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1
Fenske, James. "Land tenure and investment incentives: Evidence from West Africa." Journal of Development Economics 95, no. 2 (July 2011): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.05.001.
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Sanfo, Safiétou, William M. Fonta, Ulrich J. Diasso, Michel P. Nikiéma, John P. A. Lamers, and Jerôme E. Tondoh. "Climate- and Environment-Induced Intervillage Migration in Southwestern Burkina Faso, West Africa." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 823–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0065.1.
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Abstract This study investigated key environmental factors causing intervillage migration by farmers. Therefore, it used household data from surveys, semistructured interviews, life histories, and focus group discussions in southwestern Burkina Faso, West Africa. The results showed that 1) when referring to the experienced historical weather and climate, farmers were aware of the effects of ongoing climate and environmental change; 2) soil degradation, land tenure insecurity, and lack of rainfall were major drivers of environment-induced migration; and 3) soil fertility, productivity, rainfall, and humidity, as well as land tenure security, were major pull factors. Farmers indirectly identified population pressure as a major driver of intervillage migration since it contributes to land degradation and land tenure insecurity. It is argued that migration implicitly adds to the natural climate and environmental stresses. When aiming to elaborate suitable land-use planning, the findings call for additional research that is needed to understand better the complex interrelationships between environmental drivers and permanent, environment-driven intervillage migration.
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Ekpodessi, Serge G. N., and Hitoshi Nakamura. "Impact of Insecure Land Tenure on Sustainable Agricultural Development: A Case Study of Agricultural Lands in the Republic of Benin, West Africa." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 14041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114041.
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This study assesses the impact of insecure land tenure on sustainable agricultural development in Africa to demonstrate how the economic profitability of agriculture strongly depends on land tenure security. The Republic of Benin is used as the case study following the country’s recent enactment of land law 2013-01 that focuses on reorganizing the land sector, which has suffered from inappropriate management since the colonial era. Through an interview survey among landowners and presumed owners combined with standardized observations in designated rural areas, issues related to the use and management of rural lands in the Republic of Benin are highlighted and discussed. The result demonstrates that agricultural economic profitability strongly depends on land tenure security. The outcome reveals land security as a key factor for sustainable agriculture toward poverty reduction and confirms the unbreakable link between land tenure security, agricultural production, and sustainable development.
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Guinin Asso, Inoussa, Soulé Akinhola Adéchian, Mohamed Salifou, Bédé Prudence M’po Kouyinampou, Bruno Charles Pierre O’heix, and Mohamed Nasser Baco. "Effects of the Systematic Cluster Approach (SCA) and Rural Land Plans (RLPs) on Land Tenure Security for Agricultural Household: Insight from Benin (West Africa)." Land 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101681.
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Rural land plans (RLP) and the systematic cluster approach (SCA) are the two main approaches used in Benin to secure rural land tenure. However, the contributions of these approaches to land tenure security in rural communities are mixed. This paper firstly identifies the main factors to be considered in conceptualizing rural land tenure security and secondly assesses the contributions of the two approaches in achieving rural land tenure security. The study is conducted in four communes of Borgou (a district in North Benin) that have benefited from both approaches to land tenure security. The dimensions of land tenure security were identified during focus group discussions and unstructured interviews with key informants. The contribution of the approaches is assessed using individual surveys from 742 beneficiaries of the approaches randomly selected, based on actors’ perceptions measured on the Likert scale. The nonparametric Friedman test was used to determine the average rank of each factor according to the RLP or SCA context. As a result, land tenure security must integrate nine factors, leading to two forms of land tenure security. Legal and institutional security includes land tenure norms, property rights, local land management institutions, and the land information system. Socioenvironmental security involves access and use rights, social peace, gender mainstreaming, and land conservation. According to stakeholders’ perceptions, RLPs mainly lead to legal-institutional security, whereas SCA combines and contributes to both forms of land tenure security. Rural smallholders will enjoy high levels of land security when these elements are in dynamic balance.
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Sanou, Lassina, Jonas Koala, Souleymane Ouédraogo, and Brama Ouattara. "Influence of Land Tenure on Agroforestry Parkland Phyto-Diversity and Stand Structure in Sudanian Zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa." Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development 9 (March 11, 2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9813.2022.09.3.
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Savanna Zone of Burkina Faso is characterized by the increasing population growth due to human migration from the north and central regions of the country for cultivating agricultural land and pastures. This situation induced land-use changes, and social reorganization has led to new approaches to natural resources management. Tenure issues in natural resources management limit the adoption of agroforestry systems and effective land use scale. This paper describes the species composition, structure, and diversity of woody species on agroforestry parklands at Tiogo under two types of land tenures. Ecological and structural characteristics of vegetation patches were computed to characterize the species composition. A variety of diversity measures were calculated to determine the heterogeneity for each type of land tenure. A total of 49 woody species belonging to 19 families and 38 genera were identified, of which 44 and 48 species were recorded in non-landowners’ farms and landowners' farms, respectively. Leguminosae, Combretaceae and Anacardiaceae were the most abundant families. The dominant species in agroforestry parklands were Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Lannea microcarpa, Piliostigma reticulatum and Piliostigma thonningii. Analyses of variance of the entire woody vegetation of agroforestry parklands revealed no significant differences in terms of all computed indexes but showed that the landowners’ farms were the most diverse than non-landowners farms. The density of stems ≥5 cm dbh and the basal area were higher in landowner’s farms than in non-landowners farms. In both types of farms, the size class distributions of the vegetation produced a reverse J-shaped curve, supporting that agroforestry parkland in Tiogo is dominated by young individuals. The spatial distribution of the seedling was mainly clumped, reflecting the dominance of clonal propagation. Security of land and tree tenure is a necessary condition for any land-based investment (planting and protection of preferred species and soil amendment). The challenge to maintain parklands’ tree biodiversity in “good” condition also needs to consider the flexibility of land tenure and equitability sharing of the benefits from trees.
