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Koliopoulos, Telemachus C. "Numerical modelling of landfill gas and associated risk assessment." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248335.
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Zacharof, Alexander. "Stochastic modelling of landfill leachate and biogas production incorporating waste heterogeneity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395644.
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ARAUJO, LUIS FELIPE DE AZEVEDO. "THE LANDFILL BIOGAS AND ITS ENERGETIC USE IN MSW COLLECTION TRUCKS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28444@1.
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Nos grandes centros urbanos, o aumento da geração de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) é bastante superior ao crescimento da população; milhares de toneladas de lixo são despejadas diariamente em lixões ou aterros sanitários, exigindo investimentos cada vez maiores. Um sistema de limpeza urbana poderá ser implantado a partir do abastecimento dos caminhões de coleta de resíduos sólidos com o biogás produzido pela decomposição da matéria orgânica contida nos RSU depositados nestes aterros. Fonte renovável de energia, ao contrário do carvão, petróleo ou gás natural, o biogás, assim utilizado, traz significativa redução na emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e benefícios ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. Este trabalho busca avaliar em aterros onde existe uma ampla produção de biogás, a possibilidade da aplicação de uma porcentagem do que é gerado para suprir a demanda de combustível de uma frota de caminhões coletores compactadores, (que são os veículos que mais emitem CO2/Km, além da intensa poluição sonora), substituindo o diesel mineral. São duas as tecnologias de aproveitamento do biogás a serem abordadas. A primeira refere-se ao aproveitamento do biogás para a geração de energia elétrica e sua utilização em caminhões elétricos e a segunda, em caminhões abastecidos com GNV (Gás Natural Veicular). Nesta perspectiva, os aterros deixam de ser apenas depósito final de resíduos; tornam-se um início de um novo ciclo de vida desses resíduos. Os sistemas de limpeza urbana serão projetados por analogia aos ecosistemas biológicos, criando um conceito original de ecossistema do lixo.The production of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) is inevitable and occurs daily. Their amount varies depending on the level of economic development and the different layers that society entails. Managing information of MSW s lifecycle, from collection, treatment, disposal, recycling and energy recovery, becomes increasingly important to build a solid foundation for sustainable development. In the definition of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), sustainable consumption means the supply of services and related products that meet basic human needs and promote their best quality of life not only current, as future generations. Therefore, sustainable consumption matters in particular attention for the use of natural resources and toxic substances as well as on strict control of waste and pollutants emissions during the life cycle of the product or service. In a scenario of climate change, with the growing consumption of disposable things and energy and also consequent increase of garbage production, adoption of more sustainable lifestyles must be an obligation, compatible with lower rates of utilization of natural resources and levels emissions of greenhouse gases (GEE). More than any other time, mankind finds itself in a crossroad. Since Industrial Revolution, in a traditional economic vision, technology and the market think that they will always be able to find replacements for finished natural resources and solutions to environmental degradation. Mankind requires energy to perform most of their daily activities. This energy comes from primary sources such as oil, coal, gas (non-renewable), or another nature, as occurs with biomass, solar and hydropower and biogas (renewable). The future development depends on availability of energy for a long time in increasing amounts secure, reliable sources and appropriate to environment.
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Jaroenpoj, Souwalak. "Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Landfill Leachate and Pineapple Peel." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367041.
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This research study examined the behaviour of co-digestion of landfill leachate with pineapple peel, focusing on biogas production. Laboratory scale batch experiments were conducted to investigate mono-digestion of leachate and of pineapple peel, and their co-digestion with three different mixing ratios. The inoculum and pineapple peel were derived from the Golden Circle factory and the leachate was collected from the Rochedale Landfill site in Brisbane, Australia. Mono-digestion of leachate had methane yield of 24 L kgVSconsumed-1 and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiency of 37%. The results from mono-digestion of pineapple peel showed the higher methane yield of 317 L kgVSconsumed-1 and higher VS removal efficiency of 80%. The reasons for better performance of digestion in pineapple peel digestion are the pineapple peel had a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 24 to 1 that is suitable for anaerobic digestion process and the leachate sample was in mature age, as evidenced from low volatile solids (VS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) composition and high pH level.
Co-digestion batch experiments were run in the same reactors. 25 L of leachate was mixed with three ratios of pineapple peel - one, two and three kgVSpineapple peel m-3. The results showed that co-digestion of the leachate with two kgVSpineapple peel m-3 achieved the highest methane yield of 269 L kgVSconsumed-1 and 80% VS and 89% COD removal efficiency with good stability in the reactor. Further addition of pineapple peel at three kgVSpineapple peel m-3 to the leachate slightly decreased the biogas yield and overall VS and COD removal efficiency. The co-digestion results showed better performance than the mono-digestion of leachate due to synergism from pineapple peel as a co-substrate.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Aromolaran, Adewale. "Enhancement of Biogas Production from Organic Wastes through Leachate Blending and Co-digestion." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42509.
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Several operational and environmental conditions can result in poor biogas yield during the operation of anaerobic digesters and anaerobic bioreactor landfills. Over time, anaerobic co-digestion and leachate blending have been identified as strategies that can help address some of these challenges to improve biogas production. While co-digestion entails the co-treatment of multiple substrates, leachate blending involves combination of mature and young landfill leachate. Despite the benefits attributed to these strategies, their impact on recirculating bioreactor landfill scenarios and anaerobic digesters requires further investigation.
In the first phase of this thesis, an attempt to assess biogas production improvement from organic fraction of municipal solid waste in simulated bioreactor landfills through recirculation of blended landfill leachate was conducted. Real old and new leachate blends (67%New leachate:33%Old leachate, 33%New leachate:67%Old leachate) as well as 100%New and 100%Old leachate were recirculated through six laboratory-scale bioreactors using open-loop and closed-loops modes. Compared with the control bioreactor where 100% new leachate was recirculated and operated as a closed-loop, cumulative biogas production was improved by as much as 77 to 193% when a leachate blend of 33%New:67%Old was recirculated. Furthermore, comparison of the results from open-loop and closed-loop operated bioreactors indicated that there was approximately 28 to 65% more biogas in open-loop bioreactors. The Gompertz model applied to the methane data produced a better fit (R2 > 0.99) than first order and logistic function models. Leachate blending reduced the lag phase by almost half and thus helps in alleviating the ensiling during the start-up phase.
In the second phase, a biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of percentage sewage scum addition; 10%, 20% and 40% (volatile solids basis) on biogas production during mesophilic co-digestion with various organic substrates viz; organic fraction of municipal solid waste, old leachate, new leachate and a leachate blend prepared from 67%old leachate and 33%new leachate under sub-optimal condition. Results show that the net cumulative bio-methane yield was improved with increased sewage scum percentage during co-digestion because of positive synergism. Meanwhile, the addition of 40% sewage scum to the individual co-substrates improved net cumulative bio-methane yield by 28% - 67% when compared to their respective mono-substrate digestion bio-methane yield. Furthermore, reactors containing leachate blends consistently produced more biogas over other sets because of blending. Kinetic modelling applied to the bio-methane production data shows modified Gompertz equation achieved a better fit with up to an R2 value of 0.999. Finally, co-digestion substantially reduced the lag time encountered during mono-digestion.
In the last phase, the biomethane potential involved in the ACo-D of sewage scum, organic fraction of municipal solid waste was investigated in this phase using either thickened waste activated sludge or leachate blend (67%old leachate and 33%new leachate) as a tertiary component. Compared to the mono-digestion of TWAS, results shows that biomethane yield was enhanced in by as much as 32 - 127% in trinary mixtures with SS and OFMSW mainly due to the effect of positive synergism. Furthermore, LB addition improved biomethane production in trinary mixtures of SS:LB: OFMSW by 38% than in corresponding trinary mixtures of TWAS. Whereas an optimal combination of 40%SS:10%TWAS:50%OFMSW and 20%SS:70%LB:10%OFMSW produced the highest biogas yield of 407mL.gVS-1 and 487mL.gVS-1 respectively. The application of the first order model showed that lower hydrolysis rates promoted methanogenesis with k = 0.04day-1 in both 20%SS:70%LB:10%OFMSW and 20%SS:50%LB:30%OFMSW. Estimations by the modified Gompertz and logistic function were conclusive methane production rate improved by as much a 60% in a trinary mixture over the production rate during mono-digestion of TWAS alone.
The results of the various experiments of this thesis therefore suggest that leachate blending can be used as a strategy to improve biogas production in both bioreactor landfills and anaerobic digesters. Also, sewage scum as an energy-rich substrate can be better utilized during co-digestion with other low-energy substrates.
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Yang, Cha. "Municipal Solid Waste Management in an urban area of China: Case studies of Shanghai, China and Linköping, Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76770.
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With the rapid and large increase of waste quantities, China, surpassed the USA as the world’s largest municipal solid waste (MSW) generator since 2004. The phenomena and critical issues of MSWM in China inspired this paper to investigate and analyse the MSWM in an urban area of China. Comparing with the increasing rates of MSW generation, little has been done concerning the municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Not only the local government and authorities are responsible for the MSWM, but also the individuals are playing a significant role in MSWM. An integrated waste management system should be built in order to improve the holistic MSW system and reduce the waste production. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the current status and problems of MSWM in an urban area of China and to analyse to what extent a viable reduction of the MSW can be implemented and management systems to be improved in the near future. In this study, two case studies of Shanghai and Linköping are employed and compared to explore the challenges and potentials for improving the MSWM system in China. The result indicated that inadequate facilities and infrastructure, less advanced technology, insufficient public participation, low awareness of environmental protection, problems in policy and laws are the major barriers for the improvement of MSWM. Involving international environmental cooperation activities, planning a sustainable and comprehensive policy and framework for MSWM, introducing economic incentive approaches, promoting the capacities of waste management technologies, raising public environmental awareness are believed to be viable solutions to improve the MSWM system in China.
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Maldaner, Lia de Sousa. "Cobertura para oxidação biológica do metano em aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-04112011-141905/.
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A decomposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos em aterros sanitários é uma fonte importante de metano para a atmosfera. Este gás tem uma contribuição significativamente maior que o dióxido de carbono na retenção do calor na atmosfera e no consequente aquecimento global (efeito estufa). A oxidação biológica do metano nos sistemas de cobertura de aterros é uma alternativa para a diminuição das emissões fugitivas deste gás. Esse processo ocorre pela atividade microbiana em ambientes nos quais estão disponíveis metano, oxigênio e bactérias metanotróficas. O potencial de oxidação de metano nas camadas de cobertura de aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) pode ser favorecido pela criação de condições ambientais propícias. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para monitoramento e quantificação da oxidação do metano, a fim de avaliar o desempenho de diferentes materiais para coberturas oxidativas, levando-se em conta os aspectos climáticos. Foram avaliados dois sistemas de coberturas por meio de biofiltros. Estes biofiltros foram instalados no aterro DELTA A da cidade de Campinas, utilizando como fonte de metano um poço de captação de biogás do aterro. Foram utilizados dois tipos de materiais, um com resíduo de construção e demolição (RCD) e outro com areia natural, os dois misturados a composto orgânico maduro. Foram monitorados ao longo de 20 meses os perfis de concentração dos gases (metano, dióxido de carbono e oxigênio) e os fatores meteorológicos (pressão atmosférica, temperatura e precipitação). O estudo demonstrou que as duas misturas utilizadas podem oxidar o metano e que o fluxo de metano é controlado pela permeabilidade ao gás e este fluxo condiciona o percentual de oxidação. O valor máximo de oxidação obtido foi de cerca de 10 kg de CH4/m²dia. O estudo propõe, ainda, uma metodologia para quantificação da oxidação do metano que toma como base as medições de concentração ao longo do perfil da camada e a vazão oxidada.The decomposition of solid waste in landfills is a major source of methane to the atmosphere. This gas contributes more than carbon dioxide to heat trapping in the atmosphere and to the consequent global warming (greenhouse effect). The biological oxidation of methane in landfill cover systems is an alternative to reduce fugitive gas emissions. This process occurs by microbial activity in environments where methane, oxygen and methanotrophic bacteria are available. The methane oxidation in urban landfill cover systems can be improved by the creation of favorable environment conditions. A methodology for monitoring and quantification of methane oxidation is proposed, to evaluate the performance of different materials for oxidative cover, taking into account the climatic aspects. We evaluated two biofilter cover systems installed at Delta A landfill located in the city of Campinas (SP). The gas collection system well was used as methane source. Two different materials were tested: (1) construction and demolition waste and (2) natural quartz sand, both mixed with organic mature compost. The methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration profiles and meteorological factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature and precipitation) were monitored over 20 months. The two materials were capable of oxidizing methane. Methane oxidation was affected by flow rate through the cover system, and therefore by the material gas permeability. The maximum methane oxidation rate was approximately 10 kg CH4/m².day. A methodology is proposed for quantifying methane oxidation based on measurements of methane concentration and flow rate in the upper part of the biofilter.
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Mendes, Luiz Gustavo Galhardo. "Proposta de um sistema para aproveitamento energético de um aterro sanitário regional na cidade de Guaratinguetá /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99335.
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Orientador: Pedro Magalhães SobrinhoBanca: João Ubiratan de Lima e Silva
Banca: André Luis de Paula Marques
Resumo: A intensificação das atividades humanas nas cidades tem gerado um acelerado aumento na produção de resíduos sólidos, os quais se constituem em grande problema para as administrações públicas. Após dispostos nos aterros sanitários, os resíduos sólidos urbanos, que contêm significativa parcela de matéria orgânica biodegradável, passam por um processo de digestão anaeróbia provocado pela ação de microorganismos que transformam a matéria orgânica em um gás conhecido como biogás. Os principais constituintes da composição do biogás são o metano e o dióxido de carbono. Estudos existentes indicam que, considerando um período de 100 anos, 1 grama de metano contribui 21 vezes mais para o potencial de aquecimento global (GWP - Global Warning Power) do que 1 grama de dióxido de carbono. A queima do biogás transforma o metano em dióxido de carbono e vapor d'água, reduzindo o GWP e possibilitando a participação no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) previsto no Protocolo de Kyoto, ao qual é permitida a venda de certificados de redução de emissão por países em desenvolvimento. O presente trabalho propõe a cooperação intermunicipal entre quatro municípios localizados no Vale do Paraíba para a construção de um aterro sanitário com recuperação de biogás visando a geração de eletricidade. Para isso, utilizaram-se de equações existentes na literatura com o objetivo de mensurar a quantidade de biogás emitida pelo aterro sanitário, possibilitando avaliar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica e o potencial de geração de créditos de carbono. Ao final é feita uma análise econômica do projeto possibilitando comparar o custo da geração de eletricidade com o valor cobrado pela concessionária local.
Abstract: The human activities intensification in the cities has been generating an accelerated increase in the solid residues production, which constitute a big problem for the public administrations. After arranged in the sanitary landfill, the urban solid residues, that contains biodegradable organic matter significant bit, they pass through an anaerobic digestion process provoked by the microorganisms action that transform the organic matter in a gas well-known as biogas. Biogas main composition constituent are the methane and the carbon dioxide. Existing studies indicate that, considering a period of 100 years, 1 methane gram contributes 21 times more for Global Warning Power (GWP) than 1 carbon dioxide gram. Biogas burning transforms the methane in carbon dioxide and water vapor, reducing the GWP and enabling the participation in the Clean Development Mechanism foreseen in the Kyoto Protocol, to which is a1lowed the certificates emissions reductions sa1es for countries in development. The hereby work proposes the inter-municipa1 cooperation among four municipal districts located in "Vale do Paraíba" for the construction of a sanitary landfill with biogas recovery aiming at electricity generation. For that, existing equations in the literature was made use of with the goal of measuring biogas quantity emitted by the sanitary landfill, enabling to evaluate the electric power generation potential and for the carbon potential credits generation. At the end a project economic analysis is made enabling to compare the electricity generation cost with the value charged by the local concessionary.
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Mata, Omar João da. "Estimativa da produção de biogás em aterros sanitários para a geração de metano." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2012. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/54.
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Previous issue date: 2012-06-05The purpose of this study was to measure biogas emission from a monitored landfill in the city of Betim, State of Minas Gerais, in southeast Brazil, and determine parameters for the application of mathematical models to evaluate methane production and the possible generation of energy for the specific Betim region. The study was conducted at the city sanitary landfill. With 500,000 inhabitants, and producing 300 tons of residues a day, Betim started to operate its sanitary landfill in 2002 and is expected to close it in 2012. The system of disposition and treatment of garbage includes the landfill, manure treatment ponds and a composting yard. It receives domestic and commercial waste from the city and the remains of pruning and weeding. The residues from pruning and weeding, restaurants and garbage trucks are transformed into organic matter on the composting yard. The gas consists of 50%-60% of methane generated by decomposition of the organic matter by bacteria, and also of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, water and small percentages of other elements. Several collections and analyses were carried out and compared with different measurement estimates of the biogas capturing system of sanitary landfills by different methods: World Bank WB; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC; and United States Environment Protection Agency USEPA, with the aim of finding parameters to evaluate the data obtained. The comparison of our data with the curves foreseen with the methods above, and the results provided by the laboratory, made it possible to validate the theoretical models.
