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1
Fraley, Jill. "Water, Water, Everywhere: Surface Water Liability." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 5.1 (2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.5.1.water.
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By 2030 the U.S. will lose around $520 billion annually from its gross domestic product due to flooding. New risks resulting from climate change arise not only from swelling rivers and lakes, but also from stormwater runoff. According to the World Bank, coastal cities risk flooding more from their poor management of surface water than they do from rising sea levels. Surface water liability governs when a landowner is responsible for diverting the flow of water to a neighboring parcel of land. Steep increases in urban flooding will make surface water an enormous source of litigation in the coming decades. But surface water jurisprudence is ill equipped for this influx. The law of surface waters remains cumbersome, antiquated, and confusing. Furthermore, the doctrine itself has exacerbated the problem by privileging land development over maintaining natural landscapes, thereby eliminating what would have been carbon sequestration devices, as well as natural buffers against storm surges, sea level rise, and flooding. This Article critiques surface water liability rules through original research into the agricultural science that supported these legal doctrines. By establishing how the current legal doctrines emerged from science now known to be highly flawed, this Article demonstrates the need to break with past doctrines and engage in a genuine rethinking of how to manage surface water liability in the twentyfirst century. Finally, this Article proposes a new liability rule that would manage landowner expectations while avoiding the pro-development bias currently entrenched in the jurisprudence.
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Mihailović, Dragutin T., Borivoj Rajković, Branislava Lalić, Dušan Jović, and Ljiljana Dekić. "Partitioning the land surface water simulated by a land–air surface scheme." Journal of Hydrology 211, no. 1-4 (November 1998): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(98)00190-5.
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Dumbrovský, M., V. Sobotková, B. Šarapatka, R. Váchalová, R. Pavelková Chmelová, and J. Váchal. "Long-term improvement in surface water quality after land consolidation in a drinking water reservoir catchment." Soil and Water Research 10, No. 1 (June 2, 2016): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/108/2013-swr.
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Balsamo, G., C. Albergel, A. Beljaars, S. Boussetta, H. Cloke, D. Dee, E. Dutra, et al. "ERA-Interim/Land: a global land water resources dataset." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2013): 14705–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14705-2013.
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Abstract. The ERA-Interim/Land is a global land-surface dataset covering the period 1979–2010 and describing the evolution of the soil (moisture and temperature) and snowpack. ERA-Interim/Land is the result of a single 32 yr simulation with the latest ECMWF land surface model driven by meteorological forcing from the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis and precipitation adjustments based on GPCP v2.1. ERA-Interim/Land preserves closure of the water balance and includes a number of parameterisations improvements in the land surface scheme with respect to the original ERA-Interim dataset, which makes it suitable for climate studies involving land water resources. The quality of ERA-Interim/Land, assessed by comparing with ground-based and remote sensing observations is discussed. In particular, estimates of soil moisture, snow depth, surface albedo, turbulent latent and sensible fluxes, and river discharges are verified against a large number of sites measurements. ERA-Interim/Land provides a global integrated and coherent water resources estimate that is used also for the initialization of numerical weather prediction and climate models.
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Cagle, Alexander E., Alona Armstrong, Giles Exley, Steven M. Grodsky, Jordan Macknick, John Sherwin, and Rebecca R. Hernandez. "The Land Sparing, Water Surface Use Efficiency, and Water Surface Transformation of Floating Photovoltaic Solar Energy Installations." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 8154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198154.
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Floating photovoltaic solar energy installations (FPVs) represent a new type of water surface use, potentially sparing land needed for agriculture and conservation. However, standardized metrics for the land sparing and resource use efficiencies of FPVs are absent. These metrics are critical to understanding the environmental and ecological impacts that FPVs may potentially exhibit. Here, we compared techno-hydrological and spatial attributes of four FPVs spanning different climatic regimes. Next, we defined and quantified the land sparing and water surface use efficiency (WSUE) of each FPV. Lastly, we coined and calculated the water surface transformation (WST) using generation data at the world’s first FPV (Far Niente Winery, California). The four FPVs spare 59,555 m2 of land and have a mean land sparing ratio of 2.7:1 m2 compared to ground-mounted PVs. Mean direct and total capacity-based WSUE is 94.5 ± 20.1 SD Wm−2 and 35.2 ± 27.4 SD Wm−2, respectively. Direct and total generation-based WST at Far Niente is 9.3 and 13.4 m2 MWh−1 yr−1, respectively; 2.3 times less area than ground-mounted utility-scale PVs. Our results reveal diverse techno-hydrological and spatial attributes of FPVs, the capacity of FPVs to spare land, and the utility of WSUE and WST metrics.
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Fitria Rini, Erma, Paramita Rahayu, and Hakimatul Mukaromah. "Mapping land use and surface water quality for urban clean water resource." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012048.
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Abstract The population growth and water needs, cumulated with climate change will aggravate the global water scarcity crisis. Surakarta city initiated to use their three rivers across the city as one of the surface water resources to ensure water availability and preserve the environment. This paper aims to give an understanding of the riverbanks’ land use characteristics and river water quality in Surakarta’s three major rivers. The land use data was gathered from satellite images, while the river water quality was gathered from secondary data. Spatial grouping analysis by geographic information system was used to examine the characteristic based on land use and water quality in three major rivers across Surakarta. The results show that there are some different typologies of land use that affect water quality. Therefore, the government needs to improve the land use management to improve the surface water capacity to become one of the urban clean water resources.
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Ibrahim, I., A. Abu Samah, R. Fauzi, and N. M. Noor. "THE LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IMPACT TO LAND COVER TYPES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 10, 2016): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b3-871-2016.
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Land cover type is an important signature that is usually used to understand the interaction between the ground surfaces with the local temperature. Various land cover types such as high density built up areas, vegetation, bare land and water bodies are areas where heat signature are measured using remote sensing image. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of land surface temperature on land cover types. The objectives are 1) to analyse the mean temperature for each land cover types and 2) to analyse the relationship of temperature variation within land cover types: built up area, green area, forest, water bodies and bare land. The method used in this research was supervised classification for land cover map and mono window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) extraction. The statistical analysis of post hoc Tukey test was used on an image captured on five available images. A pixel-based change detection was applied to the temperature and land cover images. The result of post hoc Tukey test for the images showed that these land cover types: built up-green, built up-forest, built up-water bodies have caused significant difference in the temperature variation. However, built up-bare land did not show significant impact at p<0.05. These findings show that green areas appears to have a lower temperature difference, which is between 2° to 3° Celsius compared to urban areas. The findings also show that the average temperature and the built up percentage has a moderate correlation with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.53. The environmental implications of these interactions can provide some insights for future land use planning in the region.
