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Journal articles on the topic 'Land wars'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gangopadhyay, Aparajita. "From Land Wars to Gas Wars: Chile–Bolivia Relations and Globalisation." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 70, no. 2 (May 29, 2014): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928414524651.

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2

Aliaga, Cristian. "The Land ‘Wars’ in Twenty-First Century Patagonia." Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569325.2018.1493440.

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3

Betz, David. "Redesigning Land Forces for Wars Amongst the People." Contemporary Security Policy 28, no. 2 (August 2007): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260701489784.

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4

Loss, Christopher P. "“No Operation in an Academic Ivory Tower”: World War II and the Politics of Social Knowledge." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 2 (May 2020): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.22.

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America's sprawling system of colleges and universities has been built on the ruins of war. After the American Revolution the cash-strapped central government sold land grants to raise revenue and build colleges and schools in newly conquered lands. During the Civil War, the federal government built on this earlier precedent when it passed the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant College Act, which created the nation's system of publicly supported land-grant colleges. And during Reconstruction, the Freedmen's Bureau, operating under the auspices of the War Department, aided former slaves in creating thousands of schools to help protect their hard-fought freedoms. Not only do “wars make states,” as sociologist Charles Tilly claimed, but wars have also shaped the politics of knowledge in the modern university in powerful and lasting ways.

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Nielsen, Kenneth Bo, and Heather Plumridge Bedi. "The regional identity politics of India’s new land wars: Land, food, and popular mobilisation in Goa and West Bengal." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 10 (July 17, 2017): 2324–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17719884.

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India has over the recent decade witnessed a spate of land transfers as Special Economic Zones, extractive industries, or real estate dispossess farmers, land owners, and indigenous groups of their land. As a result, struggles over land have emerged with force in many locations, almost across India. Yet while the political economy and legal aspects of India’s new ‘land wars’ are well documented, the discourses and identities mobilised against large-scale forcible land transfers receive less scholarly attention. We suggest ‘the regional identity politics’ of India’s current land wars to explain the important role of place-based identities in garnering broad, public support for popular anti-dispossession movements. We explore how land, and its produce, are mobilised by anti-dispossession movements in the Indian states of Goa and West Bengal. The movements mobilised land and food not as emblematic of structural changes in the political economy, but first and foremost within a symbolic field in which they came to stand metaphorically for regional forms of belonging and identity under threat. While reinforcing regional solidarity, these identities also contributed to the fragmented and often highly localised nature of India’s current land wars, while also potentially disrupting efforts to sustain organising in the long term.

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Burenok, V. M., R. A. Durnev, and K. Yu Kryukov. "LAND WARS OF THE FUTURE: EXPERIENCE OF FUTUROLOGICAL ANALYSIS." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 27 (2019): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2019-2-236-244.

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The results of the futurological analysis of future land wars are presented. It has been determined that at the strategic level, cyber wars will be waged, as well as e-struggle for resource management. The operational-strategic level will be characterized by the use of long-range high-precision weapons systems for objects of the economy. The tactical level will be characterized by the massive use of autonomous lethal weapons systems, as well as individual military personnel with increased psychophysical capabilities.

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7

Peres, Zsuzsanna. "Land Politics in Hungary between the Two World Wars." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 4 (2011): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.12.008.0509.

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Land Politics in Hungary between the Two World Wars The paper discusses the Hungarian legislation that regulated the ownership referring to real property in the period between the World Wars. The discussion included also the review of the law on colonization and division of the land, as well as the law on bank loans offered to those who were professionally engaged in farming. In addition, the authoress made an analysis of the archaic institution of fideicomissum. While depicting the background of legislative efforts of the time, the authoress recalled the developments that took place prior to the discussed changes in the ownership relationships. Therefore she discussed also the 19th century reforms that abolished serfdom and serf labour, introduced the land and mortgage register etc.

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8

Sharrad, Paul. "Struggle and strategy: Literature and New Zealand's land wars*." Wasafiri 12, no. 25 (March 1997): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690059708589522.

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9

Nielsen, Kenneth Bo, Siddharth Sareen, and Patrik Oskarsson. "The Politics of Caste in India’s New Land Wars." Journal of Contemporary Asia 50, no. 5 (February 18, 2020): 684–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2020.1728780.

