Academic literature on the topic 'Land settlement patterns'

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Journal articles on the topic "Land settlement patterns"

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Tsabit N, Chindy Dhia, and Bitta Pigawati. "The Pattern of Settlement Distribution in Disaster Prone Areas of Semarang City." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 23, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v23i2.30292.

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The increase in population in Semarang City affects the trends in land use. Limited availability of land in contrast to the increasing demand for land has prompted residents to choose a place to live in a location not following its designation. Several settlements in Semarang City have developed in disaster-prone locations. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of settlements in disaster-prone areas, including aspects of land use, levels of vulnerability to natural hazards, and settlement distribution patterns. The research is a descriptive quantitative study with a spatial approach and utilizes images from remote sensing and Geographic Information systems (GIS). The results show that the settlements covering an area of 5,577 hectares or 33.5% of the total settlement area of Semarang City are in disaster-prone areas. Most disaster-prone areas have a moderate level of vulnerability. There are three patterns of settlement distribution in the study area, namely clustered, random, and dispersed patterns. Most districts in Semarang City have a random pattern of disaster-prone settlements. The settlement distribution pattern reflects the characteristics of each disaster-prone area.
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Hashmi, Zahra Akram. "Land Revenue Settlements: The Magnitudes of Economic Development in the State of Bahawalpur (1866–1947)." Indian Historical Review 48, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211009711.

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With the advent of the British in India, the colonial institutions were introduced throughout the country. In the Bahawalpur State, the Agency government stimulated the fiscal patterns of British India particularly its settlement policy, which brought amelioration in the native revenue system. This paper traces the historical process of land settlement for revenue generation and their impact over the agrarian economy of the State. These settlements became the major contributing factor towards the economic advancement. The different phases of settlement of land, along with the extent of government demand are established in this research. The third phase of land settlement resulted by the beginning of weir control water system, brought some revolutionary changes in the land pattern and revenue structure therefore, it has been particularly focused in this paper. The data for this study is mainly based on unpublished archival documents and unpublished assessment reports.
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Wang, Jieyong, and Yu Zhang. "Analysis on the Evolution of Rural Settlement Pattern and Its Influencing Factors in China from 1995 to 2015." Land 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111137.

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Since the early 1990s, China has experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization. As cities have expanded rapidly, the spatial patterns of rural settlements also changed significantly. This study uses land use data from satellite imagery interpretation, socioeconomic statistics, and field survey data, together with techniques including landscape pattern analysis, kernel density estimation, and spatial measurement models, to analyze the evolving spatial patterns of rural settlements influencing factors in China from 1995 to 2015. The results indicate the following: First, China’s rural settlements experienced significant changes in the period 1995–2015, as 88.92% of Prefectural-level administrative district units saw an increase in rural settlement area, with total settlement size increasing by 1.35 million hectares, and settlement area sprawl index values can be summarized as “high in the west and low in the east”. Second, in the two-decade study period, the population agglomeration capacity of rural settlements in China continuously weakened, and the shape and structure of rural settlement became more complex and irregular. The scale and scope of the disappearance of rural settlement areas in the northeast and southeast regions was relatively drastic, and the kernel density value of settlements dropped significantly. Third, the increase in rural settlement land area is concentrated in low-altitude and low-slope areas, with a significant tendency to be near water and roads. Fourth, social and economic factors, such as per capita net income of rural residents, the proportion of the population employed in agriculture, the size and structure of the permanent rural population, local fiscal revenue, and urbanization level, are the main factors that cause changes of rural settlement patterns. The results of this study can serve as a reference for promoting regional rural sustainable development policies and advancing rural spatial governance and comprehensive revitalization.
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Chen, Sen, Muhammad Sajid Mehmood, Shuchen Liu, and Yimin Gao. "Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Rural Settlements in Qinba Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610095.

