Journal articles on the topic 'Land use – Ontario – Toronto'
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1
Merrens, Roy. "Port Authorities as Urban Land Developers." Articles 17, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017654ar.
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Port authorities have been important presences in Canada's port cities, playing major roles in determining the physical form and land-use functions of urban waterfront lands. Their formative roles warrant attention from scholars concerned with the city-building process in Canada. This study focuses upon one such body, The Toronto Harbour Commissioners, and how and why it has functioned as a land development agency. An analysis of the commissions Outer Harbour project between 1912 and 1968 shows the commissions central concern with land development: ostensibly presented as a harbour facility, the project was actually intended to be a key component in the commissions proposed redevelopment of Toronto's central waterfront for profitable commercial and residential use. The project also reveals the significance of landfilling in the commissions urban development role, and, incidentally, explains the existence of the three-mile artificial headland projecting out into Lake Ontario from Toronto's waterfront. The role of the commission as a development agency is explained in terms of its original 1911 mandate, which in turn reflects the intentions of the Toronto Board of Trade, the body that had led the drive to create the commission.
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Rivers, Ray. "The price of sprawl in Ontario, Canada." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426222.
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The author is an environmental economist who provides consulting services to a wide range of clients from private industry, environmental interest groups and the federal and provincial governments. He has worked with the federal departments of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries and Oceans and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment; lectured at Concordia, the University of Ottawa and Wilfred Laurier University in Public Administration and Sustainable Development; and written widely on a range of environmental topics. Ray Rivers was the Canadian co-author of the Land Use sections in the 1996/1998 State of the Lake Ecosystem Conferences. The text that follows is an edited and revised version of a paper presented at the international symposion on "The Natural City," Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics.
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Dear, Michael, and Glenda Laws. "Anatomy of a Decision: Recent Land Use Zoning Appeals and their Effect on Group Home Locations in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 5, no. 1 (April 1, 1986): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1986-0001.
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In this paper we consider the role of land use planning in the location of group homes. Exclusionary zoning policies have been used to restrict the entry of group homes into certain residential neighbourhoods. This has resulted in an unequal distribution of these facilities throughout the community. We concentrate on events in Metropolitan Toronto where it has recently been announced that group homes are to be regarded as a permissible land use in all residential neighbourhoods.
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Vaz, Eric, Richard Ross Shaker, Michael D. Cusimano, Luis Loures, and Jamal Jokar Arsanjani. "Does Land Use and Landscape Contribute to Self-Harm? A Sustainability Cities Framework." Data 5, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5010009.
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Self-harm has become one of the leading causes of mortality in developed countries. The overall rate for suicide in Canada is 11.3 per 100,000 according to Statistics Canada in 2015. Between 2000 and 2007 the lowest rates of suicide in Canada were in Ontario, one of the most urbanized regions in Canada. However, the interaction between land use, landscape and self-harm has not been significantly studied for urban cores. It is thus of relevance to understand the impacts of land-use and landscape on suicidal behavior. This paper takes a spatial analytical approach to assess the occurrence of self-harm along one of the densest urban cores in the country: Toronto. Individual self-harm data was gathered by the National Ambulatory Care System (NACRS) and geocoded into census tract divisions. Toronto’s urban landscape is quantified at spatial level through the calculation of its land use at different levels: (i) land use type, (ii) sprawl metrics relating to (a) dispersion and (b) sprawl/mix incidence; (iii) fragmentation metrics of (a) urban fragmentation and (b) density and (iv) demographics of (a) income and (b) age. A stepwise regression is built to understand the most influential factors leading to self-harm from this selection generating an explanatory model.
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Abdulazim, Tamer, Hossam Abdelgawad, Khandker M. Nurul Habib, and Baher Abdulhai. "Framework for Automating Travel Activity Inference Using Land Use Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2526, no. 1 (January 2015): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2526-15.
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This paper introduces a framework for inferring activity travel given nearby land use information that can be obtained from a location-based social network (LBSN) such as Foursquare. The first component of the framework implements a generic method for acquiring land use data from LBSN services, which is a prerequisite for the inference algorithm. Three inference algorithms are suggested, and situations in which each algorithm might be a better fit are discussed. Finally, a case study is presented for activity inference applied to a data set collected in the greater Toronto and Hamilton area, Ontario, Canada, during the fall of 2012. Results are encouraging and suggest that it is possible to infer daily activity travel automatically; this possibility could significantly reduce the burdens of personal travel surveys and allow for collection of long-period travel diary data that is not easily achievable with traditional survey methods.
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Steedman, Robert J. "Modification and Assessment of an Index of Biotic Integrity to Quantify Stream Quality in Southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-059.
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A multivariate measure of stream quality, the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), was adapted to southern Ontario and calibrated to watershed land use on a variety of spatial scales. The fish fauna at 209 stream locations on 10 watersheds near Toronto, Ontario, was sampled with a backpack electrofisher in the summers of 1984 and 1985 to provide biological information for the IBI. Watershed urbanization, forest cover, and riparian forest were measured from 1:50,000 scale topographic maps and related to IBI estimates by linear regression. Of the biological measures tested, species richness, local indicator species (brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Rhinichthys spp.), abundance of large piscivores, fish abundance, and incidence of blackspot disease were found to contribute significantly to IBI estimates. Variation in IBI estimates at the same location ranged from 0 to 8% within the sample season and from 0 to 24% between years. Linear models based on measures of watershed urbanization and forest cover accounted for 11–78% of the variation in IBI scores, depending on the spatial scale of the analysis. Significant IBI/land use relationships were found with whole-basin IBI estimates and for IBI estimates from individual stream reaches. Land use immediately upstream of sample stations was most strongly associated with stream quality as measured by the IBI.
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Mashford-Pringle, Angela, and Suzanne L. Stewart. "Akiikaa (it is the land): exploring land-based experiences with university students in Ontario." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 3_suppl (April 2019): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975919828722.
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Indigenous learning traditionally comes from the land. Akiikaa (‘it is the land’ in Algonkian) is designed to assist graduate students in thinking beyond the classroom and understanding the elements of life as known by Indigenous people to live a healthy life. Akiikaa will provide graduate students (both Indigenous and non-Indigenous) with opportunities to learn about Indigenous ways of knowing. They will learn from an instructor, Elders and their peers about how the land is an instrumental part of all aspects of Indigenous life including health and well-being. One of the goals of the Master of Public Health in Indigenous Health program (at the University of Toronto) and the land-based experiences is to shift the thinking away from humans being the dominating force on Mother Earth to equality amongst all aspects of life. Graduate students are introduced to ‘personhood’ rights for plants, animals, water, and air, which is a shift from the current World Health Organization’s view of public health that builds upon a population health approach but neglects the elements that surround humans as necessary for living a healthy life. It has been suggested that Indigenous land-based education acts as a method of decolonization through reclamation of Indigenous ideology and use of land. Land and land experience are highly prized by Indigenous people around the world as cultures and languages are based on the interaction of people with nature/land. This move to delivering the curriculum in the natural environment using Indigenous knowledges as its pedagogy is anticipated to change attitudes about Indigenous people and issues as well as improving the health and well-being of graduate students and, over time, Indigenous peoples’ health and well-being.
