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1
Chan, Yuet-ling, and 陳月玲. "Reclamation and pollution in Hong Kong with special reference to Victoria Harbour." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254494.
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Yuen, Ping-shu Gomez, and 袁秉樞. "Is reclamation necessary in Victoria Harbour?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254810.
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林景光 and King-kong Lam. "Environmental impact assessment: impact on land-use & infrastructure design." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980211.
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Prescott, Graham William. "Effects of land-use, landscape configuration, and management practice on biodiversity in tropical agricultural landscapes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709023.
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Johnson, Peter Ingraham. "Environmental Values and Conflict: The Decision-Making Process and Environmental Communication for a Town-Owned Ski Area in the Northeast." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/JohnsonPI2009.pdf.
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Setterlin, Cathy. "Connecting With Nature Through Land Use Decision Making." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1206642069.
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Winkworth, Cynthia Lee, and n/a. "Land use and Giardia in Otago." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081219.162139.
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Agriculture is key to New Zealand�s economy with land-use conversions in response to market forces occurring regularly. Recently, high-intensity dairy farming has replaced low-density livestock farming, often degrading surrounding waterways. Of particular concern is that dairy cattle can be a source of the parasite Giardia, which in humans is a common cause of gastrointestinal infection. Thus, this thesis evaluated whether dairy farm conversions posed significant consequences for public health.
First I examined the prevalence of Giardia in calves in a rapidly intensifying dairying region of New Zealand. A total of 1190 faecal samples were collected from calves one to seven weeks old during two spring calving seasons and screened by direct immunofluorescent microscopy. Giardia cysts were detected in 31% of samples.
To evaluate the potential risk that this environmental source of Giardia posed to the human population, molecular genotyping was used to compare forty Giardia strains isolated from calves with thirty isolates from humans collected in the same region and period. Sequencing the β-giardin gene, Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B were identified from both hosts, with genotype comparisons revealing substantial overlap of identical genotypes for both assemblages, implying zoonotic transmission.
Environmental agencies routinely promote the planting of streamside edges to decrease nonpoint pollution from dairy farms entering waterways. However, current methods for tracking pathogens across farmland and into waterways via surface runoff are limited and typically have been developed using artificially created landscapes. Furthermore, no studies have investigated how Giardia moves across the landscape in farm surface runoff. I developed a field-based tracking method specific for Giardia and used this technique to compare the ability of recently planted vegetation strips with bare soil strips cleared of vegetation at decreasing pathogen concentrations; a typical scenario when planting barriers to reduce waterway contamination. A spike containing a bromide tracer and inactivated Giardia cysts was applied in drip-irrigated surface runoff, with one-minute samples collected from the bottom of the plot. A significant treatment effect was identified for Giardia, with 26% fewer detected in runoff from the planted strip, highlighting the immediate benefit of vegetation planting in removing pathogens.
Next I evaluated the effects of four riparian treatments on Giardia runoff: exotic pasture grass and weeds growing in the absence of cattle grazing due to fencing, in comparison to monocultural plantings of three New Zealand native grassland species. Runoff experiments were performed after planting, both prior to and following the main summer growing season. Bromide recovery was high from all four treatments (54 - 99%), with no significant treatment effects. By comparison, Giardia recovery was low (1 - 13%). Prior to summer, two native species reduced Giardia in runoff more than the pasture grass/weed treatment which was almost vegetation-free at this time. After summer, Giardia recoveries were uniformly lower in all treatments. These results demonstrate that after one growing season, fencing waterways produces riparian buffers, via the growth of exotic pasture plants released from grazing, that decrease pathogen concentrations in surface runoff to concentrations indistinguishable from native plantings.
Given infectious organisms are known to be in the environment, it is important to assess the risk these pose to human populations. Findings from this research can be used to improve currently available risk-assessment models for Giardia transmission from infected dairy animals via water to humans.
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Schelhas, John William Jr. "Socio-economic and biological aspects of land use adjacent to Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185452.
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Many national parks in lesser developed countries are threatened by adjacent human land uses. To meet both social and environmental needs, effective programs must be implemented to manage lands adjacent to national parks for conservation and development. This requires careful analysis of the socio-economic aspects of existing land use patterns and their implications for biological conservation. Research was undertaken adjacent to Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica. The biological integrity of the park depends on maintenance of natural habitats on lands adjacent to the lowland sector of the park. Existing lowland forest habitat adjacent to the park is rapidly being converted to pasture. Protecting the park's lowland biological resources depends on both stopping the influx of colonists into the area and encouraging land uses with biological conservation value outside the park. Both these issues are explored in detail. The rationale behind existing land uses in the region is discussed in relation to socio-economic variables identified from the literature on land use choice in Latin America. Large landholders generally engage in beef cattle ranching, frequently in association which land speculation. Small landholders prefer dairy cattle for cheese production is due to its low risk, stable markets, and the possibility of gradual and reversible entry. Smaller cattle operations use land more intensively, but by investing more labor appear to achieve sustainability. More intensive cash cropping is often combined with cattle to increase overall income. Timber production shows potential to partially replace cattle as an extensive, low risk land use. The impact of different adjacent land uses on park biological resources was assessed through a survey of biologists familiar with the region. The two land uses of greatest benefit to park resources were completely protected forest and natural forest management for timber production. The two land uses causing greatest harm to park resources were annual crops and pasture. Two management options for conservation and development adjacent to the park are proposed: (1) a forest buffer, and (2) a mosaic of different land uses, including pasture, perennial crops, and forest.
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Man, Yu Bon. "Risk assessment of soils after changing agricultural land use in Hong Kong." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1227.
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Von, Maltitz Graham Paul. "Biofuel, land-use tradeoffs and livelihoods in Southern Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021005.
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The rapid expansion of biofuel projects in southern Africa creates an opportune issue against which to examine land-use tradeoffs within the areas of customary land tenure. For this an ecosystems services approach is used. Jatropha curcas (L), a perennial oilseed plant which has been the key focus of most of the region’s biofuel expansion to date is used as the focus biofuel crop for which case study data were obtained from Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and South Africa. Despite the initial enthusiasm for jatropha, most projects have proven less successful than hoped, and many have collapsed. A few are, however, still showing signs of possible success and it is two of these that form the basis of the case studies. Hugely complex tradeoffs are involved when considering biofuel as a land-use option for communal areas. They range from global impacts such as biodiversity and global climate forcing, through national concerns of rural development, national food security and national fuel security, to local household concerns around improving livelihoods. Land that is converted to biofuel needs to be removed from some previous use, and in the southern African case it is typically woodlands and the multitude of services they provide, that suffer. The nature of the tradeoffs and the people affected change over the scale under consideration. For the local farmer it is only the local issues that are of concern, but national and global forces will change the policy environment and lead to new types of development such as biofuels. Change is inevitable, and in all developments there are likely to be both winners and losers. It is clear that the impacts arising from biofuel are situation dependent, and each community and location has unique social and environmental considerations that need to be taken into account. In the case of jatropha the final realised yield and the economic returns that this can generate, will be of critical importance and remain one of the main uncertainties. There are promising signs that under certain circumstances the balance of benefits from jatropha biofuel may be positive, but if implemented incorrectly or in the wrong place, there is extensive evidence of total project failure. It is clear that evidence-based data and assessment tools are needed to assist communities, developers and government departments to make sound decisions around biofuel (or other land-use based) development. A number of such tools are suggested in the thesis. Both the use of large-scale plantations or small-scale farmer centred projects have their advantages and disadvantages. It is probable that in the correct circumstances either can work. However, large-scale plantations can have huge negative social and environmental consequences if poorly implemented. Small-scale projects, though improving livelihoods, are unlikely to take the farmers out of poverty. Tradeoffs from any land-use change are inevitable. Empirical data on biofuel impacts on the environment and society are needed for the development of sound policy. A favourable policy environment can ensure that positive benefits from biofuel are obtained, whilst minimising negative impacts. To develop this policy means that southern African countries will have to clearly understand what they wish to achieve from biofuel, as well as having a clear understanding of impacts from biofuel implementation. Sound scientific knowledge needs to underpin this process. For instance governments may wish to increase the ratio of small-scale to large-scale plantation to increase the developmental benefits, ensure biofuel is used to promote national fuel security rather than being exported, or develop a medium-scale farming sector which can help move farmers out of poverty and assist in developing a market surplus of agricultural commodities. Analysing impacts from biofuel expansion is a complex and multi-dimensional problem and as such will require multi-criteria analysis tools to develop solutions. Global, national and local tradeoffs must all be considered. In addition a wide range of stakeholders are involved and participatory processes may be needed to capture their inputs. Tools to better analyse impacts, specifically at the local level are needed. These local results need to feed into national level economic assessments. The cost of biofuel introduction should be considered against the costs of not implementing biofuel, realising that doing nothing also has a cost and long-term impact. Third-party certification provides a useful tool for shifting costs of ensuring compliance with social and environmental legislation, from the state to biofuel companies. In addition ongoing monitoring and evaluation of existing projects is needed to learn from successes and failures, to identify unintended consequences, and to increase the resilience of projects, community livelihoods and the national economy. This will have to be supplemented with additional focused and ongoing research.