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Spatial patterns and the influencing determinants of rural settlements are the most important indicators for understanding the constituent structure of rural regional systems. However, there is little knowledge addressing the characteristics from the settlement perspective by realizing the spatial reconstruction and sustainable development of rural settlements. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the geographical, size, and morphological properties of rural settlement patterns in the Qinba Mountains in southern Shaanxi Province, China, using rural settlement and remote sensing data through spatial measurement index, gradient transects, demographic-economic index, and geodetector analysis. The results show the following: (1) Overall, rural settlements have spatial characteristics of “high-density multi-core clusters (0.8–1.6/km2) and low-density broadly scattered (<0.08/km2)”. There is a significant positive correlation between the scale of rural settlement density and the characteristics of high-value agglomeration. (2) The spatial disparities of morphological traits of settlement shapes are significant. Furthermore, 1840 NP/piece of plain basin landform types provide high-value areas for each settlement feature value, and locations with moderate slopes are best for settlement dispersal. Moreover, rivers, roads, and distance from township centers are all examples of beneficial directivity. There is consistency between the spatial differentiation of rural settlement areas per capita and the distribution of settlement scale. Conversely, the settlement density is inconsistent with the agricultural production value density’s spatial distribution features. (3) The impact of geographical factors on the diversification of settlement characteristics has significant spatial differences. Moreover, natural ecological characteristics such as elevation and landform and the distribution of cultivated land strongly influence the spatial pattern of the study region. Finally, the study findings can be beneficial for land and space planning and rural governments to develop sustainable rural settlements.
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Matarira, Dadirai, Onisimo Mutanga, Maheshvari Naidu, Terence Darlington Mushore, and Marco Vizzari. "Characterizing Informal Settlement Dynamics Using Google Earth Engine and Intensity Analysis in Durban Metropolitan Area, South Africa: Linking Pattern to Process." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032724.

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The growing population in informal settlements expedites alterations in land use and land cover (LULC) over time. Understanding the patterns and processes of landscape transitions associated with informal settlement dynamics in rapidly urbanizing cities is critical for better understanding of consequences, especially in environmentally vulnerable areas. The study sought to map and systematically analyze informal settlement growth patterns, dynamics and processes, as well as associated LULC transitions in Durban Metropolitan area, from 2015 to 2021. The study applied an object-based image classification on PlanetScope imagery within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Further, intensity analysis approach was utilized to quantitatively investigate inter-category transitions at category and transition levels. Thus far, no study of land conversion to and from informal settlement areas in South Africa has exploited both GEE and intensity analysis approaches. The results suggest spatial growth of informal settlements with a total net gain of 3%. Intensity analysis results at category level revealed that informal settlements were actively losing and gaining land area within the period, with yearly gain and loss intensity of 72% and 54%, correspondingly, compared to the uniform intensity of 26%. While the growth of informal settlements avoided water bodies over the studied period, there was an observed systematic process of transition between informal settlements and other urban land. Government policy initiatives toward upgrading informal housing could be attributed to the transitions between informal and other urban settlements. This study illustrates the efficacy of intensity analysis in enhancing comprehension of the patterns and processes in land changes, which aids decision making for suitable urban land upgrading plans in the Durban Metropolitan area.
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Ran, Duan, Qiyu Hu, and Zhanlu Zhang. "Spatial–Temporal Evolution, Impact Mechanisms, and Reclamation Potential of Rural Human Settlements in China." Land 13, no. 4 (March 28, 2024): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040430.

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In China’s pursuit of modernization, the government has introduced the rural revitalization strategy to combat rural decline, foster balanced urban–rural development, and reduce the urban–rural gap. Rural human settlements, as key components of this strategy, play a vital role. This paper examines the types and characteristics of human–earth relationships within rural settlements, emphasizing their significance. Using national land use and population census data, we analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of rural settlements at the county level, investigating landscape pattern changes, assessing the degree of coupling coordination between rural population and settlements, categorizing relationship types and features, and estimating the potential for remediation. Our findings reveal a growing trend in the scale of rural human settlements, particularly sourced from arable land, with significant expansions observed in the North China Plain and Northeast Plain, indicating potential for farmland reclamation and village consolidation. Landscape patterns of rural human settlements exhibit increased fragmentation, complex shapes, and aggregation. We categorize the utilization of rural human settlements into two types, each with four distinct features: human–land coordination is observed in regions characterized by either a higher rural population and larger rural settlement areas, or lower rural population and smaller rural settlement areas. Human–land trade-offs are evident in areas where there is either a higher rural population and smaller rural settlement areas, or lower rural population and larger rural settlement areas. This provides valuable insights for the Chinese government’s context-specific implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. It also serves as an experiential reference for the governance of rural human settlements in other developing countries.
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Afti, Siti Naila Tassa Ghuba, and Fitriana Syahar. "Evaluation of Settlement Space Patterns in Solok City with Remote Sensing." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 6, no. 2 (November 2, 2022): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v6i2.4509.