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10

Nielsen, Kenneth Bo. "The everyday politics of India’s “land wars” in rural eastern India." Focaal 2016, no. 75 (June 1, 2016): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2016.750108.

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The large-scale transfer of land from rural communities to private corporations has become a defining feature of India’s development trajectory. These land transfers have given rise to a multitude of new “land wars” as dispossessed groups have struggled to retain their land. Yet while much has been written about the political economy of development that underpins this new form of dispossession, the ways in which those threatened with dispossession have sought to mobilize have to a lesser extent been subject to close ethnographic scrutiny. This article argues that an “everyday politics” perspective can enhance our understanding of India’s new land wars, using a case from Singur as the starting point. The agenda is twofold. I show how everyday life domains and sociopolitical relations pertaining to caste, class, gender, and party political loyalty were crucial to the making of the Singur movement and its politics. Second, by analyzing the movement in processual terms, I show how struggles over land can be home to a multitude of political meanings and aspirations as participants seek to use new political forums to resculpt everyday sociopolitical relations.

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11

Esherick, Joseph W. "Book review: Land Wars: The Story of China’s Agrarian Revolution." China Information 34, no. 3 (October 10, 2020): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x20953040d.

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12

Rodman, David. "Holy wars: 3000 years of battles in the holy land." Israel Affairs 18, no. 4 (October 2012): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2012.718500.

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13

Anjoh, Rose Frii-Manyi, and Adolf Ngundu Lyonga. "Causes, Manifestations and Nature of Indigenous Wars in Upper Bakweri Land, 1880-1939." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 9, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v9.n3.p2.

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The pursuit to control the villages of Upper Bakweri Land (UBL) by the villages of Soppo Mokongo (Great Soppo) and Gbea (Buea Town) led to a series of wars which erupted in the area between 1880 and 1939. The desire for domination resulted to the formation of two main groups which aligned the other villages of UBL under the leadership of either Soppo Mokongo or Gbea. The creation of competing blocs culminated to the upsurge of indigenous wars among the villages of UBL that dragged the two lead villages to support one side or the other. This paper examines the reasons for, the manifestation and the nature of indigenous wars in UBL between 1880 and 1939. To attain the goals of the paper, the chronological and thematic methods were employed in analyzing and synthesizing data obtained from primary and secondary sources. Information from primary sources came from the National Archives Buea (NAB) and oral interviews. Material gotten from secondary sources was from both published and unpublished works. The findings show that political, economic and socio-cultural factors were the driving force behind indigenous wars in the area. That ritualized combat, the cutting of the head of the leader illustrated the nature of warfare. That the weapons of war used were dane guns, cutlasses and clubs. Although, the wars were classified as either “just” or “unjust’; they never succeeded in establishing a lead village in UBL.

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14

Barr, Jessica Marion. "home/land." Brock Review 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2011): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/br.v11i2.147.

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In this series, entitled home/land, documentary photographs by Christopher Cowperthwaite provide the foundation for works that are meditations on the disruptions – cultural, political, and ecological – that result from conflict and crisis. The paintings present fragmentary images of the construction of the Israel-Palestine separation wall (and its concomitant fragmentation of the land), which are fused with collaged images from other conflicts and other times, asking the viewer to consider how an ever-deepening palimpsest of conflicts has become etched in our collective memory and on the surface of the earth since the World Wars. I created this series as an attempt engage my artistic practice with the complex history and contemporary reality of globalized conflict, which, via globalized media, has become imbricated with the flow of our daily lives and thoughts. As a Canadian artist and educator, I have no direct contact with the daily crises occurring in conflict zones, yet I am impelled to respond creatively, to translate my affective response to these global catastrophes into a visual elegy and a plea for awareness of the human and ecological impacts of warfare.

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15

Dunham, C. K., J. P. O’Donnell, G. W. Stuart, A. M. Brisbourne, S. Rost, T. A. Jordan, A. A. Nyblade, D. A. Wiens, and R. C. Aster. "A joint inversion of receiver function and Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion data to estimate crustal structure in West Antarctica." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 3 (August 22, 2020): 1644–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa398.