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Kwok, Chi-wo Simon, and 郭志和. "The Hong Kong government's policy on land use in the New Territories: a land use management and environmentalprotection perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964771.
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Ames, Susan Eveline. "Impacts of land use on carbon storage and assimilation rates." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/NQ48596.pdf.
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Song, Ping, and 宋平. "Urban land allocation as a mechanism in the development of ecocities: a case study of Nanjing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244750.
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MacGregor, Angus James. "A palaeoecological reconstruction of the Lower Snowy River, East Gippsland, Victoria : environmental response to climate change, land use, and river regulation /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVH/09aevhm147.pdf.
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Mumuni, Zakari. "Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Travel on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4063.
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The negative consequences of sprawling metropolitan regions have attracted attention in both academia and in practice regarding how to better design settlements and alter travel behavior in a quest to curtail vehicle emissions. Studies that have attempted to understand the nexus between land use, travel and vehicle emissions have not been able to address the issue of self-selection in a satisfactory manner. Self-selection occurs when households choose their residential location based, in part, on expected travel behavior. This non-random experience makes the use of traditional regression frameworks that strongly rely on random sampling, unsuitable. This replication study's purpose was to examine the impact of land use and travel on CO2 emissions using the Heckman (1979) sample selection model in Portland Metropolitan Area. three research questions guided this study: (1) Does self-selection to drive a motor vehicle lead to reduction in CO2 emissions? (2) Does land use and automobile travel influence the decision to drive after controlling for self-selection? (3) What land use and travel factors determine CO2 emissions after controlling for self-selection? The findings suggest driving has a statistically significant negative effect on estimated CO2 and that most land use variables significantly affect driving behavior.
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Bergman, Jan Gerhardus. "Liesbeeck-Black river confluence area : land-use opportunities and constraints." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14716.
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Bibliography: leaves 69-72.This study investigated the land-use potential of the Liesbeeck-Black River confluence area . It is intended to serve as a guide to land-use planners and other interested parties concerning the opportunities and constraints proffered by the environment on the confluence area. The collecting of baseline data was undertaken by nine Masters Students in the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science at the University of Cape Town. Each student then analysed the data individually. The study was undertaken in part fulfilment of the academic requirements of the Masters Degree. The Liesbeeck-Black River confluence area (hereafter called the study area) is located approximately 5.5 km east of the CBD of Cape Town. It covers approximately 232 ha and is bounded by the N2 Freeway to the South, Alexandra Road to the East, Liesbeeck Parkway to the West and the Culemborg-Black River Railway Yard to the North. The aim of the study was twofold, firstly to determine a procedure whereby the optimal land- use alternative for an area could be determined, taking into account the effects of significant environmental elements, and secondly to analyse and determine the optimal land-use alternative for the study area specifically. The procedure developed during the research is an adaptation of the Leopold Matrix method of analysis. The environmental elements characteristic of the study area are listed on the horizontal axis, and the land-use options to be analysed on the vertical axis. The magnitude and significance of the effect of an environmental element on a particular type of land-use can then be rated and this rating entered in the corresponding matrix cell. By adding the ratings of all environmental elements on each land-use option, the overall rating of the different land-use options can be obtained. The option with the highest overall (positive) rating is then considered to be the optimal type of land-use. This method was then applied to assess the land-use potential of the study area. The land-use options considered to be appropriate for the study area were determined by considering only those types of land-uses for which a regional need had previously been established.
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Musakwa, Walter. "Evaluating the potential of Earth observation for supporting sustainable urban land use planning." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85575.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In many developing countries, rapid urbanisation continues to substantially transform land from agricultural and rural land uses, as well as natural landscapes into urban areas. This leads to significant changes to the socio-economic fabric and nature of the natural environment. Data to monitor such transformation is often out of date, unreliable, in unstandardised format, cumbersome and expensive to collect or simply unavailable in urban centres of many developing countries. These characteristics inhibit local authorities‘ and other stakeholders‘ capacity to monitor and leverage resources toward sustainable urban development. Sustainable urban land use planning is a major objective of urban planning, but it is difficult to put into practice. This study investigates the efficacy of earth observation (EO) for collecting information required for sustainable urban land use planning and proposes the use of decision consequence analysis (DCA) as a simple and structured way to put sustainable urban development into practice. The study focuses on three central determinants of sustainable urban land use, namely (1) land use change and land use mix, (2) urban sprawl and (3) the urban built-up area. Consequently, urban sustainability indicators of these three components were identified. EO data for Stellenbosch, a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa, was gathered and used to perform spatio-temporal analyses of the indicators in a geographic information system (GIS). This enabled the establishing of the positive or negative trajectory made toward achieving sustainable urban land use planning. The study demonstrates how the use of EO data, DCA, urban sustainability indicators and GIS can enhance local authorities‘ capacities for monitoring urban sustainability. EO data and urban sustainability indicators were used to develop an urban sustainability toolbox which facilitates evidence-based decision making. The results also show that urban sustainability indicators derived from EO are valuable in providing synoptic, up-to-date, standardised and normalised information on urban areas. Such information would be expensive and cumbersome to collect without the use of EO and GIS. As a result, earth observation will continue to play a key role in monitoring urban sustainability, particularly in developing countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volgehoue en versnelde verstedeliking wat in baie ontwikkelende lande voorkom is voortdurend besig om landbougrond, plattelandse gebiede en natuurlike landskappe na stedelike areas om te skakel. Dit bring ʼn noemenswaardige verandering in die sosiaal-ekonomiese struktuur en aard van die natuurlike omgewing te wee. Data om hierdie veranderinge te monitor, is dikwels verouderd, onbetroubaar, nie in ʼn standaard formaat nie, omslagtig, te duur om te in te samel of net eenvoudig nie beskikbaar vir baie stedelike sentra van ontwikkelende lande nie. Hierdie faktore beperk plaaslike owerhede en ander belanghebbendes se moniteringskapasiteit en verhinder die beskikbaarstelling van hulpbronne vir volhoubare stedelike ontwikkeling. Beplanning vir volhoubare stedelike grondgebruik is ʼn belanrike doelwit, maar is moeilik om in die praktyk toe te pas. Hierdie studie ondersoek die doeltreffendheid van aardwaarneming (AW) vir die insamel van inligting wat vir volhoubare grondgebruik beplanning nodig is. Die studie stel die gebruik van analise van besluitnemingsgevolge (ABG) as ʼn eenvoudige en gestruktureerde manier voor om volhoubare stedelike ontwikkeling in die praktyk toe te pas. Die ondersoek fokus op drie hoof bepalende faktore van volhoubare stedelike grondgebruik, naamlik (1) verandering en vermenging van grondgebruik, (2) stedelike kruip, en (3) die beboude stedelike gebied. Gevolglik is aanwysers van die stedelike volhoubaarheid van hierdie drie komponente geïdentifiseer. AW-data vir Stellenbosch, 'n dorp in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika, is ingesamel om met behulp van ʼn geografiese inligtingstelsel (GIS) die aanwysers tyd-ruimtelik te analiseer. Dit het dit moontlik gemaak om die positiewe of negatiewe trajekte vir die bereiking van volhoubare stedelike grondgebruiksbeplanning vas te stel. Die studie demonstreer hoe AW-data, ABG, aanwysers van stedelike volhoubaarheid en GIS plaaslike owerhede se kapasiteit vir die monitering van volhoubaarheid in stede kan bevorder. AW-data en stedelike volhoubaarheidsaanwysers is gebruik om 'n stedelike volhoubaarheidsgereedskapkis te ontwikkel wat bewysgebaseerde besluitneming fasiliteer. Die resultate wys ook dat volhoubare stedelike aanwysers afgelei uit AW, nuttig is om sinoptiese, gestandardiseerde en genormaliseerde inligting oor stedelike gebiede te voorsien. Hierdie tipe inligting is duur en omslagtig om in te samel sonder die gebruik van AW en GIS. Gevolglik sal AW voortaan steeds 'n sleutelrol speel in die monitering van stedelike volhoubaarheid, veral in ontwikellende lande.
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Dorner, Wolfgang. "Environmental economic aspects of river basins and their catchment. Identification and quantification of flood related land use externalities." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2009. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006189/.