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Land use is the physical form of the earth's surface that is influenced by human activities. The increase in population results in changes in land use for settlements that tend to increase and are not controlled, so it is necessary to monitor the rate of these changes so that the balance of life and the environment can be maintained and in accordance with what has been regulated by the government in the regional spatial plan (RTRW). This study aims to identify changes in settlement area from 2010-2020 in Solok City and assess the suitability of land use for settlements with residential spatial patterns (RTRW) in 2012-2031 Solok City. This study uses remote sensing data in the form of spot images. The steps taken by the image interpretation approach with manual digitization methods and arcgis applications, accuracy sampling is done by random sampling with the confusion matrix accuracy test technique carried out to answer the goal. The results of the study found that the image accuracy was 91.66%. Then, the condition of settlements in Solok City continues to increase in area every year in the 2010-2020 period with a total of 353.8 Ha, where the largest area of ​​settlement changes is in Lubuk Sikarah District. In this study, it can be stated that the area of ​​settlement in 2020 is 306.50 Ha which is not in accordance with the area contained in the spatial pattern (RTRW) of Solok City
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Syukriah, H. G., Yaswirman Yaswirman, Firman Hasan, Kurniawarman Kurniawarman, and Taufiqurrahman Taufiqurrahman. "Debt Guarantee Settlement Patterns in Minangkabau." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 31, 2020): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.38.

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Debt collateral is often unacceptable to the execution of debt collateral because there is coercion and leads to court so that many debts are not collected. In Minangkabau customary law, there is no compulsion to pay off debts. This research answers how people make debt-receivables agreements and must be repaid by the debtors in the Minangkabau customary law arrangement in Sungai Dareh village, West Sumatra. This research method is through observation and interviews of local customary leaders. The implementation of the pattern of execution of debt collateral settlement in Minangkabau is motivated by the legal relationship between the creditor and the collateral in the form of land. The creditor only has the right to cultivate or take the proceeds from the land given by the debt recipient until the debt is paid off or redeemed by the debt recipient, so that debt settlement will never transfer ownership rights to the land. In an urgent situation, the creditor can transfer the debt to the new lender, which stops the legal relationship between the first creditor and the debt recipient and creates a new legal relationship between the second creditor and the debt recipient. Creditors' rights remain a priority, and there is no time limit in paying off debts. This debt settlement is very different from debt settlement in positive law in Indonesia. The creditor has the right to sell the land as collateral for the debt if the debt cannot be settled after a certain period, which results in the loss of ownership of the debt recipient over the land that is used as debt collateral. There is a need for positive legal reform in Indonesia regarding the execution of debt guarantees.
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Suwarlan, Stivani Ayuning. "ANALISIS POLA PERMUKIMAN KAMPUNG PENELEH SURABAYA." Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 4, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v4i1.335.

