Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Land use – england'
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1
Francis, Frank Noble. "An econometric model of land prices in England." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12169/.
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A thesis presented on the land market in England between 1951 and 2001, determining an econometric VAR model of land prices that establishes a link between the price of agricultural land in England and variables that are under the influence of policy makers. The model makes use of the Johansen technique to determine the short run and long run effects of variables that control land prices.
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Stott, A. P. "Reservoir sedimentation and land use change in north west England." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379152.
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Schonberger, Benjamin (Benjamin Paul) 1970. "Locally grown : statewide land use planning in northern New England." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9038.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-120).
A popular movement against urban sprawl and its attendant problems has emerged in the U.S. over the last several years. The problems associated with sprawl are caused, at least in part, by local government fragmentation and uncoordinated land use decision making. Recognizing that local control has failed to manage growth in a coordinated and effective way, state governments have stepped in to intervene. Loosely organized under the banner of "Smart Growth," states are reasserting some of their power to encourage more orderly development and to resolve inter-local conflicts. Yet Americans also have a longstanding passion for local government and distrust of state intervention in land use decisions. Despite the failure of local governments to manage regional patterns of growth, citizens are reluctant to give back land use regulatory power to states. This project explores state growth management programs in the context of this central tension: the desire for local control and the need for greater-than-local solutions. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont have similar demographic profiles but substantially different statewide land use planning programs. This study describes the history and politics of state-level planning in each state. Further, this study examines the effect of state policies by looking more closely at state planning's influence on one city in each of the states: Portland, Maine; Portsmouth, New Hampshire; and Burlington, Vermont. The case studies reveal that statewide planning programs in all three states are actually quite weak, and have suffered from inconsistent political support, erratic funding, and sporadic citizen opposition. Local control is an important counterweight to state action, but does not preclude effective state intervention. Besides land use planning, state tax and infrastructure policy play the most important role in influencing development patterns.
by Benjamin Schonberger.
M.C.P.
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Lloyd, Tim. "Present value models of agricultural land prices in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11753/.
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This study employs recently developed techniques in time series econometrics to estimate linear models of equilibrium price determination in a competitive market for durable assets. Motivating this study is the unstructured approach employed in previous land price research, where the theoretical model of agent behaviour is invariably mis-specified or left undeveloped and the empirical model prone to the problems of spurious regression. The joint issues of theoretical and statistical congruence play important roles here. Specifically, a theoretical model is developed in which market participants are assumed to price land using present value methods. At the market level this yields a reduced form expression of equilibrium price determination which can be estimated empirically using aggregate data for England and Wales. The concepts of error correction and cointegration are then investigated and applied to the land price model. A unique long run relationship is identified between real agricultural land prices, inflation and real agricultural rents. Taking account of inflation-hedging as a motivation for acquiring farmland, land prices are shown to be principally determined by the returns to land, as embodied by market rents. The empirical model is also congruent with theoretical predictions regarding the unit elasticity between asset prices and returns. The error correction representation of the cointegrating set indicates that the short run response of land prices to rent and inflation is larger than the long run response. Consequently, land prices initially overshoot their equilibrium values following changes in rents or inflation. The period of adjustment to long run equilibrium lasts around three or fours years. The long run real rate of discount on agricultural land is estimated at 3.6% confirming the widely held belief that real rates of return on farmland are low. Present value models incorporating naive, adaptive and rational expectations are also estimated and the adaptive model is favoured by the data.
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Brosnihan, Tim. "Commerce and Continuity: The Evolution of Mixed Husbandry on the Waters Farm, 1760-1840." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BrosnihanT2007.pdf.
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Harvey, John. "An economic anthropology of computer-mediated non-monetary exchange in England." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35266/.
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This thesis presents two studies of computer-mediated non-monetary exchange. The Internet has improved the potential for previously unconnected people to organise into interest groups with the intent of meeting offline. This has resulted in a range of organisations emerging with the explicit aim of helping people to give and share resources. These organisations typically reject money and markets, insisting that social interaction should occur through generosity alone. The first study presents a netnography and depth interviews which reveal how technology is used to enact and influence the management of identity, partner selection, ritual normalisation, and negotiation of property rights. The findings have significant implications for the design and management of systems that encourage non-monetary forms of collaborative consumption. In the second study a longitudinal social network analysis reveals how the social structures involved in these systems have no obvious historical precedent. This has implications for the way in which the social sciences should conceptualise reciprocal economic arrangements. It also raises some sociological implications for the possibility of designing economic systems in the absence of money. Finally, a new approach is proposed which advocates diachronic analysis of property rights as a means to explain how markets and institutions that try to subvert markets exist alongside each other.
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Gough, John P. "Professional identity : the case of careers guidance practitioners in England." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/103855/.
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The aim of the thesis is to identify and explore the extent and characteristics of a shared professional identity of careers guidance practitioners in England. It addresses the perceived limitations of the existing literature concerning the careers guidance profession and its practitioners. This literature often portrays the sector as weakened and fragmented, and lacking in political and structural leverage, particularly in the wake of the introduction of the Connexions Service in 2001, and the aftermath of the Education Act (2011). Its practitioners are also represented as de-professionalised or de-motivated (e.g., Colley et al, 2010), with reduced connections to professional communities and associations, and with their sense of professionalism limited by the organisations in which they work. Further, the literature often reflects wider debates concerning the effects of neo-liberal managerialism on professionals in public service provision (e.g., Evetts, 2005). The latter overlooks individuals’ sense of agency in shaping their everyday work practices. In addressing this problematic, the research project explores a number of key areas and questions. These include: the existence of a shared professional identity; its features; the conditions and processes by which the identity is shaped and created; the ways in which practitioners connect with communities of practice (Wenger, 1998); and their engagement with, and influence on, the organisations in which they operate when expressing their agency. The adopted qualitative methodology is consistent with the nature of the enquiry into this lived experience; and uses grounded theory method, particularly the Strauss and Corbin (1990) approach, to interrogate the rich narratives offered by the research participants who were drawn from a variety of provider contexts. The key finding of the research is that, despite the on-gong challenges faced by the profession in England, not least the lack of a workforce development strategy, the participants’ accounts do attest to a common professional identity. The enquiry also identifies the conditions and processes by which such an identity is created, and reveals empowered and knowledgeable social actors (Giddens, 1984) who are not yoked to managerialism. The thesis’ contribution is to advance the debate concerning the professional identity of careers guidance practitioners, and provides fresh insights into the ways of which identity and agency are created and expressed. It also identifies further areas for research, and suggests that Stones’ strong structuration (2005) may offer a useful tool to promote specific and ontic-level enquiry into professionalism and professional identity.
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Prince, Nick. "Agricultural property rights and the county farms estate in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2012. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/1252/.