O objetivo deste estudo foi medir a emissão de biogás a partir de um aterro monitorado na cidade de Betim, Estado de Minas Gerais, no sudeste do Brasil, e determinar parâmetros para a aplicação de modelos matemáticos para avaliar a produção de metano ea geração de energia possível para o Betim região específica. O estudo foi realizado no aterro sanitário da cidade. Com 500.000 habitantes, e produzindo 300 toneladas de resíduos por dia, Betim começou a operar seu aterro sanitário em 2002 e deverá ser concluída em 2012. O sistema de disposição e tratamento de lixo inclui o aterro sanitário, lagoas de tratamento de chorume e um pátio de compostagem. Ele recebe lixo doméstico e comercial da cidade e os restos de poda e capina. Os resíduos de poda e capina, restaurantes e caminhões de lixo são transformados em matéria orgânica no pátio de compostagem. O gás é constituído por 50% -60% de metano gerado pela decomposição da matéria orgânica por bactérias, e também de dióxido de carbono, oxigênio, hidrogênio, sulfureto de hidrogênio, amoníaco, monóxido de carbono, água e pequenas percentagens de outros elementos. Várias coleções e análises foram realizados e comparados com estimativas de medição diferentes das biogás captura sistema de aterros sanitários por meio de métodos diferentes: Banco Mundial - BM; Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima - IPCC, e Estados Unidos Agência de Proteção Ambiental - EPA, com o objetivo de encontrar parâmetros para avaliar os dados obtidos. A comparação dos nossos dados com as curvas previstas com os métodos acima, e os resultados fornecidos pelo laboratório, tornou possível para validar os modelos teóricos.
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SANTOS, MAURO MEIRELLES DE OLIVEIRA. "BIOGAS GENERATION IN LANDFILLS: AN ANALYSIS ON THE FORECAST MODELS USED BY PROJECTS UNDER THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24638@1.
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O propósito do trabalho é avaliar os modelos matemáticos utilizados para a previsão da geração de biogás pelos aterros sanitários brasileiros e comparar as previsões com os resultados monitorados ao longo dos anos de operação. Cerca da metade do volume desse biogás é metano, sendo essa a sua parte mais significativa; primeiro, porque é um gás de efeito estufa; segundo, porque a sua queima, além de desejável, pode gerar energia – e renovável. Por isso, projetos de aterros que queimam metano podem receber incentivos financeiros – os créditos de carbono – através do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto. Os aterros sanitários estudados são todos projetos MDL, para os quais existe obrigatoriamente um prévio documento de concepção, com as previsões de resultados, bem como documentos periódicos posteriores comprovando as metas alcançadas, todos publicados na internet. Pelo método de trabalho, explicitam-se a previsão de geração do metano – contidas no documento de concepção de projeto – e a quantidade captada – contida nos relatórios de monitoramento. Os modelos, parâmetros, resultados e eficiências são apresentados, bem como comparações entre diferentes aterros e modelos. Ao final do trabalho, responde-se a questão: as eventuais discrepâncias entre a previsão de geração e a captação efetiva de biogás dos aterros sanitários operados sob o MDL podem ser explicadas pelo uso inadequado dos modelos de previsão?Solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) – especially landfills – are a significant source of methane. Although having the potential to be captured and used as a fuel, most of the methane formed in SWDS is emitted to the atmosphere. After the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force in 1994 with the final goal of preventing climatic changes, all the countries that have ratified it were asked to estimate and report their greenhouse gas emissions, including methane. In order to support countries in this task, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has published three sets of guidelines for national inventories, including sets of equations for calculating the quantity of methane formed as biodegradable waste decays. In addition, the Kyoto Protocol has created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to assist the developed countries to offset their own greenhouse gas emissions by assisting other countries to achieve sustainable development and to reduce their emissions. Based on IPCC s methodologies, the CDM has issued a tool to help developers estimate reductions in methane emissions as a result of their project activities. Unfortunately, the four methodologies for calculating methane formation in landfills that are used worldwide – three from IPCC and one from CDM – yield different results, although they are all based on equations to simulate first order decay of biodegradable waste. Furthermore, differences in results from the use of the different models are not clearly presented, and there is not a clear understanding on how they should be used. The incorrect application of the methodologies can be seen in national inventories and in CDM projects activities. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the mathematical models used to predict the generation of biogas by landfills in Brazil and to compare the forecasts with the monitored results over the years of operation. According to Scharff and Jacobs (2006), the emission from a landfill has a high temporal and spatial variability and the authors assert that this is a complicated area of study. Approximately half the volume of this biogas is methane, which is its most significant part; firstly, because it is a greenhouse gas; and secondly, because its burning, as well as being desirable, can generate energy – of the renewable type. For this reason, landfill projects that burn methane are able to receive financial incentives – the carbon credits – through the CDM. Since 2005, when the Kyoto Protocol entered into force and launched the CDM, solid waste disposal sites are seen differently in Brazil. The landfills studied here are CDM projects that had their potential for biogas EXPANDED ABSTRACT evaluated at their inception and which later on had their generation models and their parameters re-evaluated. These projects have undergone a renewal of their first 7-year crediting period, within the CDM procedures, when it was necessary to update the baseline and monitoring methodology. In order to have an ex-ante estimation of the methane generation in CDM landfill projects, it is necessary to follow the methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board. These methodologies are based on the procedures used for national greenhouse gas inventories of the IPCC, which in turn assesses the scientific knowledge around the world on climate change and greenhouse gases. There are three editions of IPCC guidelines (1997, 2000 and 2006), other than several versions for the ones issued by the CDM Executive Board. This thesis shows the differences among the models contained in these methodologies, besides the different interpretations and different ways to apply the methodologies in the analyzed projects. Two more models were added to the analysis: those referred to in World Bank (2004) – the so-called Scholl-Canyon model and the U.S. EPA s LFG Emissions Model (LandGEM). All CDM projects are required to have a prior design document as well as verified monitoring reports, which demonstrate the emission reductions, all documents publish
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Mendes, Luiz Gustavo Galhardo [UNESP]. "Proposta de um sistema para aproveitamento energético de um aterro sanitário regional na cidade de Guaratinguetá." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99335.
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mendes_lgg_me_guara.pdf: 1538481 bytes, checksum: c54a5310311e805e92b0e352c1130474 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A intensificação das atividades humanas nas cidades tem gerado um acelerado aumento na produção de resíduos sólidos, os quais se constituem em grande problema para as administrações públicas. Após dispostos nos aterros sanitários, os resíduos sólidos urbanos, que contêm significativa parcela de matéria orgânica biodegradável, passam por um processo de digestão anaeróbia provocado pela ação de microorganismos que transformam a matéria orgânica em um gás conhecido como biogás. Os principais constituintes da composição do biogás são o metano e o dióxido de carbono. Estudos existentes indicam que, considerando um período de 100 anos, 1 grama de metano contribui 21 vezes mais para o potencial de aquecimento global (GWP - Global Warning Power) do que 1 grama de dióxido de carbono. A queima do biogás transforma o metano em dióxido de carbono e vapor d'água, reduzindo o GWP e possibilitando a participação no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) previsto no Protocolo de Kyoto, ao qual é permitida a venda de certificados de redução de emissão por países em desenvolvimento. O presente trabalho propõe a cooperação intermunicipal entre quatro municípios localizados no Vale do Paraíba para a construção de um aterro sanitário com recuperação de biogás visando a geração de eletricidade. Para isso, utilizaram-se de equações existentes na literatura com o objetivo de mensurar a quantidade de biogás emitida pelo aterro sanitário, possibilitando avaliar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica e o potencial de geração de créditos de carbono. Ao final é feita uma análise econômica do projeto possibilitando comparar o custo da geração de eletricidade com o valor cobrado pela concessionária local.
The human activities intensification in the cities has been generating an accelerated increase in the solid residues production, which constitute a big problem for the public administrations. After arranged in the sanitary landfill, the urban solid residues, that contains biodegradable organic matter significant bit, they pass through an anaerobic digestion process provoked by the microorganisms action that transform the organic matter in a gas well-known as biogas. Biogas main composition constituent are the methane and the carbon dioxide. Existing studies indicate that, considering a period of 100 years, 1 methane gram contributes 21 times more for Global Warning Power (GWP) than 1 carbon dioxide gram. Biogas burning transforms the methane in carbon dioxide and water vapor, reducing the GWP and enabling the participation in the Clean Development Mechanism foreseen in the Kyoto Protocol, to which is a1lowed the certificates emissions reductions sa1es for countries in development. The hereby work proposes the inter-municipa1 cooperation among four municipal districts located in Vale do Paraíba for the construction of a sanitary landfill with biogas recovery aiming at electricity generation. For that, existing equations in the literature was made use of with the goal of measuring biogas quantity emitted by the sanitary landfill, enabling to evaluate the electric power generation potential and for the carbon potential credits generation. At the end a project economic analysis is made enabling to compare the electricity generation cost with the value charged by the local concessionary.
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Regattieri, Carlos Roberto. "Estudo da utilização da energia do biogás na incineração do chorume em aterros sanitários: eliminação simultânea de duas fontes poluentes - gasosa e líquida." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-11022016-114029/.
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Este trabalho foi realizado junto ao NETeF - Núcleo de Engenharia Térmica e Fluídos da EESC/USP e ao aterro sanitário \"Fazenda Guaporé\" em São Carlos, e teve como objetivo a verificação da viabilidade energética e ambiental do tratamento do chorume através da sua incineração com o biogás produzido pelo aterro, eliminando-se desta forma também o metano, reconhecido como gás estufa. Determinou-se experimentalmente a composição do biogás e calculou-se e mediu-se a sua vazão. As propriedades físico-químicas e a vazão do chorume também foram quantificadas. A vazão de gás foi calculada com informações obtidas da literatura e medida experimentalmente com uma sonda especialmente desenvolvida neste trabalho. Para determinar a aplicabilidade do conceito fez-se um balanço energético para verificar a disponibilidade de energia e um balanço químico, para determinar o potencial de emissão de poluentes do ar. Os resultados indicaram que há mais energia presente no gás do que a energia requerida para incinerar o chorume, embora a diferença seja pequena e deva ser vista com cautela. O balanço químico mostrou em geral um potencial poluidor abaixo das emissões permitidas pela legislação, embora em alguns casos isto não tenha ocorrido.This work was developed at the NETeF (Thermal Engineering and Fluids Group) at EESC/USP, Sao Carlos, SP, and the local landfill \"Guapore Farm\". It was aimed to the treatment of the \"chorume\" through its incineration with the biogas produced in the landfill, this way eliminating also the methane, the second most important greenhouse gas according to IPCC. The composition and flow rate of the biogas were determined by calculations and experimentaly and the same was done with the chorume. The gas flowrate was calculated using data available in the literature and measured with a probe specially developed in this work. To evaluate the feasibility of the concept it was done a balance of energy to verify if the energy of the gas was enough to the chorume thermal destruction and a chemical balance to determinate the potential of emission of air pollutants. The results have shown that there is more energy available than it is required for that purpose but they should be considered with some caution given the small diference between the required and produced energy and the uncertaints in the measurements and evaluations. The chemical balance has shown that, in general, the potential for emissions was bellow the legally stablished limits although in a few cases it was above.
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Tolbatov, Volodymyr Aronovych, Володимир Аронович Толбатов, Владимир Аронович Толбатов, S. V. Tolbatov, Svitlana Vasylivna Mikhno, Світлана Василівна Міхно, and Светлана Васильевна Михно. "The use biogas energy from municipal solid waste landfills as a step to remove the greenhouse effect the third millennium." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3951.
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Толбатов, Володимир Аронович, Владимир Аронович Толбатов, Volodymyr Aronovych Tolbatov, Світлана Василівна Міхно, Свитлана Васильевна Михно, Svitlana Vasylivna Mikhno, and S. V. Tolbatov. "The use biogas energy from municipal solid waste landfills as a step to remove the greenhouse effect the third millennium." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18326.
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Dixit, Onkar. "Upgrading Biogas to Biomethane Using Absorption." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-189059.
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Questions that were answered in the dissertation: Which process is suitable to desulphurize biogas knowing that chemical absorption will be used to separate CO2? Which absorption solvent is suitable to separate CO2 from concentrated gases such as biogas at atmospheric pressure? What properties of the selected solvent, namely aqueous diglycolamine (DGA), are already known? How to determine solvent properties such as equilibrium CO2 solubility under absorption and desorption conditions using simple, but robust apparatuses? What values do solvent properties such as density, viscosity and surface tension take at various DGA contents and CO2 loadings? How do primary alkanolamine content and CO2 loading influence solvent properties? What is the optimal DGA content in the solvent? What is the optimal desorption temperature at atmospheric pressure? How can equilibrium CO2 solubility in aqueous DGA solvents be simulated? What is the uncertainty in the results? How to debottleneck an absorber and increase its gas-treating capacity? How to determine the optimal lean loading of the absorption solvent? What are the characteristics of the absorption process that uses aqueous DGA as the solvent to separate CO2 from biogas and is more energy efficient and safer than the state-of-the-art processes? How to quantitatively compare the hazards of absorption solvents? What is the disposition of the German population towards hazards from biogas plants? What are the favourable and adverse environmental impacts of biomethane?Fragen, die in der Dissertation beantwortet wurden: Welches Verfahren ist zur Entschwefelung von Biogas geeignet, wenn die chemische Absorption zur CO2-Abtrennung genutzt wird? Welches Absorptionsmittel ist geeignet, um CO2 aus konzentrierten Gasen, wie Biogas, bei atmosphärischem Druck abzutrennen? Welche Eigenschaften des ausgewählten Absorptionsmittels, wässriges Diglykolamin (DGA), sind bereits bekannt? Wie wird die CO2-Gleichgewichtsbeladung unter Absorptions- und Desorptionsbedingungen mit einfachen und robusten Laborapparaten bestimmt? Welche Werte nehmen die Absorptionsmitteleigenschaften wie Dichte, Viskosität und Oberflächenspannung bei verschiedenen DGA-Gehalten und CO2-Beladungen? Wie werden die Absorptionsmitteleigenschaften durch den Primäramin-Gehalt und die CO2-Beladung beeinflusst? Was ist der optimale DGA-Gehalt im Absorptionsmittel? Was ist die optimale Desorptionstemperatur bei atmosphärischem Druck? Wie wird die CO2-Gleichgewichtsbeladung im wässrigen DGA simuliert? Welche Ungenauigkeit ist zu erwarten? Wie wird eine Absorptionskolonne umgerüstet, um die Kapazität zu erweitern? Wie wird die optimale CO2-Beladung des Absorptionsmittels am Absorbereintritt (im unbeladenen Absorptionsmittel) bestimmt? Was sind die Prozesseigenschaften eines Absorptionsverfahrens, das wässriges DGA als Absorptionsmittel nutzt sowie energieeffizienter und sicherer als Verfahren auf dem Stand der Technik ist? Wie kann das Gefahrenpotenzial von Absorptionsmittel quantitativ verglichen werden? Wie werden Gefahren aus einer Biogasanlage durch die deutsche Bevölkerung wahrgenommen? Welche positive und negative Umweltauswirkung hat Biomethan?
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Surita, Sharon C. "Emergence and Fate of Siloxanes in Waste Streams: Release Mechanisms, Partitioning and Persistence in Three Environmental Compartments." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1899.
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Siloxanes are widely used in personal care and industrial products due to their low surface tension, thermal stability, antimicrobial and hydrophobic properties, among other characteristics. Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) have been detected both in landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digesters at wastewater treatment plants. As a result, they are released to gas phase during waste decomposition and wastewater treatment. During transformation processes of digester or landfill gas to energy, siloxanes are converted to silicon oxides, leaving abrasive deposits on engine components. These deposits cause increased maintenance costs and in some cases complete engine overhauls become necessary.
The objectives of this study were to compare the VMS types and levels present in biogas generated in the anaerobic digesters and landfills and evaluate the energetics of siloxane transformations under anaerobic conditions. Siloxane emissions, resulting from disposal of silicone-based materials, are expected to increase by 29% within the next 10 years. Estimated concentrations and the risk factors of exposure to siloxanes were evaluated based on the initial concentrations, partitioning characteristics and persistence. It was determined that D4 has the highest risk factor associated to bioaccumulation in liquid and solid phase, whereas D5 was highest in gas phase. Additionally, as siloxanes are combusted, the particle size range causes them to be potentially hazardous to human health. When inhaled, they may affix onto the alveoli of the lungs and may lead to development of silicosis. Siloxane-based COD-loading was evaluated and determined to be an insignificant factor concerning COD limits in wastewater.
Removal of siloxane compounds is recommended prior to land application of biosolids or combustion of biogas. A comparison of estimated costs was made between maintenance practices for removal of siloxane deposits and installation/operation of fixed-bed carbon absorption systems. In the majority of cases, the installation of fixed-bed adsorption systems would not be a feasible option for the sole purpose of siloxane removal. However they may be utilized to remove additional compounds simultaneously.