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Lawry, S., D. Stienbarger, and M. A. Jabbar. "Land Tenure and the Potential for the Adoption of Alley Farming in West Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 3 (September 1994): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300305.
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Alley farming was developed as a means of maintaining soil fertility in fields under permanent cultivation in Africa, as population pressure makes the traditional practice of slash-and-burn combined with fallowing unsustainable. It is an agroforestry system under which food crops are grown in alleys formed by hedgerows of leguminous trees and shrubs. Studies have shown that it works, but farmers are only taking it up very slowly. Recent work suggests that land tenure might be a factor in the spread of alley cropping.
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Böhler, Werner. "Foreword." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 14, no. 3 (June 9, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i3a2582.
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The seminar hosted Potchefstroom in April 2010, entitled 'Good Governance in Land Tenure', followed in the tradition of cooperation between the Faculty of Law of the North West University and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung in South Africa. We started our cooperation fourteen years ago with a joint series of seminars under the title 'Constitution and Law'. In 2008 we started our joint project on good governance in Southern Africa with the focus on the impact of globalisation on good governance in Southern Africa, and in 2009 we discussed the topic 'good governance as a mechanism to promote sustainable development in Southern Africa'.
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George Barrie. "The Concept of “Indigenous Land Tenure” Surfaces in Namibia: A Comparative Overview ‒ Agnes Kahimbi Kashela v Katima Mulilo Town Council (SA 15/2017) [2018] NASC 409 (16 November 2018)." Obiter 42, no. 1 (May 2, 2021): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v42i1.11065.
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The facts in this case, which fell to be decided by the Supreme Court of Namibia in November 2018, can be succinctly put: in 1985, Ms Kashela’s late father was allocated a piece of land as part of communal land by the Mafwe Traditional Authority (MTA) in the Caprivi region of the then-South West Africa (now Namibia). In 1985, the Caprivi region fell under the then-South West Africa Administration. Following the independence of Namibia on 21 March 1990, all communal lands became property of the state of Namibia by virtue of section 124 of the Constitution of Namibia Act 1 of 1990, read with Schedule 5 of the Constitution. Paragraph (3) of Schedule 5 of the Constitution states that the afore-mentioned communal lands became property of the state “subject to any existing right, charge, obligation or trust existing on or over such property”.
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Stamm, Volker. "Social Research and Development Policy: Two Approaches to West African Land-tenure Problems." Africa Spectrum 44, no. 2 (August 2009): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203970904400202.
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This article analyses the extent to which the concepts underlying land policies in West Africa that prevail amongst the development organisations most active in this field correspond to the results of the intense debate on the same subject over the last three decades, which has involved almost all branches of the social sciences: ethnology, legal anthropology, sociology, history and rural economics. It is found that the outcomes of these academic analyses are in sharp contrast to the approaches propagated and translated into practice by development agencies, which often start from oversimplified and inadmissibly generalised assumptions, so that one must ask whether the diverging logics of these two disciplines are responsible for this marked difference.
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Brottem, Leif. "HOSTS, STRANGERS AND THE TENURE POLITICS OF LIVESTOCK CORRIDORS IN MALI." Africa 84, no. 4 (October 22, 2014): 638–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972014000424.
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ABSTRACTIn dryland West Africa, policy makers have come to acknowledge livestock mobility as a sound adaptation strategy for variable dryland climate regimes. In Mali, the national government is taking measures to support mobility in the form of grazing zones, conflict management mechanisms and, most notably, livestock passage corridors. These corridors are part of a long and contentious history of territorialization in agrarian West Africa. This paper demonstrates through a comparative case study that livestock corridors can accomplish the agro-ecological objective of improving herd mobility but they also have unforeseen political impacts that depend on socio-spatial relations between farmers and herders. By historicizing corridors and contextualizing them within the host–stranger relationship that is found throughout the region, this paper reveals the different meanings that boundary-making processes take on for autochthonous farmers and mobile herders. In an area where ethnic Fulani herders have settled independently from farming communities, the latter have rejected a proposed corridor. In contrast, farmers in areas where herders are seasonal guests have supported the same measure. These divergent outcomes do not depend simply on different levels of resource competition, but, instead, on the ways in which corridors and their boundaries become inscribed in perceived land claims and power relations between competing groups. These findings have broader implications concerning the interactive changes occurring between autochthonous rights and decentralized democratic institutions in sub-Saharan West Africa.
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Saliou, Idelphonse O., Afio Zannou, Augustin K. N. Aoudji, and Albert N. Honlonkou. "Drivers of Mechanization in Cotton Production in Benin, West Africa." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110549.
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In the context of Africa’s farm labor scarcity, the use of mechanization is crucial for agricultural development. In Benin, technological advances, such as animal traction and motorization, are struggling to achieve the success expected by producers. The objective of this research was to analyze the drivers of mechanization in cotton production in Benin. Data collected from 482 cotton producers in three agroecological zones of the country were analyzed using a multinomial Logit model. The results revealed that 34% of cotton producers used hand tools, compared to 31% using draught animals and 35% using tractors. Variables such as education level, area cropped, access to land, access to credit and agroecological zone had a positive influence on the probability of using mechanization in the cotton production. Family labor size per household had a negative influence on the probability of using farm mechanization. Women were more likely to use farm mechanization than men. This research suggests that mechanization policies should adapt agricultural equipment to the specificities of the production systems of each agroecological zone, and strengthen land tenure security and access to credit, particularly for women cotton producers.
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Brottem, Leif V., and Lassine Ba. "Gendered livelihoods and land tenure: The case of artisanal gold miners in Mali, West Africa." Geoforum 105 (October 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.07.005.