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[Abstract]This thesis investigates a common problem of land use impacts on flood damage costs on a catchment scale. It does this through a particular case study, to quantify the technical upstream-downstream dependencies and highlights the externalities through hydroeconomicanalysis of flood damages and mitigation costs. The substantive content of the project is cross disciplinary.Peak and volume of river flows are functions of the catchment surface characteristics. This means that any impacts to the run-off regime (for example surface sealing or river training) could affect people and land users in the lower catchment. Thus, upstream activities cancause higher flood peaks, and also entail higher damages downstream. These damages are either borne by the affected parties or they are mitigated by state financed flood defence works or offset with financial compensation. These costs are usually not included in the economic considerations of the upstream land user who is partially causing them. In economic terms, these effects are referred to as unidirectional externalities. This means that a producer can export parts of his production costs to third parties and these are not included in the price of the product.The Herzogbach is a small tributary of the Danube River in Lower Bavaria. It is located in a rural area, dominated by intensive farming practices. Two villages (Bachling and Buchhofen) in the headwaters and middle section of the catchment and one city (Osterhofen) in the lowercatchment were analysed to determine the impact of upstream land use practices on the flood situation.A combination of hydrological and hydraulic modelling provided the core data to allow the interpretation of economic data, using methods of cost damage estimation. A hydrological model of the catchment provided hydrograph simulations based on (a) a regionalisation approach,(b) hydrologic flood routing and (c) hydrologic reservoir routing. A two dimensional stream flow model was then used to convert the hydrographs into flood levels, to simulatethe run-off in settled areas and determine the flood affected areas, flood levels and flow velocities. Estimates for flood damages or mitigation costs resulting from different hydrological scenarios were compared. The scenarios are based on different land uses and alloweconomic externalities to be estimated.It was found that intensive farming and river training increase the peaks, shape and volume of flood waves in comparison to extensive land use, grassland or forest. In the study area, especially river training reduced the detention effect of the river bed and the natural floodplain. These significant changes to the natural run-off regime directly affect land use in the lower catchment through flood damages and increased flood risk, and by reducing the effectiveness of planned or existing flood protection works.The thesis concludes with linked technical and economic findings which indicate a rich potential new area for research - “hydroeconomics”. The published literature shows few people have worked in this cross disciplinary area. The technical finding is that changes to land use, especially in agriculture, can increase the flood damages in downstream settlements or increase the cost of flood mitigation works significantly. From an economic point ofview, this is a unidirectional externality which should be considered in catchment and flood management. Possible solutions could include the control of land use and instruments such as separate waste water fees for rainwater and sewage or run-off certificates.
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Pang, Lai-fai Willy, and 彭禮輝. "An appraisal of the existing environmental protection policies and itsimplications on land use planning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30269052.
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So, Wai-kong, and 蘇偉綱. "The unofficial countryside: ecological management outside protected areas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013214.
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Hamukwaya, Panduleni Ndiba. "Environmental criteria analysis can contribute to sustainable local level land use planning: Linyanti/Katima Mulilo Rural/Kabbe constituencies, Caprivi Region, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7185_1256048243.
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The contribution of local knowledge to land use planning and sustainable utilization of natural resources is enormous, yet often overlooked by conventional top-down approaches of regional integrated land use plans. The rich knowledge of local land users contribution to implementation of top-down plans is very important. This study investigated the importance of environmental criteria analysis in sustainable land management through engaging the community at local level, using Salambala Conservancy in Katima Mulilo Rural, Lusese Village in Kabbe and Mayuni Conservancy in Linyanti constituencies, Caprivi region, North East Namibia as case studies.
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Clark, Robert G. "Effects of agricultural land use on the biology of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=71964.
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The biology of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was studied in relation to variations in agricultural landscapes of southwestern Quebec, eastern Ontario, and southwestern Ontario by examining the relationships between corn (Zea mays) production and population size, distribution of territorial males, and morphology. Dietary studies showed consistent use of corn during their 6-9 month residency in these regions, and during winter months.A positive correlation was found between independent estimates of the density of males and counts of red-wings obtained from the North American breeding bird survey (BBS). Density of males was a useful indicator of the number of red-wings in an area, whereas the BBS was a useful indicator of change in regional population level.
Historical increases in populations of red-wings in these regions were correlated with increases in waste grain (corn) following harvest. Greater rates of population increase in Quebec (compared with Ontario) corresponded to higher rates of increase in waste corn abundance and landscape heterogeneity. In Quebec, cultivation (mainly corn) was the most important habitat influencing density of males. Wetland and hay field abundance were also important. Heterogeneous landscapes incorporating crops, wetlands and hay fields attracted the most male red-wings regardless of population level, and breeding males preferred wetlands and hay fields for territory establishment. Fields were used in proportion to abundance, whereas forest, crops and areas of human occupation were avoided. At high population density, proportionately more males settled in areas of human occupation and in fields; these habitats were less suitable than wetlands or hay fields. Packing of males into a preferred hay field habitat occurred.
Overwinter mortality did not favor small body size in male red-wings but evidence of stabilizing selection on female body size was found. Sexual dimorphism was slightly more pronounced in spring than in fall. Historical changes in the body size of red-wings were not clearly related to increasing abundance of food (corn). If population size tracks increases in food abundance, then inter-male competition for breeding space may intensity; thus, large size may be limited by energy contraints imposed on males by sexual selection pressure regardless of food availability.
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Thapa, Vivek. "Habitat Fragmentation by Land-Use Change: One-Horned Rhinoceros in Nepal and Red-Cockaded Woodpecker in Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33207/.
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This research focuses on the spatial analysis of the habitat of two vulnerable species, the one-horn rhinoceros in the grasslands of southern Nepal, and the red-cockaded woodpecker in the Piney woods of southeast Texas, in the USA. A study sites relevant for biodiversity conservation was selected in each country: Chitwan National Park in Nepal, and areas near the Big Thicket National Preserve in Texas. Land-use differs in the two study areas: the first is still undergoing agrarian development while the second is in a technological phase and undergoing urbanization processes. Satellite remote sensing images were used to derive land-cover maps by supervised classification. These maps were then processed by Geographic Information Systems methods to apply habitat models based on basic resources (food and cover) and obtain habitat suitability maps. Several landscape metrics were computed to quantify the habitat characteristics especially the composition and configuration of suitable habitat patches. Sensitivity analyses were performed as the nominal values of some of the model parameters were arbitrary. Development potential probability models were used to hypothesize changes in land-use of the second study site. Various scenarios were employed to examine the impact of development on the habitat of red-cockaded woodpecker. The method derived in this study would prove beneficial to guide management and conservation of wildlife habitats.
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Roth, Richard A. "Sustainable development: political/ideological aspects and implications for planning." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39119.
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Recent evidence of widespread environmental degradation and global changes resulting from human activities have revived a debate about the sustainability of the progress of human welfare that began at least 200 years ago. In this renewed debate, the seriousness and causes of environmental degradation are subject to widely divergent interpretations. There are many conceivable sustainable futures; the most important differences among them are not technical but political and ideological.
The practice of environmental planning is concerned with a wide variety of contexts and situations at the human-environment interface. Because land use is at the root of many of the problems of environmental degradation (e.g., habitat destruction, air pollution, water pollution), land use planning is an appropriate focus for consideration of the role of environmental planning in sustainable development.
Planning as a profession, with its inherent future orientation and focus on public values, is well situated to deal with the kinds of problems raised in the discourse regarding sustainability. Examination of mainstream land use planning practices, however, reveals a reactive, reformist incrementalism that responds to environmental degradation caused by growth, but that addresses neither its causes nor its dynamics. Mainstream land use planning approaches have attempted to resolve conflicts between development and environment through spatial solutions at various scales. The need to plan for ecological sustainability is difficult to reconcile with the democratic ideal of local self-determination.
Many alternative approaches to land use planning for sustainable development focus on design solutions. The requirements of sustainability are not merely technical, however. There are both emancipatory possibilities and their opposite in sustainability. Implementing sustainability offers planners a number of choices.
They can act as mediators, demystifyers of technical information, exposers of hidden ideological assumptions, and advocates. They can strengthen existing authority, or work towards an enlightened self-determination at the local level.Ph. D.
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Nyika, Mugove Walter. "Permaculture as an aspect of environmental learning: an investigation into secondary school communities in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008447.