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JÃnior, Francisco Amilcar Moreira. "AvaliaÃÃo do comportamento de lisÃmetros preenchidos com resÃduos sÃlidos com diferentes caracterÃsticas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13486.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da massa de resÃduos sÃlidos em termos de produÃÃo de lixiviado, geraÃÃo de gases, avaliaÃÃo das propriedades fÃsico quÃmicas do efluente, caracterizaÃÃo dos resÃduos e recalque, para trÃs lisÃmetros em uma Ãrea pertencente ao Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia â CE. A pesquisa foi realizada durante os meses de janeiro a junho de 2014, dando continuidade ao monitoramento e caracterizaÃÃo das propriedades que ocorriam internamente aos LisÃmetros desde a sua implantaÃÃo em maio de 2012. Foram utilizados, para a avaliaÃÃo, trÃs LisÃmetros: L01 - preenchido com 100% de resÃduos na forma como chegam ao aterro sanitÃrio; L02 â preenchido com 50% de resÃduos orgÃnicos e 50% como chegam ao aterro sanitÃrio; L03- preenchido 100% com resÃduos orgÃnicos. Durante o perÃodo da pesquisa foi realizado um levantamento das precipitaÃÃes ocorridas no municÃpio pertencente ao aterro sanitÃrio, de forma a verificar a possÃvel interferÃncia desta na geraÃÃo dos gases e produÃÃo de efluentes. Como resultado foi observado a consistÃncia na produÃÃo de biogÃs, principalmente nos valores observados para metano na base dos lisÃmetros, de forma mais intensa, no L03, assim como a grande geraÃÃo de lixiviado, com o inconveniente do odor produzido pelo gÃs sulfÃdrico. Por jà se encontrarem hà aproximadamente dois anos em operaÃÃo, foram verificados altos valores de recalque dos resÃduos, sendo alcanÃada a mÃdia de 92 cm para o L01, 130,5 cm para o L02 e de 123,75 cm para o L03. Em termos de produÃÃo de metano, os valores mÃdios obtidos foram de 0,726% e 0,667 % para a base e o meio do L01, de 2,81% e 0,69% na base e no meio do L02, e de 4,8% e 1,966% no entorno da base e do meio do L03. Para os valores de diÃxido de carbono os valores alcanÃados, em mÃdia, para a base e o meio dos LisÃmetros foram de 2,041% e 0,132% no L01, 3,28% e 0,4% no L02 e 7,8% e 2,778% no L03. Jà quanto ao gÃs sulfÃdrico, foram obtidos os valores de 0,866 ppm e 0,917 ppm para o L01, de 5,14 ppm e 0,87 ppm para o L02, e de 164,2 ppm e 4,377 ppm na base e no meio do L03, respectivamente. Em termos das caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas do lixiviado, foram encontradas variaÃÃes para determinados parÃmetros, principalmente durante os meses de maiores Ãndices de chuvas, afetando, desta forma, as caracterÃsticas da massa de resÃduos, na atividade dos microrganismos e na geraÃÃo do efluente, o qual se apresentou com valores bem acima do permitido em legislaÃÃo especÃfica para o lanÃamento em corpos hÃdricos. Mesmo com a presenÃa de adversidades, como o recalque excessivo, forte produÃÃo de lÃquidos, dois anos em decomposiÃÃo, e de fissuras na camada de cobertura, foi constatada, ainda, uma boa produÃÃo de gases, indicando a viabilidade e a importÃncia de se investir em tÃcnicas de aproveitamento de biogÃs em aterros sanitÃrios.
This research aimed to evaluate the behavior of the mass of solid waste in terms of leachate production, gas generation, evaluation of the physicochemical properties of the effluent, waste characterization and discharge for three lysimeters in an area belonging to the Landfill Metropolitan West Caucaia - CE. The survey was conducted during the months from January to June 2014, continuing the monitoring and characterization of the properties occurring internally to lysimeters since its inception in May 2012. It was used to evaluate three lysimeters: L01 - filled with 100% of waste in the way reach the landfill; L02 - filled with 50% of organic waste and 50% as they arrive to the landfill; L03- 100% filled with organic waste. During the research period was a survey of rain in the city belonging to the landfill in order to verify the possible interference in the generation of gases and waste production. As a result was observed consistency in the production of biogas, especially in the observed values of methane at the base of the lysimeters, more intensely, the L03, as well as the great generation of leachate, with the drawback of odor produced by hydrogen sulfide gas. As they were already there about two years in operation were high discharge values of waste, and achieved an average of 92 cm for the L01, 130.5 cm to L02 and 123.75 cm for the L03. In terms of methane production, the values obtained were 0.726% and 0.667% for the base and the middle of L01, 2.81% and 0.69% at the base and in the middle of L02, and 4.8 % and 1,966% in the vicinity of the base and the middle of the L03. For carbon dioxide the values obtained, on average, to the base of the lysimeters and the middle was 2.041% and 0.132% in the L01, and 3.28% to 0.4% and 7.8% and L02 2,778 % in the L03. As for the hydrogen sulfide was obtained values of 0.866 ppm and 0.917 ppm for L01, 5.14 ppm and 0.87 ppm for L02, and 164.2 ppm to 4,377 ppm at the bottom and in the middle of L03 respectively. In terms of physical and chemical characteristics of the leachate, variations were found for certain parameters, especially during the months of highest rates of rainfall, affecting in this way, the waste mass characteristics, the activity of microorganisms and the effluent generation, which performed with values well above the permitted in specific legislation for the release in water bodies. Even with the presence of adversity, such as excessive repression, strong production of liquid two years to decompose, and cracks in the cover layer, was found also a good gas production, indicating the viability and importance of investing in biogas production technologies in landfills.
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Figueiredo, Natalie Jimenez Verdi de. "Utilização de biogás de aterro sanitário para geração de energia elétrica - estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-11082011-092549/.
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A intensificação das atividades humanas nas últimas décadas tem gerado um acelerado aumento na produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos (lixo), tornando-se um grave problema para as administrações públicas e para a sociedade. O aumento desordenado da população e o crescimento sem planejamento de grandes núcleos urbanos dificultam as ações de manejo dos resíduos; além disso, o uso de lixões nos grandes centros urbanos ainda é uma prática comum, o que gera problemas de saúde e ambientais. A decomposição da matéria orgânica promove a liberação do biogás, cujos principais constituintes são o gás carbônico e o metano, que corresponde a cerca de 50% e é um gás de efeito estufa, cuja emissão acarreta no aquecimento global. Além disso, gera odores desagradáveis e oferece riscos de explosão. Os aterros sanitários são considerados atualmente uma alternativa das mais interessantes para geração do biogás, visto que podem dispor de técnicas de captação dos gases liberados através de dutos de captação e queima posterior em flares, onde o metano, principal constituinte do biogás é transformado em gás carbônico, que possui um potencial de aquecimento global cerca de 20 vezes menor que o metano. Nestes aterros também existem dutos para captação do chorume, líquido proveniente da decomposição de resíduos orgânicos que se não for devidamente coletado, acarreta poluição dos recursos hídricos. Além da oportunidade de reduzir os danos ambientais é possível utilizar o biogás como combustível, gerando energia elétrica. Portanto, neste estudo é avaliado o potencial de geração de biogás do Aterro Essencis CTR Caieiras, na cidade de Caieiras, SP, e a viabilidade técnica e econômica da implantação de um projeto de geração de energia elétrica com o biogás proveniente do mesmo, por meio de um estudo de caso. Este estudo mostrou que a metodologia utilizada para quantificar o potencial de biogás do aterro em questão aproxima-se do real captado e também que a CTR Caieiras possui um alto potencial de geração de energia elétrica. Além disto, o grupo motogerador de 230 kW instalado no aterro é viável do ponto de vista econômico, podendo apresentar melhores resultados com a instalação de grupos motogeradores de maior porte.The intensification of human activities in the last few decades has brought about an accelerated increase in the production of urban solid wastes (garbage), becoming a serious problem for the public administrations and society. The disorderly increase in population and the unplanned growth of huge urban nuclei makes it difficult for the waste management actions; in addition, the use of dump areas in the major urban centers is still a common practice, what causes health and environmental problems. The decomposition of the organic matter releases biogas, which main constituents are the carbonic gas and methane, corresponding to approximately 50% and is a greenhouse gas, which emission causes global heating. In addition, it generates unpleasant odors and presents explosion risks. The sanitary landfills are currently regarded as one of the most interesting alternatives for biogas generation, as they can rely on techniques to capture the gases released, through a capturing ducts and subsequent burning in flares, where the methane - biogas main constituent - is transformed into carbonic gas which global heating potential is approximately 20 times lower than methane. Ducts are in place at these landfills to capture the leachate, a liquid deriving from the decomposition of organic wastes which, if not duly collected, pollutes the hydrological resources. Besides the opportunity to reduce the environmental damages, it is possible to use biogas as a fuel to generate electric power. Therefore, this study assesses the potential biogas generation of the Essencis Landfill CTR Caieiras, in the city of Caieiras (SP), as well as the technical and economic feasibility for the deployment of an electric power generation project with the biogas deriving from same, by means of a case study. This study has showed that the methodology used in order to quantify the potential biogas from the landfill at issue is close to the actually captured one, and also that the CTR Caieiras has a high potential for electric power generation. In addition, the 230 kW power generator installed at the landfill is feasible, from the economic point of view, and may present better results with the installation of greater size power generators.
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Veiga, Ana Paula Beber. "Contribuição à avaliação das barreiras e oportunidades regulatórias, econômicas e tecnológicas do uso de biometano produzido a partir de gás de aterro no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-15072016-113112/.
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A exploração energética do biogás é dominada desde tempos remotos, e tem contribuído, mesmo que em pequena escala, para a diversificação das matrizes energéticas de muitos países, a partir da premissa da expansão no uso das energias renováveis. Mais recentemente, a necessidade de aprimoramento da gestão de resíduos e questões como a segurança no suprimento energético e mudanças climáticas impulsionaram o refinamento de técnicas de purificação de biogás, com o objetivo de produzir o biometano, potencial substituto do gás natural de origem fóssil. É de interesse desta pesquisa a purificação de biogás de aterros e sua utilização como combustível veicular e injeção em gasodutos, uma vez que o recente desenvolvimento de projetos no Brasil se dá a espelho do que ocorre em países desenvolvidos, apesar de os setores de saneamento e energia brasileiros apresentarem características distintas. O estágio de desenvolvimento atual da exploração do biometano na Alemanha, Reino Unido e Suécia foi identificado através de revisão de literatura e análise documental. O resultado foi confrontado com o contexto atual, perspectivas atuais e futuras para este recurso no Brasil, considerando em especial, a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, os planos de desenvolvimento do setor energético nacional, e políticas estaduais do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, que tratam especificamente da promoção do uso do biogás. As condicionantes verificadas em nível nacional e regional foram então classificadas enquanto barreiras e oportunidades para a exploração do biometano obtido a partir de gás de aterros. Como resultado, a pesquisa identificou que a implantação de mecanismos de incentivo e a definição dos usos finais selecionados em função da infraestrutura disponível foram indutores do desenvolvimento deste recurso nos países selecionados. A verificação do cenário atual de desenvolvimento do biometano de gás de aterros no Brasil demonstra que, apesar de não apresentar potencial energético significativo e a regulação em vigor limitar suas aplicações, seu desenvolvimento pode ser uma alternativa para, em última análise, contribuir para a melhoria das condições sanitárias vigentes no país.Biogas as an energy source has been explored since ancient times, and has contributed, if only to a small degree, to diversify the energy mix of many countries, based on the increased use of renewable energy. Recently, the need to improve waste management and issues such as power supply safety and climate change, have driven the development of biogas purification techniques to produce biomethane, a potential substitute for fossil-based natural gas. The focus of this research is the purification of landfill biogas, its use as a fuel for vehicles and injecting it into gas pipelines, since the recent development of projects in Brazil reflect those in developed countries, even though the Brazilian sanitation and energy sectors present distinct characteristics. The current development stage of biomethane investigations in Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden, were analyzed by reviewing literature and examining documents. The result was compared with the actual situation of this resource in Brazil, as well as current and future perspectives based mainly on the National Solid Waste Policy, the development plans for the national energy sector and state policies for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo that specifically deal with promoting the use of biogas. National and regional constraints were verified and classified in relation to challenges and opportunities for use of biomethane obtained from landfill gas. As a result, the research revealed that the implementation of incentive mechanisms and the definition of selected end uses based on the available infrastructure are drivers for the development of this resource in the selected countries. Analysis of the current scenario of biomethane development from landfill gas in Brazil demonstrates that, even though it does not present a significant energy potential and current regulations limit its applications, its development could be an alternative, at least, to help improve the prevailing sanitary conditions of the country.
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Allam, Nadine. "Estimation des émissions surfaciques du biogaz dans une installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0187/document.
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Les ISDND produisent du biogaz par fermentation des déchets organiques. Le biogaz principalement composé de CH4 et CO2 représente un enjeu environnemental majeur. Cette étude propose un outil d’estimation des émissions surfaciques de biogaz d’une ISDND par modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique d’un gaz traceur, en l’occurrence, le méthane. Les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des concentrations en CH4 et en COV ont été suivies sur et dans l’entourage de l’ISDND d’étude (Séché Environnement) en fonction des conditions météorologiques. Les résultats montrent des faibles teneurs atmosphériques en COV et en CH4 sur le site d’étude validant une faible émission de ces espèces. Les COV mesurés sont émis par différentes sources dont la contribution est plus importante que celle de l’ISDND et aucun COV ne constitue un traceur de biogaz émis par le site. En revanche, l’ISDND apparait comme source principale du CH4 détecté. Deux méthodes sont proposées pour estimer les émissions surfaciques de méthane en utilisant un modèle de dispersion atmosphérique Gaussien ADMS, validé par comparaison des teneurs atmosphériques en méthane mesurées et modélisées et leur dynamique temporelle. La première méthode repose sur une approche inverse et la deuxième est une approche statistique par régression. Les émissions de CH4 sont estimées pour la période d’exposition de la diode laser aux émissions du site pour 4 scénarios météorologiques types identifiés par une classification hiérarchique. Les résultats valident l’influence des paramètres météorologiques, surtout de la stabilité de l’atmosphère, sur la dispersion atmosphérique et les émissions surfaciques en méthaneLandfill sites produce biogas by degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Biogas mainly composed of CH4 and CO2 represents a major environmental challenge. This study propose a method to estimate biogas surface emissions in landfill sites using atmospheric dispersion modeling of a tracer gas, in this case, methane. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 and VOC concentrations have been followed on the studied landfill site (Séché Environnement) for several weather conditions. Measurement results show low atmospheric VOC and CH4 concentrations on the studied landfill site which validates low emissions of these compounds. Detected VOC are emitted by different sources, excluding the landfill site. The contribution of these sources on VOC concentrations is more important than that of the landfill site and no VOC could be identified as tracer of biogas emitted by landfill site. However, CH4 is emitted by the landfill site, its principal source. Two methods are proposed to estimate methane surface emissions using a Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS. Gaussian model is validated by comparison of the temporal dynamics and atmospheric concentrations of methane measured on the site and those modeled. The first method is based on an inverse approach and the second one is a statistical regression approach. CH4 emissions are estimated for the exposure period of the laser diode to the site emissions and for 4 weather scenarios identified by a hierarchical classification. Results validate the influence of meteorological parameters, especially the stability of the atmosphere, on the atmospheric dispersion and methane surface emissions
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Moran, Enrique. "Improving waste management systems from households in Peru. : An economic, social and ecologic profitable investment." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54504.
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In the waste management system of Peru, there is a lot to fix, change and improve from households areas. In this report is presented why and how necessary is the construction of landfills to have an appropriate place to dispose the waste of the collection .At the same time, the report shows how profitable can be from social, economic and ecologic way, with the investment of treatment plants that use biogas from the landfills to produce energy. Differents solutions – vehicle fuel production, electricity generation etc – are discussed in light of the different economy, geography and social situation in three selected cases.
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Oliveira, ClÃudio Andrà Almeida de. "AnÃlise do Fluxo de Gases na Camada de Cobertura do Aterro SanitÃrio Municipal Oeste de Caucaia (ASMOC)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7346.