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Structural change across the agricultural sector in the United Kingdom has continued to reduce the opportunities for new farmers to enter the industry. This, in turn, has led to a reduction in and ageing of the agricultural workforce. The difficult situation has been compounded by conditions in the agricultural tenancy sector, which also reduce the number of opportunities made available to new entrants. These structural changes have, in theory, increased the significance of the County Farms Estate (CFE) in England and Wales as a widely recognised entry mechanism into tenant farming. However, little is know about the current structure of this service as it has received limited attention within academic research. This research provides the first detailed analysis of the CFE for over forty years. It adopts a property rights approach and focuses on the property relationships associated with State regulation and the ownership, occupation and use of the CFE. This allows an examination of its current structure and future potential as an agricultural service and as a county council and local authority asset. A three-stage, mixed methodology is developed, with the findings of the first two stages used to inform the detailed content of the final stage. The first stage employs a desk-based analysis of secondary data to explore the historic development and current structure of the CFE. Location Quotient analysis is used to map the geographical concentration of the CFE in relation to the wider agricultural and tenanted sectors at the county council and local authority level. The second stage uses an electronic questionnaire survey of estate managers to examine key influences on estate management strategy and their consequences for the use of, and relationships associated with, estate property. The final stage involves detailed case study analysis in three specific local authorities (Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire and Powys). Here, the research focuses on the influence of state regulation on the ownership, occupation and use of property rights on each estate, as well as the consequential impacts on both landlords (county councils and local authorities) and tenants (new entrants and established tenants). The analysis of secondary and questionnaire data highlights how the geographical distribution of the contemporary CFE occurs mainly in two regional clusters: first, in the arable areas of eastern England; and secondly, in the livestock rearing areas of western and south-western England and Wales. Historically, the development of the CFE was influenced by direct regulation. However, it is increasingly being used to satisfy wider statutory obligations. This increases the level of potential socio-economic outputs obtained from estate ownership (agricultural provision, non-agricultural rentals, environmental, recreational and education). However, the rates at which individual county councils and local authorities engage with direct and indirect State regulation vary. Detailed case study analysis helped to identify how individual estate management policies can be categorised into one of four differing strategies: consolidation; partial disinvestment (rationalisation); partial disinvestment (core estate); and comprehensive disinvestment. These strategies are defined by the level and type of property retention. Each strategy has consequential impacts on the distribution of the rights to property, influencing the socio-economic benefits of estate ownership. As the rate of property disposal increases, so the level of socio-economic outputs falls. Property disposal does, however, increase the short-term economic benefits of estate ownership through sales receipts. At local and national levels, the CFE is a key source of agricultural property rights, particularly the provision of equipped holdings. However, many of those accessing these holdings are not new entrants and have previously held some agricultural property rights. Established tenants often progress their farm business by using their current holding as a base. Business expansion strategies include the occupation of additional land, on-farm diversification and off-farm employment. These often and invariably tie a tenant to the existing holding as a point of access to business and marketing opportunities, thus reducing opportunities for new tenants. In order to manipulate property relationships, tenants rely heavily on the family as a source of social and financial capital.
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Schofield, A. J. "The interpretation of surface lithic collections : Case studies from Southern England." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382963.
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Aulakh, Gursewak S. "A framework for land suitability analysis : a case study of golf in Berkshire, England." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362018.
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Conroy, Paul. "What is mutual about Public Service Mutuals? : critical realist study of mutualism within healthcare organisations in England." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51748/.
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Former Cabinet Office Minister Francis Maude once made the ambitious claim that one million public sector workers would own and run the services they provide by 2015. It never happened, but there are still approximately 110 Public Service Mutuals (PSMs) in England. Yet whilst mutuality permeates the discourse of this policy, mutualism in PSMs, as both ethos and practice, is under-theorised and under-researched. This thesis addresses these gaps using a critical realist approach. Drawing on a review of literature on mutuality and co-operation, mutualism in PSMs is conceptualised as interrelated cultural and structural emergent properties, comprising mutual ideas, relations and practices. These are applied in an empirical research project to explore the mutual in PSMs. A large N survey of healthcare providers was followed by in-depth comparative case studies of an NHS Foundation Trust and two PSMs. Using a critical realist framework, mutual structures and generative mechanisms, together with agent (employee) interaction with them, were investigated. The findings revealed that organisational mutual practices of ownership, shared benefit, voice and transparency can cause the emergence of the mutual relations of trust, co-operation and reciprocity when allied to a common purpose. In turn, the causal powers of these mutual relations strengthen organisational mutual practices. However, this does not occur quickly or automatically and the corporate agency of managers and staff, coalescing around joint projects, is necessary for the mutual in Public Service Mutuals to emerge and thrive.
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Curzon, John. "Whatever happened to the north of England? : the spaces of post-industrial northern England in contemporary television and film drama." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3655/.
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This thesis examines the spaces of urban-industrial northern England within the context of post-industrial change. This work combines close textual analysis and an interdisciplinary approach, which includes an examination of sociological, economic and political contexts relating to de-industrialisation and the growth of the service economy. The thesis is organised into four chapters, each dealing with a different manifestation of northern space, including ‘The Red-Brick Terraced Street’, ‘The Council Estate’, ‘The Mill and the Mosque’, and ‘The Gentrified North’. I argue that within a range of texts, the representation of northern space reflects the fragmentation that is a key feature of both the post-industrial experience. Furthermore, it is argued that the gendered balance of northern representation has shifted, spatially and generically, back towards a feminine paradigm. Contrary to surface appearances, it is also argued that important elements of traditional hegemonic representations of northern space are seen to persist within the spaces of the new despite the fragmentation that characterises the post-industrial era.
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Field, David. "Use of land in central southern England during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428313.
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Virdee, Satnam. "Racism, 'racial formation' and the class struggle : a study of 'race' and organised labour in England." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4313/.
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In this dissertation, it is contended that existing theoretical frameworks for understanding racist and anti-racist action in trade unions are conceptually flawed. The primary function of a trade union is not to defend the interests of the whole working class as black radical theorists imply (see Sivanandan 1982; Gilroy 1987; Howe 1978) but rather the sectional interests of their members through the negotiation of improved pay and conditions within the confines laid down by the capitalist social formation (Hyman 1972; Clarke and Clements 1977; Kelly 1988). To enable the theorisation of anti-racist as well as racist action in trade unions, I also reject Phizacklea and Miles' (1980) uncritical use of the Leninist concept of trade union consciousness which leads them to associate racism with reformism and anti-racism with revolutionary social change. Instead, I recognise that trade union consciousness masks a range of different forms of reformist consciousness which include a sectionalist consciousness and a corporate consciousness. Through a consideration of the relationship between organised labour and the migrant worker over the past two centuries, it is demonstrated that the black radical claim that the racist action of trade unionists was motivated by the economic benefits they accrued requires re-evaluation. First, it was mainly during periods where a weak class identity (i.e. a sectionalist trade union consciousness) prevailed that trade unionists employed racist exclusionary practices. Second, such action was not motivated by a recognition that it would result in economic gains at the expense of other groups of workers but rather marked an attempt to protect what little they had in a capitalist social formation that could never fully guarantee their economic security. Importantly, this study establishes that during periods of acute class struggle and sustained strike action, the formation of a strong class identity (i.e. a corporate trade union consciousness) helped to undermine the prevalence of racism in trade unions and led to the development of an 'inter-racial' class solidarity where the advancement of sectional interests came to be perceived as being synonymous with the defence of general working class interests. Critical to the formation of this 'inter-racial' solidarity was the intervention of migrant workers and socialist activists. Looking at the significance of 'black' self-organisation, both Gilroy (1982; 1987) and Miles (1984) incorrectly conceptualise it as representing a move away from class-based politics. Instead, this study demonstrates that self-organisation was key to the foundation of an 'inter-racial' working class solidarity that developed during periods of acute class struggle. Their inability to adequately conceptualise 'black' self-activity lies in their failure to undertake a detailed assessment of the politics that inform such action. In redressing this weakness through a critical assessment of developments in one trade union - NALGO - it was established that self-organised groups were informed by two competing ideological perspectives: socialism and black nationalism. It was the dominance of the former current within these groups that persuaded a significant layer of 'white' activist opinion to support the principle of 'black' self-organisation which ensured that racism continued to be challenged during a period characterised by the widespread prevalence of a weak class identity and with organised labour in retreat.