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Ibrahim, I., A. Abu Samah, R. Fauzi, and N. M. Noor. "THE LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IMPACT TO LAND COVER TYPES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 10, 2016): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b3-871-2016.
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Land cover type is an important signature that is usually used to understand the interaction between the ground surfaces with the local temperature. Various land cover types such as high density built up areas, vegetation, bare land and water bodies are areas where heat signature are measured using remote sensing image. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of land surface temperature on land cover types. The objectives are 1) to analyse the mean temperature for each land cover types and 2) to analyse the relationship of temperature variation within land cover types: built up area, green area, forest, water bodies and bare land. The method used in this research was supervised classification for land cover map and mono window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) extraction. The statistical analysis of post hoc Tukey test was used on an image captured on five available images. A pixel-based change detection was applied to the temperature and land cover images. The result of post hoc Tukey test for the images showed that these land cover types: built up-green, built up-forest, built up-water bodies have caused significant difference in the temperature variation. However, built up-bare land did not show significant impact at p<0.05. These findings show that green areas appears to have a lower temperature difference, which is between 2° to 3° Celsius compared to urban areas. The findings also show that the average temperature and the built up percentage has a moderate correlation with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.53. The environmental implications of these interactions can provide some insights for future land use planning in the region.
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Benavides Pinjosovsky, Hector Simon, Sylvie Thiria, Catherine Ottlé, Julien Brajard, Fouad Badran, and Pascal Maugis. "Variational assimilation of land surface temperature within the ORCHIDEE Land Surface Model Version 1.2.6." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-85-2017.
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Abstract. The SECHIBA module of the ORCHIDEE land surface model describes the exchanges of water and energy between the surface and the atmosphere. In the present paper, the adjoint semi-generator software called YAO was used as a framework to implement a 4D-VAR assimilation scheme of observations in SECHIBA. The objective was to deliver the adjoint model of SECHIBA (SECHIBA-YAO) obtained with YAO to provide an opportunity for scientists and end users to perform their own assimilation. SECHIBA-YAO allows the control of the 11 most influential internal parameters of the soil water content, by observing the land surface temperature or remote sensing data such as the brightness temperature. The paper presents the fundamental principles of the 4D-VAR assimilation, the semi-generator software YAO and a large number of experiments showing the accuracy of the adjoint code in different conditions (sites, PFTs, seasons). In addition, a distributed version is available in the case for which only the land surface temperature is observed.
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Kronvang, Brian, Frank Wendland, Karel Kovar, and Dico Fraters. "Land Use and Water Quality." Water 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092412.
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The interaction between land use and water quality is of great importance worldwide as agriculture has been proven to exert a huge pressure on the quality of groundwater and surface waters due to excess losses of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) through leaching and erosion processes. These losses result in, inter alia, high nitrate concentrations in groundwater and eutrophication of rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Combatting especially non-point losses of nutrients has been a hot topic for river basin managers worldwide, and new important mitigation measures to reduce the input of nutrients into groundwater and surface waters at the pollution source have been developed and implemented in many countries. This Special Issue of the Land use and Water Quality conference series (LuWQ) includes a total of 11 papers covering topics such as: (i) nitrogen surplus; (ii) protection of groundwater from pollution; (iii) nutrient sources of pollution and dynamics in catchments and (iv) new technologies for monitoring, mapping and analysing water quality.
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Bresciani, E., P. Goderniaux, and O. Batelaan. "Hydrogeological controls of water table-land surface interactions." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 18 (September 23, 2016): 9653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070618.
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Huang, Shu-Li, and Jiun-Jiun Ferng. "Applied land classification for surface water quality management: II. Land process classification." Journal of Environmental Management 31, no. 2 (September 1990): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(05)80003-9.
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Delworth, T., and S. Manaba. "Climate variability and land-surface processes." Advances in Water Resources 16, no. 1 (January 1993): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(93)90026-c.
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Nagy, János. "Land use, water management." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2485.
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Due to the prognosed population increase to 9.2 billion people by 2050, the world’s crop production does not have any other chance than to increase production. This demand is a huge challenge for agriculture. Based on the forecasts, the growth rate of production of the main cereals will decrease as a result of the effect of soil, water, the increasing fuel and fertiliser prices and the impacts of climate change. Methods ensuring sustainability have to be preferred. Precision agriculture is the most effective method of crop production. We have to apply minimum cultivation in order to protect the soil surface, maintain its moisture content and increase its water reception ability. In addition to the localised use of fertiliser, sowing seed, irrigation and pesticides, it is also important to apply them in a targeted way on the basis of plot imaging. The use of the new technology results in significant cost saving and it could also reduce environmental load.
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Wang, Aihui, Xubin Zeng, Samuel S. P. Shen, Qing-Cun Zeng, and Robert E. Dickinson. "Time Scales of Land Surface Hydrology." Journal of Hydrometeorology 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 868–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm527.1.
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Abstract This paper intends to investigate the time scales of land surface hydrology and enhance the understanding of the hydrological cycle between the atmosphere, vegetation, and soil. A three-layer model for land surface hydrology is developed to study the temporal variation and vertical structure of water reservoirs in the vegetation–soil system in response to precipitation forcing. The model is an extension of the existing one-layer bucket model. A new time scale is derived, and it better represents the response time scale of soil moisture in the root zone than the previously derived inherent time scale (i.e., the ratio of the field capacity to the potential evaporation). It is found that different water reservoirs of the vegetation–soil system have different time scales. Precipitation forcing is mainly concentrated on short time scales with small low-frequency components, but it can cause long time-scale disturbances in the soil moisture of root zone. This time scale increases with soil depth, but it can be reduced significantly under wetter conditions. Although the time scale of total water content in the vertical column in the three-layer model is similar to that of the one-layer bucket model, the time scale of evapotranspiration is very different. This suggests the need to consider the vertical structure in land surface hydrology reservoirs and in climate study.
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Klimach, Anna, and Katarzyna Bagan-Kurluta. "Installation of transmission facilities on lands covered with flowing surface water – the Polish example." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 21, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7425.
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The purpose of the research is to check whether it is possible to encumbrance lands covered with flowing surface water in favor of a transmission networks operator (hereinafter: transmission undertaking) by way of a transmission easement. The term ‘flowing surface water’ includes rivers and flowing lakes, which according to the Central Statistical Office occupy around 2% of Poland’s land area. These waters are located in both urban and rural areas, and the transmission infrastructure facilities involved may be constructed below ground, on the ground or in the air space above the ground. This applies to the transmission of all public utilities including but not limited to water, gas, electricity and telecommunications. The transmission undertaking should seek to acquire the right to the land to install the facilities. This article attempts to address the question of whether the land covered by flowing surface water constitutes a specific type of land which might in some way affect the possibility of establishing a transmission easement.