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nÃo hÃO crescente consumo humano acarreta uma maior geraÃÃo de resÃduos, que, por sua vez, devem ser adequadamente tratados e descartados. O armazenamento dos resÃduos urbanos em aterros produz gases, que quando nÃo geridos corretamente prejudicam a qualidade de vida da populaÃÃo. As emissÃes incontroladas desses gases provocam mÃltiplos impactos econÃmicos e socioambientais a partir da contaminaÃÃo do ar nas diferentes cidades do mundo. A comunidade circunvizinha do aterro à bastante prejudicada em virtude do convÃvio constante com o mau cheiro, gases inflamÃveis e atà componentes cancerÃgenos presentes no biogÃs. Em termos mundiais, o lanÃamento incontrolado do biogÃs na atmosfera à uma das contribuiÃÃes humanas para o aumento dos Gases causadores do Efeito Estufa (GEE) e aquecimento global. Uma das principais formas de se evitar a passagem aleatÃria do biogÃs gerado em aterros para a atmosfera à constituir um adequado sistema de cobertura dos resÃduos, a qual tem, dentre outras funÃÃes, evitar a fuga dos gases e a entrada de Ãguas pluviais na massa de resÃduos, alÃm de auxiliar na coleta e tratamento do biogÃs gerado no interior do aterro. Desenvolveu-se tÃcnicas de laboratÃrio e em campo para contemplar o estudo do fluxo de gases que atravessa o solo utilizado como cobertura do Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia (ASMOC), com o objetivo de se avaliar a funcionalidade da camada de cobertura e se estimar a quantidade de gases, metano (CH4) e diÃxido de carbono (CO2), emitidos pelo Aterro. Escolheram-se quatro pontos distintos na superfÃcie da cÃlula, onde foram coletadas duas amostras, uma deformada e outra indeformada, para cada ponto selecionado. Os resultados mostraram que o solo da camada de cobertura foi classificado como areia fina silto-argilosa, com permeabilidade de 2,2 x 10-4 cm/s, limite de liquidez de 27%, limite de plasticidade de 14% (Ãndice de plasticidade: 13%), massa especifica seca mÃxima de 1,83 g/cm e umidade Ãtima de 11%. Utilizou-se a metodologia de mediÃÃo por placa de fluxo de alta sensibilidade, onde se mediu o fluxo que atravessa a camada de cobertura, utilizando-se aparelhos de precisÃo. A mÃdia do fluxo de CH4 emitido pela camada de cobertura variou entre 105 e 1.361 m3/dia.m2, enquanto a mÃdia dos fluxos de CO2 variou de 76 à 1.048 m3/dia.m2. O fluxo mÃdio de CH4 pode atingir valores prÃximos de 9.452 t/ano, o que representa aproximadamente 198,5 mil t de CO2eq por ano em uma Ãrea de 78 hectares do aterro
The growing human consumption entails a greater generation of waste, which, in turn, must be properly treated and disposed. The storage of waste in landfills produces gas, which if not managed properly will affect the quality of life. The uncontrolled emissions of these gases cause multiple economic, social and environmental impacts, as due to air pollution in different cities around the world. The community surrounding the landfill is actually impaired by virtue of living with the constant stench, flammable and even carcinogenic compounds present in the biogas. Worldwide, the uncontrolled release of biogas into the atmosphere is one of the human contributions to the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and global warming. One of the main ways to avoid the random passage of the biogas generated in landfills to the atmosphere is to provide an adequate coverage of the waste system, which has, among other functions, prevent the escape of gases and the ingress of rainwater into the mass of waste as well as assist in the collection and treatment of the biogas generated within the landfill. Techniques were developed in the laboratory and field research to consider the flow of gases through the soil used as cover Landfill Metropolitan West Caucaia (ASMOC), to assess the functionality of the cover layer and estimate the amount of gases, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the landfill. Four different points on the cell surface were chosen, where two samples were collected, a deformed and other undeformed, for each selected point. The results showed that the covering layer is classified as sandy silt-clay, with permeability of 2,2 x 10-4 cm/s, liquid limit of 27%, plastic limit of 14% (plasticity index: 13%), maximum dry density of 1.83 g/cm and optimum moisture content of 11%. The methodology used was the static flow measurement with high sensitivity, which measures the gas flow through the cover layer, using precision instruments. The average flow of CH4 emitted by the layer of coverage ranged between 105 and 1.361 m3/dia.m2, while the average CO2 fluxes ranged 76 - 1.048 m3/dia.m2. The average CH4 flux can reach values close to 9,452 tons / year, which represents about 198 500 tonnes of CO2 eq per year in an area of 78 hectares of the landfill.
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Quiroga, Ekman Maria Eugenia. "Waste Management System Assessment in the North of Argentina." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219315.
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During the last decades, solid waste management has been going through a lot of changes regarding, regulation and applications of models and systems. New practices to solve environmental problems have been approached in different scenarios, situations and in different countries. Today the problem of waste management requires the application of broader approach including new methodologies, systems, practices and models to continue the development toward sustainable systems. The objective of this thesis to assess the waste management situation in the Provinces of Jujuy (Municipality of San Salvador de Jujuy) and Salta (Municipality of Salta Capital) located in the north of Argentina and to provide technical recommendations to implement or improve their waste management system. To carry out the technical and environmental assessment of the waste situation in the municipalities in Jujuy and Salta, the Integrated Waste Management (IWM) approach from UN-HABITAT and UNEP, Global Waste Management Outlook is applied; as well as the chronological and practical methodology WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) from the Municipal Association in Sweden “Gästrike Återvinnare” based on ten (15) aspects that, according to praxis in Sweden, are considered relevant in order to assess the waste management system in a municipality. The Province of Jujuy and Salta are facing environmental problems as contamination of soil and groundwater, landfills producing greenhouse gas emissions and social problems of people living at the landfill that need to be addressed. The result of this thesis shows that in the province of Jujuy the waste management situation need to be prioritized. At the capital of Jujuy, there are produced 400 tonnes of household waste per day. The level of knowledge of the system perspective is very low and they need the creation of goals, objectives and policies for the implementation of a sustainable system. It is also necessary the assessment of the type and quality of the waste produced, to have a picture of the situation based on facts. The collection and transport need improvements on infrastructure and regarding the workers at the landfill. There is a lack of sorting system or sorting stations. Sorting of waste and recycling is only based on the activity of the informal workers living at the landfill. The construction of a sorting plant at Chanchillos is positive but the lack of separation system limit the usefulness of the equipment. Regarding the financing aspects, there is a system in place for charging the customers for services provided regarding collection of waste, but there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities etc. In conclusion, the most important aspects with high priority In Jujuy to start with the implementation of an integrated waste management system in Jujuy are: system goals, source and quality of waste, waste sorting, waste treatment, cooperation, planning, financing, knowledge, socio economic aspects and environmental aspects. The results with lower priority are collection and transport, law and regulations, public awareness and business opportunities. On the other hand, the legislative framework shows that the legislation is in place concerning the issues of waste and environmental protection as well the legislative framework at national and provincial level. However, it is necessary to develop a specific legislation, regarding waste management practices, considering, waste hierarchy as well as the development guidelines regarding extended producer responsibility (EPR). In relation to the technical aspects of the landfill, the results show that there is a potential to implement two different solutions for waste treatment a) The capturing of the landfill gas to reduce gas emissions from the landfill. b) Possibility to build up a biogas plant with electricity generation or biodiesel production taking advantage of the raw material of the place as manure. The results in the Province of Salta shows the implementation of an integrated system is in place but it is necessary the improvement of the system. At the capital of the Province of Salta, there are produced 600 tonnes waste a day, that is deposited in a controlled landfill with biogas extraction and only a small percentage of the waste is sent for recycling. Regarding the waste collection and separation there are similarities with the problems of infrastructure described in the Province of Jujuy, such as the lack of trash cans, that makes the collection difficult and the lack of a separation system is a common deficit. The municipality does not have an update data of the quality and quantity of waste since 2003. In relation to public awareness there is a cooperative in cooperation with a private company that oversees the waste sorting. This program is a good initiative but it only covers 2000 blocks of the city and 14 000 households representing only the 10% of the total area. Regarding the financing there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities, etc. The waste is transported to the landfill, which is using the cell method and is well constructed, considering important aspects as the size of the cells, quantity and variation of rainfall, the absorptive capacity of the waste as well as the control of the capacity of the cells for high degree compaction. However, the controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that ingress into the holes where methane gas is extracted. In conclusion, the aspects with high priority in Salta are: classification of source and type of waste, cooperation, planning, financing, business opportunities and socio-economic aspects. The aspects with low priority are: system goals, collection and transport, waste treatment, law and regulations, public awareness, knowledge, environmental aspects. This shows that the government strategy is working positively regarding instruments and legislation. However, the control and financial system need improvement to afford the costs of the waste management system. The controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that enter the holes where methane gas is extracted. There is also a potential to a) upgrade the biogas to biofuel or b) for generation of energy which is highly demanded in the Province. The conclusions of the assessment show that today the problem of waste management requires a broader approach and new methodologies to understand the situation of the decision makers in the area of waste management. Where not only the physical or technical aspects on a waste management system are considered but also broader and deeply oriented aspects that include other factors that describe the cause of the problems. The methodology applied in this thesis called WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) can be used as a practical assessment tool in the future, for the analysis of the conditions for the establishment and development of integrated waste management system in a municipality. After the application of the WHAT methodology in this thesis it can be noticed that there is a potential of future improvements of the methodology as a) the inclusion of the Swedish knowledge and knowhow in the area. b) potential to development of a software to provide a quick assessment in a municipality. c) the inclusion of a database for the implementation of waste management. d) potential to include a financial tool with cost and benefits of the investments. According to the concept of sustainable waste management, the system needs to ensure health and safety aspects but in addition it must also be environmentally, effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable.
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Filho, Carlos Eduardo Gomes Cassaú. "Potencial de geração de metano em aterros sanitários através dos modelos IPCC, USEPA e Scholl Canyon estudo de caso do aterro sanitário de Moskogen, Kalmar, Suécia." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8169.
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A utilização do metano (CH4) presente no biogás gerado através da degradação anaeróbica de resíduos orgânicos depositados em aterros sanitários como fonte de energia é uma tecnologia em expansão, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Para assegurar um melhor aproveitamento do CH4 e a viabilidade econômica do projeto de exploração energética é necessário que estes empreendimentos avaliem sua capacidade de produzir este gás com o passar dos anos, mesmo após o encerramento da deposição de resíduos. O potencial de geração é comumente estimado a partir de modelos cinéticos de primeira ordem propostos por conceituadas instituições, entretanto, estudos recentes apontam alto grau de incerteza e diferenças relevantes entre os resultados obtidos com cada metodologia. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a variação dos resultados das estimativas de emissão de metano dos modelos recomendados pela USEPA, Banco Mundial (Scholl Canyon) e IPCC utilizando tanto dados e informações disponibilizadas do aterro sanitário Moskogen, localizado em Kalmar, Suécia, que foi operado entre 1977 e 2008. Além de estimar a capacidade de geração de CH4, objetiva-se identificar qual o modelo cujas estimativas mais se aproximam dos dados de biogás efetivamente medidos e quanto gás ainda pode ser extraído do aterro. O estudo ainda avaliou como valores diferentes para os parâmetros principais dos modelos afetam a estimativa de geração final. O modelo IPCC mostrou-se o mais confiável dentre os analisados, estimando que o aterro Moskogen produza mais de 102 milhões de m de CH4 entre 1977 e 2100, sendo 39,384 milhões passíveis de extração de 2012 a 2100. Os demais modelos apresentaram premissas inadequadas com a realidade do aterro sanitário estudado. Contudo, mesmo com a superioridade do modelo proposto pelo IPCC, maiores estudos são necessários no local, que levantem outras informações de campo como a vazão passiva de gás pela camada de cobertura do aterro e uma melhor estimativa do percentual de material orgânico biodegradável presente em cada fração de resíduos depositada em Moskogen.The use of methane (CH4) present in the biogas generated by the anaerobic degradation of organic wastes in landfills as an energy source is an expanding technology, especially in developing countries. To ensure a proper utilization of CH4 and the economic feasibility of the energy recovery project it is necessary that these landfills evaluate their capability to produce this gas over the years, even after the end of waste disposal. The generation potential is commonly estimated from first-order kinetic models proposed by reputable institutions, however, recent studies indicate a high level of uncertainty and significant differences between the results obtained with each method. This study aims to analyze the variation of the results of methane generation estimatives, from the models recommended by the USEPA, the World Bank (Scholl Canyon Model) and the IPCC using field data and information provided by Moskogen landfill, located in Kalmar, Sweden, which was operated from 1977 to 2008. In addition to estimating the CH4 generation potential, the objective is to identity which model whose results are closer to the data of the amount of biogas effectively measured and to discover how much gas still can be extracted from the landfill. The study also evaluated how different values to the model main parameters affect the final generation estimative. The IPCC model proved to be the most reliable among the others analyzed, estimating that Moskogen will produce over 102 million m of CH4 between 1977 and 2100, which 39.384 can be extracted from 2012 to 2100. The other models presented inadequate assumptions in comparison to the reality of the studied landfill. Nevertheless, despite the fact that the model proposed by the IPCC has been judged as the most faithful, larger studies are needed on the area, in order to identify more field data, such as the occurrence of passive gas flow through the top covering layers of the landfill and a better estimative of the amount of degradable organic compounds in each fraction of waste disposed in Moskogen.
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Silva, Eduardo Gaiotto Marques da. "Estudo Experimental de Gases em Camadas de Cobertura no Aterro de Nova Iguaçu - RJ." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8183.
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Esta pesquisa apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as emissões de
metano em aterros sanitários, os conceitos de geração de gases em aterros
sanitários, movimentações de gases em aterro, apresenta os métodos de medição
de gases in situ, tipos de cobertura finais para aterros e a oxidação do metano na
camada de cobertura. A pesquisa também tem como objetivo medir as emissões de
gases e avaliar a infiltração das águas pluviais através da camada de cobertura do
aterro sanitário da CTR Nova Iguaçu. As medições foram realizadas nos meses de
julho a novembro de 2010, na camada de cobertura monolítica existente e em outra
construída sobre uma barreira capilar. Sensores para medir temperatura e umidade
foram instalados em profundidade nas duas camadas. Foram realizados ensaios de
placa de fluxo para medir a composição dos gases e o fluxo através dos dois tipos
de camadas, e avaliadas duas situações: com os poços de extração de gás ativos e
desligados. Os sensores indicaram que em período de baixa pluviosidade, a barreira
capilar apresenta uma eficácia superior à camada monolítica, e com a intensificação
das chuvas, as umidades medidas nos dois tipos de camadas aumentam, e na
barreira capilar o gradiente estabelecido entre os sensores diminui, indicando uma
possível tendência à saturação desta barreira capilar. Porém, com a paralisação das
chuvas, recupera e retoma sua condição inicial. Os resultados de medidas dos
gases demostraram a eficiência do sistema de extração de gás quando ativado,
resultando em emissões quase nulas de metano e gás carbônico nos dois tipos de
camadas. No entanto, quando o sistema está desativado, as emissões através da
camada monolítica são cerca de 3 vezes maiores do que através da barreira capilar.This research presents a literature review on methane emissions from landfills, the concepts of landfill gas generation, the landfill internal gas flow, introduces the methods of measurement of gases "in situ", types of final landfill coverage and the methane oxidation in the cover layer. The research also purposes to measure greenhouse gas emissions and to evaluate the infiltration of rainwater through the landfill cover layer of the CTR Nova Iguaçu. Measurements were made in the months from July to November 2010, the existing monolithic cover layer and another built on a capillary barrier. Sensors to measure temperature and humidity were installed in two layers in depth. Plate assays were performed to measure the flow of the gas composition and flow through the two types of layers, and evaluated two situations with the gas extraction wells active and off. The sensors have indicated that in times of low rainfall, the capillary barrier has superior efficacy to the monolithic layer, and with the intensification of rain, the moisture content measured on two types of layers increase, the capillary barrier and the gradient established between sensors decreases, indicating a possible trend to saturation of capillary barrier. However, with the stoppage of rain, recovers and returns to its initial condition. The results of measurements of gases demonstrated the efficiency of extraction of gas when activated, resulting in near zero emissions of methane and carbon dioxide in the two types of layers. However, when the system is off, the emissions through the monolithic layer is about three times larger than through the capillary barrier.
