Academic literature on the topic 'Land Use Transport modelling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Land Use Transport modelling":
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WEBSTER, F. Vernon. "An international study on land-use/transport modelling." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 419 (1990): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1990.419_1.
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Niu, Fangqu, Fang Wang, and Mingxing Chen. "Modelling urban spatial impacts of land-use/ transport policies." Journal of Geographical Sciences 29, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1592-3.
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Eboli, Laura, Carmen Forciniti, and Gabriella Mazzulla. "Exploring Land Use and Transport Interaction through Structural Equation Modelling." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 54 (October 2012): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.730.
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Owens, Susan. "Integrated land use and transport modelling: Decision chains and hierarchies." Utilities Policy 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-1787(93)90035-u.
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Edwards, Phil, and Thomas de la Barra. "Integrated Land Use and Transport Modelling: Decision Chains and Hierarchies." Statistician 42, no. 2 (1993): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2348986.
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HUNT, J. D., D. S. KRIGER, and E. J. MILLER. "Current operational urban land‐use–transport modelling frameworks: A review." Transport Reviews 25, no. 3 (May 2005): 329–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144164052000336470.
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Werner, Christian. "Integrated land use and transport modelling: Decision chains and hierarchies." Transportation Research Part A: General 24, no. 6 (November 1990): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(90)90039-9.
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Juhász, M., and Cs Koren. "Creating a two-way Land-Use and Transport Interaction model for Budapest." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 10, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.v10.n2.432.
Abstract:
This paper intends to show that despite limited data availability it is still possible to elaborate semi-sophisticated LUTI models which can be a stepping stone for countries that are less developed in terms of transport modelling practice but eager to improve. It provides an outline of the model and of the calibrating process which was based on data from the city of Budapest. Based on the results it is undeniable that excluding land-use effects of transport in modelling could cause a serious distortion even in a shorter time period. It seems that such land-use effects and feedbacks can no longer be disregarded as it is not in accordance with the desire of improving transport modelling practice. From this aspect, the proposed approach is practical and can overcome general obstacles of time, cost and data availability issues. The next step should be to carry out tests for the estimation of real transport investments and compare the results with other models.
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Tanczos, Katalin, and Arpad Torok. "INTRODUCING DECISIVE DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATIONS INTO TRANSPORT MODELLING." TRANSPORT 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.330-334.
Abstract:
To effectuate a consistent methodology for urban planning taking into consideration the viewpoints of land use and transportation, we need to approach the subject and consider complex social and economical aspects. To handle both of the above mentioned urban planning areas, we shall develop models able to pay attention to all of their restrictive factors within temporal properties.
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Hunt, J. D., and D. C. Simmonds. "Theory and application of an integrated land-use and transport modelling framework." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20, no. 2 (1993): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b200221.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Land Use Transport modelling":
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Kinsey, Michael Jon. "Vertical transport evacuation modelling." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2011. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/7786/.
Abstract:
Within any high-rise structure or underground/subway station, occupants often heavily rely on vertical transport devices (e.g. escalators, lifts, etc) to travel vertically between levels. Typically such devices provide a faster and more comfortable means to travel than the equivalent stairs. Such devices also provide an additional means for occupant egress. However, the provision for utilising such devices in actual buildings for evacuations is rare. Despite a select number of structures throughout the world allowing the use of vertical transport devices within evacuation scenarios, little is understood with regards to evacuation vertical transport strategies and to what extent such strategies may be influenced by associated human factors. This thesis is intended to address this lack of understanding. The thesis provides an in depth review of evacuation usage of vertical transport devices in actual evacuations, their provision in building codes, empirical studies analysing human factors, representation within simulated environments, and analysis of previously explored operational strategies. The review provides a broad set of research questions that the thesis is intended to address. Human factors data associated with vertical transport device usage have been collected via an online survey and video analysis. The data analysis has instructed the development of the vertical transport device models and associated agent models within the buildingEXODUS evacuation software. The models include the representation of device selection, the influence of local conditions in close proximity to a device, and the influence of wait time upon device selection. The developed models have been used to demonstrate the influence of different vertical transport strategies and to what extent such strategies are influenced by human factors. Finally, the thesis concludes by summarising the increased understanding achieved through the work presented.
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Jonsson, R. Daniel. "Analysing Sustainable Urban Transport and Land-Use : Modelling tools and appraisal frameworks." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Transport and Economics, Royal Institute of Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9481.
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Mahalingam, Arun. "Modelling the generation of toxic combustion products and its transport in enclosure fires." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6235/.
Abstract:
Most common building materials are polymer based. Thus toxic products evolving from burning polymers is the single most important factor in fire fatalities. Fire hazard calculations require modelling of heat generation, toxic combustion products generation and its transport in realistic building scenarios involving common building material. However, the thermal decomposition, combustion behaviour and chemical kinetics for common polymers like wood, plastics, rubber and textiles are extremely complex. In the present study, a methodology (STEM-LER: the Scalar Transport Equation based Model using the Local Equivalence Ratio concept) based on solving separate transport equations for the species and using the yield correlations obtained from bench-scale experiments to model the source terms is proposed to predict the products generation and its transport during enclosure fires. Modelling of complex solid phase degradation and chemical kinetics of polymers is bypassed by measuring the product yields as a function of equivalence ratio by burning the samples in a bench-scale combustion apparatus called Purser furnace. Since the accuracy of prediction depends upon the quality of the yield data obtained from the Purser furnace, attempts were also made to numerically investigate this bench-scale toxicity test method in order to understand its modus operandi. Finally, a preliminary assessment on the effect of cable fires on building evacuation for the simulated fire scenarios was carried out using a sophisticated evacuation model.
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Baraklianos, Ioannis. "The accessibility in Land-Use Transport Interaction models : four essays on location choice models." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2037/document.