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Lewis, David. "Public Conservation Land and Economic Growth in the Northern Forest Region." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LewisDJ2001.pdf.
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Bélanger, Jacques. "Job control and the institutionalisation of labour relations in the workplace : a study of two engineering firms in England." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1985. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4035/.
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This thesis is based on observation and interviews carried out in two engineering firms in the West Midlands between October 1978 and May 1980. Besides presenting and analysing a core of empirical material, it seeks to develop a general argument concerning the material and social bases of control over labour in the workplace. In doing so, this research points out some of the ways to link two major trends in the literature: the institutional approach to the study of labour relations and the more recent studies of the labour process. During the 1970s, the two companies studied implemented a reform of labour relations which appears to be typical of developments which took place in engineering and, more generally, in the manufacturing sector of British industry over the decade following the publication of the Donovan Report. The problem under study is the impact of this institutionalisation of workplace labour relations on the control workers have over the utilisation of their labour power in the work process. The fieldwork showed that, behind similar organisational and institutional features, sharply different work relations had developed. The degree of control imposed by manual workers over issues such as assignment of labour, labour mobility, manning levels, job demarcations, immediate intensity and distribution of effort, was significantly higher in one of the two case studies. At Firm A, the institutional reform helped management to confine job control within narrow limits while, at Firm B, similar changes did not help management to reduce worker control over effort but rather contributed to stabilise it. In seeking to explain this social process, attention is given to management strategies and to the strength of workers' organisations. It is also argued that the nature and contours of the work process sets the material basis for control over labour utilisation, the pattern of control also being shaped by social relations in the workplace. The main implications of the research for theory and policy are discussed in the final chapter. It is suggested that although job control resisted changes in the structure of labour relations, in a context of economic recession, it might be more vulnerable to market pressures.
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Morton, Rachael. "The making and possessing of quality : the metalware trades in England, c. 1675-1785." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96353/.
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This thesis considers the historical evolution of the concept of quality of manufacture by analysing a key sector and product in the British economy in the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: the production of metal goods (silver, copper and new alloys) for which towns such as Birmingham and Sheffield became well known nationally and internationally. It builds upon recent research that argues that quality was a convention, which was debated and deliberated at different points in time and in particular cultural contexts. By analysing a range of sources, from documentary evidence to popular literature, visual sources and artefacts, this thesis argues that the expansion of the trade led to changes in the regulation of the metalware trade, in which the guilds had to rely on consumers and the public to report substandard metalware. This change co-existed with the increasing consumer interest in novelty, innovation and production, and led to the circulation of knowledge about quality between regulator, producer and consumer. Therefore, regulators and producers remained influential in the deliberation of quality. Although there was the increasing importance of novelty and fashionability, the regulated intrinsic value of metalware remained central to the perception of quality.
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Kumar, Ashok. "Organisational analysis of the land use planning function : a case of the metropolitan districts of England." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316171.
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White, Jonathan. "Luxury and labour : ideas of labouring-class consumption in eighteenth-century England." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36401/.
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This thesis examines changing ideas of labouring-class consumption in eighteenthcentury England. Recent social and economic history has rewritten eighteenthcentury England in terms of the formation of a commercial society. Against this backdrop, intellectual and cultural historians have uncovered the formation of concepts and practices appropriate for a civilised commercial society. Yet, in spite of the growing evidence that they were increasingly participating in the developing world of goods, little work has focused on the public discussion of the labouring classes' consumer desires. The study is based on the close analysis of pamphlet literature discussing the labouring classes. It tracks the ideas through which the propertied classes viewed labouring-class consumption and attempted to determine the exact status and function of their desires in a commercial society. From within an early eighteenth-century position which viewed the appetites of the poor as being a species of luxury, the thesis tracks the emergence of categories and concepts that made it possible to recognise the labouring classes' consumer desires as part of commercial society's progressive development. In the later years of the century, this optimism faded as the interests of capital accumulation and the demands of labourers were increasingly recognised to be contradictory. Ultimately, the thesis argues that we cannot understand the ideological representation of the needs and desires of the poor without also tracing the changing conceptualisation of their labour, in the same way that we cannot understand the formation of a commercial society without reference to proletarianisation and the attack on customary culture. The coalescing practices of a commercial society, and their ideological expression, rested upon the ever greater alienation of the labouring classes, from their human needs and powers.
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Day, Christopher A. "Predicting archaeo-colluvium on the Berkshire Downs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f132051c-ae5c-4871-9828-8df0c9cd38bf.
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A new and relatively unexplored source of archaeological and environmental information on the Chalkland are the sediments of dry valleys. From relatively recent studies these deposits have been shown to be the product of ancient land use and soil loss and a rich repository of both primary and archaeological material. There have, however, been no attempts to determine the spatial distribution of this class of ancient valley deposit - for the purpose of this project termed archaeo-colluvium. The study focuses on the north-west part of the Berkshire Downs (58km2), a landscape of both chalk and superficial drift deposits, which together with relict ancient fields, lynchets and settlement features offered a suitable area in which to develop and test a method for predicting the distribution of these deposits. The project uses a multi-disciplinary approach which combines the traces of ancient arable (Celtic fields), some topographic parameters and assumptions about past soils, erosion regimes, and colluvial preservation in the development a GIS-based predictive model for the distribution of archaeo-colluvium within this study region. Following the production of a map of predicted sites, archaeo-colluvium was checked in the field by an extensive auger and trench survey of the main valleys and tributaries. Dry valley sequences were assembled and dated, both for the purposes of evaluating the accuracy of the model and to draw some archaeological implications from the nature and distribution of these deposits. A synthesis of local soils, colluvium and wider archaeological observations suggested a three-stage chronology for prehistoric and Romano-British land use on the Berkshire Downs, centred around earliest arable use at Seven Barrows with later shifts to surrounding catchments of mixed chalk and clay soils. The results of the field program were encouraging with the predictive model verified at 71% of target sites. A number of field observations were contrary to the original model, notable among these were that thicker sequences were common in landscapes of heavier soils as was evacuation of valley sediments from open chalk landscapes. This feedback allowed some modified principles to be briefly tested on three other Chalkland landscapes.
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Swetnam, Ruth. "The dynamics of land use change in England and Wales, 1930 - 2000 : a spatial and temporal analysis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438756.
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Hall, Neil Stewart. "An investigation into phosphoric iron production in Eastern England." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42308/.