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Balsamo, G., C. Albergel, A. Beljaars, S. Boussetta, E. Brun, H. Cloke, D. Dee, et al. "ERA-Interim/Land: a global land surface reanalysis data set." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-389-2015.
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Abstract. ERA-Interim/Land is a global land surface reanalysis data set covering the period 1979–2010. It describes the evolution of soil moisture, soil temperature and snowpack. ERA-Interim/Land is the result of a single 32-year simulation with the latest ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) land surface model driven by meteorological forcing from the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis and precipitation adjustments based on monthly GPCP v2.1 (Global Precipitation Climatology Project). The horizontal resolution is about 80 km and the time frequency is 3-hourly. ERA-Interim/Land includes a number of parameterization improvements in the land surface scheme with respect to the original ERA-Interim data set, which makes it more suitable for climate studies involving land water resources. The quality of ERA-Interim/Land is assessed by comparing with ground-based and remote sensing observations. In particular, estimates of soil moisture, snow depth, surface albedo, turbulent latent and sensible fluxes, and river discharges are verified against a large number of site measurements. ERA-Interim/Land provides a global integrated and coherent estimate of soil moisture and snow water equivalent, which can also be used for the initialization of numerical weather prediction and climate models.
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Sadiq Khan, Muhammad, Sami Ullah, Tao Sun, Arif UR Rehman, and Liding Chen. "Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Its Contribution to Urban Heat Island: A Case Study of Islamabad, Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093861.
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One of the essential anthropogenic influences on urban climate is land-use/land-cover (LULC) change due to urbanization, which has a direct impact on land surface temperature (LST). However, LULC changes affect LST, and further, urban heat island (UHI) still needs to be investigated. In this study, we estimated changes in LULC from 1993 to 2018, its warming (positive) and cooling (negative) effect, and their contribution to relative LST (RLST) in the city of Islamabad using satellite remote-sensing data. The LULC was classified using a random forest (RF) classifier, and LST was retrieved by a standardized radiative transfer equation (RTE). Our results reveal that the impervious surfaces has increased by 11.9% on the cost of declining barren land, forest land, grass/agriculture land, and water bodies in the last 26 years. LULC conversion contributed warming effects such as forest land, water bodies, and grass/agriculture land transformed into impervious surfaces, inducing a warming contribution of 1.52 °C. In contrast, the replacement of barren land and impervious surfaces by forest land and water bodies may have a cooling contribution of −0.85 °C to RLST. Furthermore, based on the standardized scale (10%) of LULC changes, the conversion of forest land into impervious surfaces contributed 1% compared to back conversion by −0.2%. The positive contribution to UHI due to the transformation of a natural surface to the human-made surface was found higher than the negative (cooler) contribution due to continued anthropogenic activities. The information will be useful for urban managers and decision makers in land-use planning to control the soaring surface temperature for a comfortable living environment and sustainable cities.
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Kuryltsiv, Roman, Edward Sankowski, Nadiia Kryshenyk, Agnieszka Rutkowska, Tomasz Noszczyk, and Józef Hernik. "INTEGRATION OF SURFACE WATER PROTECTION INTO LAND MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE: CASE STUDY OF THE SERET RIVER." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Formatio Circumiectus 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/asp.fc/2020.19.2.101.
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Khan, Farhan, Bhumika Das, R. K. Mishra, and Brijesh Patel. "Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Changes with Land Surface Temperature Using Spatial-Temporal Data for Nagpur City, India." Journal of Landscape Ecology 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2021-0017.
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Abstract Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) are the most efficient tools for spatial data processing. This Spatial technique helps in generating data on natural resources such as land, forests, water, and their management with planning. The study focuses on assessing land change and surface temperature for Nagpur city, Maharashtra, for two decades. Land surface temperature and land use land cover (LULC) are determined using Landsat 8 and Landsat 7 imageries for the years 2000 and 2020. The supervised classification technique is used with a maximum likelihood algorithm for performing land classification. Four significant classes are determined for classification, i.e., barren land, built-up, vegetation and water bodies. Thermal bands are used for the calculation of land surface temperature. The land use land cover map reveals that the built-up and water bodies are increasing with a decrease in vegetation and barren land. Likewise, the land surface temperature map showed increased temperature for all classes from 2000 to 2020. The overall accuracy of classification is 98 %, and the kappa coefficients are 0.98 and 0.9 for the years 2000 and 2020, respectively. Due to urban sprawl and changes in land use patterns, the increase in land surface temperature is documented, which is a global issue that needs to be addressed.
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Ogbozige, F. J., and M. I. Alfa. "Land use-land cover effects on surface flowing water quality: a statistical approach." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 16, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v16i1.4.
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Granger, R. J., and N. Hedstrom. "Controls on open water evaporation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 4, 2010): 2709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-2709-2010.
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Abstract. The paper presents the initial results of a field study of boundary layer behaviour and open water evaporation carried out on two small- to medium-sized lakes in Western and Northern Canada. Meteorological and boundary layer measurements were made over the water surfaces and over the upwind land surface, allowing for an examination of the effect of lake-land contrasts of temperature on the wind speed over the open water and on the evaporation rates. Lake evaporation was measured directly using eddy covariance equipment. The study showed that, for time periods shorter than daily, the open water evaporation bears no relationship to the net radiation. The wind speed is the most significant factor governing the evaporation rates, followed by the land-water temperature contrast and the land-water vapour pressure contrast. The effect of the stability on the wind field is demonstrated; stability over the water and adjacent land surfaces are, for the most part, out of phase. The derived relationships will be used to develop a model for estimating the hourly evaporation rates from open water. Examination of the seasonal trends shows that the open water period can be separated into two distinct evaporative regimes: the warming period in the Spring, when the land temperature is greater than the water temperature, the turbulent fluxes over water are suppressed; and the cooling period, when the water temperature is greater than the air temperature, and the turbulent fluxes over water are enhanced.
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Duan, Yueming, Wenyi Zhang, Peng Huang, Guojin He, and Hongxiang Guo. "A New Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network for Multi-Scale Land Surface Water Extraction from GaoFen-1D Satellite Images." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 14, 2021): 4576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224576.