Abstract:
La présente thèse de doctorat a pour objectif d'examiner la place et l'importance de l'accessibilité dans les modèles de choix de localisation des ménages et des entreprises. Ces modèles sont deux éléments clés de la conception et la construction des modèles d'interaction transport – usages du sol. Il s’agit, plus précisément, d’analyser l’effet de divers choix méthodologiques d’un point de vue théorique et empirique afin de donner des réponses à des interrogations tout aussi théoriques, méthodologiques, empiriques et politiques. Pour y répondre, quatre articles de recherche constituent le travail principal de la thèse. Les quatre travaux produits ont pour objet l’étude de l’aire urbaine lyonnaise et utilisant des modèles de choix discrets pour expliquer les choix de localisation.Dans le premier article, l’objectif est d’analyser l’effet de la mesure d’accessibilité sur les résultats du modèle de choix de localisation résidentielle. Alors que l'accessibilité a toujours été importante au niveau théorique, certains travaux relativisent son importance au niveau empirique, considérant que d'autres attribues de localisation sont plus influentes. Cet article analyse si différentes méthodes de mesure de l'accessibilité peuvent conduire à des résultats divergents. La conclusion principale estque l'accessibilité est une variable indispensable pour les modèles de choix localisation résidentielle et ce quelle que soit la mesure. Sans la variable de l’accessibilité, le modèle donne des résultats incohérents.Dans le deuxième article, l’objectif est d’analyser les différences de préférences en matière d’accessibilité entre les entreprises nouvellement créées et les entreprises qui se relocalisent. L'accessibilité est l'un des facteurs les plus importants du choix de localisation d’une entreprise. Cependant, même si cela semble intuitif, les travaux analysant les différences entre les créations et les relocalisations sont peu nombreux. En utilisant des données pour huit secteurs d’activités économiques et en confrontant les créations aux relocalisations, les résultats démontrent que l’effet de l’accessibilité diffère d’un secteur économique à l’autre. Cette différence dépend du type d’activité économique du secteur mais aussi du type d’accessibilité.Dans le troisième article, l’objectif est d’évaluer la différence d’impact de l’accessibilité sur les choix de localisation des entreprises du secteur des services aux entreprises. En distinguant les services entre Front Office et Back Office selon leur fonction dans un modèle de choix de localisation, les résultats démontrent que l'effet de l'accessibilité diffère d'un sous-secteur économique à l'autre. Dans le quatrième papier, l'objectif est d'analyser l'évolution temporelle des préférences en matièred'accessibilité des choix résidentiels. De plus en plus de ménages choisissent d’acheter une résidence en banlieue, profitant ainsi de l’augmentation de l’accessibilité. En opposition, les jeunes ménages, appelés aussi «millennials», choisissent de louer dans les zones centrales. Distinguant les locataires des propriétaires, l'analyse des élasticités de périodes 1999, 2006 et 2013 confirme l'intuition initiale qui est que les locataires sont plus sensibles à l'accessibilité à l'emploi. Plus important encore, lapréférence des locataires évolue et croit au cours de la période analysée, alors que celle des propriétaires évolue de façon inverse. Nous suggérons aux planificateurs et aux concepteurs de modèles d’intégrer la dynamique temporelle dans leurs modèles afin d'anticiper au mieux les tendances futuresThis PhD thesis has as objective to examine the place and the importance of accessibility in location choice models of households and firms, two key construction elements of Land-Use Transport Interaction models. More specifically, the aim is to analyse the effect of various methodological choices from a theoretical and empirical point of view in order to give some answers to theoretical, methodological, empirical and policy issues. Having as a case study the urban area of Lyon and using discrete models to explain the location choices of households and firms, four research papers comprise the main work of this dissertation.In the first paper, the objective was to analyse the effect of the accessibility measure on the results of residential location choice model. While accessibility has always been important at theoretical level, at empirical level, some works questioned its importance, considering other location characteristics as more influential. This paper examines whether different accessibility measurement methods can lead to divergent results. The conclusion is that accessibility is an indispensable variable for residential location choice models and the conclusion remains the same whatever is the measure. Without accessibility, the model gives inconsistent results. Complex accessibility measures give better results, especially for predictions, but simple measures are also relevant for residential location choices modelling.In the second paper, the objective was to analyse the differences of accessibility preferences between new and relocating firms. Accessibility is one of the most important attributes of a location choice of an economic establishment. However, even if it seems intuitive, works analysing any differences between creations and relocations are scarce. Using data from eighteconomic sectors and comparing creations to relocations, the results demonstrate that the effect of accessibility differs between in the same economic sector.In the third paper, the objective was to evaluate the difference of the accessibility impact on the location choices of firms of the business services sector. Distinguishing between Front Office and Back Office business services in a location choice model, the results demonstrate that the effect of accessibility differs between economic subsectors.In the fourth paper, the objective was to analyse the temporal evolution of the preferences for accessibility for residential choices. More and more people choose to buy a residence at the suburbs taking advantage of the accessibility increase. At the same time, young households, the so called millennials, choose to rent in central areas. Distinguishing between renters andowners, the analysis of the elasticities for 1999, 2006 and 2013 confirm the initial intuition. Renters were always more sensitive to accessibility to employment. More importantly, renters show an increasing preference for accessibility during the analysis period, while the owners the opposite. We suggest that planners and model developers should integrate temporal dynamics into their models in order to anticipate better future tendencies
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Moyo, Hazvinei Tsitsi Tamuka. "The dynamic interaction of land use and transport in a highly fragmented city: the case of Cape Town, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31838.