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Looking at iron slags from Eastern England, this thesis was designed to assess the possibility of inferring the ore type in use by the chemical composition of the slag. A number of case studies are examined. The first is a group of material from the Foulness Valley, East Yorkshire, which is known to be produced from high phosphorus bog ore. This allows direct comparison between this and other assemblages, based on phosphorus content, to infer if bog or bedded ore was in use. Assemblages from Iron Age East Yorkshire, Roman Caistor St Edmund and the Saxon sites of Quarrington and Flixboroughwere examined to infer on ore exploitation and possible metal production. The background examination provides a definition of phosphoric iron based upon its material properties and the parameters which govern the creation of the alloy. Further discussion of ore exploitation and the reasoning behind why smelting sites are more difficult to locate are covered, while the current direction of research is examined. The body of experimental work is discussed with notable case studies drawn upon to demonstrate where the literature concentrates its focus. This allows for the suggestion of future possibilities based upon the impacts of these works. An experimental smelt was carried out in order to inform on the processes and record observations which helped to dictate the choices made on raw material selection. The experimental material was analysed alongside archaeological slags produced from the same ore, and treated in the same way as the material used in the archaeological case studies. The selection criteria applied to the archaeological assemblages, based on morphology and perceived mass are outlined. A description of the preparation methods for sample examination follows. The physics of electron microscopy are then discussed covering the various effects which govern the generation of the characteristic x-rays which are responsible for the chemical composition data. Each of the case study assemblages are dealt with individually presenting photographs of the pieces before sampling and backscattered electron images of the material. As this is the first scientific analysis conducted upon the Saxon assemblages from Quarrington and Flixborough, the data generated provides critical, new insight into Early Medieval iron production. The data using phase composition and phosphorus content are presented on a site by site basis before being assembled into an overall synthesis which further clarifies the inferences of different ore exploitation. Further comparisons of phosphorus and sulphur content are used to demonstrate the use of the bog ore and Frodingham Ironstone available at Flixborough. The interpretation of the data is then drawn upon for final conclusions and inferences of ore exploitation and the identification of ironstone use at Flixborough which further supports the archaeological and historical evidence for this practice from the 7th century A.D.
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Barros, de Oliveira Nuno R. "A theory of coordination voids in dynamic inter-organisational relationships : a study of social housing projects in England." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/695/.
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Inter-organisational relationships are at the heart of economic activity and the benefits of inter-organisational collaboration are widely reported. However, theoretical understanding of how inter-organisational relationships are coordinated and why they encounter coordination problems remains limited. I address these questions through a study of seven social housing projects in England, completed between 2008 and 2011. Drawing on the richness of data from over 3,900 pages of minutes from meetings and project reports, I integrate social network analysis techniques (SNA) used to map dynamic inter-organisational relationships with content analysis, through which I explore coordination-related aspects. Surprisingly, coordination proved not to be (directly) related to administrative mechanisms. Instead, I show that coordination stems from the interplay between administrative mechanisms and the structure of the inter-organisational relationships, as shown by two theoretical mechanisms: organising and relating. The former captures the finding that the use of contracting fosters hierarchy, while the latter shows that monitoring organisations foster density of inter-organisational relationships. I discover that inter-organisational relationships are coordinated through the juggling of these mechanisms over time. Furthermore, my analysis demonstrates that coordination problems stem from: contractual bottlenecks and organisational expertise-driven homophily. Interestingly, this exposes a tension between mechanisms intended to aid coordination and the manifestation of coordination problems. Theorising on this tension, I am led to a framework of coordination voids – discontinuities in the fabric of inter-organisational relationships resulting from mechanisms intended to aid coordination, but in fact hampering coordination under certain conditions. I discuss a set of theoretical contributions to the strategic management and organisational and management theory, alongside a methodological contribution. I conclude my discussion of the contributions of this thesis by drawing practical implications for managers and policy-makers. I hope that my study will stimulate a research agenda on the coordination of inter-organisational relationships, preferably one that also engages with societal challenges.
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Shueb, Saleh Saber. "Crop identification and area estimation through the combined use of satellite and field data for county Durham, northern England." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6229/.
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This thesis investigates the use of combined field and satellite data for crop identification and area estimation in County Durham, Northeast England. The satellite data were obtained by the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor onboard Landsat-5 on 31 May 1985. The TM data were geometrically corrected to the British National Grid and the county boundaries were digitized in order to apply the methodology used in this study on a county basis. The field data were obtained by applying a stratified random sampling strategy. The area was subdivided into five main strata and forty four 1km(_^2) sample units were randomly chosen and fully surveyed by the author using a pre-prepared questionnaire. The field area measurements were taken and the final hectarage estimates were obtained for each crop. The research demonstrated the ability of Landsat-TM data to discriminate between agricultural crops in the study area. Results obtained emphasised that satellite data can be used for identification of agricultural crops over large geographic areas with small field sizes and different environmental and physical features. A land-cover classification system appropriate to the study area was designed. Using the Landsat-TM data, the study produced a classification map of thirteen land-cover types with more than 80% accuracy. The classification accuracy was assessed quantitatively by using the known land-use information obtained from the sample units visited during the field survey. The study analysed the factors which influenced the degree of separability between different agricultural crops since some crops were more clearly identified than others. Using a double sampling method based on the combination of both Landsat- TM and field data in regression analysis, a hectarage estimate was produced for each crop type in County Durham. The results obtained showed that the regression estimator was always more efficient than the field estimator. Crop area estimated by regression reduced the imprecision in all strata and was more efficient in some strata than others. This indicated that a gain in precision was achieved by using Landsat- TM in conjunction with the field data. The results illustrated that stratification based on an environmental criterion was an efficient approach as far as the the application of agricultural remote sensing in County Durham is concerned. The stratified approach allowed each stratum to be analysed separately, thereby lessening the reliance on cloud free imagery for the whole county on any given date. Furthermore, the results obtained by this study suggest that it is possibile to link remote sensing data with existing county based information systems on agricultural and land-use.
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Koukiadaki, Aristea. "Reflexive regulation and the development of capabilities : the impact of the 2002/14/EC Directive on information and consultation of employees in the UK." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4101/.
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The research evaluates the pattern of change in the field of employee representation in the UK as influenced by the transposition and implementation of the Directive 2002/14/EC establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees in the European Community and to relate this analysis to the impact of legislation in the field of labour law and industrial relations through the location of managerial and labour practice in implementing and handling the information and consultation arrangements. Theoretically, the thesis draws on the theory of reflexive law (Teubner, 1993; Barnard and Deakin, 2002) and on the capabilities approach (Sen, 1999), which has recently emerged in political economy. Empirically, it combines textual analysis, interviews with key actors, a questionnaire survey of companies and in-depth case studies in a few organizations in the business services and the financial sectors. The research aims to move beyond the traditional socio-legal concepts and methods to incorporate insights from the institutional and political economy frames of analysis commonly deployed in the field of industrial relations, and from its tradition of empirical enquiry rooted in field-based qualitative research methods. In diverging from existing UK social norms and conventions a new role for the two sides of industry, CBI and TUC, was created that assisted in the development of the national legislation transposing the directive and led to a re-conceptualization of the EU-level norms, as stipulated by the directive, concerning information and consultation of employees. Whilst the introduction of national legislation drove to some extent the spread of voluntary arrangements, albeit at the instigation of management, there was not much evidence that the 'standard provisions' of the UK Regulations promoted institutional experimentation or to a new framework for a process of learning, participation and capabilities for voice. This was down to the nature of the legal obligations, the efficacy of the enforcement mechanisms and the degree to which extra-legal resources, mainly trade union organization, were utilized.