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Mapping land surface water automatically and accurately is closely related to human activity, biological reproduction, and the ecological environment. High spatial resolution remote sensing image (HSRRSI) data provide extensive details for land surface water and gives reliable data support for the accurate extraction of land surface water information. The convolutional neural network (CNN), widely applied in semantic segmentation, provides an automatic extraction method in land surface water information. This paper proposes a new lightweight CNN named Lightweight Multi-Scale Land Surface Water Extraction Network (LMSWENet) to extract the land surface water information based on GaoFen-1D satellite data of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. To verify the superiority of LMSWENet, we compared the efficiency and water extraction accuracy with four mainstream CNNs (DeeplabV3+, FCN, PSPNet, and UNet) using quantitative comparison and visual comparison. Furthermore, we used LMSWENet to extract land surface water information of Wuhan on a large scale and produced the land surface water map of Wuhan for 2020 (LSWMWH-2020) with 2m spatial resolution. Random and equidistant validation points verified the mapping accuracy of LSWMWH-2020. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Compared with the other four CNNs, LMSWENet has a lightweight structure, significantly reducing the algorithm complexity and training time. (2) LMSWENet has a good performance in extracting various types of water bodies and suppressing noises because it introduces channel and spatial attention mechanisms and combines features from multiple scales. The result of land surface water extraction demonstrates that the performance of LMSWENet exceeds that of the other four CNNs. (3) LMSWENet can meet the requirement of high-precision mapping on a large scale. LSWMWH-2020 can clearly show the significant lakes, river networks, and small ponds in Wuhan with high mapping accuracy.
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Blyth, Eleanor M., Vivek K. Arora, Douglas B. Clark, Simon J. Dadson, Martin G. De Kauwe, David M. Lawrence, Joe R. Melton, et al. "Advances in Land Surface Modelling." Current Climate Change Reports 7, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-021-00171-5.
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AbstractLand surface models have an increasing scope. Initially designed to capture the feedbacks between the land and the atmosphere as part of weather and climate prediction, they are now used as a critical tool in the urgent need to inform policy about land-use and water-use management in a world that is changing physically and economically. This paper outlines the way that models have evolved through this change of purpose and what might the future hold. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between advances in the science within the modelling components, with the advances of how to represent their interaction. This latter aspect of modelling is often overlooked but will increasingly manifest as an issue as the complexity of the system, the time and space scales of the system being modelled increase. These increases are due to technology, data availability and the urgency and range of the problems being studied.
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Marke, Tobias, Ulrich Löhnert, Vera Schemann, Jan H. Schween, and Susanne Crewell. "Detection of land-surface-induced atmospheric water vapor patterns." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 3 (February 12, 2020): 1723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1723-2020.
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Abstract. Finding observational evidence of land surface and atmosphere interactions is crucial for understanding the spatial and temporal evolution of the boundary layer, as well as for model evaluation, and in particular for large-eddy simulation (LES) models. In this study, the influence of a heterogeneous land surface on the spatial distribution of atmospheric water vapor is assessed. Ground-based remote sensing measurements from a scanning microwave radiometer (MWR) are used in a long-term study over 6 years to characterize spatial heterogeneities in integrated water vapor (IWV) during clear-sky conditions at the Jülich ObservatorY for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE). The resulting deviations from the mean of the scans reveal a season- and direction-dependent IWV that is visible throughout the day. Comparisons with a satellite-derived spatial IWV distribution show good agreement for a selection of satellite overpasses during convective situations but no clear seasonal signal. With the help of a land use type classification and information on the topography, the main types of regions with a positive IWV deviation were determined to be agricultural fields and nearby open pit mines. Negative deviations occurred mainly above elevated forests and urban areas. In addition, high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LESs) are used to investigate changes in the water vapor and cloud fields for an altered land use input.
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Aleinov, I., and G. A. Schmidt. "Water isotopes in the GISS ModelE land surface scheme." Global and Planetary Change 51, no. 1-2 (May 2006): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.12.010.
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Wang, Q. J., and J. C. I. Dooge. "Limiting cases of water fluxes at the land surface." Journal of Hydrology 155, no. 3-4 (March 1994): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90181-3.
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Khan, Najeebullah, Shamsuddin Shahid, Eun-Sung Chung, Sungkon Kim, and Rawshan Ali. "Influence of Surface Water Bodies on the Land Surface Temperature of Bangladesh." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 6754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236754.
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Recent climate change has resulted in the reduction of several surface water bodies (SWBs) all around the globe. These SWBs, such as streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks have a positive impact on the cooling of the surrounding climate and, therefore, reduction in SWBs can contribute to the rise of land surface temperature (LST). This study presents the impact of SWBs on the LST across Bangladesh to quantify their roles in the rapid temperature rise of Bangladesh. The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST and water mask data of Bangladesh for the period 2000–2015 are used for this purpose. Influences of topography and geography on LST were first removed, and then regression analysis was conducted to quantify the impact of SWBs on the LST. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall (MK) test was used to assess the changes in LST and SWBs. The results revealed that SWBs were reduced from 11,379 km2 in 2000 to 9657 km2 in 2015. The trend analysis showed that changes in SWBs have reduced significantly at a 90% level of confidence, which contributed to the acceleration of LST rise in the country due to global warming. The spatial analysis during the specific years showed that an increase in LST can be seen with the reduction of SWBs. Furthermore, the reduction of 100 m2 of SWBs can reduce the LST of the surrounding regions from −1.2 to −2.2 °C.
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Sun, Jing, and Jing He. "Influence of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Land surface temperature." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128301038.
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The rapid urbanization process has recently led to significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes, thereby affecting the climate and the environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the LULC changes in Hefei City, Anhui Province, and their relationship with land surface temperature (LST). To achieve this goal, multitemporal Landsat data were used to monitor the LULC and LST between 2005 and 2015. The study also used correlation analysis to analyze the relationship between LST, LULC, and other spectral indices (NDVI, NDBI, and NDWI). The results show that the built-up land has expanded significantly, transforming from 488.26 km2 in 2005 to 575.64 km2 in 2015. It further shows that the mean LST in Hefei city has increased from 284.0 K in 2005 to 285.86 K in 2015. The results also indicate that there is a positive correlation between LST and NDVI and NDBI, while there is a negative correlation between LST and NDWI. This means that urban expansion and reduced water bodies will lead to an increase in LST.
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Marani, Marco, Giovanna Grossi, Francesco Napolitano, Michael Wallace, and Dara Entekhabi. "Forcing, intermittency, and land surface hydrologic partitioning." Water Resources Research 33, no. 1 (January 1997): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96wr02670.
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Mu, Mengyuan, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Teresa E. Gimeno, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dani Or, Jinyan Yang, and David S. Ellsworth. "Evaluating a land surface model at a water-limited site: implications for land surface contributions to droughts and heatwaves." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 447–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021.