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The Schools and Colleges Permaculture (SCOPE) Programme in Zimbabwe has developed a process for use by schools in planning for the sustainable management of their land. The process is called Integrated Land-Use Design (ILUD) and is based on Permaculture principles. The ILUD process has so far been implemented in 54 pilot schools where it has been used to facilitate the re-design of the school grounds through the active participation of the students, staff and parents. The aim of this research was to investigate what environmental learning takes place during the implementation of the ILUD process and related activities, with a view to informing the improvement of the process. The research was conducted within the interpretive paradigm with particular use being made of the Symbolic Interactionist theoretical framework to explore the social situations in which the ILUD process has been applied. A purposive sample of two schools and five form 4 (grade 11) pupils from each school was selected for the study. The main data collection method was the structured interview. Other data were collected from nonparticipant observations and the analysis of documents, particularly photographs. The data was analysed using the constant comparative method. The findings point towards a significant contribution from the Permaculture activities to the environmental knowledge, environmental management skills and the positive environmental attitudes of the pupils. The work done at the two schools indicates the usefulness of the ILUD process as a tool for environmental action in the schools but its application in the communities was found to be limited by constraints such as lack of resources and the limited capacity of teachers to work in the field of adult education and training. It is recommended that Permaculture should be integrated into the secondary school curriculum if the momentum of the progress made so far is to be maintained. The SCOPE Programme itself needs to be strengthened for its work with communities. There is, for example, a need for adult education and training methods if the introduction of ILUD to the communities is to be successful.
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Scott, Jennifer (Jennifer E. )., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Integrating sustainability provisions into contemporary decision making." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Scott_J.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/500.
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Sustainable development is a multi-faceted and complex proposition, investigating such a goal required a grounded study capable of analysing real world issues. Managing such a highly diverse region as Western Sydney with its multiple demands is complicated by the plethora of government administration agencies. Contemporary land use planning policies and decisions appear frequently at odds with community values and aspirations for the region. Evidence presented in this research suggests a declining natural resource base that manifests itself in an insidious cost impost to the public sector while the benefits accrue to the private sector.Eventual developments in the resolution and maintenance of the functional integrity of the natural systems in Western Sydney may demand a major paradigm shift in economic and social policy. This research suggests that a precautionary based approach to thresholds of harm in the Western Sydney region is long overdue. Tools developed in this study appear capable of clarifying the evident land use planning paradoxes and may assist in negotiating sustainable outcomes by fostering a collaborative learning process between decision makers, experts and the community.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Dalgliesh, Christopher. "Landscape evaluation of the Liesbeeck and Black River confluence area : a strategic planning framework." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13836.
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Bibliography: leaves 87-91.This dissertation aims to evaluate the environmental factors within the Liesbeeck and Black River Confluence Area (CA) and on that basis present conclusions which will inform a land-use decision for the area. It has been undertaken in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements of the M. Phil (Environmental Science) course offered by the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science of the University of Cape Town (UCT). It also serves as a working document informing the Cape Town City Council's (CCC) land-use planning for the CA, and for that reason aims for a balance between academic rigour and the concise, pragmatic style of a report. It should also be noted that this study is almost wholly contingent on a baseline document prepared between January and March 1994 by the 1993/94 M. Phil class. That document identified the totality of environmental factors which might influence land-use planning in the CA and is the point of departure of this dissertation.
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Smith, Leslie H. "Public attitudes as to the likelihood of occurrence of environmental problems in or near sanitary landfills." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/508008.
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Efforts by designers to produce solutions to environmental problems has become increasingly sophisticated. Inter-disciplinary teams of designers, engineers and scientists have proposed new and dynamic resolutions to environmental disturbances. There is a problem, however, in the ability of such proposals to be accepted and implemented.This study investigated the possibility that communication of these plans has been responsible for the lack of acceptance. Citizens and governmental officials must adequately comprehend the proposed solutions before they can gain confidence and judge them worthy of implementation. This study searched for aspects of communication necessary to successfully promote pre-planning and reclamation for correcting and preventing environmental problems in sanitary landfills.A random survey of Delaware County, Indiana established base means for concerns (aesthetic, pollution, property value, safety, etc.) in a typical population cross-section. The net effectiveness of the landfill presentation (communication) effort was to be inferred through noted changes in the level of concern between the typical population and the test group who witnessed the educational presentation.The comparative test could not proceed. The focus of this study was then directed towards more intimate analysis of the attitudinal data provided in the cross-sectional survey. A number of obvious and obvious characteristics were revealed.In the end, this study has provided significant insight into the "posture" of the most important link in convincing that planning and design solutions can mitigate environmental problems. That link is at the receiving end of such communication efforts... the "public" with its constructs of fears and biases.Department of Landscape Architecture
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Downing, Carmen Garcia de 1950. "Common resource use in a Zapotec community." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292049.
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Who uses the forage resources under a communal land tenure system? Using data from a Mexican Indian community with a history of communal land tenure extending prior to the Conquest, the research explores and attempts to answer this question. The analysis is based on 1970 socio-economic data for 533 households, secondary sources, and 1987 field observations in a community of Zapotec farmers in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. The factors influencing who uses the communal resources include livestock ownership, wealth ranking, migration history, and participation in the local labor market. Although all members of the community have the right to graze animals on the commons, only a fraction of the wealthier households exercise this right. Consequently grazing pressure is minimized (reduced) compared to the potential grazing pressure that otherwise would be exerted if all the members of the community were to exercise their rights to use the forage resources at the same time.
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Bennett, Anthony Mark. "The development of snowmelt runoff models in the Scottish Highlands." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12553.
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Detailed snow surveys were carried out in the Allt a Mharcaidh catchment on the western edge of the Cairngorm mountains during the winters of 1985/86,1986/87 and 1988/89. Snowpack data collected included depth, density, areal extent and water equivalent. From these data it was possible to determine seasonal patterns in snowpack behaviour and relate these to the initial snowpack water equivalent volume and timing of the snow accumulation and ablation. Using meteorological and flow data collected in the Mharcaidh by the Institute of Hydrology as part of the SWAP project simple linear regression relationships were determined. These indicated that the availability of detailed meteorological data did not improve the ability to simulate observed flow and that a successful regression could be established using simple and readily available data. Using this data temperature index models were developed and tested on the Mharcaidh. These showed that the mean daily temperature provided a better index of melt than more complex indices and that simple changes regarding the addition of a freezing level hindered the model performance despite being closer to reality than other assumptions made in the model. This suggested that the degree of complexity in the model has to be similar for all operations to obtain optimum results; having one particularly complex sub-model reduces the performance of the others. Two other types were tested on the Mharcaidh based on the layered structure developed by Martinec (1975) and Anderson's (1968) method using temperature and windspeed as an index to the energy changes at the snowpack boundary during rain-on--snow events. These again show that simple methods using readily available data can produce acceptable results and that increasing the complexity of the model does not produce a similar increase in performance. The three different models were then run on different datasets for different catchments and years. The dependence of Anderson's method on good quality data is highlighted suggesting that it is not as widely applicable as the other models. The level of performance for all models is related to the extent and depth of the snowpack indicating that further improvements may be necessary to the hydrological components of the model rather than the melt sub-model itself. The models were tested in simulated real time conditions on one dataset and, following this, guidelines for use in real time to predict snowmelt runoff are given.
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Aull, Malia Elizabeth. "Water Quality Indicators in Watershed Subbasins with Multiple Land Uses." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050305-170523/.
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Papadinoff, Thomas P. "Reclaiming an Indiana sand, gravel and limestone quarry for residential use." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/507998.
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The purpose of this creative project was to derive and communicate the design process for the reclamation of an active quarry site to a residential community. An examination of existing land reclamation and housing design knowledge was conducted to form the basis for original design theories. The communication and presentation of study recommendations was applied to a case study site: an active sand, gravel, and limestone quarry located near Muncie, Indiana. A methodology was developed to analyze the site for its mining, housing and visual potential. Environmentally responsive strategies to determine rural community structure, lake form design, and housing character were developed. An integration of analyses and design strategies yielded the final land use concept and the associated site development concept. The final product of the study was a reclamation concept plan directing mineral extraction and reclamation efforts toward optimal mining and housing potential. It was the intention of this study to discuss and present its design theories, recommendations, and process in map form capable of explaining the study in its entirety without additional verbal or written communication.Department of Landscape Architecture
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Rao, Meenakshi. "Investigating the Potential of Land Use Modifications to Mitigate the Respiratory Health Impacts of NO2| A Case Study in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Area." Thesis, Portland State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10131547.
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The health impacts of urban air pollution are a growing concern in our rapidly urbanizing world. Urban air pollutants show high intra-urban spatial variability linked to urban land use and land cover (LULC). This correlation of air pollutants with LULC is widely recognized; LULC data is an integral input into a wide range of models, especially land use regression models developed by epidemiologists to study the impact of air pollution on human health. Given the demonstrated links between LULC and urban air pollution, and between urban air pollution and health, an interesting question arises: what is the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of urban air pollution?