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Abstract: Settlement patterns in an area can change due to population growth and activity from year to year, thereby increasing the need for housing. The increased need for housing has caused local residents to build buildings without regard to initial land boundaries / initial house plots, so that building compaction occurs. As a result of building compaction can change the pattern of settlements and even create new patterns of settlement in the area. Knowing changes in patterns and the existence of new patterns is very necessary, especially for local governments as material for study in making regulations / policies. This case occurred in Surabaya Peneleh Village, which used to have settlements on the riverbank transformed into an area that had an elongated pattern following the street network and clustered pattern due to compaction of buildings.Keywords: settlement, settlement patterns, building compactionAbstrak: Pola permukiman pada suatu wilayah dapat mengalami perubahan yang disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan dan aktivitas penduduk dari tahun ke tahun sehingga meningkatkan kebutuhan rumah tinggal. Kebutuhan rumah yang meningkat ini menyebabkan penduduk setempat mendirikan bangunan tanpa memperhatikan batas lahan/ kavling awal, sehingga terjadilah pemadatan bangunan. Hasil dari pemadatan bangunan ini dapat merubah pola permukiman bahkan menciptakan pola permukiman baru pada wilayah tersebut. Diketahuinya perubahan pola dan keberadaan pola baru sangat diperlukan terutama bagi pemerintah setempat sebagai bahan kajian dalam pembuatan peraturan/ kebijakan. Hal ini terjadi pada Kampung Peneleh Surabaya yang awalnya hanya memiliki permukiman di pinggiran sungai bertransformasi menjadi wilayah yang memiliki pola permukiman memanjang mengikuti jaringan jalan dan pola mengelompok akibat pemadatan bangunan.Kata Kunci: permukiman, pola permukiman, pemadatan bangunan
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Dewi, Kusuma, Lia Umi Amaliya, Muhammad Rafi’ Attamimi, Akmal Fahmi, and Neni Wahyuningtyas. "Environmental Sustainability and Spatial Pattern of Settlement in the Osing and Sasak Communities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1066, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1066/1/012012.

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Abstract Local communities have patterns of adaptation to their environment and produce local knowledge systems. Local knowledge provides a pattern of relationships between communities and their environment to support nature conservation. Local knowledge also produces spatial patterns of community settlements. The aim of this research is to find the differences and similarities the way of thinking Sasak and Osing tribes in protecting their environment and their relation to the spatial pattern of community settlements. This research is classified as a qualitative descriptive research. The approach used ethnography. Data search in this case using in-depth interview techniques, documentation, observation and literacy studies The data analysis technique went through several stages, namely collection, grouping, examination, analysis, and drawing conclusions. The results show that ecological knowledge to achieve environmental harmony has an impact on various behavioral patterns of the Osing and Sasak people. Series of activities to protect the environment starting from knowledge of agricultural systems, management of water resources, land use, plant use, rituals, cultural traditions, or settlement patterns. The spatial pattern of the Osing community settlement is north-south and the direction of the road. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern of the Sasak people’s settlements uses a mountain-sea and east-west orientation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Land settlement patterns"

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Johnson, Charles David. "Critical natural resources in the Mesa Verde region, A.D. 600-1300 distribution, use and influence on Puebloan settlement /." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2006/C%5FJohnson%5F042706.pdf.

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Winthrop, Kathryn R. "Prehistoric settlement patterns in southwest Oregon." Thesis, View full-text version online through Southern Oregon Digital Archives, 1993. http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/030904f1.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1993.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-275). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search First Nations/Tribal Collection.
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Linse, Angela R. "Settlement change documentation and analysis : a case study from the Mogollon region of the American Southwest /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6545.

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Stone, Glenn Davis. "Agrarian ecology and settlement patterns: An ethnoarchaeological case study." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184498.

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Although settlement patterns are a central topic of archaeological research, there is a paucity of general theory on the determinants of agrarian settlement. What passes for a theory of agrarian settlement in archaeology is a borrowed model which does not recognize the relationship between population density and agricultural intensity. This dissertation argues that the rules determining where farmers settle are inextricable from how they farm. Ethnohistoric and ethnoarchaeological data are used to investigate the relationship between agricultural change and the determinants of settlement location in the case of the Kofyar, a population of farmers colonizing a frontier area in the central Nigerian savanna. As they moved into an area with a low ratio of population to productive land, Kofyar agriculture was extensified in accord with the Boserup (1965) model. With potentially greater travel costs associated with domestic water than with farm plots, streams exerted a strong attraction to early settlements. With increasing land pressure, the attraction value of farmland eclipsed the attraction to water. Contrary to Boserup's theory that agricultural responses to land pressure cross-cut environments, analysis of settlement histories of over 1000 households shows that responses vary with soil type. Farmers on high-quality sandstone-derived soils tend to intensify cultivation, while farmers on inferior shale-derived and igneous-derived soils tend to abandon their farms when yields begin to decline. The location of Kofyar compounds with respect to each other is closely related to the labor demands of agricultural production. The restricted range of distances between residential compounds reflects the reliance on inter-household collaboration in agricultural production.
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Suen, I.-Shian. "Measuring sprawl : a quantitative study of residential development pattern in King County, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10812.