Abstract:
The need for more inclusive and integrated cities has resulted in a paradigm shift in the South African transport and land use policy environment where transport and land use planning are viewed as a continuum as opposed to isolated planning aspects. Issues such as residential segregation, social exclusion, spatial inefficiencies, inequality, residential informality, marginalisation of the low-income cohort continue to form part of the current planning discourse. While policy acknowledges the need to redress these issues, the urban spatial patterns in South African cities continue to trace the historical planning trajectory. Recently, congestion has become an issue in some of South Africa’s cities with Johannesburg and Cape Town appearing in the list of the top hundred most congested cities in the world. It is thus essential to understand how South African cities can address urban accessibility and mobility issues along with redressing apartheid spatial planning to attain sustainable cities that allow for inclusivity of all population groups. Like most South African cities, Cape Town is a relic of apartheid planning where the urban spatial patterns reinforce social exclusion among other issues. Urban and transport planning in Cape Town focuses on addressing issues of spatial inefficiencies, social exclusion, congestion due to rapid motorisation and the proliferation of informal settlements. It is against this backdrop that the central concern of this research is to understand urban dynamics linked to the spatiotemporal interaction of transport and land use in Cape Town to aid in the formulation of proactive urban policies. There is compelling evidence in the literature that dynamic integrated land use transport models provide an avenue through which the urban change process can be understood to aid in the development of adaptive land use and transport strategies. METRONAMICA, a dynamic land use transport model, is applied in this research to simulate and understand land use and transport change in Cape Town. A sequential stage-wise procedure was implemented to calibrate the model for the period 1995- 2005 and an independent validation was carried out from 2005 to 2010 to evaluate the model. Kappa statistic and its associated variants were applied to assess the ability of the land use model block to reproduce land use patterns while the EMME model and previous transport studies for Cape Town were used to evaluate the transport model. The results from the calibration and validation exercise show that the model can reproduce historical land use and transport patterns. The integration of the transport and land use model through accessibility improved the Kappa Simulation and Fuzzy Kappa Simulation. This showed that the model explained urban change better when land use and transport interacted compared to an independent land use model. This shows that accessibility can be employed in the Cape Town context to enhance the understanding of the urban change process. In addition to the Kappa statistics, the fractal dimension which measures the landscape complexity was used to assess the predictive accuracy of the model. The model performance revealed that the landscape patterns simulated by the model resemble observed land use patterns signifying a good calibration of the model. The calibrated land use transport model for the Cape Town Metropolitan region (CTMRLUT) was applied for policy scenarios. Three scenarios were simulated, specifically the business as usual (BAU), redressing social exclusion and the potential for in situ upgrading of informal settlements. The study found that intensive land use development along the Metro South East Integration Zone (MSEIZ) was linked to a reduction in commuting distances to economic activities which is in contrast to the BAU scenario. While these scenarios looked at the urban spatial patterns, the effect of land use patterns on congestion was also explored. The findings from the scenario simulations suggest that despite the reduction in distance to economic centres, the congestion condition in Cape Town will continue to deteriorate. Further, the findings indicate that interventions that only target land use developments are not sufficient to address congestion issues in Cape Town. Instead, to address the congestion problem in Cape Town, mixed land use and compact growth strategies need to be complemented with travel demand management strategies that target private car usage and intensive investment in transport infrastructure, especially rail, to facilitate the use of alternative modes. With regards to informal settlements, the study found that in situ upgrading could be a viable option to tackle some informal settlements. However, for proper inclusionary informal settlement policy, an approach that resonates with contextual realities would be more suitable to assess the viability of in situ upgrading based on the location of informal settlements relative to centres of economic activities. Additionally, the study revealed that instead of informal settlements locating as stand-alone settlements, some of them located adjacent to low-income housing which might be indicative of a growth in backyard shacks which is an existing housing trend in some lowincome suburbs in Cape Town. While this research has shown that integrating land use and transport in policy is potentially useful in solving urban issues, it has also revealed the value of urban modelling as a platform on which to assess the potential impacts of policies before their implementation. This is a strong case for the utilisation of decision support tools in land use and transport planning in contemporary South African cities.
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Zhu, Jie. "A spatial computable general equilibrium model for London and surrounding regions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610888.
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Ho, Hsin-Tzu. "A new infrastructure demand model for urban business and leisure hubs : a case study of Taichung." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273170.
Abstract:
Over the last few decades there has been a gradual transformation in both the spatial and temporal patterns of urban activities. The percentage share of non-discretionary travel such as morning rush-hour commuting has been declining with the increased income level. Discretionary activities appear to rise prominently in urban business and leisure hubs, attracting large volumes of crowds which in turn imply new and changed demand for building floorspace and urban infrastructure. Despite impressive advances in the theories and models of infrastructure demand forecasting, there appear to be an apparent research gap in addressing the practical needs of infrastructure planning in and around those growing urban activity hubs. First, land use and transport interaction models which have to date been the mainstay of practical policy analytics tend to focus on non-discretionary activities such as rush-hour commuting. Secondly, the emerging activity based models, while providing significant new insights into personal, familial activities, especially the discretionary travel, are so data hungry and computing intensive that they have not yet found their roles in practical policy applications. This dissertation builds on the insights from above schools of modelling to develop a new approach that addresses the infrastructure planning needs of the growing urban hubs while keeping the data and computing realistic in medium to high income cities. The new model is designed based on an overarching hypothesis that considerable efficiency and welfare gains can be achieved in the planning and development of urban business and leisure hubs if the infrastructure provisions for discretionary and non-discretionary activities can be coordinated. This is a research theme that has been little explored in current literature. The new infrastructure demand forecasting model has been designed with regard to the above hypothesis and realistic data availability, including those emerging online. The model extends the framework of land use transport interaction models and aim to provide a practical modelling tool. Land use changes are accounted for when testing new infrastructure investment initiatives and especially the road and public transport loads are assessed throughout all time periods of a working day. The new contribution to the modelling methodology includes the extension to the land use transport interaction framework, the use of social media data for estimating night market activity distribution and a rapid estimation of road traffic speeds from Google directions API, and model validation. Another new contribution is the understanding of the nature and magnitude of future infrastructure demand through assessing three alternative land use scenarios: (1) business as usual, (2) inner city regeneration for a major business hub around the night market, and (3) dispersed suburban growth with distant subcentres. The model is able to assess the implications for future infrastructure demand and user welfare through discerning the distinct discretionary and non-discretionary activity patterns.
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Avner, Paolo. "Effectiveness and Political Economy of Climate Change Mitigation Policies at the Urban Scale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0022.