In this dissertation we assess the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of NO2, a respiratory irritant and strong marker for combustion-related air pollution, in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area in northwestern USA. We begin by measuring summer and winter NO2 in the area using a spatially dense network of passive NO 2 samplers. We next develop an annual average model for NO2 based on the observational data, using random forest—for the first time in the realm of urban air pollution—to disentangle the effects of highly correlated LULC variables on ambient NO2 concentrations. We apply this random forest (LURF) model to a 200m spatial grid covering the study area, and use this 200m LURF model to quantify the effect of different urban land use categories on ambient concentrations of NO2. Using the changes in ambient NO2 concentrations resulting from land use modifications as input to BenMAP (a health benefits assessment tool form the US EPA), we assess the NO2-related health impact associated with each land use category and its modifications. We demonstrate how the LURF model can be used to assess the respiratory health benefits of competing land use modifications, including city-wide and local-scale mitigation strategies based on modifying tree canopy and vehicle miles traveled (VMT).
Planting trees is a common land cover modification strategy undertaken by cities to reduce air pollution. Statistical models such as LUR and LURF demonstrate a correlation between tree cover and reduced air pollution, but they cannot demonstrate causation. Hence, we run the atmospheric chemistry and transport model CMAQ to examine to what extent the dry deposition mechanism can explain the reduction of NO2 which statistical models associate with tree canopy.
Results from our research indicate that even though the Portland-Vancouver area is in compliance with the US EPA NO2 standards, ambient concentrations of NO2 still create an annual health burden of at least $40 million USD. Our model suggests that NO2 associated with high intensity development and VMT may be creating an annual health burden of $7 million and $3.3 million USD respectively. Existing tree canopy, on the other hand, is associated with an annual health benefit of $1.4 million USD. LULC modifications can mitigate some fraction of this health burden. A 2% increase in tree canopy across the study area may reduce incidence rates of asthma exacerbation by as much as 7%. We also find that increasing tree canopy is a more effective strategy than reducing VMT in terms of mitigating the health burden of NO 2.
CMAQ indicates that the amount of NO2 removed by dry deposition is an order of magnitude smaller than that predicted by our statistical model. About one-third of the difference can be explained by the lower NO2 values predicted by CMAQ, and one-third may be attributable to parameterization of stomatal uptake.
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Davies, Tamara Ellen. "Assessing the relationship between poverty and biodiversity, within the context of land use change in the Solomon Islands." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11852.
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There is convergence at the international level that conserving biodiversity can contribute to poverty alleviation, but empirical evidence for this relationship is scarce. In this thesis I assess the relationship between poverty and biodiversity, within the context of land use change, using a case-study from the Solomon Islands. This interdisciplinary study is based on both social and ecological data, primarily collected through focus groups, household surveys and avian line transect surveys. Poor households in Kahua were characterised by fewer members of a working age and fewer male members. They were also found to own fewer assets, which were correlated to lower land tenure. Natural resources, including wild foods, were a crucial resource for the consumption and income for poor households, with evidence of wild foods buffering shortfalls in household consumption. The livelihoods of poor households were dependent on natural resources, whereas wealthier households relied on cash crops. The lower involvement of poor households in cash cropping suggests that the poor have less access to such income sources, possibly through a lack of initial land holding assets. Cash crop areas of monoculture cocoa were the most intensive land use in Kahua and were found to be a poor habitat for many bird species, including most endemics. Overall, the relationship between poverty and biodiversity was found to be complex, context dependent and influenced by various social and institutional factors. Household inequalities in access to land and resources indicate that a social-ecological trap may be occurring for poorer households in Kahua, possibly perpetuated by the livelihoods of wealthier households. More research is required in translating the concept of social-ecological traps into management actions, but this thesis concludes that this could be a useful concept for improving poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation initiatives.
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Gouws, Johan. "The cost benefit analysis of reclamation strategies used in surface coal mining to ensure sustainable post-mining land use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97326.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, a cost benefit analysis was done to determine the best possible methods for postmining reclamation. A comparison was made between a conventional method with additional organic material added to the soil and a Backgrounding method where cattle are reared on the land. The best method, according to the financial model that was built, was the method of Backgrounding cattle on the rehabilitated land. The main reason for this outcome may be due to the fact that the meat that is produced is a high value product. It might not be practically applicable to mines at this stage, but the calculation provides an insight into the possibilities that reclaimed mine land holds for the agricultural industry.
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Currie, Bianca. "Cost-benefit analysis of land restoration in the Assegaaibos Catchment Area with regard to water yield and tourism benefit." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/726.
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With the emergence of the new field of resource economics, one now has the ability to value and to include natural resources in decision making. This thesis aims to explore the valuation of natural resources by reviewing the economic values, techniques, methods and ecological aspects of restoration. Assegaaibos mountain catchment in the Western Cape Province has been used as a case-study example. A cost-benefit analysis of the restoration of the mountain catchment, in terms of the direct benefits of water and tourism, has been performed. The costs of restoration were observed to see whether they outweighed the benefits (income) derived (water and tourism). The results show that the water and tourism benefits did outweigh the costs of a basic restoration scenario. However, the basic restoration scenario did not fulfil the ecological requirements of the project. The results also illustrated that in the moderate restoration scenario, costs only outweighed the benefits when a three percent discount rate was applied. With the optimistic restoration scenario, costs outweighed benefits only when an eight percent discount rate was used. In the comprehensive restoration scenario, costs were shown to outweigh by far the water and tourism benefits over a thirty-year time frame. However, it should be noted that the deterioration of the environment (accelerated erosion, reinvasion, reduced water quality) was not factored into the costs of failure to rehabilitate.
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Maingi, John Kaunda. "Land use and vegetation change in response to river basin development in the lower Tana Basin of Eastern Kenya." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1998_377_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Duncan, Phillip Brent. "Modeling of Land Use Change Effects on Storm Water Quantity and Quality in the City of Carrollton and the North Texas Area." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4368/.
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Development and population are rapidly increasing in urbanizing areas of North Texas and so is the need to understand changes in storm water runoff flow and its contamination by nutrients, sediment, pesticides and other toxicants. This study contributes to this understanding and has two primary components: first, development of a graphical user interface for a geographic information system and storm water management database, and second, performing a two-scale hydrological modeling approach (the US Corp of Engineers HEC-HMS model and the US Environmental Protection Agency SWMM model). Both primary components are used together as a toolkit to support the storm water management program of the City of Carrollton, located in North Texas. By focusing limited city resources, the toolkit helps storm water managers in the process of compliance with federal regulations, especially the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit, and provides guidance for reporting, planning and investigation. A planning example was conducted by modeling potential changes in storm water quality due to projections of land use based on the City of Carrollton's Comprehensive Plan. An additional component of this study is the evaluation of future changes in surface water quantity and quality in the North Central Texas area, specifically in a rural but rapidly urbanizing subbasin area of the greater Lake Lewisville watershed. This was accomplished using the US Corp of Engineers HEC-HMS hydrological model. Precipitation scenarios were derived from years of historically high, medium, and low annual precipitation. Development scenarios were derived from current land use in the Lake Lewisville sub basin, current land use in the city of Carrollton, and from Markov projections based on recent land use change calculated from satellite images of 1988 and 1999. This information is useful for future land use planning and management of water resources in North Texas.
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Shrestha, Manjul. "Exceedance Frequency Analysis of Urban Stormwater Quality and Its Relation to Land Use Change, Denton, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804924/.
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Urbanization causes various environmental issues including water pollution, air pollution, and solid waste. Urbanization of watersheds has a profound influence on the quality of stormwater runoff. The quality of stormwater runoff is highly associated with land use. This study analyzed the exceedance frequency of stormwater quality in five watersheds of Denton over eleven years and also analyzed the relationship between stormwater quality and land use/cover of each watershed. The results showed that the most of the water quality parameters that were examined in the Lower Pecan watershed exceeded their threshold most frequently. The higher frequency of exceedance in this watershed can be attributed to the wastewater treatment plant and landfill site. Total suspended solids and turbidity were frequently exceeded in Hickory and Clear Creek watersheds. Conductivity was found to have highest percentage of exceedance in Upper Pecan and Cooper watersheds. Thus, rural watersheds were related with higher exceedance of TSS and turbidity whereas urban watersheds were related with higher exceedance of conductivity.
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Hui, Hong-wang, and 許康宏. "Towards a sustainable conservation policy for the rural area in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260263.