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SUMMARY We determine crustal shear wave velocity structure and crustal thickness at recently deployed seismic stations across West Antarctica, using a joint inversion of receiver functions and fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion. The stations are from both the UK Antarctic Network (UKANET) and Polar Earth Observing Network/Antarctic Network (POLENET/ANET). The former include, for the first time, four stations along the spine of the Antarctic Peninsula, three in the Ellsworth Land and five stations in the vicinity of the Pine Island Rift. Within the West Antarctic Rift System (WARS) we model a crustal thickness range of 18–28 km, and show that the thinnest crust (∼18 km) is in the vicinity of the Byrd Subglacial Basin and Bentley Subglacial Trench. In these regions we also find the highest ratio of fast (Vs = 4.0–4.3 km s–1, likely mafic) lower crust to felsic/intermediate upper crust. The thickest mafic lower crust we model is in Ellsworth Land, a critical area for constraining the eastern limits of the WARS. Although we find thinner crust in this region (∼30 km) than in the neighbouring Antarctic Peninsula and Haag-Ellsworth Whitmore block (HEW), the Ellsworth Land crust has not undergone as much extension as the central WARS. This suggests that the WARS does not link with the Weddell Sea Rift System through Ellsworth Land, and instead has progressed during its formation towards the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Sea Embayments. We also find that the thin WARS crust extends towards the Pine Island Rift, suggesting that the boundary between the WARS and the Thurston Island block lies in this region, ∼200 km north of its previously accepted position. The thickest crust (38–40 km) we model in this study is in the Ellsworth Mountain section of the HEW block. We find thinner crust (30–33 km) in the Whitmore Mountains and Haag Nunatak sectors of the HEW, consistent with the composite nature of the block. In the Antarctic Peninsula we find a crustal thickness range of 30–38 km and a likely dominantly felsic/intermediate crustal composition. By forward modelling high frequency receiver functions we also assess if any thick, low velocity subglacial sediment accumulations are present, and find a 0.1–0.8-km-thick layer at 10 stations within the WARS, Thurston Island and Ellsworth Land. We suggest that these units of subglacial sediment could provide a source region for the soft basal till layers found beneath numerous outlet glaciers, and may act to accelerate ice flow.

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16

Muscolino, Micah S. "Land Wars: The Story of China's Agrarian Revolution by Brian DeMare." Twentieth-Century China 45, no. 2 (2020): E—9—E—11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2020.0011.

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17

Woolf, Stuart. "Popular Resistance in the French Wars: Patriots, Partisans and Land Pirates." English Historical Review CXXI, no. 490 (February 1, 2006): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cej090.

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18

Stepputat, Finn. "Forced Migration, Land and Sovereignty." Government and Opposition 43, no. 2 (2008): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2008.00256.x.

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AbstractLand is a key issue in the aftermath of wars. The return or resettlement of displaced populations accentuates land-related problems, and international support seeks to strengthen the state's administration of land. This article explores ethnographically a land conflict in Guatemala between returning refugees and former members of a civil defence patrol, including the intervention of state and international institutions. In dialogue with Carl Schmitt's idea that land appropriation, first measurements and division are constitutive of the order and orientation of political community, the analysis suggests that bodily presence at the land, potential use of violence and negotiated measurement, continue to be features of post-colonial states despite attempts to solve land problems once and for all.

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19

Su, Yun, Yuan Kang, Xianshuai Zhai, and Xiuqi Fang. "The Relationship between Temperature Changes and Peacemaking Events between Farming and Nomadic Groups in Northern China over the Past 2000 Years." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0153.1.

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AbstractClimate change affects relationships between regions. The sequence of peacemaking events between farming and nomadic groups in northern China from the Western Han to the Qing dynasty was constructed based on historical documents. We analyzed the impacts of climate change on ethnic relationships using war and temperature sequence data from previous studies. The main results are as follows: 1) There were 504 peacemaking events between farming and nomadic groups, with an average frequency of 2.4 times per decade. Paying tribute (68.9%) occurred significantly more frequently than intermarriage for pacification (31.1%). The sequences showed different stages. 2) There were more peacemaking events during cold periods and fewer during warm periods. Intermarriage for pacification played a greater role in peacemaking during warm periods, while paying tribute was more important during cold periods. 3) High-incidence stages of war and of peacemaking events alternated. Peacemaking events occurred more frequently during cold periods and wars occurred more frequently during warm periods. 4) During warm periods, farming and nomadic groups had enough power to contend with each other, wars occurred frequently, and intermarriage was often used for peacemaking. During cold periods, agriculture and animal husbandry declined, both sides weakened, and the power difference between them usually increased. Wars rarely occurred, and paying tribute was often used for peacemaking. Ethnic relationships are affected by many factors. As a background factor influencing land productivity, climate indirectly affected conflict-resolution measures between farming and nomadic groups. We can hereby consider ways to manage interregional ethnic relationships under global climate change today.