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Verbka, Joseph M. "Archaic settlement patterns of the Upper Wabash Drainage." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917011.

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The Upper Wabash Drainage over the last few years has become an area which has provided archaeologists with vital data concerning prehistoric settlement patterns. One time period which has not been well represented is the Archaic Period. Many questions have been unanswered about Archaic settlement patterns within the region. This study examines data from archaeological survey and presents a model for both Early and Late Archaic settlement within the Upper Wabash drainage. The information generated by this analysis will provide a better understanding of the Archaic period within this region. The study will also prove to be useful as a reference for future research as well as an important mechanism for resource management.
Department of Anthropology
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Prince, Paul. "Settlement, trade and social ranking at Kitwanga, B.C." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/NQ42869.pdf.

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Abdullah, Rahman. "The influence of settlement patterns on agricultural productivity in Central Sulawesi Indonesia /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009315102&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Church, Flora. "An inquiry into the transition from late woodland to late prehistoric cultures in the central Scioto Valley, Ohio circa A.D. 500 to A.D. 1250." Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1232541325.

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Carpenter, Connie V. "Agent-based modeling of seasonal population movement and the spread of the 1918-1919 flu the effect on a small community /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4103.

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Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (June 29, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Land settlement patterns"

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Canada. The National Parks and National Historic Sites of Canada. Commemorating Canadian settlement patterns. Ottawa: The National Parks and National Historic Sites of Canada, 2001.

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Parks Canada. National Historic Sites. Commemorating Canadian settlement patterns. [Ottawa]: Parks Canada, National Historic Sites, 2001.

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Symposium on Settlement in Botswana (1980 Gaborone, Botswana). Proceedings of the Symposium on Settlement in Botswana: The historical development of a human landscape : National Museum, Gaborone, Botswana, August 4th to 8th, 1980. Gaborone, Botswana: Heinemann Educational Books in collaboration with the Botswana Society, 1991.

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Casa, Philippe Della. Landschaften, Siedlungen, Ressourcen: Langzeitszenarien menschlicher Aktivität in ausgewählten alpinen Gebieten der Schweiz, Italiens und Frankreichs = Paysages, habitats, ressources : scénarios à long terme de l'activité humaine dans quelques régions alpines de la Suisse, de l'Italie et de la France = Paesaggi, insediamenti, risorse : scenari a lungo termine dell'attività umana in alcune regioni alpine della Svizzera, dell'Italia e della Francia. Montagnac: Monique Mergoil, 2002.

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Cedeño, Jorge Sachun. Patrones de asentamiento en le proceso cultural prehispánico del valle de Cajamarca (primera aproximación). Trujillo, [Peru]: Editorial Sudamérica, 1986.

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Hyslop, John. Inka settlement planning. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.

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Hoque, Md Mozammel. Prehistoric and protohistoric settlement pattern of Bengal delta. Dhaka: Ankur Prakashani, 2002.

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National Seminar on Mapping of Settlement Systems (1987 Calcutta, Indi). Mapping of settlement system: Short papers presented to the National Seminar on Mapping of Settlement Systems, Calcutta, 29-31 October, 1987. Edited by Dutt G. K. 1929-, Biswas Sisir Kumar, and National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation (India). Calcutta: National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, Dept. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, 1987.

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László, Novák. Településnéprajz. Debrecen: [Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem], 1995.

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Struck, Ernst. Mittelpunktssiedlungen in Brasilien: Entwicklung und Struktur in drei Siedlungsräumen Espirito Santos. Passau: Passavia Universitätsverlag Passau, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Land settlement patterns"

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Pisman, Ann, and Stijn Vanacker. "Diagnosis of the State of the Territory in Flanders. Reporting About New Maps and Indicators Differentiating Between Urban and Rural Areas Within Flanders." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 209–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_14.