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Marques, Marcel Sousa. "Qualidade ambiental e estudo da produção e aproveitamento energético do biogás produzido pelo aterro sanitário de Palmas – TO." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1059.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho, apresenta o estudo da produção e aproveitamento energético do biogás produzido no Aterro Sanitário de Palmas, Tocantins, em conjunto com o monitoramento ambiental da qualidade dos recursos hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos da área de interferência direta do Aterro Sanitário, e a verificação da conformidade ambiental do empreendimento por meio do Índice de Qualidade de Aterros de Resíduos – IQR. As amostras de águas subterrâneas e superficiais foram coletadas no mês de abril de 2018 nos poços de monitoramento instalados no Aterro Sanitário, seguindo as normas e legislações ambientais vigentes inerentes a temática abordada. Assim, são apresentados os resultados obtidos para os parâmetros pH, temperatura, sólidos totais, sólidos suspensos e sólidos voláteis, turbidez, alcalinidade, gás arsênio dissolvido no meio líquido, os cianetos, e os metais: bário, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, ferro, mercúrio e níquel, realizados em ambas as amostras de águas superficiais e subterrâneas realizadas pelo desenvolvimento do presente estudo. O estudo de geração de biogás produzido pelo Aterro Sanitário foi conduzido conforme os dados disponibilizados pelo município acerca da quantidade e qualidade dos resíduos dispostos no Aterro Sanitário, além das condições climáticas locais, que interferem diretamente na estabilização da matéria orgânica confinada no interior do maciço de resíduos, o que de forma direta, interfere na geração do biogás pelo Aterro Sanitário. A verificação do Índice de Qualidade de Aterros de Resíduos – IQR, deu-se por meio da verificação das condicionantes presentes no indicador, além de informações colhidas in-loco e repassadas pelo Economista Antônio Adeluzio Gomes Azevedo, técnico operacional do Aterro Sanitário. Conclui-se assim, com o desenvolvimento do presente estudo, que as águas do lençol freático e superficiais na área de interferência direta do Aterro Sanitário de Palmas - TO, não possuem poluição/contaminação decorrentes do uso atual da área como Aterro Sanitário, com base nos dados reportados na literatura e confirmados por meio da execução do presente estudo. A aferição do IQR no Aterro Sanitário de Palmas – TO, apresentou um somatório de 9,3 pontos, refletindo assim, em condições adequadas de acomodação final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do município. No tocante a geração de biogás, torna-se possível abastecer cerca de 3.251 residências com energia elétrica gerada pelo biogás, transmitindo assim, na real viabilidade do aproveitamento energético do biogás gerado pelo Aterro Sanitário de Palmas, Tocantins.The present work presents the study of the energy production and use of the biogas produced at Palmas Landfill, Tocantins, together with the environmental monitoring of the quality of the surface and groundwater resources of the area of direct interference of the Landfill, and the verification of the environmental compliance of the project through the Residual Landfill Quality Index - RQI. The groundwater and surface water samples were collected in April 2018 in the monitoring wells installed in the Sanitary Landfill, following the current norms and environmental legislation inherent to the subject matter. Thus, the results obtained for the parameters pH, temperature, total solids, suspended solids and volatile solids, turbidity, alkalinity, arsenic gas dissolved in the liquid medium, cyanides, and metals are presented: barium, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, iron, mercury and nickel, performed in both the surface and groundwater samples carried out by the development of the present study. The study of biogas production produced by the Landfill was conducted according to the data provided by the municipality about the quantity and quality of the residues disposed in the Sanitary Landfill, in addition to the local climatic conditions, that directly interfere in the stabilization of the organic matter confined inside the massif of waste, which in a direct way, interferes with the generation of biogas by Landfill. The verification of the Residual Landfill Quality Index (RQI), was verified through the verification of the conditioners present in the indicator, as well as information collected locally and passed on by the Economist Antônio Adeluzio Gomes Azevedo, an operational technician of the Landfill. It is concluded, with the development of the present study, that the ground water and surface waters in the area of direct interference of the Sanitary Landfill of Palmas - TO, do not have pollution/contamination resulting from the current use of the area as Landfill, based on in the data reported in the literature and confirmed through the execution of the present study. The RQI measurement at Palmas Sanitary Landfill - TO, presented a sum of 9.3 points, reflecting, in this way, adequate conditions for final accommodation of municipal solid waste. With regard to the generation of biogas, it is possible to supply about 3,251 residences with electricity generated by biogas, thus transmitting, in the real viability of the energy utilization of the biogas generated by the Landfill of Palmas, Tocantins.
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Damanhuri, Enri. "Etude de l'influence des modalites de recyclage des lixiviats sur la cinetique de degradation des ordures menageres." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077028.
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Le recyclage des lixiviats accroit la cinetique de decomposition de la matiere organique et augmente considerablement le taux de bioconversion gazeux en seduisant correlativement la charge polluante vehiculee par les lixiviats
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Silva, Anna Kelly Moreira da. "Estudo do comportamento dos resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos (RSU) em lisÃmetros preenchidos com resÃduos de diferentes caracterÃsticas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10369.
Full textAbstract:
nÃo hÃO biogÃs gerado nos aterros sanitÃrios apresenta elevado poder calorÃfico, podendo ser aproveitado energeticamente. Para isso, fazem-se necessÃrios estudos sobre as emissÃes desses gases para verificar a viabilidade econÃmica de seu reaproveitamento. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a geraÃÃo dos gases gerados no Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia-CE, em termos de composiÃÃo e vazÃo, bem como as caracterÃsticas do lixiviado gerado, por meio de suas propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas e microbiolÃgicas, como tambÃm avaliar a massa de lixo presente no aterro, objetivando a viabilidade energÃtica do aproveitamento do biogÃs produzido pelo aterro e a viabilidade ambiental do tratamento do lixiviado. As anÃlises foram feitas nos perÃodos seco e chuvoso. Foram utilizados trÃs LisÃmetros: L1 â preenchido 100 % com os resÃduos sÃlidos na forma como chegam ao aterro; L2 â preenchido com 50% de resÃduos sÃlidos na forma que chegam ao aterro e 50% somente com matÃria orgÃnica; L3 â preenchido 100% somente com matÃria orgÃnica presente nos resÃduos. Os resÃduos foram dispostos desta forma a fim de avaliar as caracterÃsticas de diferentes composiÃÃes. Como resultados, foi observado que os ensaios realizados nos LisÃmetros forneceram dados consistentes. Neste estudo, foi possÃvel observar que os resÃduos se apresentaram com caracterÃsticas altamente degradÃveis no perÃodo seco, porÃm, com pouca geraÃÃo de biogÃs, apresentando o L1 concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,3 % de CH4, o CO2 com 0,7 % e O2 com 19,4%. O L2 com concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,3 % de CH4, o CO2 com 9,0 % e O2 com 16,0%. E o L3 apresentou concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 1,93 % de CH4, 10,97% de CO2 e O2 com 14,13%. Estes dados foram considerados normais, pois, no perÃodo seco, as mediÃÃes foram realizadas com pouco tempo de decomposiÃÃo da massa de lixo, com apenas 4 meses apÃs a instalaÃÃo do experimento, e, devido a isso, ocorre pouca geraÃÃo de gÃs. No perÃodo chuvoso, determinou-se aumento dessa geraÃÃo de gÃs, com o L1 apresentando concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,78 % de CH4, o CO2 com 1,63 % e O2 com 18,6%. O L2 com concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 1,16 % de CH4, o CO2 com 5,6 % e O2 com 15,8%. E o L3 apresentou concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 2,43 % de CH4, 12,98% de CO2 e O2 com 15,25%. Isto à considerado normal, pois, no perÃodo chuvoso, as mediÃÃes foram realizadas com 12 meses apÃs a instalaÃÃo do experimento, e, consequentemente, houve uma maior geraÃÃo de gÃs em relaÃÃo ao perÃodo seco. Em relaÃÃo a vazÃo, o L1 apresentou uma vazÃo de gÃs de 8,64 mÂ/ano, o L2 com vazÃo de 9,72 mÂ/ano e o L3 com vazÃo de 10,92mÂ/ano, possibilitando conversÃo de energia em mÃdia, de 1,9 KW/mÂ. O material que se apresentou com o maior potencial de geraÃÃo de biogÃs nos dois perÃodos foi o L3 (100% somente de matÃria orgÃnica). Este fato se deve ao fato da matÃria orgÃnica, em seu processo de degradaÃÃo, gerar mais gÃs. Os ensaios fÃsico-quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos realizados no lixiviado e massa de lixo, nos dois perÃodos, confirmaram os resultados da mediÃÃo do gÃs, pois indicaram que o processo de biodegradaÃÃo dos resÃduos se encontrava na fase acidogÃnica no perÃodo seco, fase inicial de degradaÃÃo da massa de lixo e pouca geraÃÃo de gÃs; no perÃodo chuvoso, caracterizou-se como fase metanogÃnica, fase intermediÃria de degradaÃÃo, com uma maior geraÃÃo de gÃs. Em relaÃÃo ao lixiviado gerado, o lisÃmetro que apresentou uma elevada geraÃÃo nos dois perÃodos foi tambÃm o L3. Em relaÃÃo Ãs anÃlise microbiolÃgicas e de metais, os lisÃmetros apresentaram pequenos valores, nÃo indicando patogenicidade e nem toxicidade. Pode-se concluir que à de fundamental importÃncia investir em tÃcnicas de aproveitamento do biogÃs gerado nos aterros sanitÃrios.
The biogas generated in landfills has a high calorific value and can be used as source of energy. Therefore, studies on landfill gas emissions became necessaries in order to verify the economic feasibility of reuse of these gases for energetic proposals. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the emissions of gases generated by a landfill at the Metropolitan West Caucaia-EC, Brazil. The study involved the following: gas compositions and flow rates, the characteristics of the leachate released by the physico-chemical and microbiological activities, as well as evaluating the landfill mass of trash. It was studied the feasibility of the use of the landfill produced biogas as source of energy, as well as the environmental feasibility of the treatment of the leachate released. The analyzes were made during the dry and rainy seasons. Three types of lysimeters were used: L1 - 100% filled with waste solids as it arrives in the landfill site; L2 - filled with 50% of solid waste in the form as it arrives in the landfill and 50% as organic matter; L3 - 100% filled only with organic matter present in the waste. The residues were disposed in this way in order to evaluate the characteristics of the different organic compositions. As a result, it was observed that the tests carried out with the lysimeters provided consistent data. In this study, it was observed that the waste in the dry season presented a highly degradable characteristic, but with little production of biogas, with the L1 presenting the following average concentrations: 0.3% CH4, 0.7% CO2 and 19.4% O2 . The L2 average concentration were: of 0.3% CH4, 9,0 CO2 and 16% O2. And L3 showed average concentrations: 1.93% CH4, 10.97% CO2 and 14.13%O2. These data were considered normal, because in the dry period measurements were made with in a small period of decomposition of the waste mass, with only four months after the experiment. Due to this, there was small amount of gas generated. In the rainy season, it was determined an increased gas generation, with the L1 showing an average concentration of 0.78% CH4, 1.63% CO2 and 18.6% O2. The L2 average concentration of 1.16% CH4, CO2, 5.6% and 15.8% O2. And L3 showed average concentration of 2.43% CH4, 12,98% CO2 and 15.25% O2. This data were considered normal, because in the rainy season, the measurements were carried out 12 months after the experiment was concluded, and, therefore, there was a higher gas generation compared with the dry period. Regarding the L1, the flow showed a value of 8.64 m / year; the L2 the flow was of 9.72 m / year and L3 the flow was 10.92 m / year, enabling energy conversion averaged of 1.9 KW / mÂ. The material that presented the greatest potential for biogas generation, in the two periods, was the L3 (with 100% organic matter). This fact is due to the organic matter in the process of degradation which generated more gas. The physicochemical and microbiological leaching assays conducted with the waste mass during the two periods reaffirmed the results of the gas measurement, indicating that the biodegradation process waste was in the acidogenic phase during the dry period, which was the initial stage of mass garbage degradation with little gas generation; in the rainy season, which was characterized as a methanogenic phase, an intermediate phase of degradation, occurred an increased gas generation. With regard to the leachate produced, the material had a high generation in both periods was also the L3. Regarding the microbiological and metals analysis, the lysimeters showed small values, indicating no toxicity nor pathogenicity. It can be concluded that it is of fundamental importance to invest in techniques aiming the use of the biogas generated in the landfills.
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Linard, Andrà de Freitas Gomes. "AnÃlise do Aproveitamento EnergÃtico do BiogÃs do Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste em Caucaia sob a Perspectiva do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5587.
Full textAbstract:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoA geraÃÃo expressiva de resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos (RSU) no Brasil tem-se tornado foco convergente de apreensÃo do Poder PÃblico e da sociedade pela constataÃÃo de que à grande parte de todo o montante desse lixo nÃo sÃo dados tratamento nem destinaÃÃo final apropriados. Dispostos em lixÃes, aterros controlados e sanitÃrios, os RSU, apÃs aÃÃo de mecanismos de degradaÃÃo, emitem para a atmosfera gases poluentes, sobretudo metano (CH4) e diÃxido de carbono (CO2), os quais contribuem para o agravamento do fenÃmeno do Efeito Estufa. O Protocolo de Quioto, documento adotado no Ãmbito da ConvenÃÃo Quadro das NaÃÃes Unidas sobre MudanÃa do Clima (CQNUMC), estabeleceu metas de reduÃÃo de emissÃes de Gases causadores do Efeito Estufa (GEEs) para os paÃses industrializados e, para alcanÃar efetivamente tal propÃsito, instituiu um instrumento de flexibilizaÃÃo denominado Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Este estabelecia que as naÃÃes desenvolvidas que tivessem dificuldades em cumprir suas quotas de reduÃÃo de emissÃes poderiam investir em projetos redutores ou removedores de GEEs em naÃÃes em desenvolvimento. Este trabalho analisou o aproveitamento energÃtico do biogÃs do Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste em Caucaia (ASMOC) atravÃs dos critÃrios do MDL, procedendo primeiramente à anÃlise da viabilidade tÃcnica da utilizaÃÃo do GÃs do Lixo (GDL) para fins energÃticos, como tambÃm Ãs diretrizes do MDL, quais sejam: i) Linha de Base, definiÃÃo do conjunto de emissÃes de GEEs na ausÃncia do projeto; ii) Adicionalidade, verificaÃÃo do carÃter redutor ou removedor de GEEs do projeto, ou seja, as reduÃÃes devem ser adicionais apÃs a implantaÃÃo deste; iii) viabilidade econÃmica condicionada à contabilizaÃÃo da receita oriunda das ReduÃÃes Certificadas de EmissÃo (RCEs), tÃtulo comercializÃvel no Mercado de Carbono que comprova e registra a quantidade de GEEs evitada pela atividade; iv) verificaÃÃo da contribuiÃÃo do projeto para o Desenvolvimento SustentÃvel. Utilizou-se, para o cÃlculo do biogÃs gerado no ASMOC e da potÃncia disponÃvel a partir da conversÃo energÃtica do GDL, o programa BiogÃs â GeraÃÃo e Uso EnergÃtico (Aterros-VersÃo 1.0) e, para avaliar a viabilidade econÃmica do empreendimento, realizou-se anÃlise baseada no Valor Presente LÃquido (VPL) e na Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade tÃcnica e econÃmica do aproveitamento energÃtico do biogÃs do ASMOC, com implantaÃÃo de planta geradora de energia elÃtrica cuja potÃncia à de 10MW, reduÃÃo de emissÃes de aproximadamente 9 milhÃes de toneladas de diÃxido de carbono, bem como o MDL constituir ferramenta poderosa no fomento e na viabilizaÃÃo de projetos de aterros energÃticos, repercutindo positivamente do ponto de vista ambiental, econÃmico e social (trÃade do Desenvolvimento SustentÃvel).
The great generation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Brazil has become a convergent focus of concern of Government and society by the evidence that itâs not given appropriate treatment or final disposal to the large part of this amount of garbage. Disposed in landfills, controlled and sanitary landfills, MSW, after the action of degradation mechanisms, emit polluting gases into the atmosphere, mainly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which contribute to the aggravation of the phenomenon of the Greenhouse Effect. The Kyoto Protocol, a document adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), set up limits on emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) for industrialized countries and to effectively get this purpose instituted a flexible instrument called Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It established that the developed nations that had troubles to accomplish their quotas for reducing emissions could invest in GHG reducer or remover projects in developing nations. This research analyzed the energetic utilization of the biogas from the Caucaia West Metropolitan Sanitary Landfill (ASMOC) through the criteria of the CDM, proceeding firstly the analysis of the technical viability of the energetic utilization of Landfill Gas (LFG) as well as the CDM rules, which are: i) Baseline, definition of the whole GHG emissions in the absence of the project; ii) Additionality, verification of the project GHG reducer or remover feature, ie, reductions must be additional after the project implantation; iii) economic viability linked to the accounting of revenue from the Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), a negotiable deed in the Carbon Market that proves and registers the quantity of GHG avoided by the project; iv) verification of the project contribution to Sustainable Development. It was used for the calculation of the biogas generated in ASMOC and power available from the LFG energetic conversion the software BiogÃs â GeraÃÃo e Uso EnergÃtico (Aterros-VersÃo 1.0) and to evaluate the undertaking economic viability analysis was performed based on Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results demonstrated the technical and economic viability of the energetic utilization of ASMOC biogas, with the implementation of electricity generating plant whose output is 10MW, emissions reduction of approximately 9 million tons of carbon dioxide as well as the CDM be a powerful tool in promoting and making possible energetic landfill projects, reflecting positively in terms of environmental, economic and social (Sustainable Development triad).
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Abreu, Fábio Viana de. "Análise de viabilidade técnica e econômica da geração de energia através do biogás de lixo em aterros sanitários." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8886.