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Dawson, Emily Kathleen. "A river health assessment of selected South-Western Cape Rivers : index of habitat integrity, water quality and the influence of surrounding land use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16297.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The River Health Programme (RHP) is an assessment tool for monitoring the ecological state of rivers to ensure that they remain fit for use by present and future generations. This study, forming part of a RHP assessment conducted on the south-western Cape Hout Bay, Lourens and Palmiet Rivers, has the aim to (1) zone the rivers for representative site selection, (2) assess their habitat integrity (HI), (3) determine the influence of land use on riverine HI and (4) assess the river water quality at the time of the RHP assessments. (1) The desktop geomorphological zonation method used in RHP assessments has not been sufficiently previously tested on short rivers draining the Western Cape Mountains. The Lowland River Zone of the rivers studied, as well as the Hout Bay River’s Upper Foothill Zone, were found to have steeper gradients than expected, probably due to these rivers being shorter and consequently steeper than any on which the method was previously tested. The notion of one gradient river classification system being applicable throughout South Africa, with its diverse geology and climate, is unlikely. Rather a classification system modified for various physiographic features regions or by a factor based on river length is more realistic. (2) Although there is a general longitudinal decrease in HI downstream along the Hout Bay and Lourens Rivers, coinciding with increased anthropogenic activities, HI improves in the Palmiet River’s lower reaches through the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Surrounding land use thus seems to be a major determinant of HI. Although the Index of Habitat Integrity (IHI) used appears to achieve its aim, it was found to be subjective. Categorisation of the IHI scoring is suggested. (3) The amount of natural versus disturbed land use occurring upstream of a site at a regional and local scale, is a good predictor of riverine HI. Regional alien forestry and local urbanisation have significantly strong negative effects on instream (r2 = -0.80, r2 = 0.80, p<0.05) and riparian (r2 = -0.81, r2 = -0.83, p<0.05) HI. Different land use types therefore appear to affect riverine HI at differing scales and thus managers must not only think on a local but also a catchment scale. (4) In the Hout Bay River, a filtering system (e.g. wetland) appears to improve the water quality between the middle and lower reaches. Along the Lourens River, high total dissolved salts, conductivity and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the middle reaches are cause for concern. Along the Palmiet River there appeared to be insufficient oxygen to support most aquatic life forms at Grabouw. Impoundments in the middle reaches act as sinks for nutrients and salts, but the Huis and Krom tributaries downstream then appear to degrade the water quality of the Palmiet River’s lower reaches within the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Together with the results of simultaneous biotic assessments, these results should be used to develop management actions to improve the ecological health of these rivers. The results have been used in a State-of-Rivers Report for the south-western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Riviergesondheidsprogram (RGP) is 'n asseseringsinstrument wat die ekologiese stand van riviere monitor om te verseker dat hulle steeds bruikbaar bly vir huidige en toekomstige geslagte. Hierdie studie maak deel uit van 'n RGP-assessering van die Lourens-, Houtbaai- en Palmietrivier in die Suidwes-Kaap en het ten doel om (1) die riviere te soneer vir verteenwoordigende terreinseleksie, (2) die habitat-integriteit (HI) te assesseer, (3) die invloed van grondgebruik op rivier-HI te bepaal en (4) die kwaliteit van rivierwater tydens die RGP-assesserings te bepaal. (1) Die geomorfologiese-soneringsmetode wat in RGP-assesserings gebruik word, is nog nie voorheen genoegsaam vir die kort riviere wat die Wes-Kaapse berge dreineer, getoets nie. Daar is bevind dat die studiegebied riviere in die laagland-sones skerper gradiënte het as verwag, gehad het. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die riviere wat korter en dus steiler is as enige van dié wat voorheen met die metode getoets is. Die moontlikheid dat een gradiëntklassifikasiestelsel vir riviere regdeur Suid-Afrika met sy diverse geologie en klimaat toegepas kan word, is onwaarskynlik. 'n Klassifikasiestelsel aangepas vir verskillende fisiografiese streke of met 'n faktor gebaseer op rivierlengte, is meer realisties. (2) Alhoewel HI stroomaf langs die Lourens- en Houtbaairivier in die algemeen longitudinaal saam met die toename in antropogeniese aktiwiteite afneem, verbeter die Palmietrivier se HI waar dit laer af deur die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat vloei. Die gebruike van aanliggende grond blyk dus 'n belangrike bepaler van HI te wees. Die Indeks van Habitatintegriteit (IHI) bereik klaarblyklik die vereiste doel, maar is te subjektief. Kategorisering van die IHI-waardes word voorgestel. (3) 'n Goeie voorspeller van rivier-HI is die hoeveelheid natuurlike teenoor versteurde grondgebruik stroomop van 'n terrein op 'n streeks- en lokale skaal. Die sterk negatiewe effek van uitheemse plantegroei in die omgewing en lokale verstedeliking op stroom- (r² = -0.80, r² = 0.80, p<0.05 ) en oewer-HI (r² = -0.81, r² = -0.83, p<0.05) is beduidend. Verskille in tipe grondgebruik beïnvloed rivier-HI op verskillende vlakke; bestuurders moet dus plaaslik en aan die opvanggebied dink. (4) In die Houtbaairivier lyk dit asof 'n filtreringstelsel (bv. vleigrond) die waterkwaliteit tussen die middel- en lae gedeeltes verbeter. In die loop van die Lourensrivier is hoë totale opgeloste soute, geleidingsvermoë en anorganiese stikstofkonsentrasies in die middelgedeelte 'n rede tot kommer. In die Palmietrivier by Grabouw was die suurstof te min om die meeste akwatiese lewensvorme te onderhou. Opgedamde water in die middel gedeeltes dien as 'n sink vir voedingstowwe en soute, maar dit lyk asof die Huis- en Kromrivier die waterkwaliteit van die Palmietrivier stroomaf in die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat degradeer. Saam met die resultate van gelyktydige biotiese assesserings, kan hierdie resultate gebruik word vir die ontwikkeling van bestuursaksies om die ekologiese toestand van hierdie riviere te verbeter. Die resultate is gebruik in 'n toestand-van-riviere-verslag vir die Suidwes-Kaap.
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Xulu, Sifiso. "Land degradation and settlement intensification in Umhlathuze Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86208.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The multifaceted land degradation problem and its associated manifold impacts have attracted research from different disciplines, resulting in varying definitions of the concept. However, most researchers agree that human intervention that deteriorates the state of the environment is the central element. Among the anthropogenic activities that exacerbate land degradation, land cover has been singled out as the salient element. Rapid and unplanned land cover changes are primary manifestations of this problem. UMhlathuze Municipality, the study area which has superior biodiversity richness, is one of fastest growing municipalities in South Africa and is the locale of significant land modifications in recent decades because of a variety of industrial and residential developments. Using Landsat TM imagery acquired for 1984, 1996 and 2004, this study mapped and quantified land cover change and manifestations of land degradation in the uMhlathuze Municipality in conjunction with settlement intensification computed from orthophotographs acquired for 1984 and 2004. Census population statistics were analysed as a reflection of population dynamics and further to gauge related causes of land cover change. Geographical information technology (GIT) was applied as an analytical tool. The results revealed the anthropogenic influences that led to changes in land cover over the 20- year period between 1984 and 2004. The dominant natural cover classes in 1984 declined continuously and human-dominated land categories had increased sharply by 2004. Much of grasslands, forest and wetlands were converted to monotypical agroforestry (sugar cane and forestry plantations), built-up settlement and mining. These changes engendered complete loss of biodiversity (floral and migration of fauna). Bare ground, signifying land degradation, was noticeable although it exhibited a fluctuating trend which could be attributable to differences between the various imagery used. Along with population growth, the area of settlements increased over the study period and spatially sprawled from urban areas. Settlements showed a fairly stable spatial configuration over the 20-year period, but became magnified in medium- and high-density areas. Grassland and wetlands occurring around Richards Bay, as well as indigenous forest near Port Durnford, were identified as critically threatened ecosystems. The proposed industrial development zone and port expansion were recognized as having adverse ecological implications for wetlands. The study concluded that significant land cover changes occurred in the form of natural land cover giving way to monotypical agroforestry, built-up settlements and mining - all to the detriment of pristine natural habitat.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die veelvlakkige probleem van omgewingsdegradasie en die gepaardgaande veelsoortige impakte lok navorsing uit verskillende dissiplines, wat lei tot verskillende definisies van die konsep. Tog is die meeste navorsers dit eens dat menslike invloede die sentrale element is wat die toestand van die omgewing verswak. Van die vele menslike aktiwiteite is grondgebruikverandering uitgesonder as die belangrikste beïnvloeder van agteruitgang van die omgewing. Veral vinnige en onbeplande grondgebruikveranderinge verteenwoordig die primêre manifestasies van hierdie probleem. UMhlathuze Munisipaliteit, die studiegebied met 'n hoë biodiversiteitsrykdom, is een van die vinnigste groeiende munisipaliteite in Suid-Afrika, waar 'n verskeidenheid nywerheids- en residensiële ontwikkelings beduidende grondgebruikverandering oor die afgelope dekades dryf. Met behulp van Landsat TM beelde van 1984, 1996 en 2004, is hierdie studiegebied gekarteer en oppervlaktes gekwantifiseer om grondgebruikverandering en verwante manifestasies van die agteruitgang van landbedekking in die uMhlathuze Munisipaliteit te konstateer. Tesame hiermee is die verdigting van nedersettings ook met behulp van ortofoto’s van 1984 en 2004 aangeteken. Bevolkingsensusstatistieke is ontleed as weerspieëling van die gepaardgaande bevolkingsdinamika en om moontlike oorsake van verandering in grondbedekking te bepaal. Vir hierdie doel is geografiese inligtingstegnologie (GIT ) as analitiese instrument toegepas. Die resultate toon antropogeniese invloede lei tot veranderinge in grondbedekking oor die tydperk van 20 jaar tussen 1984 en 2004. Die dominante natuurlike dekkingsklasse in 1984 het voortdurend verminder en menslik-gedomineerde kategorieë het teen 2004 skerp gestyg. Baie van die grasvelde, woude en vleilande is daadwerklik omskep tot monotipiese agro-bosbou (suikerrieten bosbouplantasies), beboude nedersetting en mynbou. Hierdie veranderinge behels 'n volledige verlies van biodiversiteit (plantegroei en migrasie van fauna). Kaalgrond, wat dui op die agteruitgang van grondbedekking, was ook opvallend, hoewel dit 'n wisselende tendens toon wat ook kan wees as gevolg van die verskille tussen die beeldmateriaal wat gebruik is. Saam met die groei van die bevolking is bevind dat nedersettings oor die studieperiode toegeneem het en in tipiese spreipatrone weg van die stedelike gebiede uitbrei. Nedersettings het 'n redelik stabiele ruimtelike liggingsopset oor die tydperk van 20 jaar getoon, maar het in medium- en hoë- digtheid gebiedeverdeel. Die voorkoms van grasveld en vleiland rondom Richardsbaai, asook inheemse woud naby Port Durnford, is geïdentifiseer as krities-bedreigde ekosisteme. Die voorgestelde nywerheidsontwikkelingsone en hawe-uitbreiding is geïdentifiseer as ontwikkelings met nadelige ekologiese implikasies vir vleilande. Daar is dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beduidende voortgaande grondbedekkingveranderinge in die gebied voorkom, waarin natuurlike landdekking transformeer tot monotipiese agrobosbou, beboude nedersettings en mynbou - alles tot nadeel van die ongerepte natuurlike habitat.