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AbstractWithin the several European analyses of spatial patterns, Belgium and Flanders take a specific position. The average ‘settlement area percentage’ (i.e., all land used beyond agriculture, semi-natural areas, forestry, and water bodies) for Europe is 4%, but 32% of the Flemish area is occupied with artificial land. Belgium has the highest score for urban-sprawl indicators, and within the European context, almost the entire area is considered urban. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to expand on the theme of indicators for spatial patterns by analyzing the Flemish area with detailed data across various scales. The results are collected in a report, the ‘Ruimterapport’— ‘RURA’, published in 2018. RURA is a bundling and compilation of research results from very diverse sources, amongst others studies from the Department of Environment and Spatial Development of Flanders and of Espon studies. This article presents the most important results from RURA and further positions them in international comparative literature. New maps and indicators are developed for the urban/peri-urban/rural dimensions of the human settlement area, urban sprawl, and settlement patterns by differentiating amongst others between urban centers, ribbon development, and scattered buildings. The paper gives a quantitative, methodological, and empirical contribution to the field of urban and regional development processes and contributes to conceptualizations of space. The case of Flanders, with its specific sprawl pattern, illustrates the difficulties spatial planning policy makers currently are facing, dealing with the complexity of space and society.
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Solberg, Carl E. "Land Tenure and Land Settlement: Policy and Patterns in the Canadian Prairies and the Argentine Pampas,1880–1930." In Argentina, Australia and Canada, 53–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17765-3_4.

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Steiglechner, Peter, and Agostino Merico. "Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Deforestation, Settlement, and Land Use on Easter Island Prior to European Arrivals." In The Prehistory of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), 401–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91127-0_16.

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Rontos, Kostas, Vito Imbrenda, Rosanna Salvia, and Giovanni Quaranta. "Beyond Crisis: Demographic Dynamics, Long-term Settlement Patterns, and the Intrinsic Evolution of Local Systems Along a Coastal and Inland Gradient." In Urban Transformations, Land-use, and Environmental Change: Quantitative Approaches for Territorial Data, 45–61. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003373254-4.

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Maestas, Jeremy D., Joseph M. Wheaton, Nicolaas Bouwes, Sherman R. Swanson, and Melissa Dickard. "Water Is Life: Importance and Management of Riparian Areas for Rangeland Wildlife." In Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 177–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_7.

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AbstractWater scarcity and climatic variability shape human settlement patterns and wildlife distribution and abundance on arid and semi-arid rangelands. Riparian areas–the transition between water and land–are rare but disproportionately important habitats covering just a fraction of the land surface (commonly < 2% in the western U.S.). Riparian areas provide critical habitat for fish and other aquatic species, while also supporting the vast majority (70–80%) of terrestrial wildlife during some portion of their life cycle. Diverse riparian types serve as vital sources of water and late summer productivity as surrounding uplands dry during seasonal drought. The health and function of rangeland riparian systems are closely tied to hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology. Riparian areas have attracted intense human use resulting in their widespread degradation. Conservation actions, including improved livestock grazing management and restoration, can help maintain and enhance riparian resilience to drought, wildfire, and flooding. This chapter provides readers with an introduction to the importance of riparian areas in rangelands, their nature and ecology, functions for wildlife, and prevailing management and restoration approaches.
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Vinter, Michael. "Reconstructing Enclosed and Parcelled Out Landscapes from the First Millennium BC in Himmerland, Denmark: Arable Fields, Grazing Land and Settlement Patterns Examined in Three Micro-regions." In Themes in Contemporary Archaeology, 167–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71652-3_12.

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Vinter, Michael. "Reconstructing Enclosed and Parcelled Out Landscapes from the First Millennium BC in Himmerland, Denmark: Arable Fields, Grazing Land and Settlement Patterns Examined in Three Micro-regions." In Themes in Contemporary Archaeology, 167–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71652-3_12.

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King, David, and Yetta Gurtner. "Land Use Planning for Demographic Change After Disasters in New Orleans, Christchurch and Innisfail." In The Demography of Disasters, 101–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_6.