Abstract:
L’urbanisation est un des faits majeurs du 21ème siècle, avec des migrations massives vers les villes des pays en développement. Étant donné l’inertie et la dépendance au sentier qui caractérisent les formes urbaines, il y a un besoin pressant de mettre en place les fondations d’une urbanisation réussie dès aujourd’hui. Un aspect important est de permettre des trajectoires urbaines bas carbone et soutenables et d’éviter des « lock-ins » intensifs en carbone, en particulier pour les émissions provenant du transport urbain. Les progrès technologiques sous la forme de véhicules plus efficaces et de carburants alternatifs ne semblent, aujourd’hui, pas en mesure d’atteindre cet objectif seuls. Et les émissions de CO2 issues du transport urbain étant partiellement un co-produit des formes urbaines, les politiques foncières, de logement et de transport sont de manière croissante reconnues comme des leviers importants pour freiner la demande de transport et promouvoir des modes de transport doux et collectifs qui contribuent à la réduction des émissions.Bien qu’importante, la réduction des émissions de CO2 n’est qu’un objectif parmi d’autres pour les décideurs locaux : agir sur la pauvreté, la fourniture de services publiques de base et l’accès à un logement abordable sont d’autres exemples d’objectifs importants. Des politiques visant à réduire les émissions qui mettraient en péril d’autres buts ou qui se traduiraient par des niveaux de bien-être des populations réduits (principalement à travers des coûts du logement plus élevés) auraient peu de chances d’être acceptées et mises en œuvre. Des politiques climat portant sur le transport urbain se doivent donc d’être à la fois efficaces et politiquement acceptables.Partant de constat, cette thèse examine comment un groupe de politiques et d’investissements urbain, foncier et transport peuvent contribuer à freiner les émissions de CO2 liées au transport urbain et quelles sont les conséquences pour les ménages en termes de bien-être dans les aires urbaines. Cette analyse est conduite à travers le développement, la calibration et l’application à des villes réelles d’un modèle Transports – Usages des sols fondé micro-économiquement (NEDUM-2D)Urbanization is one of the most defining traits of the 21st century with people flocking to cities in massive numbers in developing countries. Given the inertia and path dependence that urban forms display, there is a strong need to get urbanization right today. One key aspect is to ensure low-carbon and sustainable urban futures and avoid carbon-intensive lock-ins, in particular for emissions stemming from urban transport. Technology in the form of more efficient vehicles and alternative fuels currently does not seem to be able to achieve this goal alone. And as urban transport CO2 emissions are partially a by-product of urban forms; land-use, housing and transport policies are increasingly recognized as important levers to curb transport demand and promote soft and collective transport modes which contribute to emission mitigation.However important, reducing CO2 emissions is but one of city policy makers’ objectives: acting on poverty, providing basic services and access to affordable housing to name a few are equally important. So that policies aiming to reduce emissions, that would jeopardize other goals or result in lower welfare levels (mainly through higher housing costs) have low chances of being accepted and implemented. Successful urban-transport climate policies need to be both effective and politically acceptable.Starting from this assessment, this dissertation investigates how a subset of urban, land and transport policies and investments can contribute to curb transport-related CO2 emissions and what are the welfare consequences for households in urban areas. This is done through the development, calibration and application of a micro-economically founded land use – transport model (NEDUM-2D) to real-world urban areas
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Ghédira, Aymen. "Planification urbaine et développement durable en Tunisie : vers une nouvelle conception de la conduite publique des systèmes de déplacement et de localisation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH036/document.
Abstract:
La finalité de notre thèse est d'interroger la relation entre la planification urbaine et le développement durable en regard des politiques publiques urbaines de développement et plus particulièrement du management territorial. Dans notre conception de la démarche, nous mettons l'accent sur les différentes dynamiques (déplacements et mobilité) et mutations morphologiques et structurelles (occupations du sol) à l'échelle de l'agglomération afin de singulariser la décision publique en matière du développement urbain durable. Nos choix se sont inscrits volontairement dans une logique transdisciplinaire qui s'est révélée particulièrement adaptée à nos différents recours théoriques, méthodologiques et empiriques.Traitant le contexte tunisien en pleine transition, ce travail propose un modèle de décision publique hybride permettant de déterminer les traits d'une planification urbaine adaptée aux différents contextes actuels et aux exigences de la durabilité. Le recours à la fois aux techniques de la prospective, aux modèles intégrés de déplacements et d'occupation du sol, à la simulation et aux techniques d'analyse multicritère nous a permis une construction intégrée et itérative de plusieurs niveaux d'évaluation partielle et d'un niveau d'évaluation globale. Le modèle conçu et testé pour la ville de Sousse permettra aux décideurs publics de disposer d'une grille synthétique d'informations issues d'une prise en compte aussi complète que possible de la réalité urbaine. Il offre différents niveaux d'évaluation thématique et un niveau global intégrant l'ensemble. La démarche pourra servir de référent à d'autres villes tunisiennes et aura par conséquent un impact réel sur la qualité de leur développementThe purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between urban planning and sustainable development in relation to urban development policy and in particular the territorial management. In our design approach, we focus on the different dynamics (travel and mobility) moreover, morphological and structural changes (land uses) on the scale of the urban area in order to single public decision in urban development long lasting. Our choices were enrolled voluntarily in a trans-disciplinary logic has proved to be particularly suited to our different theoretical, methodological and empirical appeal.Treat the Tunisian context in transition; this research proposes a hybrid public decision model to determine the features of an adapted urban planning to different contexts and current requirements of sustainability. Using both foresight technics, integrated land use-transportation models, simulation and multi-criteria analysis technics allowed us an integrated and iterative construction of several levels of partial evaluation and a level of overall evaluation. The model designed and tested for the town of Sousse will allow policy makers to have a synthetic grid information from a decision as complete as possible account of urban reality. It offers different levels of thematic evaluation and a global level integrating all. The approach can be used as reference to other Tunisian cities and will therefore have a real impact on the quality of their development
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Saujot, Mathieu. "Analyse économique et simulation prospective dans la planification de la ville sobre en carbone : Application à Grenoble du modèle TRANUS+." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00982385.
Abstract:
La planification urbaine stratégique en France se voit chargée de manière croissante des questions environnementale et climatique. Mais est-elle réellement capable d'infléchir les dynamiques d'étalement ainsi que de former un cadre efficace pour la réduction des émissions des transports ? Et que peuvent apporter l'analyse économique et la simulation prospective à la démarche de planification ? Pour y répondre nous avons replacé notre analyse de l'apport des outils économiques à la planification urbaine dans la perspective d'ensemble de réforme politique et administrative du contexte français. Cela a pris la forme d'une analyse critique de la pratique actuelle de la planification, des évolutions à l'œuvre et des conditions d'une meilleure intégration de l'analyse économique dans la démarche et les méthodes de planification. Nous avons construit et utilisé sur le cas de Grenoble, des outils d'analyse économique permettant de traiter la question des politiques climatiques locales dans la planification, d'une manière prospective et systémique. Il s'agit de la 1ère application du modèle de simulation urbanisme-transport TRANUS en France, et de son utilisation dans le cadre d'une méthodologie économique pour produire des courbes de coût d'abattement intégrant le caractère systémique de la ville pour le secteur des transports. Le modèle et la méthodologie économique qui lui est adossée constituent ce que nous appelons l'outil TRANUS+. Nous avons également réinterrogé plusieurs points à partir du cadre de la planification urbaine : la question du choix des outils de modélisation ainsi que celle des modalités du calcul économique, la question de la vulnérabilité énergétique liée à la mobilité, celle enfin du déploiement des véhicules électriques. Cela nous permet d'avoir une vision d'ensemble des apports de la planification et des voies pour la renforcer.