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20

Futrell, Robert Frank, and Eduard Mark. "Aerial Interdiction: Air Power and the Land Battle in Three American Wars." Journal of American History 83, no. 4 (March 1997): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953028.

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21

Webster, Steven. "MaoriHapuas a Whole Way of Struggle: 1840s-50s Before the Land Wars." Oceania 69, no. 1 (September 1998): 4–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1998.tb02692.x.

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22

Tone, John Lawrence. "Popular Resistance in the French Wars: Patriots, Partisans, and Land Pirates (review)." Journal of Military History 70, no. 4 (2006): 1123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0285.

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23

Downes, Alexander B. "The holy land divided: Defending Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Wars." Security Studies 10, no. 4 (June 2001): 58–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636410108429445.

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24

Justin, Peter Hakim, and Han van Dijk. "Land Reform and Conflict in South Sudan: Evidence from Yei River County." Africa Spectrum 52, no. 2 (August 2017): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971705200201.

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Following South Sudanese independence in 2011, land reform became a major aspect of state building, partly to address historical injustices and partly to avoid future conflicts around land. In the process, land became a trigger for conflicts, sometimes between communities with no histories of “ethnic conflict.” Drawing on cases in two rural areas in Yei River County in South Sudan, this paper shows that contradictions in the existing legal frameworks on land are mainly to blame for those conflicts. These contradictions are influenced, in turn, by the largely top-down approach to state building, which has tended to neglect changes in society and regarding land resulting from colonialism and civil wars.

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Rugege, Sam. "Land Reform in South Africa: An Overview." International Journal of Legal Information 32, no. 2 (2004): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004145.

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South Africa suffered a long history of colonization, racial domination and land dispossession that resulted in the bulk of the agricultural land being owned by a white minority. Black people resisted being dispossessed but were defeated by the superior arms of the newcomers. As Lewin has written, “whatever minor causes there may have been for the many Bantu-European wars, the desire for land was the fundamental cause.” Despite the claims that South Africa was largely uninhabited at the time of the arrival of Europeans, documentary evidence shows that in fact the land was inhabited. Thus the journal of the first European to settle at the Cape, Jan van Riebeeck records incidents of confrontation with the indigenous Khoi-khoi (or Hottentots) in 1655.

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Doherty, Bernard. "Strange Gods in a Great Southern Land." Nova Religio 24, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2020.24.1.5.

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Between 1960 and 2000 Australia witnessed four waves of “cult controversy.” This article provides a historical overview of these controversies. The four historical vignettes presented demonstrate the significance of Australia in the wider global history of the “cult wars” and some of the local societal reactions occasioned by various home grown and international new religious movements that have proved controversial. This article identifies a series of the key episodes and periods that might serve as historical landmarks for the writing of a more fulsome history of new religions in Australia, introduces to a scholarly audience some of the important individuals involved in these Australian controversies, and highlights the key new religions and cult-watching groups whose interactions have collectively shaped the Australian societal response over this period.

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Jovanović, Vladan. "Land Reform and Serbian Colonization." East Central Europe 42, no. 1 (August 8, 2015): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04201006.

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The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire caused major demographic shifts in the Balkans. After the forced exchange of Greek and Turkish populations, the experience of the new Yugoslav state has received the greatest historical attention. Western historiography has emphasized the statements and efforts of a Serbian-led government to replace Muslim Albanians and Turks with Serbs. This paper, based on relevant historiography and unpublished archival material, reexamines the process of Serb colonization in Macedonia and Kosovo between the Two World Wars, including the Muslim migration from Yugoslavia to Turkey. It acknowledges the Serbian rationale for repopulating Kosovo, in particular, but goes on to emphasize the problems of an agrarian reform intended to favor smallholders across all of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but also to facilitate the colonization project. Overseen by a new Belgrade Ministry for Agrarian Reform that was unable to fund the support needed for the colonists or to prevent local corruption, the reform failed to keep enough settlers in place to reverse the balance of population.