Full textAbstract:
A geração de energia a partir do biogás do lixo em aterros sanitários é uma maneira de produzir energia elétrica renovável e limpa, reduzindo os impactos globais provocados pela queima dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A contribuição ambiental mais relevante é a redução de emissões dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), por meio da conversão do metano em dióxido de carbono, visto que o metano possui um potencial de aquecimento global cerca de 21 vezes maior, quando comparado ao dióxido de carbono (através da combustão do mesmo). De acordo com o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), os países ricos podem comprar créditos de carbono (CERs) dos países em desenvolvimento (que possuam projetos sustentáveis) para cumprir suas metas ambientais. O objetivo é transformar um passivo ambiental (destinação final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos) em um recurso energético, além do estudo da alternativa de obtenção de recursos financeiros através dos CERs. São analisadas as tecnologias de conversão energética (tecnologia de gás de lixo, incineração, entre outras), com a seleção da melhor alternativa para a geração de energia através do biogás de lixo em aterros sanitários. A metodologia utilizada é a recomendada pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos - USEPA (2005). Serão apresentadas outras duas metodologias de cálculo da geração de metano: a do Banco Mundial e a do IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas). São apresentados estudos comparativos demonstrando quando as turbinas a gás, motores de combustão interna (ciclos Otto ou Diesel) ou outras tecnologias de conversão energética serão viáveis na área técnica e econômica para implantação de Unidades Termoelétricas a biogás. No caso do Aterro de Gramacho, o projeto é viável com a utilização de motores a combustão interna e a obtenção de receitas com a venda da produção de energia e créditos de carbono. Por fim, será apresentada a alternativa do uso do biogás como substituto do gás natural para fins energéticos ou outros fins industriais.The power generation through Biogas from wastes in landfill is a way to generate renewable and clean electric energy, reducing the global impacts provoked by the burning of urban solid wastes. The more important environmental contribution associated to this project is the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions (GHG), by means of the conversion of methane in carbon dioxide, since the methane has a potential of global warming about 21 times higher than carbon dioxide (through the combustion of the same). In accordance with the clean development mechanism (CDM), the industrialized countries can buy carbon credits from the developing countries (if they possess sustainable projects) to achieve their ambient goals. The objective is to transform environmental liability (final destination of the urban solid wastes) in an energetic resource, beyond the study of the alternative for obtaining financial resources through the CERs, that also is object of the present study. The technologies of energy conversion are analyzed (landfill gas, incineration, among others) with the selection of the best solution for the power generation through biogas from wastes in landifills. The methodology used is the recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA (2005). Others two methodologies of calculation of the methane generation are presented: from World Bank and from IPCC (Intergovernamental Panel on Climatic Changes). Comparative studies are presented demonstrating when gas turbine, internal combustion engines (Otto or Diesel cycles) or other technologies for energy conversion have technical and economical feasibility for implantation of the power plant. In the case of Gramachos Landfill, the project is feasible with the use of internal combustion engines and incomes obtained with energy sales and carbon credits. Finally, they are presented the alternative of the use of biogas as substitute of the natural gas for energetic uses or other industrial ends.
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Martins, Luiz Fernando Guarenti. "Metodologia para despacho de fontes de GD a biogás em redes de distribuição utilizando lógica Fuzzy." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8506.
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The aim of this work is determine the most appropriated period for connection of a
particular generation source fueled by biogas on a distribution network. The biogas is
produced through anaerobic reactions that occur in the municipal solid waste deposited at the
landfill specific landfill in analysis. The Minas do Leão landfill is taken as study case,
predicting the connection of this generation source on a distribution network supported by the
State Company of Electrical Energy (CEEE). The Biogas® software was used to estimate the
amount of methane generated in the landfill and to determine the landfill life cycle. By using
that information it is possible to plot the power electrical generation curve in MW. The choice
for the Biogas® software is justified because this tool is free software developed between the
federal government environment state administration and the CETESB (Technology
Company of Environmental Sanitation of the State of Sao Paulo). After that, the PSL®DMS
software was used to simulate the main electrical characteristics of the network in analysis.
These simulations provided the data for evaluating the quantitative parameters voltage
levels, power losses and load current. A group of decision makers were selected for
establishing scores applied to the qualitative parameter evaluation - availability of ancillary
services support. After the definition of the quantitative and qualitative parameters a multiobjective
methodology was developed. In the first step of the methodology are applied
pertinent fuzzy functions trapezoidal variables that consider electrical characteristics of the
network and also the voltage levels defined in the PRODIST (Proceedings of Electric Energy
Distribution on Electrical National System). The second part is associated with the decision
makers estimative, in which the decision maker presents some scores for each type of
ancillary service in analysis, according to the specific moment when this ancillary service will
be supported. For these evaluations are considered the demand curve of the feeder where the
distributed source will be connected. The methodology was then applied for selecting and
ranking the most appropriated period to connect the distributed generation source on the
distribution network. The definition of the ranking is the outcome of the data evaluation
according to the final priorities quantitative and qualitative analysis.Este trabalho tem a finalidade de definir o período do dia para o despacho de uma fonte alternativa de geração distribuída de energia elétrica (GD), utilizando como combustível o biogás proveniente de reações anaeróbias que ocorrem em resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) depositados em células do Aterro Sanitário de Recreio no município de Minas do Leão à rede da Companhia Estadual de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica (CEEE-D). Inicialmente foi utilizado o software Biogás® para estimar a vazão de metano (gás em maior porcentagem no biogás) e avaliar a potência que este gás disponibiliza para ser gerada em qualquer aterro em função do tempo de vida útil do mesmo. Este software foi escolhido para ser utilizado neste trabalho por ser uma ferramenta livre e desenvolvida no Brasil pelo convênio entre a Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) com o Governo Federal, por meio do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. Esta recuperação energética do metano tem potencialidade de servir como combustível para alimentar um ou mais conjuntos de motores geradores Ciclo Otto adaptados para biogás. Após a estimativa da vazão de biogás e da potência que pode ser gerada no aterro, partiu-se para a execução de simulações com as grandezas elétricas do alimentador. Neste trabalho as simulações das grandezas elétricas foram obtidas com o uso do software PSL®DMS, ferramenta utilizado pelos técnicos da CEEE-D para análise da do fluxo de carga de sistemas de distribuição, e serão utilizadas como critérios denominados de quantitativos. Para determinar o momento ideal para a conexão da GD à rede de distribuição da concessionária, foi utilizado um método de apoio à decisão. Este método considera critérios quantitativos e qualitativos definidos pelos Especialistas ou Agentes de Decisão (AD), no caso, técnicos da concessionária de energia elétrica que avaliam em conjunto estes dados. Os critérios qualitativos são baseados na possibilidade de incrementos de serviços subsidiários ao sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica, denominados de Serviços Ancilares (SA). A definição da prioridade dos valores dos critérios quantitativos (grandezas elétricas da rede de distribuição) é baseada na análise de funções trapezoidais que relacionam as grandezas elétricas a valores e percentuais definidos pelo PRODIST e pelos AD. Já para os critérios qualitativos, a análise ocorre em função de uma metodologia denominada de Estimativa de Especialistas, em que os mesmos aplicam notas ao tipo de SA que será aplicado e ao momento de sua aplicação em relação às características da curva de demanda do AL. A definição do ranking dos melhores horários do dia para despacho da GD ao AL é consequência da avaliação dos valores estabelecidos para as prioridades finais dos critérios quantitativos e qualitativos.
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Torstensson, Johan, and Jon Gezelius. "Waste-to-Energy in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia : A Pre-feasibility study on suitable Waste-to-Energy techniques in the Kutai Kartanegara region." Thesis, Energi och teknik, SLU, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-269607.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis outlined in this report is a pre-feasibility study of the potential to use waste-to-energy technology in the region Kutai Kartanegara, Borneo, Indonesia. The project is a collaboration between the Kutai Kartanegara government, Uppsala University, the Swedish University of Agricultural sciences and the technology consulttancy Sweco. The current waste management system in Kutai Kartanegara consists of landfills in the cities and open burnings and dumping in the lesser developed sub-districts. This is a growing problem both environmentally and logistically. The electrification in the sub-districts is sometimes as low as 17 % and access to electricity is often limited to a couple of hours per day. The current electricity production in the region is mainly from fossil fuels. Data was collected during a two month long field study in Tenggarong, the capital of Kutai Kartanegara. From the collected data, various waste-to-energy systems and collection areas were simulated in Matlab. Results from the simulations show that a system using both a waste incineration and biogas plant would be the best solution for the region. The chosen system is designed to handle a total of 250,000 tons of waste annually, collected from Tenggarong and neighbouring districts. The system will provide between 155 and 200 GWh electricity and between 207 and 314 GWh of excess heat energy annually. Some of this is used in a district heating system with an absorption-cooling machine. The system investment cost is around 42.5 MUSD and it is expected to generate an annual profit of 16 MUSD. The recommended solution will decrease the emissions of CO2-equivalents compared to the current waste system and fossil electricity production with 50%. The results in the study clearly show that there are both economic and environmental potential for waste-to-energy technologies in the region. But the waste management and infrastructure has to be improved to be able to utilize these technologies. By implementing waste-to-energy technologies, the supplied waste can be seen as a resource instead of a problem. This would give incentives for further actions and investments regarding waste management.
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Козак, Іван Романович, and Ivan Kozak. "Енергоефективність використання біогазу зі звалищ та полігонів ТПВ в якості поновлюваного джерела енергії." Master's thesis, ТНТУ імені Івана Пулюя, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29977.
Full textAbstract:
Пpoвeдeнo oцiнку iснуючиx тexнoлoгiй oтpимaння бioгaзу з дiючиx пoлiгoнiв твepдиx пoбутoвиx вiдxoдiв. Пoкaзaнa тexнoлoгiчнa тa тexнiчнa пepспeктивa викopистaння у мaйбутньoму бioгaзу як мiсцeвoгo виду пaливa для кoмбiнoвaнoгo виpoбництвa тeплoвoї тa eлeктpичнoї eнepгiї.An estimation of existing technologies for obtaining biogas from existing solid waste landfills is carried out. The technological and technical perspective of future use of biogas as a local fuel for combined heat and power generation is shown.
ПEPEЛIК УМOВНИX СКOPOЧEНЬ...8 ВСТУП...9 POЗДIЛ 1. ЛIТEPAТУPНИЙ OГЛЯД...12 1.1. Нopми нaкoпичeння ТПВ. Сучaснi сxeми збopу тa видaлeння ТПВ в Укpaїнi i свiтi...12 1.2. Xapaктepистикa мiсць зaxopoнeння вiдxoдiв...15 1.2.1. Звaлищe тa пoлiгoн ТПВ...15 1.2.2. Фiзикo-мexaнiчнi влaстивoстi вiдxoдiв...18 1.3. Пoлiгoни твepдиx пoбутoвиx вiдxoдiв...22 1.4. Мeтoди скopoчeння eмiсiї бioгaзу нa пoлiгoнax ТПВ...24 1.5. Oцiнкa гaзoнoснoї здaтнoстi пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...26 1.6. Eнepгeтичнe викopистaння БГ з пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...30 1.6.1. Виpoбництвo eлeктpичнoї eнepгiї...32 1.6.2. Пpямe спaлювaння БГ i виpoбництвo тeплoвoї eнepгiї...34 1.6.3. Збaгaчeння БГ дo якoстi пpиpoднoгo гaзу...35 1.7. Виснoвки дo poздiлу 1...36 POЗДIЛ 2. OСНOВНA ЧAСТИНA...37 2.1. Xapaктepистикa систeм збopу бioгaзу...37 2.1.1. Oпис систeми збopу бioгaзу...37 2.1.2. Oснoвнi дaнi для пpoeктувaння...38 2.2. Oпис iснуючиx тexнoлoгiй oтpимaння бioгaзу...39 2.2.1. Тexнoлoгiї oтpимaння бioгaзу з дiючиx пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...39 2.2.2. Тexнoлoгiї oтpимaння бioгaзу з зaкpитиx пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...40 2.3. Пpoeкт викopистaння бioгaзу з пoлiгoнiв ТПВ в якoстi пoнoвлювaнoгo джepeлa eнepгiї...41 2.3.1. Oпис пpoeкту...41 2.3.2. Систeмa збopу бioгaзу...42 2.3.3. Систeми збopу фiльтpaту...47 2.3.4. Oчищeння i oсушeння бioгaзу...48 2.3.5. Спaлювaння бioгaзу нa фaкeлi...50 2.3.6. Виpoбництвo eлeктpичнoї eнepгiї в кoгeнepцiйниx устaнoвкax...51 2.3.7. Бioгaз як мoтopнe пaливo...57 2.4. Виснoвки дo poздiлу 2...59 POЗДIЛ 3. СПEЦIAЛЬНA ЧAСТИНA...60 3.1. Oпис типoвиx пpoгpaмниx зaсoбiв викopистaниx у мaгiстepськiй poбoтi...60 3.1.1. Пpoгpaмa Word для Windows...60 3.1.2. Пpoгpaмa «AUTO CAD»...62 3.2. Aлгopитм пpoгpaми тeплoвoгo poзpaxунку кoгeнepaцiйнoї устaнoвки якa пpaцює нa бioгaзi...63 POЗДIЛ 4. OБҐPУНТУВAННЯ EКOНOМIЧНOЇ EФEКТИВНOСТI...72 4.1. Eкoнoмiчнe oбґpунтувaння iнжeнepниx piшeнь...72 4.2. Тexнiкo-eкoнoмiчнe oбґpунтувaння eнepгeтичнoї утилiзaцiї бioгaзу...73 4.3. Виснoвки дo poздiлу 4...78 POЗДIЛ 5. OXOPOНA ПPAЦI ТA БEЗПEКA В НAДЗВИЧAЙНИX СИТУAЦIЯX...80 5.1. Oxopoнa пpaцi тa тexнiкa бeзпeки пpи виpoбництвi бioгaзу тa eксплуaтaцiї бioгaзoвиx устaнoвoк...80 5.1.1. Зaxoди бeзпeки пpи виpoбництвi бioгaзу...80 5.1.2. Пpaвилa бeзпeки пpи eксплуaтaцiї бioгaзoвиx устaнoвoк...82 5.2. Пoжeжнa бeзпeкa...83 5.2.1. Мoжливi пpичини виникнeння пoжeжi пpи eксплуaтaцiї бioгaзoвиx устaнoвoк...83 5.2.2. Зaxoди для зaпoбiгaння виникнeння пoжeжi...84 5.3. Opгaнiзaцiя цивiльнoї oбopoни нa eнepгeтичниx oб'єктax...84 5.4. Зaбeзпeчeння пpoвeдeння pятувaльниx тa iншиx нeвiдклaдниx poбiт...87 POЗДIЛ 6. EКOЛOГIЯ...90 6.1. Вплив зaстoсувaння бioгaзу з пoлiгoнiв ТПВ нa нaвкoлишнє сepeдoвищe...90 6.2. Oцiнкa скopoчeнь викидiв пapникoвиx гaзiв в peзультaтi peaлiзaцiї пpoeкту...94 ВИСНOВКИ...96 ПEPEЛIК ПOСИЛAНЬ...97
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PANTINI, SARA. "Analysis and modelling of leachate and gas generation at landfill sites focused on mechanically-biologically treated waste." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203393.
Full textAbstract:
Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction
strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement.
In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP.
However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may
provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario.
In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.
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Barin, Alexandre. "Seleção de sistemas de geração de energia elétrica a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos: uma abordagem com a lógica difusa." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3668.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoSustainability is becoming a major driving force in energy policy, leading to the development of different strategies and projects. Many of these strategies are related to the application of novel methodologies for selecting Renewable Energy Systems (RES) and energy storage systems. Electrical generation with biogas from municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the main alternatives to concern all the conceptions of sustainability - social, economic and environmental constrains. The complexity of sustainability and energy planning makes the multicriteria analysis a valuable tool for the decision making process. The use of an effective methodology for RES selection a decision making process is essential to guarantee the adequate energy management of the biogas and the MSW landfill. This methodology must be able to balance positive and negative aspects, achieving an overall solution that best satisfies the management needs. It is essential to deal with several parameters and concern the decision maker (DM) interaction over the decision making process. By applying the DM preferences into the development of the methodology, it is possible to corroborate the methodology outcome. The presented thesis will therefore develop a novel methodology for selection of RES fuelled by biogas from MSW landfills. This methodology taking as basis fuzzy multi-rules and multi-sets to provide an accurate analysis of conflicting aspects - operational, economic, environmental, social, etc. These aspects are taken into account for each study case according to different perspectives adopted by the DMs. The novel arrangements developed in this work are the creation of a previous classification of the priority criteria, the application of meta-rules and how to structure the fuzzy rules construction. The proposed arrangements have the purpose of easing the understanding of the methodology, as well as improving the DM interaction over the decision making process achieving in this way a better solution. This work presents the application of the novel decision making process to select the most appropriate energy source fuelled by biogas from MSW, considering the Caturrita II landfill located at Santa Maria City, Brazil. In conclusion, it is important to emphasize that the novel software may be used in any energy system selection, for supplying or storage, according to the analysis of several criteria and perspectives for each regional circumstances, as well as particular management needs..