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Perera, Nandana, Bahram Gharabaghi, Peter Noehammer, and Bruce Kilgour. "Road Salt Application in Highland Creek Watershed, Toronto, Ontario - Chloride Mass Balance." Water Quality Research Journal 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2010.044.
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Abstract Occurrence of increasing chloride concentrations in urban streams of cold climates, mainly due to road salt application, has raised concerns on its adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of processes associated with road salt application and subsequent discharge into the environment in order to develop management practices to minimize detrimental effects of chlorides. The chloride mass analysis for the Highland Creek watershed based on four years of hourly monitoring data indicates that approximately 60% of the chlorides applied on the watershed enter streams prior to subsequent salting period, 85% of which occurs during the period between November and March. Contribution of private de-icing operations on chloride mass input within Highland Creek watershed was estimated to be approximately 38%, indicating its significance in overall chloride mass balance. Salt application rates, as well as chloride output in the streams, vary spatially based on land use, influencing chloride concentrations in surface waters. The estimated groundwater chloride concentration of 275 mg/L indicates that some aquatic organisms in Highland Creek would potentially be at risk even outside the winter period under dry weather flow conditions.
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Webber, Steven, and Tony Hernandez. "Big box battles: the Ontario Municipal Board and large-format retail land-use planning conflicts in the Greater Toronto Area." International Planning Studies 21, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2015.1114451.
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Yoo, E. H., D. Chen, Chunyuan Diao, and Curtis Russell. "The Effects of Weather and Environmental Factors on West Nile Virus Mosquito Abundance in Greater Toronto Area." Earth Interactions 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-15-0003.1.
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Abstract We investigated how weather conditions and environmental factors affect the spatiotemporal variability in Culex pipiens population using the data collected from a surveillance program in Ontario, Canada, from 2005 to 2008. This study assessed the relative influences of temperature and precipitation on the temporal patterns of mosquito abundance using harmonic analysis and examined the associations with major landscape predictors, including land-use type, population density, and elevation, on the spatial patterns of mosquito abundance. The intensity of trapping efforts on the mosquito abundance at each trap site was examined by comparing the spatial distribution of mosquito abundance in relation to the spatial intensity of trapping efforts. The authors used a mixed effects modeling approach to account for potential dependent structure in mosquito surveillance data due to repeated observations at single trap sites and/or similar mosquito abundance at nearby trap sites each week. The model fit was improved by taking into account the nested structure of mosquito surveillance data and incorporating the temporal correlation in random effects.
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Milne, Robert J., Lorne P. Bennett, and Paul J. Harpley. "Contributions of landscape ecology, multifunctionality and wildlife research toward sustainable forest management in the Greater Toronto Area." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82403-3.
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Forested lands in southern Ontario are threatened by a myriad of demands. In order to capture the multi-scale, multi-use and multifunction reality of forests within such intense human-nature interdependent landscapes, an integrative approach to sustainable forest management is necessary. Such forest management may be possible by combining the framework of landscape ecology with an understanding of forest multifunctionality. Within the Greater Toronto Area, the management of forests is provided by several agencies; some are responsible for 1) geological landscapes (e.g., the Niagara Escarpment), 2) for watersheds (e.g., Conservation Authorities) and 3) for political regions (e.g., York Region). In this paper, case studies reflecting important management issues are introduced. Wildlife research is then presented to link these issues to landscape ecology and forest multifunctionality in order to illustrate a means of enhancing sustainable forest management. Key words: landscape ecology, multifunctionality, multifunctional approach, sustainable forest management, Greater Toronto Area, wildlife function, integrative forest management
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Philip, Elizabeth, Ramesh P. Rudra, Pradeep K. Goel, and Syed I. Ahmed. "Investigation of the Long-Term Trends in the Streamflow Due to Climate Change and Urbanization for a Great Lakes Watershed." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020225.
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Climate change and rapid urbanization could possibly increase the vulnerability of the Great Lakes Basin, Canada, which is the largest surface freshwater system in the world. This study explores the joint impact of climate change and land-use changes on the hydrology of a rapidly urbanizing Credit River watershed which lets out into Lake Ontario 25 km southwest of downtown Toronto, Ontario (ON), Canada; we began by classifying the watershed into urban and rural sections. A non-parametric Mann–Kendall test and the Sen slope estimator served to detect and describe the annual-, seasonal-, and monthly-scale trends in the climate variables (temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration), as well as the streamflow characteristics (median annual streamflow, baseflow, Runoff Coefficients (RC), Flow Duration Curve (FDC), Center of Volume (COV), and Peak Over Threshold (POT)) since 1916 for four rural and urban sub-watersheds. The temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration (1950–2019) showed significant increasing trends for different months and seasons. Furthermore, the results indicated that the median annual streamflow, 7-day annual minimum flow, and days above normal are increasing; meanwhile, the annual maximum streamflow is decreasing. A total of 230 datasets were tested for their trends; of these, 80% and 20% increasing and decreasing trends were obtained, respectively. Of the total, significant trends (<0.05%) of 32% and 2% increasing and decreasing, respectively, were observed. The results of the FDC analysis indicated a decline in the annual and winter 10:90 exceedance ratio over the years for the rural and urban sub-watershed gauges. The BFI results show that the BFI of the rural areas was, on average, 18% higher than that of the urban areas. In addition, the RC also showed the influence of land-use and population changes on the watershed hydrology, as the RC for the urban gauge area was 19.3% higher than that for the rural area gauge. However, the difference in the RC was the lowest (5.8%) in the summer. Overall, the findings from this study highlight the annual, seasonal, and monthly changes in the temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and streamflow in the watershed under study. Based on the available monitored data, it was difficult to quantify the changes in the streamflow over the decade which were attributable to population growth and land-cover use and management changes due to municipal official planning in the watershed.
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Stabell, Espen Dyrnes. "Land use quandaries." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v14i1.3543.
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Book review of Finance or Food? The Role of Cultures, Values, and Ethics in Land Use Negotiations, edited by Hilde Bjørkhaug, Philip McMichael and Bruce Muirhead, 3-18. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487 517236-002
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Lembcke, David, Bill Thompson, Kaitlyn Read, Andrew Betts, and Dilan Singaraja. "REDUCING ROAD SALT APPLICATION BY CONSIDERING WINTER MAINTENANCE NEEDS IN PARKING LOT DESIGN." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.1.