Books on the topic "Land Use Transport modelling":
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Chan, Yupo. Location, transport and land-use: Modelling spatial-temporal information. Berlin: Springer, 2005.
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Barra, Tomás de la. Integrated land use and transport modelling: Decision chains and hierarchies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
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Koomen, Eric, John Stillwell, Aldrik Bakema, and Henk J. Scholten, eds. Modelling Land-Use Change. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5648-6.
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Koomen, Eric, John Stillwell, Aldrik Bakema, and Henk J. Scholten, eds. Modelling Land-Use Change. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5648-2.
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Joseph, Berechman, ed. Transport and land use. Brookfield, Vt: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1996.
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Levinson, David M., and Kevin J. Krizek. Metropolitan Transport and Land Use. Second edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315684482.
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Jokar Arsanjani, Jamal. Dynamic land use/cover change modelling. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23705-8.
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Koomen, Eric, and Judith Borsboom-van Beurden, eds. Land-Use Modelling in Planning Practice. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1822-7.
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Koomen, Eric. Land-Use Modelling in Planning Practice. Dordrecht: Springer Nature, 2011.
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Koomen, Eric. Land-Use Modelling in Planning Practice. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011.
Book chapters on the topic "Land Use Transport modelling":
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Martínez, Francisco J. "Analysis of Urban Environmental Policies Assisted by Behavioural Modelling." In Transport, Land-Use and the Environment, 233–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2475-2_12.
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Taylor, Michael A. P. "Incorporating Environmental Planning Decisions in Transport Planning: A Modelling Framework." In Transport, Land-Use and the Environment, 337–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2475-2_17.
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Zondag, Barry, and Karst Geurs. "Coupling a Detailed Land-Use Model and a Land-Use and Transport Interaction Model." In Land-Use Modelling in Planning Practice, 79–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1822-7_5.
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Mackett, Roger L. "Modelling the Implications of New Public Transport Technology: an Approach Using Artificial Intelligence." In Transport, Land-Use and the Environment, 297–315. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2475-2_15.
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Meng, Li, Andrew Allan, and Sekhar Somenahalli. "Investigating Theoretical Development for Integrated Transport and Land Use Modelling Systems." In Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, 263–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57819-4_15.
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Anderstig, Christer, and Lars-Göran Mattsson. "Modelling Land-Use and Transport Interaction: Policy Analyses Using the IMREL Model." In Advances in Spatial Science, 308–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72242-4_17.
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Jin, Ying, and Marcial Echenique. "Employment Location Modelling Within an Integrated Land Use and Transport Framework: Taking Cue from Policy Perspectives." In Employment Location in Cities and Regions, 133–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31779-8_7.
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Biermann, Sharon, Doina Olaru, John H. E. Taplin, and Michael A. P. Taylor. "Pragmatic Incremental or Courageous Leapfrog [Re]Development of a Land-use and Transport Modelling System for Perth, Australia." In Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, 489–506. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18368-8_26.
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Köble, Renate, and Gerhard Smiatek. "Land Use Data." In Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation, 261–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03470-5_9.
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Koomen, Eric, Maarten Hilferink, and Judith Borsboom-van Beurden. "Introducing Land Use Scanner." In Land-Use Modelling in Planning Practice, 3–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1822-7_1.
Conference papers on the topic "Land Use Transport modelling":
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Escobar, Francisco, and Daniel Paez. "Modelling Transport-based Land-use Scenarios in Bogota." In International Workshop on Geomatic Approaches for Modelling Land Change Scenarios. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006386503570365.
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Russo, F., and G. Musolino. "Urban Land-Use Transport Interaction modelling: state of the art and applications." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut070491.
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Akçelik, R. "Modelling signal platoon patterns by approach lane use and movement class." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut150421.
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Beria, Paolo, and Rasa Ušpalytė-Vitkūnienė. "Transport Modelling During Preparation of General Plans in Big Cities: Reasons and Challenges." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.099.
Abstract:
Rapidly growing mobility of people in European cities attaches greater importance to the sustainable development concept. The dynamics of European cities are however different. Cites such as Lithuanian, Slovakian and Polish ones will rapidly increase traffic flows and car ownership at fast pace. Also in most of Western Europe, even if at lower rates, private mobility is increasing. In some cities, however, car use and car ownership are finally decreasing, also thanks to policies implemented. Of course, an increase of traffic flows poses problems in terms of street space, pollution and liveability of cities. Sustainable integration of all kinds of transport into the urban development process is one of the most effective actions in the hands of city planners. The coordination between the planning of residential and business development areas and the expansion of public transport and its hierarchical integration is however a difficult but necessary exercise. Transport modelling tools, in particular, need important advancements to integrate transport and land use in simulations. This article analyses the main challenges in the use of transport models to support the construction of city plans by means of two case studies of Milan and Vilnius. The analysis deals both with traditional aspects, such as the proper simulation of multimodal choices, the level of detail of zoning, the issues associated to the simulation of traffic management policies. Then, we will focus on two aspects still open: the integration of transport modelling and economic assessment or ranking of actions, and the inclusion of land use changes in the modelling.
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Hutcheson, Paul S., John W. Chew, Rex B. Thorpe, Colin Young, and Nicholas J. Regan. "Modelling of Liquid Leakage Sprays in Crossflow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59494.
Abstract:
The leakage and transport of oil within secondary air system cavities is of interest in oil and air system design, for which CFD can be used as a predictive tool. This paper focuses on the leakage of oil from cracks into a high speed crossflow, idealised as round nozzles at Weber numbers and momentum flux ratios relevant to those in an aero-engine. Simulations were performed using the Euler-Lagrangian approach implemented in a commercial CFD code (FLUENT), including sub-models for breakup, deforming droplet drag, collisions/coalescence and turbulent dispersion. CFD predictions were compared with experimental data from two independent studies. The calculated position of the centre-of-mass of the spray plume agreed well with experiment in all cases, but the penetration was found to be under-estimated. Differences in droplet sizes between experiments could not be explained by variations in the the gas Weber number alone, and a review of the literature has highlighted the importance of the liquid to gas viscosity ratio in determining droplet size trends. Experimental trends in droplet size with changing viscosity ratios were captured by CFD simulations, and droplet SMD was predicted within 20% of experiment. It is concluded that the sub-models used within an Euler-Lagrangian approach can be useful tools for the prediction of droplet size, although further improvements in breakup and coalescence modelling will be necessary if greater accuracy is required.