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Abstract. Land surface models underpin coupled climate model projections of droughts and heatwaves. However, the lack of simultaneous observations of individual components of evapotranspiration, concurrent with root-zone soil moisture, has limited previous model evaluations. Here, we use a comprehensive set of observations from a water-limited site in southeastern Australia including both evapotranspiration and soil moisture to a depth of 4.5 m to evaluate the Community Atmosphere-Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model. We demonstrate that alternative process representations within CABLE had the capacity to improve simulated evapotranspiration, but not necessarily soil moisture dynamics–highlighting problems of model evaluations against water fluxes alone. Our best simulation was achieved by resolving a soil evaporation bias, using a more realistic initialisation of the groundwater aquifer state and higher vertical soil resolution informed by observed soil properties, and further calibrating soil hydraulic conductivity. Despite these improvements, the role of the empirical soil moisture stress function in influencing the simulated water fluxes remained important: using a site-calibrated function reduced the soil water stress on plants by 36 % during drought and 23 % at other times. These changes in CABLE not only improve the seasonal cycle of evapotranspiration but also affect the latent and sensible heat fluxes during droughts and heatwaves. The range of parameterisations tested led to differences of ∼150 W m−2 in the simulated latent heat flux during a heatwave, implying a strong impact of parameterisations on the capacity for evaporative cooling and feedbacks to the boundary layer (when coupled). Overall, our results highlight the opportunity to advance the capability of land surface models to capture water cycle processes, particularly during meteorological extremes, when sufficient observations of both evapotranspiration fluxes and soil moisture profiles are available.
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Gorgoglione, Angela, Javier Gregorio, Agustín Ríos, Jimena Alonso, Christian Chreties, and Mónica Fossati. "Influence of Land Use/Land Cover on Surface-Water Quality of Santa Lucía River, Uruguay." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114692.
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Land use/land cover is one of the critical factors that affects surface-water quality at catchment scale. Effective mitigation strategies require an in-depth understanding of the leading causes of water pollution to improve community well-being and ecosystem health. The main aim of this study is to assess the relationship between land use/land cover and biophysical and chemical water-quality parameters in the Santa Lucía catchment (Uruguay, South America). The Santa Lucía river is the primary potable source of the country and, in the last few years, has had eutrophication issues. Several multivariate statistical analyses were adopted to accomplish the specific objectives of this study. The principal component analysis (PCA), coupled with k-means cluster analysis (CA), helped to identify a seasonal variation (fall/winter and spring/summer) of the water quality. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) allowed one to classify the water-quality monitoring stations in three groups in the fall/winter season. The factor analysis (FA) with a rotation of the axis (varimax) was adopted to identify the most significant water-quality variables of the system (turbidity and flow). Finally, another PCA was run to link water-quality variables to the dominant land uses of the watershed. Strong correlations between TP and agriculture-land use, TP and livestock farming, NT and urban areas arose. It was found that these multivariate exploratory tools can provide a proper overview of the water-quality behavior in space and time and the correlations between water-quality variables and land use.
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Winkler, Antoniony S., Jaqueline T. da Silva, José M. B. Parfitt, Claudia F. A. Teixeira-Gandra, Germani Conceço, and Luis C. Timm. "Surface drainage in leveled land: Implication of slope." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 2 (February 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n2p77-82.
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ABSTRACT In the lowlands of Rio Grande do Sul, land leveling is mostly carried out with no slope for the purpose of rice production. In this environment, soils with a low hydraulic conductivity are predominant owing to the presence of a practically impermeable B-horizon near the surface. Land leveling leads to soil accommodation resulting in the formation of depressions where water accumulates after heavy rainfalls, subsequently leading to problems with crops implanted in succession to rice, such as soybeans. The objective of this research was to quantify the areas and volumes of water accumulation in soil as a function of the slope of land leveling. Five typical leveled lowland areas were studied as a part of this research. The original areas presented slopes of 0, 0.20, 0.25, 0.28 and 0.40%, which were used to generate new digital elevation models with slopes between 0 and 0.5%. These newly generated digital models were used to map the depressions with surface water storage. In conclusion, land leveling with slopes higher than 0.1% is recommended to minimize problems with superficial water storage in rice fields.
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Megersa, Tolera, and Dessie Nedaw. "The role of land use/cover type in influencing hydrological component of a watershed in Chancho and Sorga Sub-watersheds, East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012001.
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Abstract Watershed hydrology can be influenced by land use/cover types of the study areas. The activities of humans exert more pressure in influencing the natural dynamism of the watersheds and hydrology through continuous and steep slope cultivation of land. The objective of this study was to assess the influences of land use/cover types and slope gradient on hydrological component of a watershed. The hydrological component of a watershed was simulated by SWAT model with arc-GIS where land use/cover map, slope map and hydrological response unit were used as an input. Farmland land has produced more surface runoff and water yield as compared to the other land use types followed by urban land, while Forest and grassland produced less surface runoff and water yield but higher in evapotranspiration, percolation, ground and lateral flow of water than cultivated and urban land. Area of farmland land is more responsive to the change of surface runoff and water yield than others land use/cover types. As farmland land size increases both surface runoff and water yield tends to decrease and had a negative correlation, whereas, other hydrological variables were less responsive to the change in land size. Slope gradient of land use/covers type contributes to the water imbalance of the watersheds. As slope increases surface runoff and water yield also decreases in farmland, grass, and forest land, whereas, increases in urban land as slope increased. The influences of land use/cover types and slope gradient on the watershed hydrology were more observed where human action is high in terms of continuous and steep slope cultivation and urban built-up expansion and appropriate land use and watershed management is paramount important for water balance in the watershed.
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Xin, Jiaxing, Jun Yang, Dongqi Sun, Tianyu Han, Chunrui Song, and Zhipeng Shi. "Seasonal Differences in Land Surface Temperature under Different Land Use/Land Cover Types from the Perspective of Different Climate Zones." Land 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081122.
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The process of urbanization is accelerating, and land surface temperature (LST) is increasing, seriously threatening human health. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the differences in LST of different land use/land cover (LULC) types. Using MOD11A2 and MCD12Q1 data, this study explored the seasonal differences in LST of each LULC type from the perspective of different climate zones. The results showed that the maximum and minimum LSTs during the day were higher than those at night. During the day, the LSTs of urban and built-up and barren lands were higher than those of forests, grasslands, and water bodies; at night, the LSTs of urban and built-up lands decreased but remained high, while barren lands showed a significant decrease to LSTs even lower than those of water bodies. In addition, the difference in daytime LST of the LU16 type (barren lands) in different climatic zones was the most obvious and was much higher than that of other LULC types in the middle temperate and south temperate zones, but much lower than those in the middle subtropical and north subtropical zones. This comparison of the LST differences of each LULC type under different climate backgrounds provides an important reference for rational urban planning.