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Liu, Wing-hei, and 廖永熙. "Development potential of a landfill site after restoration." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252941.
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Lung, Hoi-yan, and 龍凱茵. "The impacts of land development on ecological conservation in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125469X.
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Cheung, Yuet-ming Jacthey, and 張月明. "The socio-economics of pond-fish farming and its implications on future land use in and around Mai Po and Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254172.
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Wente, Stephen P. "Optimizing land acquisition-conversion projects for water quality protection and enhancement using biological integrity endpoints." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1036190.
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Biological monitoring and land use data analysis were performed for a small (79,800 acre) watershed in west-central Indiana. A model was developed between Hilsenhoff biotic index and percentage of water (volume) draining through forestland at each sample site (R2.92, P < .002). This water volume model was found to explain more of the variation in biological integrity than USEPA and Ohio EPA habitat assessment methods, as well as, a land use model based upon percentage watershed surface area. Based on this water volume model, maps were created depicting regions within the watershed that had the greatest potential to damage water quality. Land acquisition/conversion projects based upon these maps should improve biological integrity/water quality more efficiently (requiring less land acquisition/conversion, and therefore lowering project costs, while increasing water quality benefits).Department of Biology
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Mackin, Nancy. "Architecture, development and ecology : Garry Oak and Peri - urban Victoria." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10661.
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This thesis seeks to explain how site-scale design decisions can assist retention of rare plant
communities concentrated in and near settled areas. To do so it focuses on a specific species
and development context. Explanations are sought through examination of case studies of landuse
developments in proximity to retained Garry oak plant communities located in the perimeter
of Victoria, British Columbia. In the study region, exponential declines in species populations,
health, and diversity of rare Garry oak ecosystems have been largely attributed to impacts from
land-use developments. Over the past century, land-use developments have transformed the
floral, spatial, structural and functional characteristics of the settled landscape. Isolated islands
of imperiled plant associations remain on protected bioreserves: for recruitment and
connectivity, these rare fauna rely on private-land greenways. Architectural teams have the
potential to influence the decision-making processes that create ecologically-vital greenspace on
private land, thereby enhancing survival for declining plant communities. Case-study evidence
for the importance of land-use decisions on diminishing Garry oak meadow is gathered through
vegetation surveys conducted on Garry oak meadow in proximity to six architectural projects on
Victoria's western edge. Observed changes in growth extensions are then categorized in relation
to human activities associated with built form, and correlated with principles from Landscape
Ecology. An ARC of design strategies, developed in primary research by K. D. Rothley is
adapted for architectural use as follows: firstly, AREA of a plant community is kept free of
encroachment by the orderly frame established around vegetation; secondly, RARE SPECIES
and habitat are identified with borders or signage; thirdly, CONNECTIVITY between retained
landscapes is secured by siting roads and buildings to minimize ecosystem fragmentation. To
effectively communicate preexisting landscape ecology principles, grouped under the ARC of
strategies, illustrations and key-word phrases are developed. These principles, when integrated
into architectural teams' structural knowledge, extend the architects' perceived role beyond
aesthetics and economic efficiency. Enhancing habitat value through retention or restoration of
rare ecosystems at the margins of suburban development, becomes an additional realm of
influence for professional teams designing the spatial configurations of peri-urban landscapes.
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Jombo, Simbarashe Sanyaruwa. "Quantifying the impact of the Land Reform Programme on land use and land cover changes in Chipinge District, Zimbabwe, based on Landsat observations." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21733.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing) at the School of Geography, Archaeology & Environmental Studies. Johannesburg, 2016.The purpose of this research was to quantify the impact of the land reform programme on land use and land cover changes (LULCC) in Chipinge district situated in Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. The Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) of 2000 was selected as the major cause of LULCC in the district. This research addresses the problem of knowing and understanding if there was LULCC in the district before and after the enactment of the FTLRP in the year 2000. The research objectives of this study were as follows: to investigate the impact of the FTLRP of 2000 on land use and land cover in Chipinge district; to test the use of Landsat earth observation data in quantifying the changes on land use and cover from 1992 to 2014 in Chipinge district and to predict LULCCs in the year 2028 in Chipinge district. The methodology for detecting the impact of LULCC was based on the comparison of Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ and OLI/ TIRS scene p168r74 images covering Chipinge district taken on diverse dates in five different years. In order to prepare the Landsat images for change detection analysis, a number of image processing operations were applied which include radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction. The images were classified using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and evaluation was done through accuracy assessment using the confusion matrix. The prediction of LULCC in the year 2028 was modeled by the Markov Chain Analysis (MCA) and the Cellular Automata Markov Chain Analysis (CA MCA) so as to show land distribution in the future. The results show that agricultural farmland, estates and area covered by water bodies declined whilst there was an increase in built-up areas, forest land and bare land since the enactment of the FTLRP. The prediction results show that in the year 2028, there will be a decrease in the amount of land covered by water bodies, forest and agricultural farmland. There will be an increase in the amount of built-up in the year 2028 as a result of population growth. It is the recommended in this study that better remedies be put in place to increase forest cover and also the use of high resolution images in further studies. There should be exploration of the relationships between LULCC, socio-economic and demographic variables would develop more understanding of LULCC. The study also recommends the preparation of a proper land use plan to deal with a reduction in the growth of settlement which is vital in the planning and management of social and economic development programs.
LG2017
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Warburton, Michele Lynn. "Challenges in modelling hydrological responses to impacts and interactions of land use and climate change." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9436.
Full textAbstract:
To meet society’s needs for water, food, fuel and fibre the natural land cover throughout the
world has been extensively altered. These alterations have impacted on hydrological responses
and thus on available water resources, as the hydrological responses of a catchment are
dependent upon, and sensitive to, changes in the land use. Similarly, changes in the climate
through enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere have resulted in increased
temperature and altered precipitation patterns that alter hydrological responses. In combination,
land use change and global climate change form a complex and interactive system, whereby both
human influences and climate change manipulate land use patterns, and changes in land uses
feed back to influence the climate system, with both impacting on hydrological responses.