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Lemke, Stefanie, and Priscilla Claeys. "Absent Voices: Women and Youth in Communal Land Governance. Reflections on Methods and Process from Exploratory Research in West and East Africa." Land 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080266.
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An increasing number of African States are recognizing customary land tenure. Yet, there is a lack of research on how community rights are recognized in legal and policy frameworks, how they are implemented in practice, and how to include marginalized groups. In 2018–2019, we engaged in collaborative exploratory research on governing natural resources for food sovereignty with social movement networks, human rights lawyers and academics in West and East Africa. In this article, we reflect on the process and methods applied to identify research gaps and partners (i.e., two field visits and regional participatory workshops in Mali and Uganda), with a view to share lessons learned. In current debates on the recognition and protection of collective rights to land and resources, we found there is a need for more clarity and documentation, with customary land being privatized and norms rapidly changing. Further, the voices of women and youth are lacking in communal land governance. This process led to collaborative research with peasant and pastoralist organizations in Kenya, Tanzania, Mali and Guinea, with the aim to achieve greater self-determination and participation of women and youth in communal land governance, through capacity building, participatory research, horizontal dialogues and action for social change.
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TIFFEN, MARY. "URBANIZATION: IMPACTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF ‘MIXED FARMING’ SYSTEMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (July 2006): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479706003589.
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During the past two decades or so, rural population in Africa has increased slowly while urban population has grown dramatically. The hugely increased urban demand for cereals and pulses (which produce crop residues for livestock) and for livestock products is now the main force stimulating mixed farming systems in the semi-arid and sub-humid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Grazing land has diminished, crop residues are becoming a more important element in raising livestock and fattening penned livestock has become profitable. The changes in land use, land tenure and the shift of livestock raising southwards in West Africa are illustrated. Farmers' adaptation to rapidly changing markets for their products and the factors of production are illustrated with examples from Senegal, Nigeria, Niger, and, by way of contrast, Kenya. The main challenges this sets to agricultural scientists are described. The livestock element in mixed farming system now requires careful economic analysis and participative research if scientists are to meet the evolving needs of farming as the urban sector enlarges.
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Salifu, Fuseini, Zaid Abubakari, and Christine Richter. "Innovating Along the Continuum of Land Rights Recognition: Meridia’s “Documentation Packages” for Ghana." Land 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8120189.
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Documentation of land rights can ensure tenure security and facilitate smooth land transactions, but in most countries of the global south this has been difficult to achieve. These difficulties are related to the high transaction cost, long transaction times, and procedural rigidity of land registration processes. In response to these problems, innovative approaches of tenure documentation have been conceived at a global level and are being promoted in many countries of the global south. Little is known yet about how such innovative land tenure documentation approaches unfold in various contexts and to what effect. The implementation of innovative approaches is challenging, due to the legal pluralistic nature of land governance and administrative hybridity in many countries of the global south, including the West African region. This qualitative study explores how Meridia, a small for-profit company, develops innovative approaches to register land rights in the form of “documentation packages” within the existing institutional setting of Ghana. In the paper, we describe both the processes of preparing the documentation packages and respective actors involved, as well as the nature of encounters between innovative interventions and existing institutions. Meridia develops specific products in response to both the regional diversity of land tenure, uses, and market demands, as well as in response to the challenges that the institutional context poses to the process of land tenure registration. As such, the case illustrates how innovation evolves in step-by-step fashion through negotiations with existing land institutions. The various documentation packages developed in this manner differ in terms of cost and complexity of preparation, in terms of recognition by customary and statutory institutions, as well as in the usability of the issued certificates and the extent of exchangeability of associated land parcels. Therefore, Meridia’s product innovation reflects the continuum of land rights, but it also poses questions for future research regarding the political economy of land tenure certification and regarding the actual uses and benefits of issued certificates.
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Lentz, Carola. "Is Land Inalienable? Historical and Current Debates on Land Transfers in Northern Ghana." Africa 80, no. 1 (February 2010): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009001260.
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The article traces the history of debates on land transfers in northern Ghana and discusses the ways in which African and European views on land tenure influenced and instrumentalized each other. Using the case of Nandom in the Upper West Region, I analyse how an expansionist group of Dagara farmers gained access to and legitimized control over land previously held by a group of Sisala hunters and farmers claiming to be the ‘first-comers’ to the area. Both groups acknowledge that the Sisala eventually transferred land to the Dagara immigrants, symbolically effected by the transmission of an earth-shrine stone. However, the Sisala interpret this historical event in terms of a ‘gift’, invoking the language of kinship and continued dependency, while the Dagara construe it in terms of a ‘purchase’, implicating exchange, equality and autonomy. These different perspectives, as well as colonial officials' ideas that land ownership was ultimately vested in the ancestors of the first-comer lineage and therefore ‘inalienable’, have shaped early disputes about the Nandom earth shrine and Dagara property rights. Competing conceptions of pre-colonial African land tenure continue to provide powerful arguments in current land conflicts, and shrinking land reserves as well as the political implications of landed property, in the context of decentralization policies, have exacerbated the debate on the ‘inalienability’ of land.
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Ite, Uwem E. "Lane, C. R. (ed.), "Custodians of the Commons: Pastoral Land Tenure in East and West Africa" (Book Review)." Third World Planning Review 20, no. 2 (May 1998): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.20.2.c3204l1360341835.
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Fenske, James. "Corrigendum to “Land tenure and investment incentives: Evidence from West Africa” [J. Dev. Econ. 95(2), (July 2011)]." Journal of Development Economics 109 (July 2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.03.011.
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Beckles, Hilary McD. "Plantation Production and White “Proto-Slavery”: White Indentured Servants and the Colonisation of the English West Indies, 1624-1645." Americas 41, no. 3 (January 1985): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007098.