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INTRODUCTION Winter snow and ice can have a significant impact on our mobility, whether on foot or by car. Alongside plowing, arguably the greatest tool in combating snow and ice is salt. The most commonly used salt for winter maintenance is Sodium Chloride (NaCl), the same salt used in food and water softeners, is applied to roads, sidewalks, and parking lots as it is an effective deicer when temperatures are between 0°C and −12°C. Studies have shown that deicing with salt reduces accidents by 88% and injuries by 85% (Salt Institute 2017). The effectiveness of road salt, as well as its relative affordability, means that as much as four million tonnes may be applied annually in Canada for deicing (Environment Canada 2012). However, while salt is relatively inexpensive to purchase, there are a number of external costs that are becoming increasingly apparent. These include corrosion of vehicles and infrastructure like concrete, bridges, and water mains; damage and staining to the interior and exterior of buildings; impacts to roadside vegetation and soils; and the contamination of fresh water. In fact, the environmental impacts are such that it prompted Environment Canada to propose that winter salt be considered a toxic substance primarily due to the quantity that is applied annually (Environment Canada 2001). The Lake Simcoe watershed, approximately 3,400km2 in size, is situated just 20km north of Toronto, Ontario, with the southern portion of the watershed being considered part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. As part of the GTA, the Lake Simcoe watershed has experienced and continues to experience considerable growth, and with this growth comes an increase in the amount of impervious surfaces requiring winter salting. Indeed, chloride has been showing a strong increasing trend in the urban creeks and in Lake Simcoe itself over the last 30 years. Even rural creeks are showing an increasing trend, albeit not as severe, nor are the concentrations of chloride reaching the same levels (LSRCA 2015). The highest chloride level recorded in a Lake Simcoe tributary was 6,120mg/l in the winter of 2013. Chloride guidelines for the protection of aquatic ecosystems utilize a guideline of 120mg/L for chronic exposure and 640mg/L for acute exposure (CCME 2011). While the high value recorded in the Lake Simcoe tributary greatly exceeds these guidelines, it is still drastically lower than values being recorded in larger, intensively urbanized catchments such as Cooksville Creek in Mississauga, Ontario, which sees concentrations in excess of 20,000 mg/L, the concentration of sea water, nearly every winter (Credit Valley Conservation personal comm). Similarly, in July of 2011 a small population of Atlantic blue crabs, a marine species, was found surviving in Mimico Creek in Toronto (Toronto Star: May 26, 2012). That a marine species was able to survive in this fresh water creek in summer demonstrates that the impacts of winter salt are not just limited to winter but are impacting shallow groundwater and thus summer baseflow, maintaining high chloride concentrations year round. The same is being seen in some urban creeks in the Lake Simcoe watershed, with summer baseflow concentrations exceeding the chronic guideline and trending upwards (LSRCA unpublished). While not yet as extreme as rivers in the more densely urbanized parts of the GTA, these examples foreshadow what is in store for Lake Simcoe rivers if current winter salt practices continue along with the projected urban growth. During the winter of 2012 an estimated 99,300 tonnes of salt was applied in the Lake Simcoe watershed, an amount that equals nearly 250kg of salt per capita, or ~3 times the average person's body weight in salt. This estimate was generated through a survey of local road agencies along with the total area of commercial/institutional parking lots within the watershed. The exercise served to highlight a knowledge gap around application practices and rates in commercial/institutional parking lots. The majority of road agencies were found to record annual volumes, application dates and rates whereas literature values range from 10–40% of the salt applied in a catchment come from commercial/institutional parking lots (Perera et al, 2009; Trowbridge et al, 2010; Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, 2015), and a survey of winter maintenance contractors cite an average value of approximately 58g/m2/application (Fu et al, 2013) ( Figure 1 ). [Figure: see text] While these values were used in the estimation as they were the best available, observational data suggested these may be on the conservative side ( Figure 2 ). [Figure: see text] Therefore, monitoring of a 14 ha commercial lot was undertaken for the winters of 2014/15, 2015/16, and 2016/17 to better quantify the amount of salt coming from this type of land use. The winters of 2014/15 and 2016/17 saw similar applications of 1,067 and 1,010 tonnes applied respectively, while the mild winter of 2015/16 saw 556 tonnes applied. While the amounts varied somewhat each winter, the impacts downstream were consistent. Maximum concentrations recorded in the melt water reached 3.5 to 4 times the salt concentration of sea water every winter, equating to chloride concentrations of 70,000mg/L to 85,000mg/L; two orders of magnitude above the water quality guideline. As with most parking lots constructed in the last two decades, the runoff from this parking lot is captured in a stormwater pond prior to entering the receiving watercourse. Interestingly, the winter salt also caused persistent chemical stratification in the permanent pool of the pond. The pond was monitored with continuous monitors for the ice free period of 2015 and 2016 (April to December) during which the bottom water chloride concentration remained distinct from the surface chloride concentration, indicating stratification ( Figure 3 ). This has two significant implications; first of which is that this pond, and therefore many other ponds like it, may not be functioning as designed which is leading to diminished performance (McEnroe 2012, Marsalek 2003). Second is that ponds are acting as salt reservoirs, slowly releasing salt year round and contributing to river chloride concentrations that continually exceed the chronic exposure guideline and thereby exposing aquatic life to harmful concentrations during sensitive life cycle stages. [Figure: see text] To determine the extent to which the catchment land use type impacts stormwater ponds, chemical profiles were measured on three ponds in February 2017. The catchments included the 24.6 ha commercial catchment with 14 ha of salt application surface, an institutional catchment (14.3 ha) with 6 ha of salt application area that includes parking lots and roads, and a 16.4 ha residential catchment with 3 ha of salt application area comprised of tertiary municipal roads. Interestingly, all three ponds showed chemical stratification, with the severity of the stratification and highest chloride concentrations relating to the amount of salt application area in the catchment. The residential pond yielded a maximum chloride concentration of 3,115mg/L in the bottom waters, the institutional yielded 16,144mg/L, and the commercial yielded 25,530 mg/L with chloride concentrations in the bottom 0.5m of the pond exceeding that of sea water. The maximum chloride concentration recorded in the receiving watercourse downstream of the commercial lot was measured at 5,406 mg/L, well in excess of the acute guideline of 640 mg/L. These results highlight that commercial parking lots are not only receiving a significant volume of salt but are also having the most dramatic impacts on receiving stormwater infrastructure and watercourses.
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Reimer, Gwen. "British-Canada’s Land Purchases, 1783-1788." Ontario History 111, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 36–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059965ar.