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Levin, Amy K. "The Land without the Canon Wars: Language, Literature, and New Freedoms in Myanmar." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 5 (October 2016): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1535.

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Landing in Yangon (Formerly Rangoon) in February 2013, Less Than Three Months After President Barack Obama's Historic trip to Myanmar (Burma), I wondered what I would encounter. Serving as the first Fulbright specialist at a Myanmar public university in thirty years forced me to alter my approach to teaching the literature of the United States that appeared during the time Myanmar isolated itself. It also compelled me to reconsider the relations among literature, human rights, and language. Locals who taught literature of the United States and Britain never experienced the “culture wars” of the 1980s and the expansion of the literary canon. Keats was on the syllabus in every undergraduate English course, while African American authors were absent, and some of my students were surprised that Americans no longer enslave Africans.

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29

Broers, Michael. "Book Review: Popular Resistance in the French Wars: Patriots, Partisans and Land Pirates." War in History 13, no. 3 (July 2006): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096834450601300315.

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Shree, Ruchi. "Book Review: Making Peace with the Earth: Beyond Resource, Land and Food Wars." Social Change 43, no. 3 (September 2013): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085713494311.

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Martin, Adam P., and Alan F. Cooper. "Post 3.9 Ma fault activity within the West Antarctic rift system: onshore evidence from Gandalf Ridge, Mount Morning eruptive centre, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 22, no. 5 (June 21, 2010): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201000026x.

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AbstractA hawaiite dyke dated at 3.88 ± 0.05 Ma from the Mount Morning eruptive centre intrudes a diamictite deposit at Gandalf Ridge in the southern Ross Sea. The dyke has been dextrally offset up to 6 m horizontally by faults interpreted as the onshore continuation of the West Antarctic rift system (WARS) fault array. Felsic dykes emplaced during the Miocene are also present at Gandalf Ridge. The offset of the Miocene dykes is equivalent to the offset on the hawaiite dyke, suggesting that at this locality movement on faults within WARS has been restricted to a period more recent than c. 3.88 Ma. Over this period the minimum average rate of movement on these faults within WARS is 0.0015 mm yr-1.

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BERNHEIM, MARK. "JOHN B. SIMON, STRANGERS IN A STRANGER LAND." Society Register 5, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2021.5.2.11.

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This is a book review of "STRANGERS IN A STRANGER LAND: How One Country's Jews Fought an Unwinnable War Alongside Nazi Troops…and Survived"; by John B. Simon; Rowman and Littlefield; 2019 (originally published in Finnish as Mahdoton sota, "The Impossible War," by Siltala Publishing, 2017). The review was written for the Jewish Book Council by a Professor Emeritus of English and contains both historical and pedagogical reflections on the educational messages emmerging from the book. This is important not only for memory studies and for identity politics but also when looking deep into the complex issues of socialization and education after the WWII. The book contains a story of the contradictory role of Finland's Jewish community in the wars against the Soviet Union and Germany.

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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grófová. "Least developed countries – comparison." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 3 (March 27, 2014): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2013-agricecon.

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The inter-related causes of food insecurity in these countries are mainly the long lasting civil wars, a limited access to land, environmental degradation, climatic shocks and the rapid population growth resulting from the high birth rates and the return of refugees.    

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Stocks, Anthony, Manuela Ruiz Reyes, and Carlos Andrés Rios-Franco. "GIS and the A'i of Colombia." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 7, no. 3 (July 2016): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2016070103.