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Hartwell, Kathryn Louise. "Institutional logics and intra-organisational dynamics : understanding changes in the organisational identity of a UK law firm." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41891/.
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This research explores the relationship between institutional field level change and organisational change. More specifically, the focus of this study centres on the influence which a transition between institutional logics has on an organisation’s identity. Via an in-depth case study of a medium-sized, international commercial law firm, findings suggest that institutional field level change is manifested at the organisational level through the use of signs. Contrary to existing literature which focuses on the presence of a singular organisational strategy as a response to external field level change, this study indicates that multiple organisational strategies can co-exist, as evidenced through the use of signs. To this end, a semiotic analysis of empirical data suggests that evidence of decoupling, hybridisation and substitution can all be found co-existing within one organisation. Moreover, findings indicate that an organisation’s selection of organisational strategy is dependent on the relative proximity of a given sign from the external boundary of the organisation. Significantly, such findings are especially insightful in indicating how organisations make sense of and respond to institutional field level changes in real-time.
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Geris, Josie Regina Catharina. "Multiscale impacts of land use/management changes on flood response in the River Hodder catchment, North-West England." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1499.
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There is substantial evidence that land use/management changes (LUMCs) can impact runoff generation at the local scale; however, it is unclear how these impacts are modified as they travel through the river channel network to affect downstream catchment flooding. There is a need for data from multiscale monitoring studies in catchments undergoing known LUMCs to assess the extent to which impacts can be detected at increasing catchment scales. This understanding is needed in developing reliable methods for assessing the potential of rural based flood prevention and mitigation measures, urgently required by catchment planners. The aim of the present study is to generate and analyse a new multiscale dataset which will serve to gain a better understanding of the effects of local LUMCs on catchment response at increasing scales. This study investigates the impacts of recent LUMCs (drain blocking, stocking density changes, and afforestation) in the headwaters of the River Hodder (261 km²), North-West England, UK. An unusually dense nested monitoring network (28 stream gauges) was set up at scales ranging rom ~1 ha to 261 km². Data Based Mechanistic (DBM) modelling and a simple Storage Discharge Detection (SDD) model were used to compare pre- and post-change hydrographs at increasing scales in an effort to detect short-term change signals and their propagation to larger scales. A novel physically based Model for Upland Runoff Storage and Flow Fields (MURSAFF) was developed to further investigate the short- and long-term impacts of LUMC in complex landscapes at the micro catchment scale (~1 km²). The results were integrated into a semi-distributed catchment impact routing model to explore the effects on the downstream catchment response. No statistically significant evidence was found in the DBM and SDD results to suggest that any of the LUMCs had a short-term impact on catchment response at scales from 1 km² up to the Hodder catchment scale (261 km²). This is attributed to the proportion of area affected by change, the timescale of impacts, and the natural variability in catchment response. Short-term small scale (< 1 km²) field observations and MURSAFF predictions of the impacts of drain blocking involved an increase in the local storage and change in the flow fields. However, these changes are insignificant at the micro catchment scale. The MURSAFF simulated impacts of reductions in stocking density involve attenuation of the flood hydrograph mainly. Predictions of the downstream effects suggest they will be relatively small and different for each storm, with the lack of internal synchronisation of the sub-catchment responses and the natural variability therein being dominant factors in determining the impacts on the catchment outlet response. These predictions are consistent with the failure to detect any significant impacts in the post-change records.
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Hoddinott, Susan. "The abuses of literacy : the making of a worker 'basic skills' crisis in England and North America." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4197/.
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Over the past two decades there has emerged a generalized critique of the quality of the labour supply in industrialized countries in relation to concerns about corporate profitability and national competitiveness. Frequently, the critique has focused, in whole or in part, on the so-called 'literacy' or 'basic skills' competencies of workers. This thesis examines the problematizing of workers' literacy competencies at a time when general educational attainments in Western countries have reached unprecedentedly high levels. Both broad-based and historically informed, the study focuses on the United States, Canada and England over the period of the mid-1980s through the early 1990s. The motives of the agencies and interests which have proclaimed a worker 'basic skills crisis', as well as the processes through which their claims have been disseminated, are analyzed. The ideological and material contexts in which these claims have resonated are described. The thesis concludes that the workforce basic skills 'crisis' is a socially constructed one which has little or no basis in fact. It is an issue which has had utility for a number of interests (including business, labour, educationalists and the state sector), however, and this, it is argued, accounts for the role they have taken in its social construction. The evidence presented here establishes that the workforce literacy issue has had real consequences for workers. It has operated to scapegoat sections of the working class and to further marginalize less formally qualified workers in their workplaces and in the labour market. This-the industrial relations context in which the putative workforce 'basic skills crisis' has operated-forms the principal focus of the thesis. The impacts on workers of actions stemming from the acceptance of the idea of a basic skills crisis-including increasing scrutiny of literacy and language competencies of workers and the promotion and establishment of 'basic skills' programmes of questionable value in workplaces-ought to give cause for many who have endorsed claims of a 'crisis' and embraced workplace literacy to re-evaluate their position.
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Tewdwr-Jones, Mark. "National consistency, certainty and local discretion in planning policy formulation : the role and significance of national planning policy guidance in the 'plan-led' planning system of England and Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323014.
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Ham, Yun-Ju. "Two essays on convergence of recycling rates in England and the valuation of landfill disamenities in Birmingham." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3445/.
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This thesis is divided into two studies which investigate two separate topics relating to waste management. The objective of the first study is to test the presence of convergence in recycling rates across local authorities in England over the last decade, 1998-2008. Understanding the distribution of recycling performance across municipalities and its dynamic nature is important for current policy evaluation and future policy decisions. Using various concepts of convergence, a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of recycling rates is provided. Spatial effects are taken into account in the process of convergence since the mechanisms for convergence, such as spillovers of technology or policy ideas, have a geographical dimension. The results indicate the presence of convergence over the whole period in a sense that poor-performing local authorities have the potential to increase recycling activities at a faster rate than initially better-performing authorities. However, with the more aggressive economic instruments in use after 2005, there seem to be two separate convergence clubs which implies convergence within groups but divergence between groups. The objective of the second study is to investigate public concern over landfill externalities by examining how real and perceived damage from landfill disposal affects the residential property market. Using data on the property sales and landfill sites in the City of Birmingham in 1997, the analysis highlights the presence of long-term impacts of landfill which endure even after site closure by examining external effects from inactive landfill sites as well as active sites. Furthermore, this study deals with a case where properties are simultaneously located near to multiple landfill sites. This issue should not be neglected in the study of a densely populated area like Birmingham. The results of hedonic price regressions reveal strong evidence of landfill impacts reducing property prices. The approach taken here also provides comprehensive estimates of disamenity effects of living near to landfill sites whilst exploring issues like wind direction, nonlinearity of landfill impacts over distance and differential impacts across landfills accepting different types of waste or possessing different age profiles. The results suggest distinctively different features of disamenity from active and historical landfill sites, particularly in their geographical limits.