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Abstract Land use planning is dominated by the growth paradigm—planning and development strategies of cities and regions to encompass increased demand for housing and infrastructure. Urban and Regional planning strategies are focused on enhancing development and growth to counter decline. In contrast, an emerging literature is concerned with planning for decline—managing population and infrastructure loss, decommissioning settlements and planning for reduced population and economy. The advent of a disaster is frequently a catalyst for local decline, but such loss is often connected to longer term issues and trends of population decline. New Orleans, Christchurch and Innisfail are examined in this chapter, to illustrate issues of population loss and demographic change against the impacts of specific disasters. The case studies exhibit multiple patterns of migration both spatially and temporally. Net migration has reflected population loss, but is not homogenous across the community. Specific demographic, cultural and socio-economic groups exhibited different patterns of migration and mobility. Reconstruction of such settlements faces changed demography with a shift in service and infrastructure needs. A reduced population requires land use rezoning, new strategic plans, land use change, removal of structures and re-siting of infrastructure while climate change related adaptation strategies identify protect, accommodate or retreat. Case studies illustrate various approaches to these issues.
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Formato, Enrico. "New Urbanization Phenomena and Potential Landscapes: Rhizomatic Grids and Asymmetrical Clusters." In Regenerative Territories, 135–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_8.

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AbstractMore and more nowadays, the Circular Economy is at the heart of European public policies. As a result of the “Next Generation EU” Recovery Plans, a huge amount of financial resources will be available in the coming years to give shape the concept of “ecological transition". For that purpose, radical vision and operational concreteness are needed.In order to strengthen the territorial dimension of public policies aimed at ecological transition, the paper points to consider the status quo of the European territory, looking for recurring elements and differences. In this perspective, a return of “hard” urban studies, focusing on the issues of land ownership, land parcelling, infrastructural and urbanization procedures (and their relationships with the environment and the landscape) should be conducted at the European scale.A central role for the future of contemporary territories is recognized in the so-called “fringe area”, the part of the urban region where patterns of building development and unbuilt space interwave: its intermediary character, as a place between the compact city and the suburban countryside, makes this zone favourable to the collaboration between the two worlds. In addition, its easy accessibility from both the denser contexts and the outer areas makes it the perfect place to locate the equipment required to create short supply chains, so relevant for the circular economy and the ecological transition.These transition areas need to be rethought as new collective spaces of the contemporary city, areas for the proliferation of biodiversity, inhibited from settlement increase and subject to restrictions on car traffic. In them, the circular dimension of the new green economy could give shape to certain spatial conditions and new landscapes.Two main spatial models can describe this sustainable reform of the peri-urban territories. The first one assumes the figure of the “cluster”: a territorially and functionally defined region with one or more reference centres and an edge marking the discontinuity from other clusters. The second model is based on the figure of the “grid”: an unlimited mesh, which gives measure and organizes space according to a replicable and open system. This spatiality is built on a redundant and weak infrastructure, devoid of hierarchy, which can give rise to a sponge rich in pores, with neither internal nor external boundaries.The concept of the materiality also deals with the physical status of each context where the clusters of shortening flows would define local metabolisms, self-sufficient, marked by the use and recycling of what can be produced or “extracted” in the cluster itself. The closing of short supply chains for the use and recycling of materials, also with reference to the construction cycle and CDW recycling, would have direct consequences on the architectural character of the new arrangements: a kind of hyper-contextualism in which the landscape takes on grains, colours, materiality, closely linked to the local condition.Finally, a reflection on the rationales of the project is outlined. What is proposed, in fact, requires going beyond the traditional way in which the project has been conceived. In fact, these urban reconfiguration processes, structurally open to uncertainty, would take advantage of a programmatic choice of spatial incompleteness: a condition of “unfinished”, open to the accumulation over time of functions, forms, aggregations and densifications.
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Zhuang, Zhixi Cecilia. "Suburban Migration: Interrogating the Intersections of Global Migration and Suburban Transformation." In IMISCOE Research Series, 227–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55680-7_12.