A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, em âmbitos sociais e ambientais, é um fator de extrema importância que incentiva a elaboração de várias pesquisas e projetos, como por exemplo, à aplicação de técnicas de gerenciamento e seleção de fontes alternativas renováveis de geração de energia. Dentre estas fontes, o aproveitamento energético do biogás resultante da decomposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos é um dos meios que propicia um desenvolvimento sustentável de forma mais completa. Para o devido aproveitamento de fontes alternativas renováveis, como a geração de energia elétrica e térmica a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos, deve-se tomar como base métodos multicriteriais, considerando a existência de uma série de critérios para atender necessidades e interesses diversos quando se deseja selecionar tecnologias de geração e armazenamento de energia. A partir da utilização de métodos de ajuda a decisão é possível incorporar de forma clara as preferências dos agentes de decisão, obtendo como resposta final uma solução mais satisfatória e que pode ser corroborada através de validações heurísticas discussões dos resultados junto aos agentes de decisão. Mediante estes argumentos, o presente trabalho tem a finalidade de desenvolver uma metodologia de apoio a decisão para a seleção de sistemas para geração de energia elétrica com biogás proveniente de resíduos sólidos urbanos, avaliando devidamente cada processo decisório de acordo com aspectos econômicos, operacionais, ambientais e sociais. Para o alcance deste objetivo fez se uso da lógica difusa baseada em regras e conjuntos fuzzy aplicados sobre diversos critérios, avaliando diferentes perspectivas. Os aperfeiçoamentos mais importantes apresentados na elaboração desta tese se referem à criação de uma etapa de relevância prévia aos critérios em análise, criação e seleção de meta-regras e forma de apresentação e construção de tais regras, facilitando o entendimento dos agentes de decisão para a avaliação do processo decisório e propiciando uma maior participação dos mesmos para obtenção de um resultado mais satisfatório. É possível observar ainda que os aperfeiçoamentos desenvolvidos permitiram a devida construção e averiguação das modelagens construídas. No estudo de caso principal aterro sanitário Caturrita II localizado na cidade de Santa Maria é verificada a aplicabilidade da metodologia de ajuda a decisão desenvolvida visando a seleção da fonte de geração de energia elétrica mais apropriada a ser utilizada no aterro em questão. Por fim, deve-se enfatizar que a partir dos aperfeiçoamentos alcançados durante o desenvolvimento desta tese, foi possível construir uma metodologia de ajuda a decisão genérica que pode ser aplicada não somente na seleção de sistemas de geração de energia em aterros, mas também na seleção de quaisquer sistemas de geração e armazenamento de energia, desde que todos os aspectos envolvidos no processo decisório sejam devidamente incorporados no problema em questão.
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Okamura, Layssa Aline. "Avaliação e melhoria do poder calorífico de biogás proveniente de resíduos sólidos urbanos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/637.
Full textAbstract:
CNPq, CAPESCom o novo cenário mundial voltado às práticas sustentáveis está se tornando um foco importante de pesquisa a busca por tecnologias que utilizem recursos renováveis e que diminuam ou eliminem a produção de contaminantes e poluentes ambientais em processos de obtenção de energia. A partir disto, esta dissertação focou a purificação de biogás produzido em aterro sanitário desativado na cidade de Curitiba (Caximba) para avaliar a sua utilização na produção de energia, melhorando o seu poder calorífico. Durante o estudo foi desenvolvido um calorímetro para determinar o poder calórico do biogás. Para comparação dos resultados foram feitas análises das concentrações de metano, dióxido de carbono, amônia e gás sulfídrico através de um kit comercial para análise de biogás. As coletas e análises do biogás foram realizadas em dois locais no aterro com diferentes idades de resíduo confinado. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas nos teores de metano e gás sulfídrico nos gases estudados. A purificação do biogás foi realizada através da aplicação de colunas recheadas com solução de acetato de chumbo, solução de hidróxido de sódio, sílica gel e carvão ativo. A purificação atingiu até 73% de teor de metano. A eficiência de purificação foi maior ainda para o tratamento do biogás com menor teor de metano (23%), aonde a eficiência chegou a 145% em relação ao valor inicial. A utilização de indicadores de saturação mostrou-se bastante interessante no uso das colunas de purificação, pois a saturação podia ser determinada visualmente. Uma vez calculadas os percentuais de purificação do biogás foram estimadas a produção de energia, a venda da mesma com geração de receita e os custos relacionados ao processo de purificação. Através destas estimativas verificou-se que a renda da venda de energia elétrica produzida seria suficiente para arcar com os custos da aplicação do processo de purificação.
Given the new global scenario turned to sustainable practices it is becoming a major focus of research the search for technologies that use renewable resources reducing or eliminating the production of environmental pollutants and contaminants in energy production process. This project focused on the purification of biogas in Curitiba’s closed landfill of to evaluate its use for energy production, aiming to improve its calorific value. During the study, a calorimeter was developed and optimized to evaluate the calorific value of the biogas. For results comparison, analyses were made to determinate the concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide using a commercial kit for analysis of biogas. Landfill biogas sampling and analysis were conducted at two sites where the waste was confined at different times. We identified significant differences in the levels of methane and hydrogen sulfide in the analyzed gases. Biogas purification was performed by applying columns packed with lead acetate solution, sodium hydroxide solution, silica gel and activated carbon. A higher efficiency of biogas purification (145%) was attained with a lower initial methane content (23%). The use of saturation indicators proved to be very interesting in the use of purification column, since the saturation could be determined visually. With the purification percentage calculated, it was estimated the energy production, revenue through energy sale and costs related to the purification process. Through this estimation it is possible to note that the profits from the electricity produced sale would be sufficient to meet the costs of the purification process application.
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Gholamifard, Shabnam. "Modélisation des écoulements diphasiques bioactifs dans les installations de stockage de déchets." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512102.
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Accélérer la dégradation anaérobie des déchets enfouis, optimiser la production de biogaz et diminuer le temps et le coût de surveillance sont les enjeux principaux d'installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux (ISDND)-bioactives, ainsi que, plus classiquement, minimiser leurs impacts sanitaires et environnementaux. L'une des méthodes les plus efficaces pour atteindre ces objectifs est la recirculation de lixiviat et l'augmentation de l'humidité des déchets. Les objectifs du bioréacteur ne seront pas atteints sans une connaissance rationnelle des phénomènes hydrauliques, biologiques et thermiques qui s'y développent et de l'influence de l'un de ces phénomènes sur les autres. Les observations in situ, les expérimentations en laboratoire ainsi que les modèles numériques permettent ensemble une approche rationnelle de ces phénomènes. C'est ce qui constitue le corps de ce travail de thèse, où nous avons étudié le comportement hydro-thermo-biologique des déchets dans la phase anaérobie en laboratoire, sur site à partir de données hydro-thermiques de deux bioréacteurs situés en France et en développant un modèle numérique pour simuler ce comportement couplé des bioréacteurs. Les travaux en laboratoire nous ont permis d'étudier l'effet de la saturation et de la densité (compactage des déchets) sur la dégradation anaérobie des déchets ménagers et l'influence de ces paramètres sur la production de biogaz. Les données hydrauliques et thermiques in-situ des bioréacteurs nous ont permis de connaître les variations des paramètres essentiels comme la température et la saturation dans les déchets, à différentes profondeurs, et estimer d'autres paramètres qui sont difficile à déterminer expérimentalement. Le modèle numérique nous a permis d'étudier le comportement couplé, hydro-thermo-biologique, des bioréacteurs à long terme (pendant une dizaine d'années) aussi bien qu'à court terme pendant la recirculation de lixiviat. L'interdépendance des différents paramètres qui influent la dégradation des déchets est la principale raison nous ayant conduits à développer un modèle de couplage qui nous permette d'étudier chaque paramètre en fonction des autres. Les travaux en laboratoire et les données thermiques de site nous ont conduits à développer un modèle d'écoulement diphasique du liquide et du gaz dans les déchets, considérant les phénomènes biologiques, en fonction des paramètres clés de la dégradation comme la température et la saturation, pour aboutir à la production de biogaz et de chaleur. Les trois parties de ce travail, les expérimentations en laboratoire, le développement d'un modèle numérique et l'analyse des données de site ont été effectuées en parallèle de façon complémentaire. Les expérimentation de laboratoire tout comme l'analyse des données de site, nous ont montré l'importance des paramètres qu'il faut considérer dans le modèle et en retour le modèle numérique nous a aidé à diriger les expérimentations en laboratoire et montré la nécessité de conduire certaines analyses sur les pilotes expérimentaux, comme l'analyse de la biomasse, de la DCO et des AGV. L'analyse des données hydrauliques et thermiques de sites de bioréacteur nous a permis de caler les paramètres hydrauliques, biologiques et thermiques des déchets qui sont difficile à définir sur le site sans le perturber (comme la conductivité hydraulique, la saturation, la conductivité thermique, la capacité calorifique, la concentration en biomasse et en AGV). Le travail réalisé dans la thèse a permis de développer un modèle couplé hydro-thermo-biologique et de tester sa capacité à prévoir le comportement thermique d'un bioréacteur, la production totale et le taux de production de méthane. Nous avons montré qu'il était adopté à l'étude du comportement à long terme d'un bioréacteur, aussi bien qu'à court terme pendant la réinjection de lixiviat, là où les techniques de mesure et le temps sont limitants en laboratoire ou sur site
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Gudéhn, Oskar, and Linda Ringqvist. "Wastescape Bhubaneswar & Cuttack." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146605.
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This project is a study of the wastescape - a network of waste - of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack in Odisha, India. The study incorporates key locations, e.g. landfills, urban wastelands and waste warehouses; major actors in the formal and informal waste sector; and flows of waste through economic and social systems. Drawing from the studies, multiple interventions within the wastescape are proposed for improvement of the economic, ecologic and social situation. An important aspect of the project is the development of an approach for how to, as architects, work with big, complex, contingent networks; how to map and understand such a system; and how to determine where to intervene. To improve the existing wastescape, interventions must consciously and holistically address multiple scales; levels of formal-informal; and phases within the waste cycle. The study includes a vast amount of possible interventions. Some of the interventions are further detailed to show feasibility; impact on the wastescape; and synergies with other interventions within the wastescape.Projektet “Wastescape of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack” är en studie av ett nätverk av skräpflöden genom Bhubaneswar och Cuttack i Odisha, Indien. Studien inkorporerar viktiga platser, t.ex. deponier, urbana ödemarker och lokaler för skräphandel; stora aktörer i den formella och informella skräpsektorn; och flöden av skräp genom ekonomiska och sociala system. Utifrån dessa studier, ett flertal interventioner i “the wastescape” föreslås för att förbättra den ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala situationen. En viktig aspekt av arbetet är utvecklingen av ett sätt att, som arkitekt, arbeta med storskaliga, komplexa och inter-beroende nätverk; hur sådana system kan kartläggas och förstås; samt hur det går att avgöra vart och hur interventioner passar in i “the wastescape”. För att förbättra “the wastescape”, interventioner måste medvetet och holistiskt adressera multipla skalor; nivåer av formell-informell; och faser i skräpets kretslopp. Studien innehåller ett stort nummer av möjliga interventioner. Några av dessa interventioner är ytterligare detaljerade för att visa på genomförbarhet; påverkan på “the wastescape”; och synergier gentemot andra interventioner i “the wastescape”.
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Kazour, Maria. "Active and passive biomonitoring tools for microplastics assessment in two highly polluted aquatic environments : case study of the Seine estuary and the Lebanese coast SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND COASTAL LANDFILL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION ALONG THE LEBANESE COAST (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN): OCCURRENCE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENTS AND BIOTA SAMPLES JUVENILE FISH CAGING AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION IN ESTUARINE FISH NURSERY GROUNDS IS BLUE MUSSEL CAGING AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION?" Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0544.
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La production de plastique est en augmentation continue pour répondre à la forte demande mondiale. Cette production massive est la source d'importantes quantités de plastiques que l'on retrouve dans les milieux aquatiques. Parmi ces plastiques, les microplastiques (MP) (particules microscopiques d’une taille < 5 mm) se retrouvent dans l’eau, les sédiments et sont susceptibles d’être ingérés par divers organismes marins. Cette thèse se focalise sur (1) l’évaluation des sources et des apports de microplastiques au milieu aquatique et de leur présence dans les organismes, et (2) de tester la faisabilité d’utiliser des organismes vivants pour la surveillance de la pollution de l’environnement par les microplastiques. Deux zones côtières affectées par des pressions anthropogéniques ont été étudiées : Le Havre et le littoral libanais. Dans le premier cas, le rôle d’une station de traitement des eaux usées (STEP) et d’une décharge côtière dans l’introduction des microplastiques dans l’environnement a été étudié. Les MPs ont d’abord été analysés dans l'influent, la boue et l’effluent de la STEP. Leur devenir a été suivi selon un gradient de distance de la STEP au niveau de trois matrices : eau de surface, sédiments et moules sauvages (Mytilus spp.). Les MPs ont été trouvés au niveau de toutes les matrices avec une concentration qui diminue en s’éloignant de l’effluent. Des taux de microplastiques élevés (plus élevés que ceux trouvés à côté de la STEP) ont été observés à proximité de la décharge côtière, suggérant son rôle important comme voie d’entrée des MPs dans les eaux côtières. Le long de la côte libanaise, nous avons évalué pour la première fois la pollution par les MPs dans l'eau de mer, les sédiments et dans deux espèces marines importantes en terme de consommation humaine (un poisson pélagique: Engraulis encrasicolus et un bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Les résultats ont montré différents patterns de concentration des MPs dans les matrices analysées. La présence de MPs dans les organismes était élevée (83.4% et 86.3% dans les anchois et les huîtres, respectivement). Ces résultats ont mis en évidence la pollution élevée liée aux MPs au niveau du bassin Levantin par rapport aux autres régions de la Méditerranée occidentale. De plus, les résultats obtenus indiquent une contribution potentielle des décharges côtières à cette pollution. Le plus souvent, les études sur les microplastiques impliquent l'échantillonnage d’organismes indigènes. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons testé la faisabilité d'utiliser des organismes transplantés (encagement) pour évaluer la pollution par les microplastiques dans l'environnement marin côtier. Nous avons mis au point des expériences d'encagement avec des juvéniles de flets, Platichthys flesus, en estuaires et des moules bleues, Mytilus edulis, en zone côtière. Pour chaque espèce, l'abondance et les caractéristiques (forme, taille, couleur et type de polymères) des MPs ingérés par les individus encagés ont été comparées avec les MPs ingérés par des individus sauvages capturés sur le même site et avec ceux trouvés dans leur environnement (eaux de surface et sédiments). Nos résultats suggèrent que la technique d'encagement d'organismes peut constituer un outil prometteur pour la biosurveillance des MPs la rendant plus fiable et permettant une étude précise des effets biologiques des MPs sur une période d'exposition prédéterminéePlastic fabrication is increasing worldwide in response to daily human demands. This mass production is linked to the immense plastic marine litter found all around the world: each synthetic material is meant to find its way back into the aquatic systems. Anthropogenic pressure and the immense human population, the lack of appropriate plastic treatment process and the growing industrial activities advocate their presence in the aquatic environments. These plastics are then found in the form of microplastics (microscopic particle with a size < 5 mm) observed in the water, in the sediments and are prone to be ingested by various marine organisms along the trophic chain. This thesis focuses on (1) assessing microplastics sources and input into the aquatic environment and their occurrence in biota, and (2) to test the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics pollution in the marine coastal environment. Two coastal areas highly impacted by anthropogenic pressures were studied: Le Havre in France and the Lebanese coast. For the former, the role of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and an abandoned coastal landfill as pathways for microplastics (MPs) input into the marine environment was assessed. MPs were first analyzed in raw sewage influent, sludge and effluent samples, and their fate was studied along a distance gradient from the WWTP in three matrices: surface water, sediments and wild mussels (Mytilus spp). MPs were found in all matrices with a decreasing abundance from the effluent. Strong MPs abundances (higher than those found near the WWTP effluent) were observed in the vicinity of the coastal landfill suggesting its importance as a MPs entry route into the marine coastal environment. Whereas for the Lebanese coast, we evaluated for the first time the MPs pollution in the seawater, sediments and two important seafood species (one pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus and one bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Results showed different patterns of MPs concentration in the analyzed matrices. The occurrence of MPs in the biota was high (83.4% and 86.3% in anchovies and spiny oysters, respectively). These results highlighted the high MPs pollution found in the Levantine Basin in comparison to other Western Mediterranean regions. In addition, the obtained results indicate the potential contribution of coastal landfills to this pollution. Most often microplastics studies involve collection of organisms’ samples from natural populations. In this thesis, we tested the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics’ pollution in the marine coastal environment. We developed caging experiments with juvenile European Flounder, Platichthys flesus, in estuarine nursery grounds and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in coastal marine environment. For each species, the abundance and characteristics (shape, size, color and type of polymers) of MPs ingested by caged individuals are compared with those ingested by wild individuals collected at the same site and with those found in their surrounding environment (surface water and sediments). Our results suggest that transplanted organisms (caging) may be a promising tool for MPs biomonitoring making monitoring more reliable with an accurate assessment of the biological effects of MPs over a predetermined exposure period
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Qasaimeh, Ahmad Raji. "Intelligent novel MSW management system for biogas control in landfill." Thesis, 2006. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/9069/1/NR23840.pdf.