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Lei, Baojie, Kim Myung-Soo, and Nurjahan. "Prediction of the Impact of Land Usage Changes on Water Pollution in Public Space Planning with Machine Learning." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6276909.
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In urban public space planning, changes in land use, structure, and construction impact the urban environment to a certain degree. Land usage changes the urban surface water environment by impacting it through numerous ways. This paper studies about prediction of land use changes on surface water pollution in public space planning. This paper analyzes the characteristics of land use changes in public space planning from the quantitative characteristics of land use types, land use structure characteristics, and land usage degree in different years. The protection of natural resources is important, and water is one of the most important natural resources consumed by human beings. The environmental changes impacting these natural resources are to be studied to preserve the natural resources. The prediction of over-consumption of natural resources using soft computing techniques can certainly provide a solution for appropriate decision making. The prediction of relationship between land use changes and surface water pollution is required. In order to achieve this, the regression analysis on land use changes of different spatial scales with four surface water pollution indicators in the dry and wet seasons is performed to obtain the regression of each water pollution indicator. According to the determination coefficient, the determination coefficient of the model uses the comprehensive pollution index method to predict the impact of land use changes on surface water pollution. The experimental results show that the prediction accuracy of the proposed method is high and it is helpful in studying the impact of land use change on surface water pollution. It can help in decision making on consumption of natural resources to preserve the natural resources for next generations.
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Li, Li, Qidi Yu, Ling Gao, Bin Yu, and Zhipeng Lu. "The Effect of Urban Land-Use Change on Runoff Water Quality: A Case Study in Hangzhou City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 10748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010748.
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The main functions of this research are to guide the proportion of urban land that is used and the layout of the facilities on it, help understand the changes to surface runoff that are caused by land being used in urban development, and thus solve surface runoff pollution. Hangzhou City, China has been selected for the experiment, and the way in which its land is utilized as well as the grading of urban construction projects in the demonstration area are specifically analyzed. This study systematically distinguishes the definitions of impervious area based on the Sutherland equation and analyzes the impact of different impervious area subtypes on surface runoff water quality. Then, we compare the impact of impervious area subtypes with the impact of other land-use patterns on surface runoff water quality. This study shows the relationship between different land-use types and runoff water bodies: Land-use index can affect runoff water quality; Greening activities, impervious surface, and the water quality index are negatively correlated; the effective impervious area rate is positively correlated with the water quality index. The paper suggests that increasing the proportion of green spaces and permeable roads in build-up land reduces the effective impervious area (EIA) and thus controls land runoff pollution and improves runoff water quality.
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Zhu, Jianfeng, Qiuwen Zhang, Zhong Tong, Xiaofei Liu, and Fei Yan. "Spatio-temporal Effect of Urbanization on Surface Water Bodies: A Method of RS and GIS." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (August 29, 2016): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010489.
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This paper focuses on the spatio-temporal effects of urbanization on surface water resources in Wuhan, China. Specifically, the relationships between surface water bodies and their surrounding land use changes are discussed quantitatively by remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). In this paper, surface water bodies and land use classifications in 1991 and 2005 are detected from Landsat TM/ETM+ images. On this basis, the area changes of water bodies and their transformations are extracted by overlap analysis. The result proves that most of the reduced surface water bodies had transformed into developed land in the urban districts. Finally, a comparative analysis indicates that the rate of increment of developed land in 100 m buffer (14%) is higher than in 1000 m buffer (8.8%). In other words, urban development is growing towards water bodies as urbanization. Therefore, the effects of urbanization on surface water bodies can be summarized as follows: (1) water bodies are likely to be occupied directly by developed land with urbanization; (2) the space of surface water is compressed due to urban expansion. This paper would provide a suggestion for urban planners and water resource managers.
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Singh, Sheilja, and Rabidyuti Biswas. "Analysis of Land Use Change Effects/Impacts on Surface Water Resources in Delhi." Urban Science 6, no. 4 (December 7, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6040092.
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Rapid urbanization and haphazard development derive the changes in land uses and affect the naturally available resources which are essential for human development and other lives. Land use changes can undermine the environment and ecology of an urban area. Although many studies on the land use changes, trends, status, directions, and the relationship between them have been conducted for Chinese cities, none of them have been completed for Indian cities and also not for NCT Delhi. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of land use changes on surface water resources. So, this study aims to analyze the effects of land use changes on surface water resources in NCT Delhi, one water-stressed city in India. The analysis is comprised of changes, trends, status, and directions for surface water resources and other types of land use for showing the effects. Comprehensive tools such as remote sensing, GIS, and the cross-tabulation method are used for the assessment of land use changes, trends, and status. Four decadal (1990, 2000, 2010, 2020) satellite maps have been used to study the temporal-spatial data of several land uses and to calculate the index of land use changes for investigating the trends and status. In the form of results, the comprehensive net change (18.28%) and total change (49.28%) with a trend value of 0.37 show the quasi-balanced, two-way transition and positive changes in the whole area. This metrics-based study shows that surface water resources land use type is decreasing, and built-up land use type is increasing since 1990. Population growth, economic and industrial development were the major factors for the variations in built-up, green, and other land uses. This metrics-based analysis study is an important perspective for protecting urban water bodies from effects of land use changes. These understandings on land use changes and temporal-spatial relationships are important for present and future land use development and surface water resource planning. This study will help the Delhi Government’s initiatives for the rejuvenation of urban water bodies by endorsing the land use regulations on surrounding land uses.
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Tarigan, J., Roesyanto, R. A. Sembiring, M. A. Pulungan, and A. Ananta. "Development of well reception to reduce rain surface surface in Sunggal village right Deli Serdang district." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v4i2.4056.
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Water catchment areas are very important to reduce surface runoff that enters the drainage, but the rise of housing development results in damage to the water catchment area. Development of settlements, offices, educational buildings, and other buildings often do not pay attention to areas that should be open green land. Land cover causes a large infiltration to be reduced when it rains, thereby increasing surface runoff which can result in inundation or flooding. One village that is increasingly crowded with settlements is the right sunggal village in the Deli Serdang district. The main problem in the village of Sunggal Kanan, especially the Gusti Wijaya University Foundation, which is a service partner, is the lack of open land in the foundation complex as a water catchment zone. The solution offered in this program is in the form of infiltration well construction. This method utilizes wells as a water catchment container when it rains. With this infiltration well, rainwater runoff can be reduced
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Tarigan, J., Roesyanto, R. A. Sembiring, M. A. Pulungan, and A. Ananta. "Development of well reception to reduce rain surface surface in Sunggal village right Deli Serdang district." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v4i2.4177.