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Two dominant features of agricultural history in the English West Indies are the formation of the plantation system and the importation of large numbers of servile labourers from diverse parts of the world—Africa, Europe and Asia. In Barbados and the Leeward Islands, the backbone of early English colonisation of the New World, large plantations developed within the first decade of settlement. The effective colonisation of these islands, St. Christopher (St. Kitts) in 1624, Barbados 1627, Nevis 1628, Montserrat and Antigua 1632, was possible because of the early emergence of large plantations which were clearly designed for large scale production, and the distribution of commodities upon the world market; they were instrumental in forging an effective and profitable agrarian culture out of the unstable frontier environment of the seventeenth century Caribbean. These plantations, therefore, preceded the emergence of the sugar industry and the general use of African slave labour; they developed during the formative years when the production of tobacco, cotton and indigo dominated land use, and utilised predominatly European indentured labour. The structure of land distribution and the nature of land tenure Systems in the pre-sugar era illustrate this. Most planters who accelerated the pace of economic growth in the late 1640's and early 1650's by the production of sugar and black slave labour, already owned substantial plantations stocked with large numbers of indentured servants.
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Lamers, J. P. A., and P. R. Feil. "Farmers' knowledge and management of spatial soil and crop growth variability in Niger, West Africa." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v43i4.561.
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A household survey conducted in the Sahel, combined with an extensive literature search of baseline studies, complemented on-station research on spatial soil and crop growth variability from a farmers viewpoint. Farmers explained spatial variability in crop growth in terms of differences in soil types, soil fertility and degradation, as well as their cultivation and management practices. Farmers counteract spatial crop growth variability by within-field fallow; kraaling; spot applications of manure, crop residues and household waste; by intentionally moving their settlements; and by exploiting the micro-environmental differences around specific tree and shrub species. However, these strategies also enforce the spatial crop growth variability. The accuracy of farmers' comprehensive knowledge of agriculture, soil, animal husbandry and agro-forestry was confirmed by compartmentalized on-farm and on-station studies conducted in the same region, although explanations of farmers and researchers were not always the same. Farmers are aware of soil fertility management technologies, either coming from outside or developed within the farming community, but are often unable to translate these into action on a large scale. This is due to insufficient resources and socioeconomic, as well as institutional, constraints such as cattle ownership, land tenure, labour requirements and prices of inputs. Implications for agricultural research and technology generation are discussed.
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Adugna, A., A. Abegaz, and A. Cerdà. "Soil erosion assessment and control in Northeast Wollega, Ethiopia." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 3511–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-3511-2015.
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Abstract. Soil erosion is the main driver of land degradation in Ethiopia, and in the whole region of East Africa. This study was conducted at the Northeast Wollega in West Ethiopia to estimate the soil losses by means of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The purpose of this paper is to identify erosion spot areas and target locations for appropriate development of soil and water conservation measures. Fieldwork and household survey were conducted to identify major determinants of soil erosion control. Six principal factors were used to calculate soil loss per year, such as rainfallerosivity, soil erodiblity, slope length, slope steepness, crop management and erosion-control practices. The soil losses have shown spatio-temporal variations that range from 4.5 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in forest to 65.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in cropland. Results from the analysis of stepwise multiple linear regression show that sustainable soil erosion control are determined byknowledge of farmers about soil conservation, land tenure security and off-farm income at community level. Thus, policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus on terracing, inter-cropping and improved agro-forestry practices.
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Fahmi, Chairul, and Muhammad Siddiq Armia. "Protecting Indigenous Collective Land Property in Indonesia under International Human Rights Norms." Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v6i1.30242.
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This essay examines the applicability of international human rights instruments as the legal basis to protect indigenous rights to land, territories, and natural resources to non-ratification countries of the Convention on indigenous peoples’ rights, especially to the Indonesian context. In the last few decades, the United Nations has developed and recognized the rights of indigenous peoples, including rights to their ancestral lands, territories, and resources. These rights have been stipulated in several instruments, such as the ILO Conventions No.169 and UNDRIP. Nevertheless, most Asian and African countries have not ratified the Treaty, including Indonesia. Consequently, the rights failed to be adopted into national policies, which the ratification is a pre-condition before came into force through the national regulations. Indonesia also doubted the exclusive rights of land, territories, and resources traditionally owned by indigenous peoples. Legally, lands, territories, and resources are controlled by the States, as mentioned in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitutional law. Economically, Indonesia relies on land, territories, and natural resources to boost its national revenues. To achieve this aim, the expropriation of indigenous land and territories often occurs through land concession policy for private or state-owned companies. As a result, land tenure and social conflict were common phenomena from the New Order Regime until the current day. This conflict spreads across the country from the west part (Sumatra) to the east of Indonesia (Papua). Therefore, author argues that applying general international human rights instruments will be an alternative approach in protecting the fundamental rights related to their traditional land rights in the Indonesian context.
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Wardell, D. A., A. Tapsoba, P. N. Lovett, M. Zida, K. Rousseau, D. Gautier, M. Elias, and T. Bama. "Shea ( Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) – the emergence of global production networks in Burkina Faso, 1960–2021 1." International Forestry Review 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 534–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777189.