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This paper presents the work of the WCS with the A'i Indigenous people in Colombia as part of a USAID-funded project between 2009 and 2011. The project had several dimensions that make it unusual. Unlike conventional “counter-mapping” attempts to represent Indigenous land claims as a counter to government representations, the project sought to create maps and analyses that represent prior land assignments to the A'i by the Colombian government itself. These land assignments were not supported by geo-referenced maps and, in the case of Indigenous “reserves” the original boundary markers were only known to the oldest of the A'i people. Analysis of forest cover in lands controlled by the A'i reveal that they are highly protective of forests; indeed their collective identity is strongly related to forest cover. The process described also illustrates the difficult position many Indigenous Amazonians face in an era of drug wars, uncontrolled colonization, and in the case of Colombia, the lack of follow-up to the political and social measures envisioned in the 1991 Constitution.

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Tronvoll, Kjetil. "Meret Shehena, ‘Brothers' Land’ S. F. Nadel's Land Tenure on the Eritrean Plateau Revisited." Africa 70, no. 4 (November 2000): 595–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2000.70.4.595.

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AbstractThis article revisits S.F. Nadel's study on land tenure in highland Eritrea from the mid‐1940s, and presents the current framework of the communal land tenure system of meret shehena. Under the meret shehena system, all land under the domain of the village is perceived as the common property of the village inhabitants. To restrict outsiders access to land, habitation rights (tisha) to the villages is guided by agnatic descent, and individuals obtain usufruct rights to land through residence in the village. The article proves that since Nadel's study almost sixty years ago, descent rules defining habitation rights have been changed, in order to restrict distant descendants returning to the village and claiming their land rights. Nevertheless, the overall workings of the system that redistributes all shehena land every seventh year to the village inhabitants, shows a remarkable resemblance to the observations made by Nadel. It appears that the customary operational guidelines of the system are virtually unaffected by wars and political turbulence during the last fifty years, following the core principle that each male adult individual with habitation rights (tisha) who marries and establishes a separate household, will be entitled to an equal share (gibri) of the village land, in order to secure the livelihood of all household members.

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Richards, Eric. "Landscapes of Protest in the Scottish Highlands after 1914: The Later Highland Land Wars." Social History 40, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2015.1044222.

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37

Navickas, Katrina. "Landscapes of Protest in the Scottish Highlands after 1914: The Later Highland Land Wars." Journal of Historical Geography 44 (April 2014): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2014.02.010.

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38

Manning, Richard. "The New Zealand (School Curriculum) ‘History Wars’: The New Zealand Land Wars Petition and the Status of Māori Histories in New Zealand Schools (1877–2016)." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 47, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2017.13.

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This article draws upon historical evidence and theoretical insights to critique the New Zealand government's negative response to a popular petition developed by students of Otorohanga College. The petition called for the New Zealand Land Wars to become a ‘prescribed course of study’ (topic) in New Zealand schools. This article consequently reviews the status of Māori histories in New Zealand schools from 1877 to 2016. This review is followed by a critique of the New Zealand government's response to the petition. This will be of interest to an Australian audience grappling with issues relating to the teaching of Indigenous peoples’ histories in schools.

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Balkιlιç, Özgür, and Deniz Dölek. "Turkish nationalism at its beginning: Analysis of Türk Yurdu, 1913–1918." Nationalities Papers 41, no. 2 (March 2013): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.752353.

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Turkish nationalism became an element of the Ottoman political scene in the late nineteenth century. Although its roots can be traced back to the Hamidian period (1876–1909), Turkish nationalism emerged as one of the most important political ideologies during the Constitutional Regime. Wars that the Ottoman State participated in from 1911 to the end of the empire in 1918 resulted in population and land losses. Especially, following the Balkan Wars, most of the lands that were populated by non-Muslim and non-Turkish subjects were lost. Within this context, Turkish nationalism came to be seen as the most dominant ideological tool intended to save the Empire. This article argues that Turkish nationalism emerged as a reactive ideology that addressed Ottomanism and Islamism, which were the two other dominant state ideologies during the late Ottoman State, due to the changing political context. In this article, Türk Yurdu, a well-known and influential periodical, is used as the primary source of reference to demonstrate the basic features of Turkish nationalism in its infancy.

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Pongratz, Julia, Ken Caldeira, Christian H. Reick, and Martin Claussen. "Coupled climate–carbon simulations indicate minor global effects of wars and epidemics on atmospheric CO2 between ad 800 and 1850." Holocene 21, no. 5 (January 20, 2011): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683610386981.

