and Their Change in A River Basin context: Lessons for Sustainability." Issues in Social Science 5, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v5i1.10892.
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'Satoyama' denotes a mosaic of different landscape-types that has sustained agrarian societies for millennia in Japan. These landscapes have undergone degradation during the past few decades. While satoyama is a consistently referred term in landscape management in Japan, little attention is given to how such landscapes undergo change in large spatial units such as river basins. This study, based on documents and interviews, reviews how watershed level changes affect the functioning of such socioecological systems in the Kuma River Basin in Kyushu. Watershed properties of the Kuma River Basin changed during pre-modern and modern times and each phase left a lasting legacy on the landscape. The article analyzes how ecological connectivity became fragmented by identifying changes in ecosystem services, and concludes that while socio-ecological landscapes have a long history of human use; the human component cannot outgrow the fundamental biophysical processes that maintain ecosystem services and system resilience; these systems can undergo swift and irreversible degradation when ecological connectivity is fragmented. The main lesson for sustainable development is that consideration of historical changes in land use is vital for understanding the connectivity of different components in satoyama landscapes; this insight is important not only for rivers but also for the wider landscapes they connect and the associated integrity.
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Bogdanova, M. D., M. I. Gerasimova, and V. A. Snytko. "Traditional approaches and new ideas of Maria Glazovskaya in thematic mapping." Geodesy and Cartography 947, no. 5 (June 20, 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-947-5-54-62.
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Professor Maria Glazovskaya (1912–2016) – an outstanding geographer, geochemist and soil scientist, made a prominent contribution to the formation and development of several aspects of thematic mapping both in conceptual and methodological issues. These aspects, namely, soil, landscape- and soil-geochemical, as well as ecological mapping, were derived from the knowledge on soils combined with the concepts of geochemical migrations facilities for certain chemical elements in soils and landscapes. Methodology of compilation of such maps presumes purposeful interpretation of diverse soil and landscape features, their expert evaluation and forecast of response reactions of soils and landscapes to certain technogenic loads. Maria Glazovskaya proposed innovative approaches to thematic mapping enabling her to compile original maps. She introduced the principle of “prognostic information capacity of natural factors”, which means that properties of landscape components contain information appropriate for evaluating the resilience of natural systems. The ideas and methods proposed by Maria Glazovskaya are now implemented in basic and applied thematic mapping.
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Hoechstetter, Sebastian, Ulrich Walz, Le Hai Dang, and Nguyen Xuan Thinh. "Effects of topography and surface roughness in analyses of landscape structure - A proposal to modify the existing set of landscape metrics." Landscape Online 3 (February 19, 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.200803.
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Topography and relief variability play a key role in ecosystem functioning and structuring. However, the most commonly used concept to relate pattern to process in landscape ecology, the so-called patch-corridor-matrix model, perceives the landscape as a planimetric surface. As a consequence, landscape metrics, used as numerical descriptors of the spatial arrangement of landscape mosaics, generally do not allow for the examination of terrain characteristics and may even produce erroneous results, especially in mountainous areas. This brief methodological study provides basic approaches to include relief properties into large-scale landscape analyses, including the calculation of standard landscape metrics on the basis of "true" surface geometries and the application of roughness parameters derived from surface metrology. The methods are tested for their explanatory power using neutral landscapes and simulated elevation models. The results reveal that area and distance metrics possess a high sensitivity to terrain complexity, while the values of shape metrics change only slightly when surface geometries are considered for their calculation. In summary, the proposed methods prove to be a valuable extension of the existing set of metrics mainly in "rough" landscape sections, allowing for a more realistic assessment of the spatial structure.
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Corr, Dustin L. "A System to Evaluate Prime Farmland Reclamation Success Based on Spatial Soil Properties." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 9, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr20040001.
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Abstract. Scholars, governmental agencies, and concerned citizens are interested in developing empirical predictive models to quantitatively assess the vegetative productivity potentials of reconstructed soils (neo- sols). This research presents equations for a northern Michigan mining region in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, based on data derived from the National Resources Conservation Service. We employed principal component analysis to develop models to predict the vegetative productivity of corn, corn silage, oats, alfalfa/hay, Irish potatoes, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), red pine (Pinus resinosa Aniton), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.). Soil attributes that were examined in this research include: available water holding capacity, moist bulk density, % clay, % rock fragments, hydraulic conductivity, % organic matter, soil reactivity, % slope, and topographic position. Four predictive equations based on landscape topography have been developed and are described as an all-mesic woody plant and crop equation, a xeric equation, an equation specific to jack pine, and a wet environment equation. The models were highly significant (p<0.0001) and explained 87.93%, 74.52%, 65.33%, and 87.68% of the variation in site productivity of the respective landscape setting. These equations are intended to assist in efforts to assess the vegetative productivity potentials of reconstructed soils on post-mined landscapes and other disturbed landscapes.