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Zaimi, Klodian, and Fatos Hoxhaj. "HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING AND ESTIMATION OF THE SEDIMENTS ACCUMULATION IN BOVILLA RESERVOIR." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/26.
Abstract:
Bovilla reservoir is the main source of water supply for around 1 million inhabitants in Tirana, the capital of Albania. The reservoir was created in 1998 from Bovilla Dam and belongs to the upper part of the Terkuza River catchment. The dam previously was planned in a smaller size for irrigation purposes. Intense erosion due to large deforestations followed by increasing nutrient run-off from cultivated land is a challenge for the Bovilla Dam management authority because it is influencing the water quality in daily use and decreasing the dam lifespan in long term. Zall Bastari stream transports high amounts of solid materials. Other streams show also a strong torrential character, after rainfall events the water level suddenly rises which leads to massive erosion. Daily meteorological parameters and 30 meters Digital Terrain Model is used together with Land Cover Map in the HEC-HSM hydrological model which is designed to simulate the complete hydrologic processes of watershed systems, including the erosion and sediment transport. The lack of water level and discharge data made impossible the calibration of the hydrological model. The creation of a new data series for the daily discharges was crucial for further analyzes of the sediment transport and accumulation into the reservoir. Bovilla basin has been divided into many sub-basins in order to better calculate the inflow at the reservoir. The lack of previous bathymetric data caused the usage of alternative ways to calculate total accumulated sediment into the reservoir instead of the classical way in lifespan analysis. The characteristics of the sediment in the sub-basins and in the riverbed have been defined through gradation curves got from some available data. Sediment yield has been evaluated based on the conditions of the previous 21 years, from the construction of the dam in 1996 to nowadays. The old storage curve has been interpolated to be compared with the one defined after the survey specifically done in 2017. The analysis was very important to understand the way haw are accumulated sediment into the reservoir but also their distribution through the reservoir bed.
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Hettel, Matthias, Peter Habisreuther, Horst Bu¨chner, Henning Bockhorn, and Nikolaos Zarzalis. "URANS-Modelling of Flame Transfer Functions of Turbulent Premixed Jet Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53808.
Abstract:
The understanding of the formation of self excited pressure oscillations in technical combustion systems depends on the knowledge of the dynamical behaviour of the flame used. As an important mechanism driving these combustion instabilities the formation and reaction of coherent large-scale ring-vortices has been indentified. The phenomenon is investigated with numerical simulations using “Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes” (URANS)-methods, applying the k-ε turbulence model and a “Turbulent-Flamespeed-Closure” (TFC) combustion model. Firstly, a premixed turbulent axial methane jet flame with a thermal load of 40 kW was calculated using steady-state flow conditions. The axial distibutions of the measured radiation of OH-radicals and the calculated reaction rate show good agreement, if the turbulent burning velocity is reduced versus the original formulation. The axial positions of the maxima of the curves coincide and are applied to define a characteristic overall time delay. Secondly, a pulsed flame with a forcing frequency of 100 Hz was calculated. An additional transport equation for the residence time of fuel was solved. The analysis of the distribution of the residence time showed, that the characteristic overall time delay of the steady-state flame is a good approximation for the overall time delay of the pulsed flame. Thirdly, the flame frequency response of the pulsed flame was calculated up to frequencies of 200 Hz. For the calculation with reduced burning velocity the phase angle function of the flame coincides with the measurement and shows the typical behaviour of an ideal idle-time model.
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Hutcheson, Paul S., John W. Chew, Rex B. Thorpe, and Colin Young. "Assessment of Models for Liquid Jet Breakup." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50649.
Abstract:
For many gas turbine architectures a failure modes and effects analysis identifies a potential mode in which failure of an oil transfer pipe could result in oil leakage into the secondary air system. Such an event would result in a complex two-phase interacting flow. The atomisation and transport of the oil within the air system is of interest, but is difficult to predict. Available data for the droplet size resulting from jet breakup in crossflow are limited. A dimensional analysis shows jet breakup in a crossflow to involve many factors. The atomisation process has been shown experimentally to include many physical processes and is still not completely understood. Currently, the most practical method of modelling these breakup processes in sprays is by using a CFD package with a set of sub-models within an Euler-Lagrangian (discrete-droplet) approach. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these sub-models cannot reasonably be tested when used in combination with other approximations to model a spray in crossflow. The purpose of this study was to assess various submodels for liquid breakup with a series of simple test cases.
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Balthasar, M., F. Mauss, M. Pfitzner, and A. Mack. "Implementation and Validation of a New Soot Model and Application to Aeroengine Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0142.
Abstract:
The modelling of soot formation and oxidation under industrially relevant conditions has made significant progress in recent years. Simplified models introducing a small number of transport equations into a CFD code have been used with some success in research configurations simulating a reciprocating diesel engine. Soot formation and oxidation in the turbulent flow is calculated on the basis of a laminar flamelet library model. The gas phase reactions are modelled with a detailed mechanism for the combustion of heptane containing 89 species and 855 reactions developed by Frenklach and Warnatz and revised by Mauss. The soot model is divided into gas phase reactions, the growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the processes of particle inception, heterogeneous surface growth, oxidation and condensation. The first two are modelled within the laminar flamelet chemistry, while the soot model deals with the soot particle processes. The time scales of soot formation are assumed to be much larger than the turbulent time scales. Therefore rates of soot formation are tabulated in the flamelet libraries rather than the soot volume fraction itself. The different rates of soot formation, e.g. particle inception, surface growth, fragmentation and oxidation, computed on the basis of a detailed soot model, are calculated in the mixture fraction / scalar dissipation rate space and further simplified by fitting them to simple analytical functions. A transport equation for the mean soot mass fraction is solved in the CFD-code. The mean rate in this transport equation is closed with the help of presumed probability density functions for the mixture fraction and the scalar dissipation rate. Heat loss due to radiation can be taken into account by including a heat loss parameter in the flamelet calculations describing the change of enthalpy due to radiation, but was not used for the results reported here. The soot model was integrated into an existing commercial CFD code as a post-processing module to existing combustion CFD flow fields and is very robust with high convergence rates. The model is validated with laboratory flame data and using a realistic 3-D BMW Rolls-Royce combustor configuration, where test data at high pressure are available. Good agreement between experiment and simulation is achieved for laboratory flames, whereas soot is overpredicted for the aeroengine combustor configuration by 1–2 orders of magnitude.