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Historic events such as wars and epidemics have been suggested as explanation for decreases in atmospheric CO2 reconstructed from ice cores because of their potential to take up carbon in forests regrowing on abandoned agricultural land. Here, we use a coupled climate–carbon cycle model to assess the carbon and climate effects of the Mongol invasion (~1200 to ~1380), the Black Death (~1347 to ~1400), the conquest of the Americas (~1519 to ~1700), and the fall of the Ming Dynasty (~1600 to ~1650). We calculate their impact on atmospheric CO2 including the response of the global land and ocean carbon pools. It has been hypothesized that these events have contributed to significant increases in land carbon stocks. However, we find that slow regrowth and delayed emissions from past land cover change allow for small increases of the land biosphere carbon storage only during long-lasting events. The effect of these small increases in land biosphere storage on global CO2 is reduced by the response of the global carbon pools and largely offset by concurrent emissions from the rest of the world. None of these events would therefore have affected the atmospheric CO2 concentration by more than 1 ppm. Only the Mongol invasion could have lowered global CO2, but by an amount too small to be resolved by ice cores.

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Kolevska, Dana Dina, Ivan Blinkov, Pande Trajkov, and Vladimir Maletić. "Reforestation in Macedonia: History, current practice and future perspectives." REFORESTA, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.21750/refor.3.13.37.

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This paper presents data about forestry and reforestation in the Republic of Macedonia. The country is characterized with great diversity of natural conditions and rich floral and faunal biodiversity Forests in Macedonia cover 38% of its territory. About 71% represent coppiced and degraded and 29% tall forests. Historical, social and natural conditions caused gradual deforestation, forest and land degradation. Foundations of artificial afforestation were laid in the first decade of XX century. First reforestation started already in 1913/14 and continued, with various intensity, in the next decades. In the period between two world wars a foundation of modern forestry was established, as forestry education, scientific work etc., to help dealing with reforestation of waste bare and erosive lands. The most intensive reforestation was performed in 1971-1990 and during the following years significantly decreases. There is room for improving of some aspects of the reforestation, in aim to improve survival and development of the young stands.

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Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal. "Josephus's Lands: Mining the Evolution in the Depiction of the Land of Israel in the Works of Josephus." Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 26, no. 4 (June 2017): 275–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951820717718419.

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This article notes the disparities between the way Josephus depicts the extent of the borders of the Land of Israel in his different works, and shows the connection between the view of the borders he offers in each work to that work's nature, goals, and historical context, as well as to the author's personal life. When he wrote The Jewish Wars, Josephus sought to minimize Jewish territorial aspirations, but later, in Jewish Antiquities, Against Apion, and his autobiography, The Life, he expressed large-scale territorial hopes and visions. This article proposes that the different depictions of borders reflect changes, taking place over a lifetime, in the way Josephus viewed himself and his surroundings, as well as the political constellation under which he found himself at the time he composed each work.

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Cams, Mario. "Blurring the Boundaries: Integrating Techniques of Land Surveying on the Qing’s Mongolian Frontier." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 46, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04601005.

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This article focuses on the role of spatial dynamics in effectuating the integration of two different sets of land surveying techniques. During the later stages of the Qing-Zunghar wars of the 1690s, the Kangxi emperor (r. 1661-1722) repeatedly asked French Jesuit missionaries, who had been sent to China in 1685 under the patronage of the French King Louis XIV, to join his imperial campaigns targeting the Khalkha-Mongolian borderlands. In the shadow of these imperial journeys, missionaries systematically determined latitudes with Paris-made instruments while Qing officials measured road distances all along the way with graduated ropes. A next step in the evolution of imperial cartographic practice came after the Qing- Zunghar wars had come to an end, when an all-out effort was launched by the emperor to integrate the newly conquered Khalkha Mongols and their lands into the Qing polity. As part of the effort, missionaries were asked to produce a map of the new frontier by integrating European and East Asian practices, which led to the discovery of a technical incompatibility. In 1702, the problem was solved by the precise measurement of the terrestrial degree and, immediately after, the restandardization of the Qing’s most basic unit of length, the chi 尺. Thus, I argue that the turn of the eighteenth century saw the crystallization of a new or hybrid Qing cartographic practice, driven by the need to explore the new Khalkha frontier. More concretely, I show how selected techniques as developed by the French Academy of Sciences were gradually absorbed into a pre-existing framework of Qing land surveying, a process that was shaped and facilitated by exchanges in via throughout the vast Mongolian frontier.