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This article examines several of the earliest land purchases in Ontario as phases in a single strategic plan by the British Crown to secure settlement lands and safe communication routes in the aftermath of the American War of Independence. Between 1783 and 1788 British colonial authorities executed a series of right-of-way and land cession agreements with Indigenous nations for lands extending from the St. Lawrence River, westward along the north shore of Lake Ontario, and northward along the historic carrying places linking Toronto, Lake Simcoe and Lake Huron. Viewing the Crawford, Gunshot, Toronto and Matchedash purchases as contiguous in time and space offers both clarity and context to a period of colonial treaty-making in Canada from which few records have survived. Archival holdings contain scant records of proceedings, deeds, maps or boundary descriptions for these treaties. For decades, Indian Affairs officials were concerned about the lack of documentation to validate the terms and extent of these land purchases and it was not until 1923 that the Gunshot and Matchedash surrenders were supposedly confirmed and the boundaries of those tracts encompassed within the terms of the Williams Treaties. For historical researchers, the determination of dates, geography and terms of early colonial treaty agreements remains a challenge. This article contributes both a broader context and greater detail about four such transactions between British authorities and Indigenous nations in southern Ontario in the eighteenth century.
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Kenney, W. A., R. L. Gambles, and L. Zsuffa. "Prototype energy plantations in Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 714–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69714-6.
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Biomass production for energy from short rotation forestry plantations can contribute to Ontario and Canada's objectives of reducing CO2 emissions. Technologies aimed at production and conversion of this biomass have progressed considerably, but large scale plantations are needed to obtain reliable figures regarding yields and costs, as well as to provide venues for testing equipment and to demonstrate the technology to growers. A project initiated by the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto will establish a number of prototype willow plantations on private land, to meet these needs. The objectives of the project, progress to date and the long-term plans are presented. Key words: SRIC, short rotation forestry, demonstration, willow, energy biomass
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KENWORTHY, JEFF. "THE LAND USE AND TRANSIT CONNECTION IN TORONTO." Australian Planner 29, no. 3 (September 1991): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1991.9657521.
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Timothy Heinmiller, B., and Kevin Pirak. "Advocacy Coalitions in Ontario Land Use Policy Development." Review of Policy Research 34, no. 2 (November 7, 2016): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12210.
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Schlegl, Lisa, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "‘How do you get to Tim Hortons?’ Direction-giving in Ontario dialects." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.34.
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AbstractIn this study, we target the speech act of direction-giving using variationist sociolinguistic methods within a corpus of vernacular speech from six Ontario communities. Not only do we find social and geographical correlates to linguistic choices in direction-giving, but we also establish the influence of the physical layout of the community/place in question. Direction-giving in the urban center of Toronto (Southern Ontario) contrasts with five Northern Ontario communities. Northerners use more relative directions, while Torontonians use more cardinal directions, landmarks, and proper street names – for example, Go east on Bloor to the Manulife Centre. We also find that specific lexical choices (e.g., Take a right vs. Make a right) distinguish direction-givers in Northern Ontario from those in Toronto. These differences identify direction-giving as an ideal site for sociolinguistic and dialectological investigation and corroborate previous findings documenting regional variation in Canadian English.
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Zinman, Bernard. "The International Diabetes Federation World Diabetes Congress 2015." US Endocrinology 11, no. 02 (2015): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2015.11.02.104.
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Bernard Zinman, Programme Committee Chair of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) World Diabetes Congress 2015, talks about the scientific programme highlights, the experience of attending the Congress and his involvement in diabetes care and research. Bernard Zinman is Director of the Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes and holds the Sam and Judy Pencer Family Chair in Diabetes Research at Mount Sinai Hospital and the University of Toronto, Canada. He is Professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto and Senior Scientist at the Samuel Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
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Kitchener, Deborah, Janet Murphy, and Robert Lebans. "Developing New Literacies through Blended Learning." International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments 2, no. 3 (July 2011): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jvple.2011070103.
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This article reports on the implementation and impact of two blended models of teacher professional learning that promote innovative classroom practice and improved literacy and numeracy in six school districts in Ontario, Canada. The Advanced Broadband Enabled Learning Program (ABEL), situated at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, transforms how teachers learn and teach through a strategic blend of face-to-face interaction, technological tools and resources, online interaction and support. Learning Connections (LC), its sister project, uses the same model to improve literacy and numeracy in school districts. Research into the impact of both programs reveals increased student engagement and achievement, enhanced teacher efficacy, and improved results in literacy and numeracy. This report presents the findings from two participant surveys conducted in one large suburban board just north of Toronto, and one large rural board in Northern Ontario, and demonstrates how the working definition of literacy that teachers use in the classroom is being transformed by their use of technology in the classroom.
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Anderson, Vidya, William A. Gough, Matej Zgela, Dragan Milosevic, and Jelena Dunjic. "Lowering the Temperature to Increase Heat Equity: A Multi-Scale Evaluation of Nature-Based Solutions in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071027.
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Nature-based solutions (NbS) present an opportunity to reduce rising temperatures and the urban heat island effect. A multi-scale study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, evaluates the effect of NbS on air and land surface temperature through two field campaigns at the micro and meso scales, using in situ measurements and LANDSAT imagery. This research demonstrates that the application of NbS in the form of green infrastructure has a beneficial impact on urban climate regimes with measurable reductions in air and land surface temperatures. Broad implementation of green infrastructure is a sustainable solution to improve the urban climate, enhance heat and greenspace equity, and increase resilience.
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Pugin, A., S. E. Pullan, and D. R. Sharpe. "Observations of tunnel channels in glacial sediments with shallow land-based seismic reflection." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1996aog22-1-176-180.
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A regional hydrogeological study conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada acquired 35 line-km of 12-fold seismic reflection profiles on or adjacent to the Oak Ridges moraine, north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three-dimensional geometry provided by these data aids in understanding the erosional and depositional processes that occurred beneath the Laurentide ice sheet during the late stages of glaciation. The seismic sections indicate large infilled channels in the subsurface which are interpreted as tunnel channels eroded by large, subglacial meltwater discharges. Two seismic profiles from different areas of the moraine show channel-cutting events of different ages and different types of infilling.
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Pugin, A., S. E. Pullan, and D. R. Sharpe. "Observations of tunnel channels in glacial sediments with shallow land-based seismic reflection." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550001538x.
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A regional hydrogeological study conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada acquired 35 line-km of 12-fold seismic reflection profiles on or adjacent to the Oak Ridges moraine, north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three-dimensional geometry provided by these data aids in understanding the erosional and depositional processes that occurred beneath the Laurentide ice sheet during the late stages of glaciation. The seismic sections indicate large infilled channels in the subsurface which are interpreted as tunnel channels eroded by large, subglacial meltwater discharges. Two seismic profiles from different areas of the moraine show channel-cutting events of different ages and different types of infilling.