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After Burkina Faso's independence, shea butter continues to be the key staple edible oil used by Burkinabe households although alternatives are now being placed in local markets. Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) is primarily managed as a food tree crop for African consumers but has been promoted as a wild and abundant crop which gives African women cash and empowerment. New international demand for edible Cocoa Butter Equivalents (CBEs) from the 1960s onwards led to the introduction of several state-led efforts to regulate and control the shea trade through stabilization funds and parastatal marketing boards. These were abandoned after 1984, when cocoa prices collapsed and shea markets were liberalized. Increasingly since 2003, several leading Trans-National Corporations that manufacture CBEs are involved in sourcing shea kernels to meet the growing demands of the multi-billion-dollar confectionary and cosmetics industries. Burkina Faso and Ghana are two of the main exporting countries producing 60–75% of all international shea offtake. West, Central and East African women shea collectors and their associations have also managed, more recently, to meet the growing demand for 'hand-crafted' shea butter for the global personal care sector and new niches in the edible oil industry. Attempts to explain the radical transformation of shea supply chains in West Africa have focused on relatively recent events and actions detached from the broader historical context in which they are embedded. This paper adopts a broad periodization, stemming from the formulation of CBEs incorporating shea and palm stearin in the 1960s, and using a Global Production Network approach to understand the role and position of women shea producers and their associations at the intersection of global, regional, and local periodic markets. It challenges the assumption that global markets are necessarily a more viable alternative to reliance on local, domestic, or regional markets. The growth of global trade in shea kernels and shea butter has been accompanied by significant land cover and land use changes which has led to the progressive loss of trees, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services such as pollination and carbon sequestration. This presents new socio-economic challenges, including threats to local food and nutrition security, tenure rights and the livelihoods of local communities.
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Ite, Uwem. "Custodians of the Commons: Pastoral Land Tenure in East and West Africa, edited by C. R. Lane. Earthscan, London, 1997. ISBN 1 85383 473 4, £15.00 (paperback), xviii+238." Land Degradation & Development 10, no. 5 (September 1999): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-145x(199909/10)10:5<501::aid-ldr332>3.0.co;2-y.
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Maderspacher, Alois. "The National Archives of Cameroon in Yaoundé and Buea." History in Africa 36 (2009): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0009.
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Even in learned journals on African and imperial history, few references have been made to the records contained in the archives in Cameroon, West Africa. Kamerun was a German colony (Schutzgebiet) from 1884-1916/19. In 1911, the Germans took over New Cameroon (Neu Kamerun), 295,000 km2 of land of French Equatorial Africa, ceded during the second Morocco Crisis. After World War I this transaction was reversed and the German colony was separated into French and British League of Nations Mandates in 1919. These mandates were transformed into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946. Finally, French Cameroun became independent in 1960, and after a plebiscite in 1961, one part of the British Cameroons joined Nigeria and the other part reunited with the formerly French part, now the independent Federal Republic of Cameroon.Due to the involvement of three colonial powers in Cameroon, the national archives in Yaoundé and Buea are an excellent source for the colonial history of West Africa, allowing for a simultaneous analysis of German, French, and British files. Whereas the colonial files in the European archives mainly give us the point of view of high politics, the archives in Cameroon offer a different dimension. The files reveal the intricacies of the colonial system on the ground, and the problems with which the colonial administrator had to cope in the bush: How did one introduce European legal tender in a territory never touched by Europeans before? How did one cope with the colonial rivals, who were couching at the frontiers to take over the territory? How did one attempt to win peoples' hearts and minds day in and day out? What happened when the new colonial power took over a territory with an already developed administration from another colonial power, as it took place in Cameroon in 1911 and 1916/19? The national archives of Cameroon contain potential answers to these questions. Hence this paper will focus on the sources that are available for the colonial period in these archives.
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Houessou, Mawuna Donald, Mirte van de Louw, and Ben G. J. S. Sonneveld. "What Constraints the Expansion of Urban Agriculture in Benin?" Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145774.
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Propelled by rapid urbanization, city administrations in low- and middle-income countries face a raft of challenges to secure food and nutrition for its poor urban dwellers. Urban agriculture (UA) seems a viable intervention to address urban food insecurity, however, experience has shown that urban gardens do not expand at the expected rate. Tackling this issue requires a deeper understanding of the main constraints that block UA expansion. Benin is not an exception; the country witnesses a breathtaking growth of its main cities that is in synchronization with a mounting food insecurity. Our research aims, therefore, to identify the main constraints for the expansion of UA in Benin, and adopt a three-pronged approach combined with a systematic literature review, a survey held among experienced urban gardeners, and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Altogether, the synthesis shows a predominance of five main constraints: lack of land and tenure insecurity, insufficient government support, restricted market access, limited access to productive factors, and inequality issues. Specifically, while the review showed that most barriers are linked and could be tackled together, the survey indicated a political unwillingness which in our in-depth interviews is explained by the unperceived benefits of investing in UA and the lack of enforcement of urban development plans. We suggest that Beninese authorities and academics move in synchronization where the former coordinates the planning of urban gardens and the latter provides evidence to trigger public and private investments in UA. The findings could be the basis for further research on UA in West Africa and the wider continent.
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Fonju, Dr Njuafac Kenedy. "Pre-Colonial and Colonial British Equation of Exploration, Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) Through Monarchical Hierarchical Orders of Diplomatic Agents in the Gold Coast (Ghana) of West Africa 1621-1957." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2021.v09i09.004.
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The present paper brings 111 British pre-colonial and colonial diplomatic agents who moderated the activities of Exploration, Expropriation and Exploitation (3Es) in the Gold Coast (GC) located in the Rich Zone of African Gulf of Guinea (RZAGG) in the West African Region between 1621 and 1957 when GC gained independence as Ghana been the first Black African Country under the President ship of an African legend Pan-Africanist known as Kwame Nkrumah. The history of Ghana is very important in views of its previous Ghana Empire and Kingship system which European imperialist and colonisers destroyed with over ambitions of 3Es in the Centuries that followed culminated with slavery and slave trade dealings of human beings shipped as lodge of woods across the Atlantic Ocean to American plantations. The teaching of African History in the 21st Century entails us to know those agents and goes deep into their archives to search and evaluate their Machiavelli did in the specific countries during their tenure in office. This is because they laid the groundwork and foundation of Western European imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism which later cropped up during the second decade of the 20th Century at independence. Our intension is not to bring out all what they did but rather, the identification of principal actors of the period which can be beneficial to the young generation of historians to open up new research avenues by going deeper to illustrate the activities carried out by each of those foreign diplomatic agents in their 3Es instructions and executions. The scrutiny of specialized and secondary sources facilitated us to use a historical analytical approach with visible statistical tables illustrating each of those monarchical actors of Kings and Queens and agents appointed to fulfil their foreign gains from natural and human resources of GC later Ghana at independence.