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UGWUANYI, LAWRENCE OGBO. "TOWARDS AN AFRICAN THEORY OF JUST WAR." Revista de Estudios Africanos, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/reauam2020.1.003.

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From 1957 when the first independent country emerged in Africa till date, Africa has fought over a hundred wars1. These wars which have been both inter-state and intra-state wars, sometimes called civil wars, provoke philosophical questions on the meaning and notion of war in African thought scheme. Were these wars just or not within an African conception of war- that is the means, manner and method of fighting war within the African experience? If the idea of just war were advanced through the African worldview, what principles would define it? What alternative and fresh values would be suggested by the theory? This article sets out to address these questions. To do this, the work will attempt to articulate an African theory of just war by mapping out what it would look like if it were informed by the norms, values, and micro-principles that characteristically drive philosophical enquiry in an indigenous African context. The work will draw from narratives about wars that have been fought in traditional African society as well as oral texts to achieve its position, which is roughly that a just war in African thought is war fought to protect the corporate harmony of a people who are bound and bonded together through land, the resources, and other symbols and traditions that make them distinct.

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Bennett, Zachary M. "“A Means of Removing Them Further from Us”: The Struggle for Waterpower on New England's Eastern Frontier." New England Quarterly 90, no. 4 (December 2017): 540–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00640.

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This article reframes the Anglo-Wabanaki wars as conflicts fought over river energy. Beginning in the 1680s, Massachusetts officials began building forts away from settlements and next to waterfalls to control prime fishing and portage sites. These river forts, particularly one at Pejepscot Falls in Brunswick, Maine, would trigger conflict more than colonial encroachments on Wabanaki land.

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De Oliveira e Silva Lemos, Marcela. "Writing in no-man’s land: Women, war, and literature." Em Tese 23, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1982-0739.23.3.41-58.

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The relationship between war and women is characterized by the exclusion of women, who, relegated to the margins of the systems of power and government, are historically deprived of participation in the decisions, actions, and representations related to conflicts. This article discusses the destabilization of this view, described by Adrienne Rich as "the archaic idea of women as a 'home front,'" in face of the total wars and feminist movements of the twentieth century. It also proposes new ways of thinking the divergent place from which women write war literature and contribute to that dismantlement. Finally, it points out remaining traces of the idea Rich denounces, which suggest the reproduction of hierarchies within the area of the literature of war written by women and indicate the necessity of expanding the borders of this field and its study.

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Cameron, Ewen A. "Robertson, Landscapes of Protest in the Scottish Highlands after 1914: The Later Highland Land Wars." Scottish Historical Review 99, no. 2 (October 2020): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2020.0480.

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Black, J. "Shorter notice. A Land Afflicted. Scotland and the Covenanter Wars, 1638-90. Raymond Campbell Paterson." English Historical Review 114, no. 458 (September 1999): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/114.458.990.

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Black, J. "Shorter notice. A Land Afflicted. Scotland and the Covenanter Wars, 1638-90. Raymond Campbell Paterson." English Historical Review 114, no. 458 (September 1, 1999): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.458.990.

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Unruh, Jon D. "The Legislative and Institutional Framework for War-affected Land Rights in Iraq: Up to the Task Post-ISIS?" Arab Law Quarterly 34, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-14030069.

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Abstract Land and property rights in Iraq are an important component of recovery, particularly subsequent to the ISIS conflict. The return of 3.3 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) due to the ISIS conflict are encountering claimants who were dislocated from previous wars and expropriations. This results in numerous land conflicts that if not dealt with will contribute to the country’s instability. Of primary importance in this regard is an ongoing discussion in government and the international community which focuses on a central question—are the current laws and institutions in Iraq, made for stable socio-political settings, able to manage the large-scale land and property problems emerging and ongoing in the country? This article considers this question by examining and critiquing the current legislative and institutional framework in Iraq in the context of the historical-to-present trajectories of land rights problems and development of land and property laws and institutions.

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