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Water catchment areas are very important to reduce surface runoff that enters the drainage, but the rise of housing development results in damage to the water catchment area. Development of settlements, offices, educational buildings, and other buildings often do not pay attention to areas that should be open green land. Land cover causes a large infiltration to be reduced when it rains, thereby increasing surface runoff which can result in inundation or flooding. One village that is increasingly crowded with settlements is the right sunggal village in the Deli Serdang district. The main problem in the village of Sunggal Kanan, especially the Gusti Wijaya University Foundation, which is a service partner, is the lack of open land in the foundation complex as a water catchment zone. The solution offered in this program is in the form of infiltration well construction. This method utilizes wells as a water catchment container when it rains. With this infiltration well, rainwater runoff can be reduced.
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Bai, Liangliang, Di Long, and La Yan. "Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture With Downscaled Land Surface Temperatures Using a Data Fusion Approach for Heterogeneous Agricultural Land." Water Resources Research 55, no. 2 (February 2019): 1105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018wr024162.
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Cui, Yaoping, Yiming Fu, Nan Li, Xiaoyan Liu, Zhifang Shi, Jinwei Dong, and Yan Zhou. "A Novel Approach for Automatic Urban Surface Water Mapping with Land Surface Temperature (AUSWM)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133060.
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The principal difficulty in extracting urban surface water using remote-sensing techniques is the influence of noise from complex urban environments. Although various methods exist, there are still many sources of noise interference when extracting urban surface water, and automatic cartographic methods with long time series are especially scarce. Here, we construct an automatic urban surface water extraction method from the combination of traditional water index, urban shadow index (USI), and land surface temperature (LST) by using the Google Earth Engine cloud computing platform and Landsat imagery. The three principal findings derived from the application of the method were as follows. (i) In comparison with autumn and winter, LST in spring and summer could better distinguish water from high-reflection ground objects, shadows, and roads and roofs covered by asphalt. (ii) The overall accuracy of Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEIsh) in Zhengzhou was 77.5% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.55; with consideration of the USI and LST, the overall accuracy increased to 96.0% and the Kappa coefficient increased to 0.92. (iii) During 1990–2020, the area of urban surface water in Zhengzhou increased, with an evident trend in expansion from 11.51 km2 in 2008 to 49.28 km2 in 2020. Additionally, possible omissions attributable to using 30m-resolution imagery to extract urban water areas were also discussed. The method proposed in this study was proven effective in eliminating the influence of noise in urban areas, and it could be used as a general method for high-accuracy long-term mapping of urban surface water.
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Pei, Liang, Chunhui Wang, Yiping Zuo, Xiaojie Liu, and Yanyan Chi. "Impacts of Land Use on Surface Water Quality Using Self-Organizing Map in Middle Region of the Yellow River Basin, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710946.
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The Yellow River is one of the most important water sources in China, and its surrounding land use affected by human activities is an important factor in water quality pollution. To understand the impact of land use types on water quality in the Sanmenxia section of the Yellow River, the water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the water quality. A self-organizing map (SOM) was used for clustering analysis of water quality indicators, and the relationship between surface water quality and land use types was further analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that WQI values ranged from 82.60 to 507.27, and the highest value was the sampling site S3, whose water quality grade was “Likely not suitable for drinking”, mainly polluted by agricultural non-point sources ammonia nitrogen pollution. SOM clustered the sampling sites into 4 groups according to the water quality indicators, the main influencing factors for different groups were analyzed and explored in more depth in relation to land use types, suggesting that surface water quality was significantly connected with the proportion of land use types at the watershed scale in the interpretation of water quality change. The negative impact of cropland on surface water quality was greater than that of other land use types, and vegetation showed a greater positive impact on surface water quality than other land uses. The results provide evidence for water environment conservation based on land use in the watershed.
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Granger, R. J., and N. Hedstrom. "Modelling hourly rates of evaporation from small lakes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 21, 2011): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-267-2011.
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Abstract. The paper presents the results of a field study of open water evaporation carried out on three small lakes in Western and Northern Canada. In this case small lakes are defined as those for which the temperature above the water surface is governed by the upwind land surface conditions; that is, a continuous boundary layer exists over the lake, and large-scale atmospheric effects such as entrainment do not come into play. Lake evaporation was measured directly using eddy covariance equipment; profiles of wind speed, air temperature and humidity were also obtained over the water surfaces. Observations were made as well over the upwind land surface. The major factors controlling open water evaporation were examined. The study showed that for time periods shorter than daily, the open water evaporation bears no relationship to the net radiation; the wind speed is the most significant factor governing the evaporation rates, followed by the land-water temperature contrast and the land-water vapour pressure contrast. The effect of the stability on the wind field was demonstrated; relationships were developed relating the land-water wind speed contrast to the land-water temperature contrast. The open water period can be separated into two distinct evaporative regimes: the warming period in the Spring, when the land is warmer than the water, the turbulent fluxes over water are suppressed; and the cooling period, when the water is warmer than the land, the turbulent fluxes over water are enhanced. Relationships were developed between the hourly rates of lake evaporation and the following significant variables and parameters (wind speed, land-lake temperature and humidity contrasts, and the downwind distance from shore). The result is a relatively simple versatile model for estimating the hourly lake evaporation rates. The model was tested using two independent data sets. Results show that the modelled evaporation follows the observed values very well; the model follows the diurnal trends and responds to changes in environmental conditions.
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Hanasaki, N., S. Kanae, T. Oki, K. Masuda, K. Motoya, Y. Shen, and K. Tanaka. "An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources – Part 1: Input meteorological forcing and natural hydrological cycle modules." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 2, 2007): 3535–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-3535-2007.