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Thomas, Kathryn E., Renee Lazor, Patricia A. Chambers, and Adam G. Yates. "Land-use practices influence nutrient concentrations of southwestern Ontario streams." Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques 43, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2017.1411211.
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Pearsell, Grant, and George Mulamoottil. "Wetland boundary and land-use planning in southern Ontario, Canada." Environmental Management 18, no. 6 (November 1994): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02393616.
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Trow, W. A., and K. Y. Lo. "Horizontal displacements induced by rock excavation: Scotia Plaza, Toronto, Ontario." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t89-012.
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The design and construction of a 69-storey building, the Scotia Plaza in downtown Toronto, Ontario, necessitated an assessment of the horizontal displacements induced onto adjacent existing structures as a result of rock excavation. Field and laboratory tests were performed to measure the elastic and time-dependent deformation parameters as well as the in situ horizontal stresses in rock. With the deformation parameters and initial state of stresses determined, analyses were performed to predict the magnitude and distribution of elastic and time-dependent deformation. During excavation, horizontal displacements were monitored by (a) a field slot test to verify the rock mass modulus, (b) inclinometers and extensometers, and (c) internal taping of floors of adjacent structures. The results of these field measurements are compared with those predicted in the design analysis, and are found to be within the predicted limits and design requirements. The use of rock anchors to partially suppress time-dependent displacements is also briefly discussed. Key words: rock excavation, horizontal displacement, time-dependent deformation, in situ stresses, rock anchors.
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Mbuagbaw, Lawrence, Wangari Tharao, Winston Husbands, Laron E. Nelson, Muna Aden, Keresa Arnold, Shamara Baidoobonso, et al. "A/C study protocol: a cross-sectional study of HIV epidemiology among African, Caribbean and Black people in Ontario." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e036259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036259.
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IntroductionAfrican, Caribbean and Black (ACB) communities are disproportionately infected by HIV in Ontario, Canada. They constitute only 5% of the population of Ontario yet account for 25% of new diagnoses of HIV. The aim of this study is to understand underlying factors that augment the HIV risk in ACB communities and to inform policy and practice in Ontario.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a cross-sectional study of first-generation and second-generation ACB adults aged 15–64 in Toronto (n=1000) and Ottawa (n=500) and collect data on sociodemographic information, sexual behaviours, substance use, blood donation, access and use of health services and HIV-related care. We will use dried blood spot testing to determine the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among ACB people, and link participant data to administrative databases to investigate health service access and use. Factors associated with key outcomes (HIV infection, testing behaviours, knowledge about HIV transmission and acquisition, HIV vulnerability, access and use of health services) will be evaluated using generalised linear mixed models, adjusted for relevant covariates.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been reviewed and approved by the following Research Ethics Boards: Toronto Public Health, Ottawa Public Health, Laurentian University; the University of Ottawa and the University of Toronto. Our findings will be disseminated as community reports, fact sheets, digital stories, oral and poster presentations, peer-reviewed manuscripts and social media.
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Van Wagner, Estair. "Putting Property in its Place: Relational Theory, Environmental Rights and Land Use Planning." Revue générale de droit 43 (January 13, 2014): 275–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021216ar.
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This paper examines the complex web of legal, social and ecological relationships engaged by contemporary land use disputes. In particular, it considers the role of non-owners in decision-making processes about the use of private land. Combining critical perspectives on property theory with relational approaches to rights, it examines recent conflicts around the siting of aggregate quarries in Southwestern Ontario. Three decisions of the Ontario Municipal Board and the Joint Board are analyzed to demonstrate how aggregate disputes present opportunities for the strategic advancement of non-ownership interests in land. Jennifer Nedelsky’s four-step relational approach to dispute resolution and Nicole Graham’s theory of reciprocal person-place relations are applied to the cases to show how a shift away from the ownership model of property can lead to better social and ecological outcomes in land use planning.
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Wong, Bonnie H. Y., William Y. W. Leung, Maria Chu, and Kwong Y. Liu. "A Case Study on Implementing a Continuum of Care Based on Client Needs." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 2, no. 2 (July 2018): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2018070102.
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This article examines the continuum of care in use at the Yee Hong Centre for Geriatric Care in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The service continuum is a response to the needs of a diverse Chinese Canadian population, where services in the appropriate language and culture are limited. Within the funding context, service coordination for seniors within Ontario can be characterized as fragmented, with over-use of acute care hospitalization and long-term care institutionalization. Community agencies must find a way to adapt to changing systems as the Ontario government shifts back and forth between institutionalization and community care approaches. This article explores challenges that are faced by a socially-minded organization within a medically-minded funding system. It also addresses ways to cope with the constraints.
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Pond, David. "Institutions, political economy and land-use policy: greenbelt politics in Ontario." Environmental Politics 18, no. 2 (February 27, 2009): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644010802682619.
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Chen, Xiaoxia, and Charles T. Driscoll. "Watershed Land Use Controls on Chemical Inputs to Lake Ontario Embayments." Journal of Environmental Quality 38, no. 5 (September 2009): 2084–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0435.
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Jankowski, Bridget L., and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "Supper or dinner?" English World-Wide 40, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 170–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00027.jan.
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Abstract The English words for daily meals constitute a complex lexical variable conditioned by social and linguistic factors. Comparative sociolinguistic analysis of 884 speakers from more than a dozen locations in Ontario, Canada reveals a synchronic system with social correlates that are reflexes of the British and American founder populations of the province. Toronto and Loyalist settlements in southern Ontario use the highest rates of dinner while northerners with European and Scots-Irish roots use supper. Dinner is taking over as the dominant form among younger speakers, exposing a cascade pattern (Trudgill 1972; Labov 2007) that is consistent with sociolinguistic typology (Trudgill 2011).
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MacFadden, Derek R., Allison McGeer, Taryn Athey, Stephen Perusini, Romy Olsha, Aimin Li, AliReza Eshaghi, Jonathan B. Gubbay, and William P. Hanage. "Use of Genome Sequencing to Define Institutional Influenza Outbreaks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2014–15." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 3 (March 2018): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2403.171499.
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Scheim, Ayden I., Ruby Sniderman, Ri Wang, Zachary Bouck, Elizabeth McLean, Kate Mason, Geoff Bardwell, et al. "The Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services Cohort Study of People Who Inject Drugs in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto): Cohort Profile." Journal of Urban Health 98, no. 4 (June 28, 2021): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-021-00547-w.