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Domeher, Daniel. "Secure property rights and access to small enterprises' (SEs) credit : a comparative study of Ghana and England." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2013. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6177/.
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Small enterprises are a major source of livelihood for most people in the developing world. Their ability to grow is however, undermined by credit constraints. This has often been attributed to the lack of registered property ownership which is argued to make property insecure and unacceptable to lenders. Though several studies have been conducted on the relationship between property registration and credit access, the focus is usually on the demand side mainly involving households and the agricultural sector. Furthermore, no studies have compared the developed and developing countries. Finally, the exact nature of , the credit constraint amongst businesses in countries such as Ghana for instance is not known. This research therefore, set out to conduct a demand-side study into the nature of the credit constraint amongst small businesses in Ghana and a supply-side investigation of the influence of registration on small businesses access to credit. The multi methodology was deemed most suitable approach for the investigation of the objectives of the study. The quantitative approach was first used to investigate the objectives. Part of the initial findings was validated through the quantitative approach whilst the other part was validated through the qualitative approach. The results show amongst other things that the existing credit constraint is almost entirely a supply side problem. The supply side study showed that in Ghana, unregistered property is not eligible for use as collateral but this is applicable only to the universal banks (UBs) and not the microfinance institutions (MFIs). That said, the possession of registered property title was not found to influence the loan terms that businesses are offered neither was there evidence that it guarantees access to credit. Even though in England the eligibility of property was not dependent on whether it is registered or not, lenders also did agree that the possession of registered property does not guarantee credit access neither does it influence the credit terms businesses are offered. It was concluded that since majority of small businesses in Ghana seek credit from MFIs, the lack of registered property titles does not constitute a major barrier to credit access. The I main barriers to credit access identified are the poor repayment ability and high risk of default amongst others.
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Bjarnadóttír, Hólmfríður. "SEA in the Context of Land-Use Planning : The application of the EU directive 2001/42/EC to Sweden, Iceland and England." Licentiate thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00417.
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The thesis addresses the introduction of a supra-national instrument; a European directive on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) into national contexts of land-use planning in three countries; Sweden, Iceland and England. The directive ”On the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment” was agreed upon by the European Commission on the 21st of June 2001 and was to be transposed to national legislation by 21st of June 2004. The introduction of these requirements meant that the countries needed to make legal adjustments and implement it at the different levels of planning. Many EU member countries, including those studied in the thesis, had some experience of environmental assessment of plans and programmes prior to the introduction of the SEA directive. SEA has as a concept and a tool in planning in national and international debate on Environmental Assessment and planning for the last two decades. Hence, the SEA directive was introduced to an existing context of environmental assessment in planning and the preparation of the directive has drawn on substantial conceptual development and practical experience of strategic environmental assessment in various forms. The aim of this research is to shed a light on the transposition of the SEA directive into a national legal framework and how the introduction relates to the countries’ planning contexts and previous application of SEA-like instruments. In the thesis an overview is given of the way the directive is transposed to the national legal system of the three countries and the existing planning framework is described. The results from the national reviews are analysed in relation to the contents of the directive and the international and Nordic academic debate regarding the purpose and role of SEA, related to the characteristics of the planning system. The research shows differences in the legal and planning contexts to which the SEA requirements have been introduced in the three countries. Despite of those, the legal requirements follow closely the contents of the directive. However, the expectations towards the directive expressed by national officials and politicians, the recommendations in the way the legal SEA requirements shall be implemented, differ between the countries as well as references to other processes; land-use planning and the practices of Environmental Impact Assessment and Sustainability Appraisal. The thesis is the result of a project within the interdisciplinary research programme MiSt, “Tools for environmental assessment in strategic decision making” at BTH funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The project has been carried out at Nordregio, the Nordic Centre for Spatial Development, Stockholm.MiSt Report 6
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Johnson, Gillian. "Implementing the Rural Development Regulation in South West England : exploring the potential for sustainability in rural land use through policy design." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2004. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3118/.
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The first concern of this thesis was to explore the extent to which implementation of the Rural Development Regulation (RDR) in South West England reflected a genuine move towards greater integration and discretion, and thus a more sustainable approach to rural land use in the regions. The second concern focused on the implementing structures and mechanisms of the England Rural Development Programme (ERDP) and their capacity to deliver sustainability in rural land use (SiRLU). These concerns highlighted the normative/empirical dilemma of policy formulation and implementation, where the rhetoric of policy is rarely mirrored in practice. Exploration using a policy design framework rooted in a critical methodology revealed a multiple normative/empirical problem where the three main policy documents concerned (the RDR, the ERDP National Plan and the ERDP South West Regional Chapter) each had very different and sometimes conflicting goals for rural development and inadequate means for ensuring commensurable outcomes. The exploration also revealed that the policy design process in this case exacerbated the normative/empirical dichotomy in four main areas: policy goals and objectives; communication; the assumptions of policy makers; and interpretation. The thesis was situated in the context of the evolving European rural development agenda, where factions were competing over different definitions of rural development, and sustainability as a policy issue had receded. Identification of the research problem drew out the differences between the Agenda 2000 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and previous CAP reforms, highlighting the opportunities potentially offered by the RDR for sustainable rural futures, and the risks involved with the interpretation of the Regulation in England by a largely agriculturally-based department in a strongly market-based economy. The thesis concludes that integration and discretion, elements identified as being tenets of SiRLU, will not play a central role in the delivery of rural development through the new RDR proposals for 2007.
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Nichol, Judith Lynn. "Exploring working lives through the framework of the 'psychological contract' : a study of clergy in the Church of England in the 21st century." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/1250/.
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Clergy working in the Church of England are a rich opportunity for research. Their employment situation is anomalous and from the perspective of my own epistemological location in Human Resource Management there is little tradition of exploring the employment relationship within the Church of England. This scenario provided a unique environment for research. I teach Human Resource Management (HRM) in a university business school. I am also married to a clergyman. The catalyst for the research was bringing together these two different aspects of my life. In my research I use the frameworks of HRM to explore and understand working in the Church of England. I use the psychological contract, a well established concept in HRM. The psychological contract is a concept that can be used to explore the non-contractual elements of the employment relationship. Initially I explore the employment relationship through a series of group interviews. My research then documents through narrative inquiry the individual working lives of the clergy. I generate insights and understanding of both working in the Church of England in the twenty-first century and the psychological contract. I explore my own stance in relation to the participants. I come to understand my stance as a ‘conversant associate’. I am conversant with their ‘world’ and inhabit a role that associates me with the clergy while not being fully a member of the group. My original contribution is in two areas; Human Resources (HR) and the psychological contract and understanding the Church of England. My findings challenge the existing concept of the psychological contract for being too narrow and requiring revision. My participants work in a role and organisation with a long history. My findings indicate the power of this historical role on the expectations of the contemporary work. By expanding the scope of the psychological contract my findings challenge existing approaches to teaching and practising HR. HR is currently only identified with the business performance model. My findings indicate that this association is far too limited in scope. My research documents my participants’ perception of change in the Church of England. I report a stable understanding of the relationship and expectations between clergy and senior staff. This finding challenges contemporary understanding of the effect of change on the psychological contract. By giving voice to the current parish clergy I explore and make a contribution to the Church of England’s understanding of working as contemporary parish clergy. The Church of England is on the cusp of reforming its historical employment system, known as freehold. My findings indicate that the clergy’s understanding of the past paradoxically strengthens their understanding of contemporary working life and I report a ‘narrative of regret’. Clergy perceive that they are unable to fulfil their own expectations. As indicated above my research contributes to knowledge in two ways: understanding the psychological contract and working in the Church of England. These two areas of original contribution coalesce. Simultaneously I document working life in the Church of England and explore the psychological contract of contemporary clergy.