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Controlling greenhouse gases at landfill is a great point of concern. This research aims to control methane and carbon dioxide by applying novel intelligent MSW management system. The intelligent MSW management system (Intelligent QEJ Bricks) proposed in this research provides new ideas about: landfill operation, material for biogas collection, biogas transport modeling, biogas mass transfer optimization, design configuration, and automatic control system. The operation of new system includes series of cells built subsequently with porous bricks that confines waste cells. This approach implies integrated operation system that combines waste disposal, biogas evacuation, and biogas control. Bricks are made up of hydrophobic recyclable material that might be available on waste disposal site. In this research, a recyclable hydrophobic polymer (Styrofoam) was tested at laboratory to check its functionality for biogas collection. The test procedure on polymer medium entails the following findings: the permeability, the conductivity and diffusion coefficients, the convective flowrate, and the diffusive flux through polymer medium for carbon dioxide and methane. The influence of parameters such as water content, porosity, temperature variation, pressure gradient, and concentration gradient on gas movement (diffusion and convection) was also analyzed. Information obtained from the laboratory tests were formulated as knowledge bases. The fuzzy logic implicated knowledge bases and specific rules to have the output that represents the gas transport rates in hydrophobic polymer medium for a wide range of various environmental parameters. Genetic algorithm is used to optimize a transfer function that represents solutions for transfer rates for different ratios of biogas mixture. The mass and volume of biogas within the landfill time of service are determined for designing hydrophobic porous bricks for any ratio of CH 4 :CO 2 in landfill. After having the cells finished and closed the configuration of the new system satisfies confining the waste with hydrophobic porous walls that surrounds the waste and captures all available biogas generated at the landfill. The design includes a system of valves evacuating biogas from porous walls of the bricks. The process of evacuation might link the valves with a blower that is connected with a storage tank or an energy generator. The valves are controlled by fuzzy logic system that is fed by sensors-data acquisition system. The output of automatic intelligent fuzzy system is dependent on the input data from the sensor-data acquisition system.
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Gerrard, Alastair Douglas. "A proposed maintenance strategy for generator sets utilised in biogas applications." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4767.
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M. Ing.The overall purpose of this research project was to develop a proposed maintenance strategy for generator sets utilised in biogas applications. One specific biogas application, involving the use of landfill gas (LFG) to generate electrical energy, was the focal point of the research project. This is due to the fact that the author’s organisation is extensively involved with landfills and power generation through the use of LFG.
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Sousa, Sofia Ribeiro de. "The Selective Separation of Nitrogen from Landfill Biogas. Development of a technological concept." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133688.
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Sousa, Sofia Ribeiro de. "The Selective Separation of Nitrogen from Landfill Biogas. Development of a technological concept." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133688.
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Cancela, Ana Raquel Cerqueiro. "Biogas Pretreatment - Developing a technological concept for the removal of trace compounds from landfill gas." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133689.
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Cancela, Ana Raquel Cerqueiro. "Biogas Pretreatment - Developing a technological concept for the removal of trace compounds from landfill gas." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133689.
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Chetty, Nevendra Krishniah. "Stabilisation of waste in shallow test cells : focus on biogas." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1531.
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Present day society generates large volumes of waste that present an environmental hazard when disposed of in landfills. As our population grows, so does the volume of waste generated and hence the threat to our environment. One method of reducing harmful emissions in landfills is the mechanical-biological pretreatment of waste prior to landfilling. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the degree of stabilization of waste in shallow landfills (simulated by test cells) with particular focus on biogas production and quality. Municipal waste was composted in aerobic, open windrows for periods of eight and sixteen weeks. Five test cells, designed and operated according to the PAF model (Pretreatment, Aeration and Flushing) were constructed at the Bisasar Road landfill site. These cells were used to simulate large scale municipal landfill sites. They were filled with fresh and pretreated waste and were used to monitor the dynamics of prolonged aeration and degradation of waste over a period of six months. The cells were monitored on a weekly basis while being aerated. Two flushing events were conducted at the beginning of the passive aeration. Gas emissions were also monitored by recording the methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen volumes per volume of air in probes strategically placed in each cell. These results were then analysed to assess the effect of mechanical-biological pretreatment of municipal solid waste on the emission quality of sanitary landfills and the appropriateness of prolonging the aeration in shallow landfills, as often used in sub-tropical countries. It was found that the design of the test cells was appropriate for the landfilling and stabilization of waste that was aerobically treated. After six months in the test cells, analysis of the waste from each cell showed that the waste was completely degraded. The PAF model, when applied to shallow landfills, is very effective in stabilising waste and would be appropriate for a sub-tropical climate. Waste that is pretreated, placed in shallow landfills, initially flushed and then aerated over a six month period was fully stabilized. The requirement for such treatment would be relatively small amounts of waste, a wet climate and the availability of open space for shallow landfills. This method, therefore, would be very appropriate in a South African context. The major problem with this method may be the generation of large quantities of leachate which will have to be treated and disposed of in an environmentally safe manner.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.
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Teixeira, Constantino Dias. "Valorização energética do biogás produzido nos aterros sanitários de resíduos urbanos." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/2770.
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O objectivo deste trabalho, realizado no âmbito do mestrado em gestão do ISCTE – Business
School, é analisar a viabilidade económica de um projecto de investimento numa unidade de
valorização energética do biogás, produzido nos aterros sanitários de resíduos urbanos (RU),
bem como demonstrar, para além da sua sustentabilidade económica o seu contributo para a
melhoria da qualidade de vida e do ambiente.
O biogás que é produzido nos aterros sanitários (AS), é um combustível gasoso com um
conteúdo energético elevado, semelhante ao gás natural, que resulta da decomposição, ao
longo do tempo, da fracção orgânica biodegradável dos resíduos urbanos (lixos domésticos)
que ali são depositados e que, à semelhança de outras energias alternativas (energia eólica,
solar, hidráulica, biomassa, etc.) também é considerado uma fonte de energia renovável
(Artigo 2º da Directiva n.º 2001/77/CE, de 27 de Setembro), facto que contribui naturalmente
para a redução da factura energética externa de Portugal, no que diz respeito aos combustíveis
fósseis.
De salientar que, ao fazer-se o aproveitamento energético do biogás que conta na sua
composição com metano (CH4) e dióxido de carbono (CO2), está a evitar-se que as emissões
desses gases para a atmosfera contribuam para o efeito de estufa e desta forma para o
aquecimento global do planeta.
É neste âmbito que, será analisado como caso de estudo, o investimento num projecto de
aproveitamento energético do biogás produzido no Aterro Sanitário de Mato da Cruz, onde o
biogás ali produzido é valorizado, economicamente, em energia eléctrica.This work, performed under the Master of Management ISCTE - Business School, analyse the economic viability of a project investment in a plant of energy recovery from biogas produced in landfills of municipal waste and as shown, in addition, their economic sustainability for his contribution to improving the quality of life and the environment. The biogas that is produced in landfills is a gaseous fuel with a high energy content similar to natural gas, which results from the decomposition, over time, the biodegradable organic fraction of the household waste that there are deposited and, like other alternative energy sources (wind, solar, hydro, biomass, etc.) is also considered a renewable energy source (Article 2 of Directive No. 2001/77/EC of 27 September) , which naturally contributes to reducing the energy bill outside of Portugal, in relation to fossil fuels. Important to underline, to make himself the energetic use of biogas, which relies in its composition methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), is avoided that emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere contribute to the greenhouse gases and thus to global warming. In this context it will be consider a real case for investment in an energy recovery project using landfill gas of Mato da Cruz, where there biogas produced is valued economically in electric energy.
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SÝKOROVÁ, Žaneta. "Energetické využití biologicky rozložitelného komunálního odpadu Statutárního města České Budějovice." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-153283.
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My thesis is aimed at the possiblities of collecting and utilizing the biodegradable component of municipal waste in the specific environment of České Budějovice. The thesis includes a proposal to construct a municipal biogas plant to decrease the volume of mixed municipal waste. The goal of this part of the thesis is to compare expected costs and income of the project and determine the general economic indicators and evaluate the investment, so that the project can be either fully recommended or rejected.
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Badjagbo, Koffi. "Développement de méthodes d’analyse directe de polluants organiques volatils à l’état de traces dans l’air et les biogaz." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3573.
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Il est reconnu que le benzène, le toluène, l’éthylbenzène et les isomères du xylène, composés organiques volatils (COVs) communément désignés BTEX, produisent des effets nocifs sur la santé humaine et sur les végétaux dépendamment de la durée et des niveaux d’exposition. Le benzène en particulier est classé cancérogène et une exposition à des concentrations supérieures à 64 g/m3 de benzène peut être fatale en 5–10 minutes. Par conséquent, la mesure en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant est essentielle pour détecter rapidement un danger associé à leur émission dans l’air et pour estimer les risques potentiels pour les êtres vivants et pour l’environnement. Dans cette thèse, une méthode d’analyse en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant a été développée et validée. La méthode est basée sur la technique d’échantillonnage direct de l’air couplée avec la spectrométrie de masse en tandem utilisant une source d’ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique (APCI-MS/MS directe). La validation analytique a démontré la sensibilité (limite de détection LDM 1–2 μg/m3), la précision (coefficient de variation CV < 10%), l’exactitude (exactitude > 95%) et la sélectivité de la méthode. Des échantillons d’air ambiant provenant d’un site d’enfouissement de déchets industriels et de divers garages d’entretien automobile ont été analysés par la méthode développée. La comparaison des résultats avec ceux obtenus par la technique de chromatographie gazeuse on-line couplée avec un détecteur à ionisation de flamme (GC-FID) a donné des résultats similaires. La capacité de la méthode pour l’évaluation rapide des risques potentiels associés à une exposition aux BTEX a été prouvée à travers une étude de terrain avec analyse de risque pour la santé des travailleurs dans trois garages d’entretien automobile et par des expériences sous atmosphères simulées. Les concentrations mesurées dans l’air ambiant des garages étaient de 8,9–25 µg/m3 pour le benzène, 119–1156 µg/m3 pour le toluène, 9–70 µg/m3 pour l’éthylbenzène et 45–347 µg/m3 pour les xylènes. Une dose quotidienne environnementale totale entre 1,46 10-3 et 2,52 10-3 mg/kg/jour a été déterminée pour le benzène. Le risque de cancer lié à l’exposition environnementale totale au benzène estimé pour les travailleurs étudiés se situait entre 1,1 10-5 et 1,8 10-5.
Une nouvelle méthode APCI-MS/MS a été également développée et validée pour l’analyse directe de l’octaméthylcyclotétrasiloxane (D4) et le décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) dans l’air et les biogaz. Le D4 et le D5 sont des siloxanes cycliques volatils largement utilisés comme solvants dans les processus industriels et les produits de consommation à la place des COVs précurseurs d’ozone troposphérique tels que les BTEX. Leur présence ubiquitaire dans les échantillons d’air ambiant, due à l’utilisation massive, suscite un besoin d’études de toxicité. De telles études requièrent des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives de traces de ces composés. Par ailleurs, la présence de traces de ces substances dans un biogaz entrave son utilisation comme source d’énergie renouvelable en causant des dommages coûteux à l’équipement. L’analyse des siloxanes dans un biogaz s’avère donc essentielle pour déterminer si le biogaz nécessite une purification avant son utilisation pour la production d’énergie. La méthode développée dans cette étude possède une bonne sensibilité (LDM 4–6 μg/m3), une bonne précision (CV < 10%), une bonne exactitude (> 93%) et une grande sélectivité. Il a été également démontré qu’en utilisant cette méthode avec l’hexaméthyl-d18-disiloxane comme étalon interne, la détection et la quantification du D4 et du D5 dans des échantillons réels de biogaz peuvent être accomplies avec une meilleure sensibilité (LDM ~ 2 μg/m3), une grande précision (CV < 5%) et une grande exactitude (> 97%). Une variété d’échantillons de biogaz prélevés au site d’enfouissement sanitaire du Complexe Environnemental de Saint-Michel à Montréal a été analysée avec succès par cette nouvelle méthode. Les concentrations mesurées étaient de 131–1275 µg/m3 pour le D4 et 250–6226 µg/m3 pour le D5. Ces résultats représentent les premières données rapportées dans la littérature sur la concentration des siloxanes D4 et D5 dans les biogaz d’enfouissement en fonction de l’âge des déchets.It is known that benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly called BTEX, have toxic health effects on humans and plants depending on duration and levels of exposure. Benzene in particular is classified carcinogenic, and exposure to benzene at concentrations above 64 g/m3 can be fatal within 5–10 minutes. Therefore, real-time monitoring of BTEX in ambient air is essential for the early warning detection associated with their release and in estimating the potential exposure risks to living beings and the environment. In this thesis, a real-time analysis method for BTEX in ambient air was developed and validated. The method is based on the direct-air sampling technique coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (direct APCI-MS/MS). Validation of the method has shown that it is sensitive (limit of detection LOD 1–2 μg/m3), precise (relative standard deviation RSD < 10%), accurate (accuracy > 95%) and selective. Ambient air samples from an industrial waste landfill site and various automobile repair shops were analyzed by the developed method. Comparison of results with those obtained by online gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) technique exhibited similar results. The capacity of the method for the fast evaluation of potential risks associated with an exposure to BTEX has been demonstrated through a field study with health risk assessment for workers at three automobile repair shops and through experiments under simulated atmospheres. Concentrations measured in the ambient air of the garages were in the ranges of 8.9–25 µg/m3 for benzene, 119–1156 µg/m3 for toluene, 9–70 µg/m3 for ethylbenzene, and 45–347 µg/m3 for xylenes. A total environmental daily dose of 1.46 10-3–2.52 10-3 mg/kg/day was determined for benzene. The estimated cancer risk due to the total environmental exposure to benzene was between 1.1 10-5 and 1.8 10-5 for the workers studied. A novel APCI-MS/MS method was also developed and validated for the direct analysis of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in air and biogases. D4 and D5 are cyclic volatile siloxanes widely used in industrial processes and consumer products as replacement solvents for the tropospheric ozone forming VOCs, such as BTEX. Their ubiquitous presence in ambient air samples, due to the growing consumption, raises the need for toxicity studies which require qualitative and quantitative trace analysis of these compounds. Furthermore, the presence of trace amounts of these substances in a biogas hampers its use as a source of renewable energy by causing expensive damages to the equipment. Thus, siloxane analysis of the biogas is essential in determining if purification is needed before the use for energy production. The method developed in this study for these aims has good sensitivity (LOD 4–6 μg/m3), good precision (RSD < 10%), good accuracy (> 93%) and high selectivity. It was also shown that by using this method with hexamethyl-d18-disiloxane as an internal standard, detection and quantification of D4 and D5 in real biogas samples can be done with a better sensitivity (LOD ~ 2 μg/m3), high precision (RSD < 5%), and high accuracy (> 97%). Various biogas samples collected from the landfill site of the Complexe Environnemental de Saint-Michel in Montreal have been successfully analyzed by this new method. Concentrations measured were in the ranges of 131–1275 µg/m3 for D4 and 250–6226 µg/m3 for D5. These results represent the first primary-literature-reported data on siloxanes D4 and D5 contents of landfill-derived biogases as a function of the refuse age.
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Jesus, Dália Maria Martins de. "Aterros sanitários, um mal necessário ou uma fonte de energia alternativa?" Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/7245.
Full textAbstract:
A correta gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos representa um desígnio da sociedade contemporânea, essencialmente a que se radica em áreas urbanas. O crescimento populacional e o desenvolvimento, conduzem a humanidade para um cada vez maior desperdício e a durabilidade dos produtos é cada vez mais reduzida. Os recursos naturais e as matérias-primas são atualmente aceites como finitos, e por isso, integrar a gestão de resíduos numa economia circular não é uma opção, antes uma necessidade. A sociedade, mais atenta, toma a dianteira na luta pela preocupação com as alterações climáticas e a escassez de recursos e, conduz os decisores mundiais à tomada de posições fortes no que toca à proteção do ambiente. Os aterros sanitários em Portugal, e no mundo, constituem o final da cadeia da gestão de resíduos. Ainda recebem quantidades significativas de resíduos - apesar do caminho de inflexão que desde os anos 90 começou a ser traçado no nosso país -, mas já não são um local de abandono de resíduos. Representam uma fonte alternativa de energia através do aproveitamento energético que pode, e é feito, nas suas infraestruturas e que permite gerar uma energia limpa – amiga do ambiente.
O biogás que resulta da decomposição dos resíduos é composto essencialmente por metano, um gás nocivo para a atmosfera, porém, a sua captura e valorização permitem transformar um inimigo do planeta num aliado contra as alterações climáticas. Em Portugal, esta postura pró ambiente ganha força e, a energia resultante do aproveitamento do biogás gerado por resíduos urbanos em aterros sanitários tem firmado a sua posição nas últimas décadas.The correct management of urban solid waste represents a purpose of contemporary society, essentially which is rooted in urban areas. Population growth and development drive humanity to ever greater waste and product durability is increasingly reduced. Natural resources and raw materials are now accepted as finite, and therefore integrating waste management into a circular economy is not an option, rather a necessity. A more attentive society, it takes the lead in the fight for concern about climate change and scarcity of resources and leads global decision makers to take strong positions on protecting the environment. Landfills in Portugal, and in the world, constitute the end of the waste management chain. They still receive significant amounts of waste - despite the inflection path that has been starting in our country since the 1990s - but are no longer a waste disposal site. They represent an alternative source of energy through the energy utilization that can, and is done, in their infrastructures and allows the generation of clean energy - friendly to the environment. The biogas resulting from the decomposition of the waste consists essentially of methane, a gas harmful to the atmosphere, but its capture and valorization allows us to transform an enemy of the planet into an ally against climate change. In Portugal, this pro-environment stance is gaining strength, and the energy resulting from the use of biogas generated by urban waste in landfills has established its position in recent decades.