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AbstractThe Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services cohort in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto) is an open prospective cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID). OiSIS-Toronto was established to evaluate the impacts of supervised consumption services (SCS) integrated within three community health agencies on health status and service use. The cohort includes PWID who do and do not use SCS, recruited via self-referral, snowball sampling, and community/street outreach. From 5 November 2018 to 19 March 2020, we enrolled 701 eligible PWID aged 18+ who lived in Toronto. Participants complete interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and semi-annually thereafter and are asked to consent to linkages with provincial healthcare administrative databases (90.2% consented; of whom 82.4% were successfully linked) and SCS client databases. At baseline, 86.5% of participants (64.0% cisgender men, median ([IQR] age= 39 [33–49]) had used SCS in the previous 6 months, of whom most (69.7%) used SCS for <75% of their injections. A majority (56.8%) injected daily, and approximately half (48.0%) reported fentanyl as their most frequently injected drug. As of 23 April 2021, 291 (41.5%) participants had returned for follow-up. Administrative and self-report data are being used to (1) evaluate the impact of integrated SCS on healthcare use, uptake of community health agency services, and health outcomes; (2) identify barriers and facilitators to SCS use; and (3) identify potential enhancements to SCS delivery. Nested sub-studies include evaluation of “safer opioid supply” programs and impacts of COVID-19.
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Stephenson, Gerald R., Marilyn D. Dykstra, R. Douglas McLaren, and Allan S. Hamill. "Agronomic Practices Influencing Triazine-Resistant Weed Distribution in Ontario." Weed Technology 4, no. 1 (March 1990): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025227.
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Triazine-resistant (TR) biotypes of weeds normally susceptible (S) to triazine herbicides first were documented in Ontario in 1974. By 1988, at least nine weed species had TR biotypes, and at least 50% of the corn-producing areas were infested. Corn has been grown the longest in the southwestern Ontario, but TR weeds are only a minor problem there. Predominant agronomic practices in the southwest include crop rotation, atrazine use on 60% of corn land, use of other postemergence herbicides, interrow cultivation, little silage corn, and little manure returned to the land. Corn, particularly grain corn, is new as a large hectareage crop in eastern Ontario. However, more than 75% of corn land in that area is infested with two or more TR weed species. Predominant agronomic practices in the east include continuous corn, nearly all fields are atrazine treated, use of postemergence herbicides is not common, cultivation is rare, 25% of the corn is for silage, and manure from corn silage is returned to all cultivated land. Adequate herbicide programs exist to control TR weeds in corn and other crops. However, the spread from field to field and from farm to farm is often rapid, particularly in eastern Ontario.
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Damme, Laird Van, and Kenneth M. Brown. "The Ontario Advanced Forestry Program." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68607-5.
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Foresters use continuing professional education to keep abreast of new developments and adapt to changing job responsibilities. The demand for continuing professional education has grown recently in response to a public demand for forest management plans based on sound scientific principles and, as the level of involvement by diverse stakeholder groups has grown, foresters feel the need to increase their interpersonal effectiveness in complex, multi-perspective situations. In 1988, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources invited the School of Forestry at Lakehead University and the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto to collaborate to design and implement a program of two-week intensive courses for mid-career foresters and other resource managers. The program has been successful during its first three years at reaching its target client base and there are positive indications that the program's educational objectives are being fulfilled. This article details the design and early track record of the Ontario Advanced Forestry Program (OAFP) that resulted from that collaboration.
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van Dijk, Adam, Emily Dawson, Kieran Michael Moore, and Paul Belanger. "Risk Assessment During the Pan American and Parapan American Games, Toronto, 2015." Public Health Reports 132, no. 1_suppl (July 2017): 106S—110S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917708356.
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During the summer of 2015, the Pan American and Parapan American Games took place in the Greater Toronto area of Ontario, Canada, bringing together thousands of athletes and spectators from around the world. The Acute Care Enhanced Surveillance (ACES) system—a syndromic surveillance system that captures comprehensive hospital visit triage information from acute care hospitals across Ontario—monitored distinct syndromes throughout the games. We describe the creation and use of a risk assessment tool to evaluate alerts produced by ACES during this period. During the games, ACES generated 1420 alerts, 4 of which were considered a moderate risk and were communicated to surveillance partners for further action. The risk assessment tool was useful for public health professionals responsible for surveillance activities during the games. Next steps include integrating the tool within the ACES system.
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Congreves, Katelyn A., Jillian M. Smith, Deanna D. Németh, David C. Hooker, and Laura L. Van Eerd. "Soil organic carbon and land use: Processes and potential in Ontario’s long-term agro-ecosystem research sites." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, no. 3 (August 2014): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-094.
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Congreves, K. A., Smith, J. M., Németh, D. D., Hooker, D. C. and Van Eerd, L. L. 2014. Soil organic carbon and land use: Processes and potential in Ontario’s long-term agro-ecosystem research sites. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 317–336. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is crucial for maintaining a productive agro-ecosystem. Long-term research must be synthesized to understand the effects of land management on SOC storage and to develop best practices to prevent soil degradation. Therefore, this review compiled an inventory of long-term Ontario studies and assessed SOC storage under common Ontario land management regimes via a meta-analysis and literature review. In general, greater SOC storage occurred in no-till (NT) vs. tillage systems, in crop rotation vs. continuous corn, and in N fertilizer vs. no N fertilizer systems; however, soil texture and perhaps drainage class may determine the effects of tillage. The effect on SOC storage was variable when deeper soil depth ranges (0–45 cm) were considered for NT and rotational cropping, which suggests an unpredictable effect of land management on SOC at depths below the plough layer. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to use the presented inventory of nine long-term research sites and 18 active experiments in Ontario to pursue coordinated studies of long-term land management on SOC at depths extending below the plough layer.
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Hoffman, Michelle D. "Just a Theory." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 47, no. 4 (September 1, 2017): 494–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2017.47.4.494.
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This paper considers educators’ debates over the proper place of the atomic theory in American and Ontario high schools during the first decade of the twentieth century, in the context of emerging, historic research on the nature of matter. In 1905, University of Toronto chemist William Lash Miller distributed a booklet instructing Ontario teachers how to teach chemistry without the atomic theory. According to Lash Miller and his Toronto colleagues, who edited a new textbook in 1906, teaching the atomic theory to beginners bred flawed and fuzzy reasoning. Lash Miller was a student of Wilhelm Ostwald, who famously doubted the reality of atoms until convinced by Jean Perrin’s 1908 experiments on Brownian motion. This paper shows that limiting the role of the atomic theory was part of an effort, both in Ontario and in the United States, to reorient the high school curriculum toward the expanding discipline of physical chemistry, specifically, a vision of physical chemistry indebted to Ostwald. Like the Toronto chemists, Chicago physical chemist Alexander Smith lamented high school textbooks’ overreliance on the atomic theory and promoted the use of laboratory terms. Both Lash Miller and Smith met with resistance from high school teachers, who defended the teaching of the atomic theory and advocated a competing view of beginners’ pedagogy. These debates were not settled primarily by appeals to evidence, but instead revolved around differing views of the needs and abilities of high school students.