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Loftus, Donna. "Social economy : cultures of work and community in mid-Victorian England." Thesis, University of Chichester, 1998. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/804/.
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The Victorians were obsessed with work. In the numerous mid-century inquiries into the workplace labour emerged as a moral, social, political, as well as an economic category. These issues were part of a broader strategy of understanding the meanings and motivations of markets and production in an industrial age. On to the processes of production, gendered and racially specific categories could be mapped and relations and duties could be ordered. This thesis attempts to examine work as a cultural category which was mobilised in the mid-century to negotiate the roles and responsibilities of various actors. The period between the factory acts of the 1840s and those of the 1870s is the focus of this enquiry. Despite its perception as an age of stability, cushioned between two periods of relative unrest, the mid-century is seen here to bear witness to a wide ranging debate on the respective duties of state, employer and worker. Drawing on competing notions of markets and communities the subsequent discourses are considered as expressions of claims to middle-class authority, marking struggles between employers and other professionals to represent industrial England. Within these identified debates, the cultural significance and location of work appears to shift. Where the debates of the late forties might refer to local and paternalist forms of production, by the 1870s a greater emphasis was placed on the contribution and impact of work on the national community. In a bid to chart some of these shifts this thesis explores the centrality of work to emerging definitions of society. It is argued that the workplace and the market were considered as important sites, negotiating the inclusion of a respectable working class into public life and helping to define a democratic political community. This thesis emphasises the limits of these discourses by considering how the mid-century experience of industrial democracy exposed the tensions in political economy and liberal consensus.
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Jones, Alice Louise. "Catchment scale modelling of the effects of land use on groundwater quality : a case study from the Mendip Hills, England." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364902.
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Mitchell, Gemma. "Valuing caring relationships within UK labour law." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6651/.
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This thesis will consider UK labour law’s role in promoting fairness for carers. Building upon Fineman’s work, I will argue that caring relationships are of vital importance to society and should be supported by the state. The principle of justice as fairness, substantiated by the capabilities approach, will underpin this argument. I will focus upon modifying the workplace through care centric labour laws to achieve fairness for carers. Care centric legislation, developed by Busby, focuses upon promoting carers’ rights to work, rather than workers’ rights to care. Much of the analysis will focus upon reconciliation legislation, which aims to support people providing care within the paid workplace. This is because it has been the main way successive UK governments have aimed to help people reconcile these competing commitments. Although this body of legislation has gone some way towards achieving this, I will show that it could have done more. To make labour law care centric, something more radical is required. In this regard, I will analyse a right to care. To conclude, I will highlight the need for more empirical work in this context to further understand how fairness for all carers could be achieved.
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Bjarnadóttir, Hólmfríður. "SEA in the context of land-use planning : the application of the EU directive 2001/42/EC to Sweden, Iceland and England /." Karlskrona : Department of Spatial Planning, School of Technoculture, Humanities and Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2008. http://www.bth.se/fou/Forskinfo.nsf/allfirst2/432b3042e2fe636ac12574c6004e1c40?OpenDocument.
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Neil, Samantha Alison. "The application of strontium and oxygen isotope analysis to study land use and mobility patterns during the earlier Neolithic in England and Wales." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12304/.
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The nature of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Britain has often been debated. This thesis represents the first application of strontium and oxygen isotope analysis to study land use and mobility during this period (c. 4000-3500 BC). Results of analysis of populations from a sample of long cairns and a causewayed enclosure complex are described and interpreted in relation to current archaeological evidence for the period. Limitations to the application of oxygen isotope analysis as a direct proxy for landscape use are identified. The potential of strontium isotope analysis to study the period is demonstrated and prospects for future development and application of this method are discussed.
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Pratt, Kathryn Elizabeth. "Development of methods for investigating settlement and land-use using pollen data : a case study from north-east England circa 8000 cal. BC - cal. AD 500." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1571/.
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Alskaf, Kamal. "Conservation agriculture for sustainable land use : the agronomic and environmental impacts of different tillage practices and plant residue retention : farmer uptake of reduced tillage in England." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51902/.
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Conservation Agriculture (CA) has potential benefits to the soil, crop yield, and the environment including reducing runoff, enhancing water retention and preventing soil erosion, in addition to increasing soil carbon sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although CA is widely adopted in some areas of the world, it is still not widely adopted by UK farmers. The first overall aim of this project was to investigate the effects of tillage practice and residue retention, on soil physical properties, crop yield and GHG emissions. For this purpose, a split-plot field experiment was established on the University of Nottingham farm between September 2014 and August 2016. The main plot treatment was residue retention while cultivation practices were applied to the sub-plots and included three different tillage systems: no-tillage, minimum-tillage and deep ploughing. We used a novel analytical tool, X-ray Computed Tomography, to characterise the 3-D soil pore network in conjunction with a number of other soil physical properties such as bulk density, penetration resistance and shear strength. A range of portable chambers were used to detect the GHG emissions from soil and from soil-plant systems as influenced by the tillage and residue treatments. Winter wheat yield was not affected by the tillage treatments or residue retention in the first year, but, in the second year, no-tillage caused a 10% reduction in triticale yield compared to minimum-tillage and traditional ploughing. Multiple regression analysis showed that the lower triticale yield was partially explained by higher soil strength in the no-tillage plots, together with lower soil moisture content in summer. Our results show that while there is potential for climate change mitigation from no-tillage when the Net Ecosystem Exchange is considered, this effect could not be observed from soil emissions only. The second aim of this project was to assess the current level of reduced tillage (RT) uptake by UK farmers and the constraints for further adoption. A postal questionnaire was conducted in January 2016. This questionnaire found that only 7.0% of the arable land in England is under no-tillage and 47.6% is under minimum-tillage. The adoption of RT increased with an increase in farm size as it was the most adopted on farms >400 ha. Moreover, RT was adopted most on combinable crop farms. Weed management and slugs were identified as main challenges for RT adopters. Increasing uptake of CA from current levels will probably require policy intervention including financial incentives for growers during the early stages of the transition from ploughing to CA. This will encourage farmers to buy RT equipment and may help them to cover any potential yield reduction, if occurred, before the CA system stabilisation.
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Clay, Patrick. "The exploitation of the East Midlands claylands in later prehistory : aspects of settlement and land-use from the Mesolithic to the Iron-Age in Central England." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34925.