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Benjaminsen, Tor A. "Formalising Land Tenure in Rural Africa." Forum for Development Studies 29, no. 2 (December 2002): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2002.9666212.
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Nasir, Gamal Abdul, and Ade Saptomo. "Customary Land Tenure Values in Nagari Kayu Tanam, West Sumatra." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 14, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v14.i3.8099.
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The transfer of rights or transactions does not exist in customary land tenure because it is a common property; thus, it can never be transferred to another party. On the other hand, in the Minangkabau indigenous community, West Sumatra, there is a shift in the concept of ulayat land tenure that occurs through two forms of change with six values: religious-magical, self-existence, socio-kinship, cultures and customs, structural and socio-economic asset values. This research will present the concept of the customary land tenure, which is based on these values. The study uses the socio-legal method with sociological approaches, including historical and case approaches. This research shows that there has been a change in land tenure values, moving from communal ownership to individual ownership. There has been an interaction between the laws, the incorporation interaction. It becomes the right concept for the customary land tenure in the future.
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Ncube, Douglas. "Collateral: The Sword of Damocles of the Small-scale Farmers; Land Tenure Issues in Africa." Open Agriculture Journal 12, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501812010046.
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Introduction:Numerous studies have been conducted on tenure and how it affects agricultural productivity. However, in Africa, its complexity emanates from the existence of various types of land tenure systems. This study examined hypotheses derived from the economic theory of property rights.Problem Statement:It is difficult to comprehend the manner in which land tenure issues influences farmer incentives. A perception is held regarding the complexity of instituting policy reforms to ‘fix’ tenure problems.Methodology:Thе еconomic rеѕеarch rеѕultѕ rеlatеd to land tеnurе, tеnurе ѕеcurity and thеir impact on land invеѕtmеntѕ and agricultural productivity, and how thеѕе rеlatе to hypothеѕеѕ gеnеratеd from thе еconomic thеory of propеrty rightѕ in Africa were evaluated. The study is essentially a qualitative approach and is based on literature review and secondary data sources.Results:There is an intimate link between Land tenure development and various constructs of political economic issues such as governance, democracy, empowerment, social justice, equity and development. Consequently, until the recognition of historical issues and political challenges associated with resource redistribution, any solutions to land and tenure questions will lack context and will fail to fulfil the crucial aim of transforming property relations and creating social change. There are convergence and divergence of economic research on land tenure.Conclusion:Land tenure reform is a time-consuming process requiring thorough public consultation and careful preparation. Recently, many international organisations and governments have embarked on land purchases/grabs in Africa exposing smallholder farmers to the arbitrary land acquisition and hence, exacerbating food insecurity in Africa.
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Chigbu, Uchendu, Gaynor Paradza, and Walter Dachaga. "Differentiations in Women’s Land Tenure Experiences: Implications for Women’s Land Access and Tenure Security in Sub-Saharan Africa." Land 8, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020022.
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Most literature on land tenure in sub-Saharan Africa has presented women as a homogenous group. This study uses evidence from Ghana, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe to show that women have differentiated problems, needs, and statuses in their quest for land access and tenure security. It illustrates how women-to-women differences influence women’s access to land. By investigating differentiations in women’s land tenure in the three countries, the study identifies multiple and somewhat interlinked ways in which differentiations exist in women’s land tenure. It achieved some key outcomes. The findings include a matrix of factors that differentiate women’s land access and tenure security, a visualisation of women’s differentiation in land tenure showing possible modes for actions, and an adaptable approach for operationalising women’s differentiation in land tenure policies (among others). Using these as evidence, it argues that women are a highly differentiated gender group, and the only thing homogenous in the three cases is that women are heterogeneous in their land tenure experiences. It concludes that an emphasis on how the differentiation among women allows for significant insight to emerge into how they experience tenure access differently is essential in improving the tenure security of women. Finally, it makes policy recommendations.
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Kometa, Cordelia G., and Richard N. Asongsaigha. "The Implications of Land Tenure Systems on Socio-Economic Development in Kumbo Central Sub-Division, North West Region of Cameroon." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n3p25.
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This study explores the impact of land tenure systems on the socio-economic development of Kumbo Central Sub-Division. The incompatibility of the Statutory and Customary land tenure and land laws in Kumbo brings about conflict between the land laws and land users at large. Land tenure insecurity and lack of land certificates are the major reasons for the slow growth rate in the socio-economic development of Kumbo. This study seeks to assess the reasons for tenure insecurity and implications on the socio-economic development of Kumbo. Data necessary for the realization of this study were obtained through primary and secondary data collection techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, field observation, focus group discussions, snap shorts and the review of related documented materials. These techniques followed a stratified sampling on an age selective population that was liable to have access to land. The study revealed that land ownership and land use conflicts emanate from poor and incompatible land tenure systems in Kumbo. The study recommended that the problem of incompatibility between the two tenure systems can be resolved by harmonizing the two laws. Also, the Social Tenure Domain System was recommended to solve the problem of land tenure insecurity if well implemented by the Government of Cameroon. This model enhances land tenure security for all, especially the vulnerable groups. If all these recommendations are implemented effectively, socio-economic development in Kumbo will be greatly accelerated.