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Ituen, I., and B. Hu. "ESTIMATING CARBON AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN REMOTE REGIONS OF CANADA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 29, 2021): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-575-2021.
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Abstract. Longer growing seasons in Northern Ontario are predicted, as a result of climate change. There is the expectation that there will be increased land use conversion from natural forests in Northern Ontario to capitalise on the new economic opportunities resulting from longer growing seasons. This study examines the impacts the land conversion – from forest to agricultural environment – has on the greenhouse gas emissions and soil properties. We use remote sensing technologies for detecting these changes. This paper highlights an automatic method we developed for change detection. The method was applied to the satellite data over a predominantly vegetated area of Northern Ontario for the period 2001 to 2016. The study showed how the forest air and soil properties transform over time from various land disturbances, and how subsequent management schemes affect the environmental properties such as greenhouse gas emissions and the soil carbon stock.
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Fischler, Raphaël. "Development Controls in Toronto in the Nineteenth Century." Articles 36, no. 1 (May 16, 2013): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015817ar.
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Histories of contemporary development control tend to situate its beginning in the first or second decade of the twentieth century, when modern zoning bylaws were adopted. Yet, as some researchers have pointed out, building and land-use regulations took shape in the nineteenth century and even earlier. This paper focuses on controls set by the City of Toronto between 1834, when it was incorporated, and 1904, when it adopted bylaw no. 4408, which is seen by many as the first step taken by the city toward modern zoning. In technical terms, it appears that a coherent, though minimal, apparatus of land-use regulation was already in place by the 1860s. Over the course of the nineteenth century, building codes and nuisance laws display the growing intervention of public authorities in the development of the industrial city. Municipal control over material production and over human activity diversifies and finds expression in increasingly complex ordinances. In political terms, the bylaws reveal a growing concern with socio-spatial differentiation and with the protection of property values rather than with health and safety. The incremental development of land-use regulation suggests that, even though North American cities borrowed from each other and from their European counterparts, they constructed zoning locally, in accordance to local needs, resources, and constraints (economic, political, and legal) and in a piecemeal fashion, one bylaw, one amendment at a time.
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Shuvera, Ryan. "“New Life” into Old Sounds." Journal of Popular Music Studies 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2020.32.2.178.
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Simone Schmidt is a folk and country musician based in tkaronto (Mohawk word from which Toronto, Ontario, is derived). Schmidt's 2017 album Audible Songs from Rockwood is part of their solo work as Fiver and part of an attempt to write “new life into and around folk, country, and rock songs.” The album is based on their time spent at the Archives of Ontario reading the original case files of the Rockwood Asylum for the Criminally Insane that operated in Kingston, Ontario, from 1856 to 1881. The songs are sung from the imagined perspectives of different women imprisoned at Rockwood. I read and engage with Schmidt's work as a performance of unsettling. Unsettlement comes through on this album in direct ways, such as Schmidt's challenges to ideas of land possession and challenges to the bases of the medical and psychiatric designations. More subtle challenges come through the portrayals of the women, which, though largely imagined, come from a place of self-reflexivity. In this paper I will examine how Schmidt uses the sounds of traditional North American folk and country music as a sonic bed for a performance of unsettling on Audible Songs from Rockwood.
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Robson, Victoria. "Land fragmentation in southern Ontario: A tragedy of the spatial anticommons." SURG Journal 5, no. 2 (April 22, 2012): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v5i2.1328.
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Competition between agricultural operations, urban transplants, and ecological interests is changing the nature of property rights and land use in rural Ontario. In a region with valuable ecosystems and climate, soil, and location traditionally well-suited for crop and livestock production, plot sizes are decreasing as land is subdivided and allocated to non-agricultural residential use. Although this practice can increase property value for farmers, Michael Heller’s spatial anticommons may also be observed, such that “each owner receives a core bundle of rights, but in too small a space for the most efficient use” [2]. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new application of Heller’s anticommons theory, examining how the increasingly patchwork-like distribution of rural land parcels can be expected to affect farm and ecosystem productivity. Ultimately, deadweight loss occurs because neither agricultural nor ecological economies of scale can be recognized on plots that are too small for efficient use. Using rural planning reports and habitat ecology studies, trends in the fragmentation process are described and compared to the aims of provincial land-use policy, including the Provincial Policy Statement, the Greenbelt Act, and the Places to Grow Act. While the goals of farmers and conservationists may at times seem discrete or incompatible, the anticommons framework may be used to identify shared challenges. Thus the two parties might consider how collective action could be used to overcome the difficulties of reuniting subdivided tracts of land.
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Howard, K. W. F., and H. Falck. "Interrelationships of Land Use, Soil Conditions and Groundwater Contamination Near Lindsay, Ontario." Canadian Water Resources Journal 11, no. 1 (January 1986): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj1101111.
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Lawrence, Patrick L. "Land‐use planning reform in Ontario: Implications for great lakes shoreline management." Coastal Management 23, no. 4 (January 1995): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920759509362273.
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Kreutzwiser, Reid D. "Municipal Land Use Regulation and the Great Lakes Shoreline Hazard in Ontario." Journal of Great Lakes Research 14, no. 2 (January 1988): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(88)71542-7.
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Li, Siyuan, Matthew Muresan, and Liping Fu. "Cycling in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Route Choice Behavior and Implications for Infrastructure Planning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2662, no. 1 (January 2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2662-05.
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This research investigated the route choice behavior of cyclists in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with data collected from a smartphone application deployed to many cyclists in the city. For the study, 4,556 cyclists registered and logged more than 30,000 commuting trips over 9 months. In addition to the time-stamped, second-by-second GPS readings on each trip, information on age, gender, and rider history was collected on a voluntary basis. Multinomial logit route choice models were estimated for the commuting cycling trips. The results revealed the critical importance of cycling facilities (e.g., bike lanes, cycling paths and trails) on cyclists’ route choice decisions, and provided valuable information for use in Toronto’s ongoing bicycle network planning.