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Abstract. An integrated global water resources model was developed consisting of six modules: land surface hydrology, river routing, crop growth, reservoir operation, environmental flow requirement estimation, and anthropogenic water withdrawal. It simulates both natural and anthropogenic water flow globally (excluding Antarctica) on a daily basis at a spatial resolution of 1°×1° (longitude and latitude). The simulation period is 10 years, from 1986 to 1995. This first part of the two-feature report describes the input meteorological forcing and natural hydrological cycle modules of the integrated model, namely the land surface hydrology module and the river routing module. The input meteorological forcing was provided by the second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP2), an international land surface modeling project. Several reported shortcomings of the forcing component were improved. The land surface hydrology module was developed based on a bucket type model that simulates energy and water balance on land surfaces. Simulated runoff was compared and validated with observation-based global runoff data sets and observed streamflow records at 32 major river gauging stations around the world. Mean annual runoff agreed well with earlier studies at global, continental, and continental zonal mean scales, indicating the validity of the input meteorological data and land surface hydrology module. In individual basins, the mean bias was less than ±20% in 14 of the 32 river basins and less than ±50% in 24 of the basins. The performance was similar to the best available precedent studies with closure of energy and water. The timing of the peak in streamflow and the shape of monthly hydrographs were well simulated in most of the river basins when large lakes or reservoirs did not affect them. The results indicate that the input meteorological forcing component and the land surface hydrology module provide a framework with which to assess global water resources, with the potential application to investigate the subannual variability in water resources. GSWP2 participants are encouraged to re-run their model using this newly developed meteorological forcing input, which is in identical format to the original GSWP2 forcing input.
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Zhang, Linshan, Lifu Zhang, Donghui Zhang, Yi Cen, Sa Wang, Yan Zhang, and Liaoran Gao. "Analysis of Seasonal Water Characteristics and Water Quality Responses to the Land Use/Land Cover Pattern: A Case Study in Tianjin, China." Water 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050867.
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As the second largest city in northern China, Tianjin has a unique geographical and social status. Following its rapid economic development, Tianjin is experiencing high levels of surface water pollution. The land use/land cover (LULC) pattern has a considerable impact on hydrological cycling and pollutant transmission, and thus on regional water quality. A full understanding of the water quality response to the LULC pattern is critical for water resource management and improvement of the natural environment in Tianjin. In this study, surface water monitoring station data and LULC data from 2021 to 2022 were used to investigate the surface water quality in Tianjin. A cluster analysis was conducted to compare water quality among monitoring stations, a factor analysis was conducted to identify potential pollution sources, and an entropy weight calculation was used to analyze the impact of the land use pattern on water quality. The mean total nitrogen (TN) concentration exceeded the class Ⅴ water quality standard throughout the year, and the correlation coefficient of the relationship between dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH exceeded 0.5 throughout the year, with other water quality parameters showing seasonal changes. On the basis of their good water quality, the water quality monitoring stations near large water source areas were distinguished from those near areas with other LULC patterns via the cluster analysis. The factor analysis results indicated that the surface water in Tianjin suffered from nutrient and organic pollution, with high loadings of ammonia nitrogen (NH3N), TN, and total phosphorus (TP). Water pollution was more serious in areas near built-up land, especially in the central urban area. The entropy weight calculation results revealed that water, built-up land, and cultivated/built-up land had the greatest impact on NH3N, while cultivated land had the greatest impact on electrical conductivity (EC). This study discusses the seasonal changes of surface water and impact of land use/land cover pattern on water quality at a macro scale, and highlighted the need to improve surface water quality in Tianjin. The results provide guidance for the sustainable utilization and management of local water resources.
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Kalantari, Zahra, Sonia Borja, and Georgia Destouni. "Changes in Net Global Surface Water Area Since 1985." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030069.
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Spatial and temporal characteristics of surface water resources (e.g., extension, connectivity, seasonality) are key elements in water allocation, climate and hydrological regulation, ecosystem functioning, and the food-energy-water nexus. Changes in surface water area due to losses/gains to land could strongly affect these processes on different scales. Previous findings on changes in the Earth’s surface water area are contradictory. Based on water–land year classification datasets, we estimated global surface water area changes between 1985–2000 and 2001–2015. We found a net global gain in surface water of 100,454 km2, attributable to a large net gain in seasonal water (83,329 km2) and a small net gain in permanent water (17,125 km2). In general, net changes were highly heterogeneous in space, with local exceptions of clear drying and wetting trends, e.g., the Aral Sea and Quill Lakes, respectively. These findings raise multiple questions as to why seasonal water gains dominate and how different intertwined drivers (e.g., hydroclimate and human-induced water–land use changes) shape the distribution of the Earth’s surface water. Understanding these long-term changes is essential to predicting water-related pressures and prioritizing management decisions.
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Ling, Xiaolu, Hao Gao, Jian Gao, Wenhao Liu, and Zeyu Tang. "Uncertainty Analysis of Remote Sensing Underlying Surface in Land–Atmosphere Interaction Simulated Using Land Surface Models." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020370.
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This paper reports a comparative experiment using remote sensing underlying surface data (ESACCI) and Community Land Model underlying surface data (CLM_LS) to analyze the uncertainty of land surface types in land–atmosphere interaction. The results showed that the global distribution of ESACCI cropland is larger than that of CLM_LS, and there is a great degree of difference in some regions, which can reach more than 50% regionally. Furthermore, the changes of the underlying surface conditions can be transmitted to the model results through the data itself, resulting in the uncertainty of the surface energy balance, surface micro-meteorological elements, and surface water balance simulated by the model, which further affects the climate simulation effect.
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Pokhrel, Yadu, Naota Hanasaki, Sujan Koirala, Jaeil Cho, Pat J. F. Yeh, Hyungjun Kim, Shinjiro Kanae, and Taikan Oki. "Incorporating Anthropogenic Water Regulation Modules into a Land Surface Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-013.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Anthropogenic activities have been significantly perturbing global freshwater flows and groundwater reserves. Despite numerous advances in the development of land surface models (LSMs) and global terrestrial hydrological models (GHMs), relatively few studies have attempted to simulate the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the terrestrial water cycle using the framework of LSMs. From the comparison of simulated terrestrial water storage with the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations it is found that a process-based LSM, the Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff (MATSIRO), outperforms the bucket-model-based GHM called H08 in simulating hydrologic variables, particularly in water-limited regions. Therefore, the water regulation modules of H08 are incorporated into MATSIRO. Further, a new irrigation scheme based on the soil moisture deficit is developed. Incorporation of anthropogenic water regulation modules significantly improves river discharge simulation in the heavily regulated global river basins. Simulated irrigation water withdrawal for the year 2000 (2462 km3 yr−1) agrees well with the estimates provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Results indicate that irrigation changes surface energy balance, causing a maximum increase of ~50 W m−2 in latent heat flux averaged over June–August. Moreover, unsustainable anthropogenic water use in 2000 is estimated to be ~450 km3 yr−1, which corresponds well with documented records of groundwater overdraft, representing an encouraging improvement over the previous modeling studies. Globally, unsustainable water use accounts for ~40% of blue water used for irrigation. The representation of anthropogenic activities in MATSIRO makes the model a suitable tool for assessing potential anthropogenic impacts on global water resources and hydrology.