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Jamal, Erizal, and Yovita Anggita Dewi. "Technical Efficiency of Land Tenure Contracts in West Java Province, Indonesia." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2009.6.2.2.
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Obtaining land tenure contracts for rice farms is a major problem faced by farmer tenants in the province of West Java. This study aimed to analyze the type of land tenure contracts in this region and the levels of technical efficiency of each contract system. Data were collected through a survey, with respondents randomly selected from the Karawang and Subang districts of West Java. The stochastic frontier was used to determine the efficiency of each system. Results showed that the average area being tilled was higher than land owned due to land tenure arrangements that increased farmers’ access to land. Three common land tenure contracts in this region are fixed rental, sharecropping, and mortgage. Sharecropping and mortgage coefficients were found to be less efficient, while fixed rental was more efficient compared to owner-cultivated plots. These results provided evidence to support the view that sharecropping is inefficient for the tenants. However, sharecropping is still a common type of land transaction in West Java. To improve efficiency, the local government can help farmers by enabling them to lease land through fixed rental or other more favorable arrangements.
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Hansungule, Michelo, and Ademola Oluborode Jegede. "The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Peoples’ Land Tenure and Use." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 21, no. 2 (June 12, 2014): 256–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02102004.
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In Africa, owing to a lifestyle that is culturally and collectively dependent on land and its natural resources, indigenous peoples are adversely affected by climate change. This is despite the fact that they contribute least to its cause. While this situation requires the protection of indigenous peoples’ land tenure and use, this is generally not yet the reality in the domestic laws of states in Africa. Premised on four propositions, this article makes a case for a regional policy to safeguard indigenous peoples’ land tenure and use in the light of climate change challenge in Africa. In the main, the propositions are: the indigenous peoples have a distinctive perception of land tenure and use relevant for adaptation and mitigation purposes; the land tenure and use is adversely affected by climate change; there is weak protection of indigenous peoples’ land tenure and use under the national and international climate change response frameworks, particularly the National Adaptation Programmes Plan of Action (napa) documentation as well as land-related Clean Development Mechanism (cdm) and redd+ mitigation initiatives; and there are emerging regional activities with the potential to crystallise into a statement of policy. The proposed policy which should embody detailed normative and institutional safeguards on land tenure and use, the article recommends, can be initiated by the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (amcen) and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission) for the protection of indigenous peoples facing the adverse impact of climate change in Africa.
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Hecht, Robert M. "Immigration, land transfer and tenure changes in Divo, Ivory Coast, 1940–80." Africa 55, no. 3 (July 1985): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160583.
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Opening ParagraphThe relationship between land tenure forms and the twentieth-century transformation of agriculture throughout much of Africa from a strong subsistence to a market orientation – and from food crop production to predominantly export crop production – is a topic of great importance both to Africanists and to policy-makers. From a scholarly perspective, contemporary Africa presents an unusual opportunity to study dramatic changes in land use and especially in land tenure, similar to changes which took place in other parts of the world as commercial farming developed. From a policy-maker's point of view, too, the current shift in land tenure has major implications for possible government measures affecting security of tenure and land distribution – and, in turn, patterns of agricultural investment, productivity and output.
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Du Plessis, Elmien. "Untitled: Securing Land Tenure in Urban and Rural South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal / Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 21 (January 16, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a3406.
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This contribution provides a review of the book edited by Donna Hornby, Rosalie Kingwill, Lauren Royston and Ben Cousins. It deals with the topic of land tenure in urban and rural South Africa and challenges the requirement of title deeds to secure land tenure.
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Sparks, Donald L., Amila Toulmin, Philippe Delville, and Samba Traore. "The Dynamics of Resource Tenure in West Africa." African Studies Review 46, no. 2 (September 2003): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1514839.
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Fred-Mensah, Ben K., Camilla Toulmin, Philippe Lavigne Delville, and Samba Traore. "The Dynamics of Resource Tenure in West Africa." International Journal of African Historical Studies 35, no. 2/3 (2002): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097705.
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Barry, Michael. "Hybrid land tenure administration in Dunoon, South Africa." Land Use Policy 90 (January 2020): 104301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104301.
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Unruh, Jon D. "Carbon sequestration in Africa: The land tenure problem." Global Environmental Change 18, no. 4 (October 2008): 700–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.008.
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James, Deborah. "Tenure reformed." Focaal 2011, no. 61 (December 1, 2011): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2011.610102.
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This article explores the contradictory and contested but closely inter- locking efforts of NGOs and the state in planning for land reform in South Africa. As government policy has come increasingly to favor the better-off who are potential commercial farmers, so NGO efforts have been directed, correspondingly, to safeguarding the interests of those conceptualized as poor and dispossessed. The article explores the claim that planned “tenure reform” is the best way to provide secure land rights, especially for laborers residing on white farms; illustrates the complex disputes over this claim arising between state and NGO sectors; and argues that we need to go beyond the concept of “neoliberal governmentality” to understand the relationship between these sectors.
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Peters, Pauline E. "Challenges in Land Tenure and Land Reform in Africa: Anthropological Contributions." World Development 37, no. 8 (August 2009): 1317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.021.
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Soneye, O. Olayemi. "What Is the Nature of Women’s Tenure Security in Sub-Saharan Africa Rural Land Markets? Some Evidence from Nigeria." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 10, no. 1 (October 24, 2021): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23210249211049859.
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As parts of rural transformation and consequent evolution of land tenure in sub-Saharan Africa, land markets now provide another channel through which women access land. Little remains known about women’s experiences in the markets however, and on the nature of their tenure security in particular. This article provides one of the first empirical examinations of women’s tenure security on market-accessed plots. I do this by analysing tenure security variations across both market and non-market tenure arrangements among a group of Nigerian women farmers. From seemingly unrelated regressions, I find tenure insecurity to be more likely if a woman is cultivating rented plots, less likely if she is cultivating purchased or husband-allocated plots while irrelevant if she is cultivating family-allocated plots. These results highlight the need for greater research and policy interest in rural land markets, and in improving women’s tenancy contracts in rental markets.