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Nistor, Adela, and Diana Reianu. "Determinants of housing prices: evidence from Ontario cities, 2001-2011." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a panel data econometric model of the main determinants of house prices in the ten largest census metropolitan areas (CMA) in Ontario, Canada, for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. The impact of immigration on the housing market in Canada is little researched; however, immigration plays an important role into the economy of Canada. According to Statistics Canada, not only is immigration key to Canada’s population growth but also without immigration, in the next 20 years, Canada’s population growth will be zero. The motivation for this study is the bursting of housing bubbles in some developed countries (e.g. USA). The authors analyze variables that are related to the immigration policy in Canada, accounting also for the impact of the interest rate, income, unemployment, household size and housing supply to analyze housing price determinants. The study investigates the magnitude of the impact of the top three leading categories of immigrants to Canada, namely, Chinese, Indian and Filipino, on the housing prices in Ontario’s largest cities. The results show the main factors that explain home prices over time that are interest rate, immigration, unemployment rate, household size and income. Over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, immigration grew by 400 per cent in Toronto CMA, the largest receiving area in Ontario, while the nonimmigrant population grew by 14 per cent. For Toronto CMA, immigrants, income, unemployment rate and interest rate explain the CA$158,875 average home price increase over the 2001-2011 time period. Out of this, the three categories of immigrants’ share of total home price increase is 54.57 per cent, with the corresponding interest rate share 58.60 per cent and income share 11.32 per cent of the total price growth. Unemployment rate contributes negatively to the housing price and its share of the total price increase is 24.49 per cent. Design/methodology/approach The framework for the empirical analysis applies the hedonic pricing model theory to housing sales prices for the ten largest CMAs in Ontario over the years 2001-2011. Following Akbari and Aydede (2012) and O’Meara (2015), market clearing in the housing market results in the housing price as a function of several housing attributes. The authors selected the housing attributes based on data availability for the Canadian Census years of 2001, 2006 and 2011 and the variables that have been most used in the literature. The model has the average housing prices as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: immigrants per dwelling (Chinese, Indian, and Filipino), unemployment rate, average employment income, household size, housing supply and the interest rate. To capture the relative scarcity of dwellings, the independent variable immigrants per dwelling was used. Findings This study seems to suggest that one cause of high prices in Ontario is large inflows of immigrants together with low mortgage interest rate. The authors focused their attention on Toronto CMA, as it is the main destination of immigrants and comprises the largest cities, including Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton and Oakville. Looking over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, the authors can see the factors that impact the home prices in Toronto CMA: immigration, unemployment rate, household size, interest rate and income. Over the period of 10 years from 2001 to 2011, immigrants’ group from China, India and the Philippines account for CA$86,701 increase in the home price (54.57 per cent share of the total increase). Income accounts for CA$17,986 increase in the home price (11.32 per cent share); interest rate accounts for CA$93,103 of the average home price increase in Toronto CMA (58.60 per cent share); and unemployment rate accounts for CA$38,916 decrease in the Toronto average home prices (24.49 per cent share). Household size remain stable over time in Toronto (2.8 average household size) and does not have a contribution to home price change. All these four factors, interest rate, immigrants, unemployment rate and income, together explain CA$158,875 increase in home prices in Toronto CMA between 2001 and 2011. Practical implications The housing market price analysis may be more complex, and there may be factors impacting the housing prices extending beyond immigration, interest rate, income and household size. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to include the most recent census data for the year 2016 to reflect more accurately the price situation in the housing market for Ontario cities. Social implications The fact that currently, in 2017, the young working population cannot afford buying a property in the Toronto CMA area means there is a problem with this market and a corresponding decrease in the quality of life. According to The Globe and Mail (July 2017), a new pool in 2017 suggested that two in five Canadians believe housing in this country is not affordable for them. Further, 38 per cent of respondents who consider themselves middle or upper class believe in no affordability of housing. The Trudeau Government promised Canadians a national housing strategy for affordable housing. Designing a national housing strategy may be challenging because it has to account for the differential income ranges across regions. Municipal leaders are asking the government to prioritize repair and construct new affordable housing. Another reason discussed in the media of the unaffordability of housing in Toronto and Vancouver is foreign buyers. The Canadian Government recently implemented a tax measure on what it may seem the housing bubble problem: foreign buyers. Following Vancouver, in April 2017, Ontario Government imposed a 15 per cent tax on foreign buyers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This tax is levied on houses purchased in the area stretching from Niagara Region and Greater Toronto to Peterborough. Originality/value Few studies use Canadian data to explain house prices and analyze the effect of immigration on housing prices. There is not much research on the effect of the immigrants and immigrants’ ethnicity (e.g., Chinese, Indian and Filipino immigrants), on the housing prices in Canada cities. This study investigates the impact of the most prevalent immigrant races (e.g., from China, India and the Philippines) on housing prices, using data for Canadian major cities in Ontario within a panel data econometric framework. This paper fills this gap and contributes to the literature, which analyzes the determinants of housing prices based on a panel of cities in the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Pugliese, Stephanie C., Jennifer G. Murphy, Felix R. Vogel, Michael D. Moran, Junhua Zhang, Qiong Zheng, Craig A. Stroud, Shuzhan Ren, Douglas Worthy, and Gregoire Broquet. "High-resolution quantification of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 3387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3387-2018.
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Abstract. Many stakeholders are seeking methods to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in urban areas, but reliable, high-resolution inventories are required to guide these efforts. We present the development of a high-resolution CO2 inventory available for the Greater Toronto Area and surrounding region in Southern Ontario, Canada (area of ∼ 2.8 × 105 km2, 26 % of the province of Ontario). The new SOCE (Southern Ontario CO2 Emissions) inventory is available at the 2.5 × 2.5 km spatial and hourly temporal resolution and characterizes emissions from seven sectors: area, residential natural-gas combustion, commercial natural-gas combustion, point, marine, on-road, and off-road. To assess the accuracy of the SOCE inventory, we developed an observation–model framework using the GEM-MACH chemistry–transport model run on a high-resolution grid with 2.5 km grid spacing coupled to the Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS) v2 inventories for anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) land carbon model C-TESSEL for biogenic fluxes. A run using FFDAS for the Southern Ontario region was compared to a run in which its emissions were replaced by the SOCE inventory. Simulated CO2 mixing ratios were compared against in situ measurements made at four sites in Southern Ontario – Downsview, Hanlan's Point, Egbert and Turkey Point – in 3 winter months, January–March 2016. Model simulations had better agreement with measurements when using the SOCE inventory emissions versus other inventories, quantified using a variety of statistics such as correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, and mean bias. Furthermore, when run with the SOCE inventory, the model had improved ability to capture the typical diurnal pattern of CO2 mixing ratios, particularly at the Downsview, Hanlan's Point, and Egbert sites. In addition to improved model–measurement agreement, the SOCE inventory offers a sectoral breakdown of emissions, allowing estimation of average time-of-day and day-of-week contributions of different sectors. Our results show that at night, emissions from residential and commercial natural-gas combustion and other area sources can contribute > 80 % of the CO2 enhancement, while during the day emissions from the on-road sector dominate, accounting for > 70 % of the enhancement.