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Di Domenico, Massimiliano, Peter Kutne, Clemens Naumann, Juergen Herzler, Rajesh Sadanandan, Michael Stoehr, Berthold Noll, and Manfred Aigner. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Semi-Technical Scale Burner Employing Model Synthetic Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59308.
Abstract:
In this paper the development and the application of a numerical code suited for the simulation of gas-turbine combustion chambers is presented. In order to obtain an accurate and flexible framework, a finite-rate chemistry model is implemented, and transport equations for all species and enthalpy are solved. An assumed PDF approach takes effects of temperature and species turbulent fluctuations on the chemistry source term into account. In order to increase code stability and to overcome numerical stiffness due to the large-varying chemical kinetics timescales, an implicit and fully-coupled treatment of the species transport equations is chosen. Low-Mach number flow equations and k-ε turbulence model complete the framework, and make the code able to describe the most important physical phenomena which take place in gas-turbine combustion chambers. In order to validate the numerical simulations, experimental measurements are carried out on a generic non-premixed swirl-flame combustor, fuelled with syngas-air mixtures and studied using optical diagnostic techniques. The combustor is operated at atmospheric and high-pressure conditions with simulated syngas mixtures consisting of H2, N2, CH4, CO. The combustor is housed in an optically-accessible combustion chamber to facilitate the application of chemiluminescence imaging of OH* and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of the OH-radical. To investigate the velocity field, particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used. The OH* chemiluminescence imaging is used to visualise the shape of the flame zone and the region of heat release. The OH-PLIF is used to identify reaction zones and regions of burnt gas. The fuel composition is modelled after a hydrogen-rich synthesis gas, which can result after gasification of lignite followed by a CO shift reaction and a sequestration of CO2. Actual gas compositions and boundary conditions are chosen so that it is possible to outline differences and similarities among fuels, and at the same time conclusions about flame stability and combustion efficiency can be drawn. A comparison between experimental and numerical data is presented, and main strengths and deficiencies of the numerical modelling are discussed.
Reports on the topic "Land Use Transport modelling":
1
Fyfe, Caroline, Phoebe Taptiklis, Dominic White, and Niven Winchester. Review of emissions data and modelling systems (Phase 1) Report. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2023.06.
Abstract:
The purpose of this report is to review greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change migaon data and models. Building an evidence base to monitor and assess the impacts of iniaves is explicitly menoned in Aotearoa New Zealand’s First Emissions Reducon Plan (05/2022). Economic-Environmental modelling plays an important role in decision making to achieve emission reducon targets. Data is hosted by a range of organisaons and collected using different frameworks and methodologies. There is less awareness of data available through Stats NZ which may have led to it being underused. Main collated data sources are the GHG emissions account and the GHG emissions inventory. Sector specific data are available through relevant agencies. A detailed stock-take of New Zealand’s modelling capacity idenfied 84 climate change or climate change migaon models: 13 mul-sector models, 23 land use and agricultural models, 25 energy models, and 23 transport models. The stock-take idenfied at least one model for each sector of the ERP, except for Building and Construcon. Modelling capacity varies between sectors with those that are more developed, demonstrang greater interdependency between models. Almost all modelling takes a producon-based approach. Capacity for a consumpon-based approach was much more limited. Two examples of formal collaboraon are idenfied through the review. No formal internaonal collaboraon (outside of internaonal reporng requirements) was idenfied. A preference was expressed for modelling in-house to facilitate alignment with policy development. However, this may have contributed to lack of collaboraon on progress towards common targets. Connecons with groups outside of government are also limited.
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Timar, Levente. Modelling private land-use decisions affecting forest cover: the effect of land tenure and environmental policy. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2022.12.
Abstract:
I use geographic data and discrete choice modelling to investigate private land-use decisions in the context of prominent New Zealand land institutions and environmental policies. Land-use conversions involving gains and losses in planted forests and natural forests are modelled individually. Land under Māori freehold tenure is found to be less likely to be used for pastoral grazing and also less likely to undergo land-use conversion (both to and from a forested use). With respect to environmental policies, results suggest the incentives of the Emissions Trading Scheme did not significantly affect land-use decisions during the sample period of 2008-2016: the carbon reward had little effect on afforestation, and the deforestation liability was largely ineffective at deterring deforestation. On the other hand, the East Coast Forestry Project is found to have increased planted forest area in the district both by encouraging afforestation beyond baseline levels and by discouraging deforestation. Evidence for its effect on regenerating natural forest area is weaker in the data.
3
Verburg, Peter H., Žiga Malek, Sean P. Goodwin, and Cecilia Zagaria. The Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform: IEEM Platform Technical Guides: User Guide for the IEEM-enhanced Land Use Land Cover Change Model Dyna-CLUE. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003625.
Abstract:
The Conversion of Land Use and its Effects modeling framework (CLUE) was developed to simulate land use change using empirically quantified relations between land use and its driving factors in combination with dynamic modeling of competition between land use types. Being one of the most widely used spatial land use models, CLUE has been applied all over the world on different scales. In this document, we demonstrate how the model can be used to develop a multi-regional application. This means, that instead of developing numerous individual models, the user only prepares one CLUE model application, which then allocates land use change across different regions. This facilitates integration with the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform for subnational assessments and increases the efficiency of the IEEM and Ecosystem Services Modeling (IEEMESM) workflow. Multi-regional modelling is particularly useful in larger and diverse countries, where we can expect different spatial distributions in land use changes in different regions: regions of different levels of achieved socio-economic development, regions with different topographies (flat vs. mountainous), or different climatic regions (dry vs humid) within a same country. Accounting for such regional differences also facilitates developing ecosystem services models that consider region specific biophysical characteristics. This manual, and the data that is provided with it, demonstrates multi-regional land use change modeling using the country of Colombia as an example. The user will learn how to prepare the data for the model application, and how the multi-regional run differs from a single-region simulation.
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Letcher, Theodore, and Julie Parno. Incorporating advanced snow microphysics and lateral transport into the Noah-Multiparameterization (Noah-MP) land surface model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47660.