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This thesis examines the evidence for prehistoric human activity in a defined area of the East Midlands of England where the dominant substrata is clay. It aims to examine whether the traditional model for limited prehistoric occupation of areas of clayland is accurate in the light of recent fieldwork. Problems of visibility, interpretation and biases in the record for clayland areas which may have influenced this model are discussed. The area selected consists of 4200 sq km comprising over sixty per cent clay substrata covering areas of Leicestershire and Northamptonshire and adjacent counties. The research examines the evidence at four levels: regional, sub-regional, micro-regional and at the level of the core area. The regional analysis examines the distribution of prehistoric activity based on information from Sites and Monuments Records. To test the results of this analysis four area surveys at sub-regional and micro-regional level are then examined. Evidence at the level of the core area based on excavated settlements in clayland areas is also analysed. This analysis suggests that there is no pattern of avoidance of clayland areas during the prehistoric periods but that the evidence for pre-iron Age activity is uneven. Where systematic survey has been undertaken pre-Iron Age activity is present in some clayland valleys, with lower levels of activity on the higher boulder clay plateaux areas, although by the Later Iron Age core area activity has spread into these locations. One boulder clay area examined in the Swift Valley, however, has lithic densities comparable with southern gravels and chalklands, the preferred locations for prehistoric settlement in the traditional model. The conclusion from this research is that clayland areas in the East Midlands were not actively avoided and other environmental and social factors may have had a greater influence on site selection than the substrata.
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Repp, Annegret [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Dickhaut. "Environmental Assessment procedures addressing resource efficient land use: The role of learning and options in framing ‘land‘ as an environmental factor - A comparative analysis of case studies in England and Germany / Annegret Repp ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Dickhaut." Hamburg : HafenCity Universität Hamburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204427127/34.
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Pattison, Benjamin. "Understanding the drivers for, and policy responses to, the rapid growth of private renting in England : has 'generation rent' been 'priced out'?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6506/.
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This thesis investigates the factors which account for the rapid growth of private renting in England and how these factors have interacted to produce the growth. It challenges the most common explanation which is that potential owner occupiers were ‘priced out’ and have instead become private renters. A mixed methods approach addressed three key limitations of popular and academic explanations of this trend using an analytical framework developed from critical realism. Multivariate analysis of socio-economic changes between 2001 and 2011 assessed the interaction between drivers and their relative influence. Geo-demographic analysis identified different niches within the private rented sector in Birmingham and highlighted the diversity of the tenure. Wider political drivers were investigated using Political Discourse Analysis. These political drivers shaped supply and demand for private renting at a national and local level. Research findings demonstrate that the growth of the tenure is due to the interaction of a wide range of drivers acting from the global to the individual. Drivers acting at a variety of levels results in differential growth across niches and geographic areas. My results confirm the importance of the growth of private renting, particularly in relation to the polarisation of wealth and accommodation for low-income households.
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Carey, Joanna C. "Silicon cyling along the land-ocean continuum." Thesis, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/14616.
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The alteration of the global environment by human activities is so widespread that scientists argue we've entered a new geologic epoch known as the Anthropocene. This dissertation examines the impact of human activities on biogeochemical cycling at the land-sea interface. I focus primarily on the role of land use/land cover (LULC) and coastal nutrient enrichment on silicon (Si) cycling in New England rivers and salt marshes. On land, Si is taken up by vegetation, improving plant fitness and protecting plants from a variety of environmental stressors. In aquatic systems, diatoms, the dominant type of phytoplankton in coastal temperate waters, require Si to survive.
My research demonstrates that LULC is an important driver of Si export to coastal systems, accounting for 40-70% of the variability of riverine fluxes. Developed watersheds export significantly (p=0.03) more Si than their forested counterparts, which I hypothesize is due to less vegetated cover, a known Si sink, in developed watersheds. Building on this, I calculated the amount of Si fixed by land plants globally (84 Tmol yr-1) and the percent (55%) of global terrestrial net primary production that can be attributed to active Si-accumulating organisms.
Next, I created the first complete salt marsh Si budget by quantifying tidal creek fluxes and net Si accumulation in a relatively undisturbed low-nutrient salt marsh. Further, comparing this Si accumulation to that of a high-nutrient marsh revealed that the high-nutrient marsh contained significantly (p<0.05) more Si within the sediments, roots, and porewater. Combining my original data from six New England salt marshes with published values, I quantify the mode of Si accumulation (rejective, passive, or active) by Spartina grasses and the environmental controls on such accumulation. Finally, using radionuclide tracers 137Cs and 210Pb, I calculated vertical accretion rates of five salt marshes and compared these values to historical measurements. I found that accretion rates have slowed and this deceleration is driven, in part, by a decrease in organic matter accumulation. Together, this dissertation improves our knowledge of Si cycling in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and identifies previously unrecognized ways in which humans are perturbing biogeochemical cycles at the land-sea interface.
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Dehais, Mary. "Bioretention: Evaluating their Effectiveness for Improving Water Quality in New England Urban Environments." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/595.
Full textAbstract:
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is one of the leading causes of water quality problems in the United States. Bioretention has become one of the more frequently used stormwater management practices for addressing NPS pollution in urbanized watersheds in New England. Yet despite increased acceptance, bioretention is not widely practiced. This study explores and evaluates the efficacy of bioretention for protecting urban water quality.
This research found that numerous monitoring methods are used by researchers and industry experts to assess the effectiveness of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) and low impact development (LID) practices that include bioretention. The two most common methods for analyzing and evaluating water quality data are pollutant removal efficiency and effluent quality. While effluent quality data is useful for characterizing classes of BMP treatment performance on a statistical basis, pollutant removal efficiency is more representative of the actual pollutant load being reduced by the stormwater treatment practice over time, and is used in Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) assessments. However, despite this difference, monitoring is still arguably the best method for determining the effectiveness of stormwater treatment practices.
Monitoring of bioretention performance results is needed to inform improvements to design standards and guidance to aid state and local municipalities in the proper selection of bioretention/stormwater controls. This study advocates for instituting fine-scale, “safe-to-fail” design experiments as part of an adaptive management process that is used to advance bioretention design guidance and future applications of monitoring practice(s) that target reduction of pollutants in downstream receiving waterbodies. This innovative approach could result in increased use of bioretention in New England urban environments.
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Banerjee, Lopa. "New heroines of the diaspora : reading gender identity in South Asian diasporic fiction." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4692.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis looks at literature
by two South Asian, diasporic writers, Jhumpa Lahiri and Monica
Ali, as a space where creative,
cross-cultural and independent
identities for diasporic women might be created.
The central claim of the thesis
is that diasporic migration
affects South Asian women in
particular ways.
The most positive outcome is that
these women adopt new trans-border
identities but that these remain
shaped by class, culture and
gender. Hence a working class
milieu such as the one depicted
by Monica Ali, leads to an
immigrant, ghetto-ised,
community-based identity,
located solely in the land of
adoption, with return or travel to
the homeland no longer possible.
However, the milieu imagined in
Jhumpa Lahiri’s text, a middle-class, suburban environment, creates a solitary, transnational
identity, lived between countries,
where travel between the land of
birth and the land of adoption
remains accessible.English
M.A. (English)