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Pienaar, Gerrit. "The Methodology Used to Interpret Customary Land Tenure." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i3a2506.
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Customary land tenure is normally not based on codified or statutory sources, but stems from customary traditions and norms. When westernised courts have to interpret and adjudicate these customary traditions and norms, the normal rules of statutory interpretation cannot be followed. The court has to rely on evidence of the traditional values of land use to determine the rules connected to land tenure. Previously courts in many mixed jurisdictions relied on common or civil law legal principles to determine the nature of customary land tenure and lay down the principles to adjudicate customary land disputes among traditional communities, or between traditional and westernised communities in the same jurisdiction. Many examples of such westernised approach can be found in case law of Canada and South Africa. The interpretation of the nature of customary land tenure according to common law or civil law principles has been increasingly rejected by higher courts in South Africa and Canada, e.g. in Alexkor Ltd v The Richtersveld Community 2004 5 SA 469 (CC) and Delgamuukw v British Columbia 1997 3 SCR 1010. This paper explores the methodology the courts should follow to determine what the distinctive nature of customary land tenure is. As customary land tenure is not codified or based on legislation, the court has to rely, in addition to the evidence of indigenous peoples, on the expert evidence of anthropologists and sociologists in determining the nature of aboriginal title (in Canada) and indigenous land tenure (in South Africa). The court must approach the rules of evidence and interpret the evidence with a consciousness of the special nature of aboriginal claims and the evidentiary difficulties in proving a right which originates in times where there were no written records of the practices, customs and traditions engaged in. The court must not undervalue the evidence presented simply because that evidence does not conform precisely with the evidentiary standards that would be applied in, for example, a private law tort case.
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Ahmed, Mohamed M., Berhanu Gebremedhin, Samuel Benin, and Simeon Ehui. "Measurement and sources of technical efficiency of land tenure contracts in Ethiopia." Environment and Development Economics 7, no. 3 (July 2002): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0200030x.
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The degree to which prevailing land tenure arrangements constrain agricultural productivity, and the sources of inefficiency associated with land tenure systems in sub-Saharan Africa are unresolved. Using a stochastic frontier production function, this paper examines the economic efficiency and the determinants of inefficiency of alternative land tenure arrangements in Ethiopia. The results show that sharecropping and borrowing are less technically efficient than owner-cultivation or fixed rentals due to restrictions imposed on them by landowners and the interactions of the land market with other imperfect and absent input markets. Thus, a policy to facilitate more efficient transactions of land between farmers and functioning of input markets are expected to reduce inefficiencies associated with these tenure systems.
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Riddell, Barry, Michael Mortimore, R. E. Downs, and S. P. Reyna. "The Ever-Changing Land: Adaptation and Tenure in Africa." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 26, no. 2 (1992): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485876.
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Isumonah, V. Adefemi. "Migration, land tenure, citizenship and communal conflicts in Africa." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537110412331301335.
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Riddell, Barry. "The Ever-Changing Land: Adaptation and Tenure in Africa." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 26, no. 2 (January 1992): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1992.10804294.
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Tjoa, Marthina, Didik Suharjito, Hariadi Kartodiharjo, and Endriatmo Soetarto. "Forest Land Tenure Rights on Indigenous Peoples in Honitetu Village West Seram District, Maluku." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 6, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl3691-102.
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Forest land tenure systems for indigenous peoples are always debated by various parties regarding the overlapping interests and rights of forest land. Objective of this study is to analyze the types of indigenous peoples' rights to strengthen forest land tenure systems in Honitetu Village, West Seram Regency. The research approach used is Participatory Action Research by building constructs of meaning between researchers and society repeatedly to obtain an understanding of the information discussed. Data were obtained through key informant interviews and focus group discussions conducted repeatedly. The analysis was carried out at each stage of the interview and discussion by making categorization of data to get an understanding of each data obtained. The results of study show that the system of forest land tenure in indigenous communities in Honite village includes control by the whole community (petuanan), control by clan groups (soa) and control by individuals (families). In these three systems, various types of rights are attached to managing and utilizing forest resources. The set of rights contained in indigenous peoples will be even stronger if it includes the linkage of longtime dimensions, the dimensions of space for the use of vertical or horizontal space, the dimensions of the subject with fixed ownership and the dimensions of the object include the results of forest land that provides full benefits.Key words: forest land tenure rights, indigenous people, forest management
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Williams-Wynn, Christopher. "Applying the Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration Concept to South Africa." Land 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060602.
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What potential will the fit-for-purpose land administration concept have of working in the Republic of South Africa? This question is asked against the existence of a high-quality cadastre covering most of the South African landmass. However, a large proportion of the people living in South Africa live outside of this secure land tenure system. Many citizens and immigrants reside on communal land, in informal settlements, in resettled communities, in off-register housing schemes, and as farm dwellers, labour tenants and other occupants of commercial farms. Reasonable estimates suggest that there are more than 5 million land occupations that exist outside the formal land tenure system and hence outside the formal land administration system. This paper looks at the current bifurcated system and considers how the application of the fit-for-purpose land administration system can expand the existing cadastral system and provide security of tenure that is beneficial and acceptable to all. It demonstrates that, not only could it work, but it is also considered to be necessary. This paper uses South Africa as a case study to demonstrate how adjustments to institutional, legal and spatial frameworks will develop a fully inclusive, sufficiently accurate land administration system that fits the purpose for which it is envisioned. These country-specific proposals may well be of international interest to assist with the formulation of fit-for-purpose land administration systems being developed in other countries.