Abstract:
The dynamic state of the land surface presents challenges and opportunities for military and civil operations in extreme cold environments. In particular, the effects of snow and frozen ground on Soldier and vehicle mobility are hard to overstate. Current authoritative weather and land models are run at global scales (i.e., dx > 10 km) and are of limited use at the Soldier scale (dx < 100 m). Here, we describe several snow physics upgrades made to the Noah-Multiparameterization (Noah-MP) community land surface model (LSM). These upgrades include a blowing snow overlay to simulate the lateral redistribution of snow by the wind and the addition of new prognostic snow microstructure variables, namely grain size and bond radius. These additions represent major upgrades to the snow component of the Noah-MP LSM because they incorporate processes and methods used in more specialized snow modeling frameworks. These upgrades are demonstrated in idealized and real-world applications. The test simulations were promising and show that the newly added snow physics replicate observed behavior with reasonable accuracy. We hope these upgrades facilitate ongoing and future research on characterizing the effects of the integrated snow and soil land surface in extreme cold environments at the tactical scale.
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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.
Abstract:
Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
6
Zhang, Y., R. Touzi, W. Feng, G. Hong, T. C. Lantz, and S. V. Kokelj. A multisite dataset of near-surface soil temperature, active-layer thickness, and soil and vegetation conditions measured in northwestern Canada, 2016-2017. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329207.
Abstract:
Quantifying and understanding spatial variation in permafrost conditions at the landscape-scale is important for land use planning and assessing the impacts of permafrost thaw. This report documents detailed field data observed at 110 sites in two areas in northwestern Canada from 2016 to 2017. One area is a northern boreal landscape near Inuvik and the other is a tundra landscape near Tuktoyaktuk. The observations include near-surface soil temperatures (Tnss) at 107 sites, and active-layer thickness, soil and vegetation conditions at 110 sites. The data set includes the original Tnss records, the calculated daily, monthly, and annual averages of Tnss, soil and vegetation conditions at these sites, and photographs taken in the field. This data set will be useful for understanding the spatial heterogeneity of permafrost and validating modelling and mapping products.
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Riggs, William, Vipul Vyas, and Menka Sethi. Blockchain and Distributed Autonomous Community Ecosystems: Opportunities to Democratize Finance and Delivery of Transport, Housing, Urban Greening and Community Infrastructure. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2165.
Abstract:
This report investigates and develops specifications for using blockchain and distributed organizations to enable decentralized delivery and finance of urban infrastructure. The project explores use cases, including: providing urban greening, street or transit infrastructure; services for street beautification, cleaning and weed or graffiti abatement; potential ways of resource allocation ADU; permitting and land allocation; and homeless housing. It establishes a general process flow for this blockchain architecture, which involves: 1) the creation of blocks (transactions); 2) sending these blocks to nodes (users) on the network for an action (mining) and then validation that that action has taken place; and 3) then adding the block to the blockchain. These processes involve the potential for creating new economic value for cities and neighborhoods through proof-of-work, which can be issued through a token (possibly a graphic non-fungible token), certificate, or possible financial reward. We find that encouraging trading of assets at the local level can enable the creation of value that could be translated into sustainable “mining actions” that could eventually provide the economic backstop and basis for new local investment mechanisms or currencies (e.g., local cryptocurrency). These processes also provide an innovative local, distributed funding mechanism for transportation, housing and other civic infrastructure.
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Durán Ortiz, Mario R., and Fernanda Magalhães. Low Carbon Cities: Curitiba and Brasilia. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006890.
Abstract:
This paper addresses the following general questions: What kind of consumption patterns (e.g., land, carbon footprint, traveling) are generated by the more compact and traditional structure of Curitiba vis-à-vis the modernist urban sprawl of Brasilia?; What kind of urban and transport policies and actions can help these cities to become less resource and carbon intensive?; and, what can city or metropolitan governments do to help cities achieve these goals? The paper will show how the carbon footprints of Curitiba and Brasilia - in regard to land use distribution and transportation - are reflected in their motorized and fuel consumption rates and will suggest what can be done in policy terms to improve the cities' performances in terms of carbon and resource efficiency. The central premise is that the shape of a city affects its energy patterns, and that there is a relationship between its urban form, block structure, size, density, and land use with its travel behavior, split transportation modes, and carbon footprint. This paper was presented at the 45th ISOCARP International Congress held in Porto, Portugal on October 18th-22nd, 2009.
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Sparrow, Kent, and Sandra LeGrand. Establishing a series of dust event case studies for North Africa. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46445.
Abstract:
Dust aerosols often create hazardous air quality conditions that affect human health, visibility, agriculture, and communication in various parts of the world. While substantial progress has been made in dust-event simulation and hazard mitigation over the last several decades, accurately forecasting the spatial and temporal variability of dust emissions continues to be a challenge. This report documents an analysis of atmospheric conditions for a series of dust events in North Africa. The researchers highlight four analyzed events that occurred between January 2016 to present in the following locations: (1) the western Sahara Desert; (2) East Algeria and the Iberian Peninsula; (3) Chad-Bodélé Depression; (4) Algeria and Morocco. For each event, the researchers developed an overview of the general synoptic, mesoscale, and local environmental forcing conditions that controlled the event evolution and used a combination of available lidar data, surface weather observations, upper-air soundings, aerosol optical depth, and satellite imagery to characterize the dust conditions. These assessments will support downstream forecast model evaluation and sensitivity testing; however, the researchers also encourage broader use of these assessments as reference case studies for dust transport, air quality modeling, remote sensing, soil erosion, and land management research applications.
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DeRobertis, Michelle, Christopher E. Ferrell, Richard W. Lee, and David Moore. City Best Practices to Improve Transit Operations and Safety. Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1951.
Abstract:
Public, fixed-route transit services most commonly operate on public streets. In addition, transit passengers must use sidewalks to access transit stops and stations. However, streets and sidewalks are under the jurisdiction of municipalities, not transit agencies. Various municipal policies, practices, and decisions affect transit operations, rider convenience, and passenger safety. Thus, these government entities have an important influence over the quality, safety, and convenience of transit services in their jurisdictions. This research identified municipal policies and practices that affect public transport providers’ ability to deliver transit services. They were found from a comprehensive literature review, interviews and discussions with five local transit agencies in the U.S., five public transportation experts and staff from five California cities. The city policies and practices identified fall into the following five categories: Infrastructure for buses, including bus lanes, signal treatments, curbside access; Infrastructure for pedestrians walking and bicycling to, and waiting at, transit stops and stations; Internal transportation planning policies and practices; Land development review policies; Regional and metropolitan planning organization (MPO) issues. The understanding, acknowledgment, and implementation of policies and practices identified in this report can help municipalities proactively work with local transit providers to more efficiently and effectively operate transit service and improve passenger comfort and safety on city streets.