Relatively few studies have been undertaken examining the combined impacts of climate change
and land use change on water resources, with no consensus emerging as yet as to combined
influence of land use change and climate change on hydrological responses and the role of
geographical characteristics in determining the overriding influence. There is, however,
agreement that the effect on hydrological responses will be amplified. Given that South Africa is
currently water stressed and considered to be highly exposed to climate change impacts, an
understanding of hydrological responses to the complex interactions between land use and
climate change is crucial to allow for improved integration of land use planning in conjunction
with climate change adaptation into water resources management.
To determine the sensitivity of land use to changing climate, a sensitivity study assessing the
potential impacts of climate change on the areas climatically suitable for key plantation forestry
species was undertaken. Under sensitivity scenarios of climate change the climatically optimum
areas for specific forest species were shown to shift, with optimum areas changing in extent and
location between and within South Africa’s provinces. With potential for shifts in land use due to
climate change shown, the imperative to improve understanding of the dynamics between land
use and climate change as well as the subsequent impacts on hydrological responses was further
established.
For the assessment of climate-land use-water interactions, a process-based hydrological model,
sensitive to land use and climate, and changes thereof, viz. the daily time step ACRU model was
selected. In order to increase the confidence in results from the model in a study such as this, its
representation of reality was confirmed by comparing simulated streamflow output against
observations across a range of climatic conditions and land uses. This comparison was
undertaken in the three diverse South African catchments chosen for the study, viz. the semi-arid,
sub-tropical Luvuvhu catchment in the north of the country, which has a large proportion of
subsistence agriculture and informal residential areas, the Upper Breede catchment in the winter
rainfall regions of the south, where the primary land uses are commercial orchards and
vineyards, and the sub-humid Mgeni catchment along the eastern seaboard, where plantation
forestry is dominant in the upper reaches, commercial plantation sugarcane and urban areas in
the middle reaches, and urban areas dominate the lower reaches. Thus, in effect a space for time
study was undertaken, thereby reducing the uncertainty of the model’s ability to cope with the
projected future climate scenarios. Overall the ACRU model was able to represent the high, low
and total flows, and thus it was concluded that the model could be used with confidence to
simulate the streamflows of the three selected catchments and was able to represent the
hydrological responses from the range of climates and diversity of land uses present within the
catchments.
With the suitability of the model established for the theme of this research, the understanding of
the complex interactions between hydrological responses and land use could be improved. The
hydrological responses of the three selected catchments to land use change were varied. Results
showed that the location of specific land uses within a catchment plays an important role in the
response of the streamflow of the catchment to that land use change. Furthermore, it was shown
that the contributions of different land uses to the streamflow generated from a catchment are not
proportional to the relative area of those land uses, and the relative contribution of the land use to
the catchment streamflow varies with the annual rainfall of the catchment.
With an improved understanding of the dynamics between land uses and hydrological responses,
the impacts of climate change on hydrological responses were assessed prior to analysing the
combined impacts on land use and climate change. Five plausible climate projections from three
coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models covering three SRES emissions scenarios
which were downscaled with the RCA3 regional climate model and adjusted using the
distribution-based scaling (DBS) approach for bias correction were used as climate input to the
ACRU model, with future projections applied to a baseline land cover scenario compared to
historical climate applied to the same baseline land cover scenario. No consistent direction of
change in the streamflow responses was evident in the Mgeni and Luvuvhu catchments.
However, decreases in streamflow responses were evident for all five scenarios for the Upper
Breede.
With an understanding of the separate impacts of land use and climate change on hydrological
responses, an analysis of the combined impacts was undertaken to determine which changes
were projected to be of greater importance in different geographical locations. Results indicated
that the drier the climate becomes, the relatively more significant the role of land use becomes,
as its impact becomes relatively greater. The impacts of combined land use and climate change
on the catchments’ streamflow responses varied across both the temporal and spatial scales, with
the nature of the land use and the magnitude of the projected climate change having significant
impacts on the streamflow responses.
From the research undertaken, the key results were
• that the climatic variable to which plantation forestry species are most sensitive is
rainfall;
• that optimum growth areas for plantation forestry are projected to shift under changing
climates, having a potentially significant impact on the landscape and thus on the
hydrological responses from the landscape;
• that the daily time-step, physical-conceptual and process-based ACRU model is
appropriate for use in land use change and climatic change impact studies as shown
through a space for time study;
• that the contributions of different land uses to the streamflow generated from a catchment
is not proportional to the relative area of that land use and that, as the mean annual
precipitation of a subcatchment decreases, so the disparities between the relative areas a
land use occupies and its contribution to catchment streamflow increases;
• that specific land use changes have a greater impact on different components of the
hydrological response of a catchment;
• that land uses which currently have significant impacts on catchment water resources will
place proportionally greater impacts on the catchment’s water resources if the climate
were to become drier; thus the drier the climate becomes, the more relatively significant
the role of land use becomes;
• that when considering any hydrological impacts of land use change, climate change or
combined land use and climate change, assessments need to consider the scale where the
localized impacts may be evident, the progression of the impacts as the streamflow
cascades through the catchment, as well as the impacts at the whole catchment scale
where the accumulation of the effects through the catchment are evident; and lastly
• that each catchment is unique with its own complexities, feed forwards and feedbacks,
thus each catchment will have a unique threshold as to where land use change or climate
change begins to have a significant influence of the hydrological response.
Given these complex interactions between land use, climate and water, there is a growing
imperative to improve the understanding of the movement of water within catchments, to be
receptive and adaptive to new concepts and information, and to developing resilient and adaptive
water management strategies for the future in a way that minimises the risks and maximises the
benefits to potential impacts of climate change.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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"Land-use planning in Hong Kong: opportunities and challenges of sustainability assessment and public participation." 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893125.
Full textAbstract:
Cheung, Suk Man.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-206).
Abstracts in English and Chinese ; appendix in Chinese.
ACKNOELDGEMENTS --- p.i
ABSTRACT --- p.iii
論文摘要 --- p.vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiii
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Research Problem --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of Research --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Outline --- p.6
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- APPLYING THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN LAND-USE PLANNING
Chapter 2.1 --- Concept of Sustainable Development --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- Good Governance for Sustainable Development --- p.11
Chapter 2.3 --- Sustainable Land-use Planning --- p.13
Chapter 2.4 --- Important Aspects of Sustainable Land-use Planning --- p.14
Chapter 2.5 --- Significance of Sustainability Assessment and Public Participation --- p.20
Chapter 2.6 --- Conclusion --- p.23
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND LAND-USE PLANNING IN HONG KONG
Chapter 3.1 --- Sustainable Development in Hong Kong --- p.24
Chapter 3.2 --- Land-use Planning System in Hong Kong --- p.30
Chapter 3.3 --- Sustainability Assessment in Land-use Planning System --- p.36
Chapter 3.4 --- Public Participation in Land-use Planning System --- p.36
Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.38
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- BACKGROUND OF STUDIED CASES
Chapter 4.1 --- Choices of Case Studies --- p.39
Chapter 4.2 --- General Background --- p.41
Chapter 4.3 --- Questionnaires Surveys --- p.42
Chapter 4.4 --- Residents' and Visitors' Perceptions and Visions of Pat Heung Kam Tin and Kai Tak area --- p.48
Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.63
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- KEY ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY IDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND-USE PLANNING
Chapter 5.1 --- Designing Sustainable Cities: Key Issues and Sustainability Indicators --- p.65
Chapter 5.2 --- Key issues and Sustainability Indicators for Pat Heung Kam Tin and Kai Tak area --- p.71
Chapter 5.3 --- Further Discussion on Sustainability Indicators --- p.89
Chapter 5.4 --- Opportunities and Challenges --- p.93
Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.98
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- PULBIC PARTICIPATION FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND-USE PLANNING
Chapter 6.1 --- Review of Public Participation --- p.101
Chapter 6.2 --- Participatory Planning Processes of Pat Heung Kam Tin and Kai Tak area --- p.113
Chapter 6.3 --- Questionnaires Design and Surveys on Participatory Planning Processes --- p.118
Chapter 6.4 --- Quality of Public Involvement Activities of Pat Heung Kam Tin and Kai Tak --- p.120
Chapter 6.5 --- Factors Affecting Participation of Public Engagement Activities --- p.134
Chapter 6.6 --- Opportunities and Challenges --- p.142
Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.153
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION
Chapter 7.1 --- Summary --- p.155
Chapter 7.2 --- Implication of Study --- p.158
Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of Current Study --- p.164
Chapter 7.4 --- Directions for Future Research --- p.166
APPENDIX 1 Residents' and visitors' questionnaires for Pat Heung Kam Tin --- p.167
APPENDIX 2 Residents' and visitors' questionnaires for Kai Tak area (Non-participants' questionnaire attached) --- p.177
APPENDIX 3 Participants' questionnaire for Pat Heung Kam Tin and Kai Tak area --- p.183
REFERENCES --- p.189