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AbstractSuburbanisation as a global phenomenon has presented multifaceted patterns of evolution and transformation in various contexts. Migrant settlements in suburban spaces just add more complexities to suburbia by bringing diverse demographics, (inter)cultural practices, new built forms, and new meanings of space and community. These migrant spaces challenge conventional suburban socio-spatial organisations of land, infrastructure, and resources as well as suburban governance, planning, and design. The manifestations of migrant suburbs where diversity and urban growth are juxtaposed inevitably present profound implications for governments, practitioners, and academics in a myriad of ways, such as changing land uses and physical forms (e.g. neighbourhood characters), competing claims for space and rights to the city (e.g. who has the access), and increasing awareness of equity and social inclusion (e.g. who belongs to and in the community). This chapter draws on the migration-related suburbanisation processes in different contexts and applies the theory of the production of space to cast light upon the narratives of everyday suburban life, diversity management, growth and development, policy and governance, and socio-spatial (in)equity and (in)justice.
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Conference papers on the topic "Land settlement patterns"

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Bosley, Gene, Vinod Lohani, David F. Kibler, and Brendan Lockard. "Hydrologic Evaluation of Alternate Land Settlement Patterns." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)181.

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Puspitaningrum, Sri. "Shifting Patterns in Settlement of Land Ownership Right." In International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200513.096.

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Nuninger, Laure, Philip Verhagen, Frédérique Bertoncello, and Angelo Castrorao Barba. "Estimating “Land Use Heritage” to Model Changes in Archaeological Settlement Patterns." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.60.

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Reis Santos, Mariana. "Does the implementation of special zones of social interest (ZEIS) encourages adequate housing in precarious settlement? The case of San Paolo." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/hfqf7018.

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With the establishment of the Constitution of 1988, a new approach to urban governance emerged in Brazil. The document brought significant changes regarding the right to the city and adequate housing, in particular, for the urban poor. The recognition of these rights triggered the experimentation with inclusionary policies around the country (Rolnik and Santoro, 2013). As a result, informal settlements started to be acknowledged as part of the formal city and were included in zoning and planning laws. One of the main outcomes of these experiments was the creation of Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS), a land and housing policy that linked investments on infrastructure in precarious settlements to land regularisation processes. In 2001, ZEIS was incorporated into the City Statute, a document that established a range of collective rights to guide land use and development. Since then, the instrument has gained popularity in the country as a land regularisation tool. Nevertheless, a considerable share of settlements remains poorly built and addressing informality is still a challenge. Therefore, this paper evaluated the co-relation between the implementation of ZEIS, land regularisation processes and provision of basic infrastructure in precarious settlements. More specifically, it measured the quality of State interventions supported by the zoning. By focusing on quality, this article aimed to evaluate whether ZEIS has encouraged adequate housing conditions for the urban poor or reinforced precarious patterns of development. To explore this relationship, a case study was conducted on the performance of ZEIS in Favela of Sapé, a settlement in the West of São Paulo. As a methodology, case studies have become a common option for performing evaluations and analyse what a program, practice or police has achieved (Yin, 2012). Moreover, this research strategy commonly relies on various sources of field-based information (Yin, 2012). Accordingly, this paper comprised mainly primary qualitative data. It also made broad use of content and secondary analysis, with the goal of ensuring validity and reliability. The performance of ZEIS in Sapé demonstrated that since its implementation, in 2001, tenure security and physical characteristics have enhanced considerably in the area, particularly, when it comes to housing quality and provision of basic infrastructure. Nevertheless, these accomplishments are being compromised by a strong process of reoccupation which is supported by illegal organisations. In addition, there is a delay of the Municipality in meeting the demands for housing in the area because of governance issues and mismanagement of financial resources. This scenario, combined with a weak inspection body, has once again permitted the development of precarious housing and infrastructure in the area. It also has compromised the issuance of freehold land titles to the settlement’s dwellers. In other words, the site is under a vicious circle where neither the provision of housing and infrastructure is enough to meet the demand nor the land regularisation is completed because of the reoccupations. In sum, although the implementation of ZEIS seems to have a share of responsibility in Sapé’s upgrading process, the local authorities do not have the capacity of reinforcement necessary to maintain these improvements. Furthermore, it is fair to assume that the current legal framework provided by ZEIS is not adequate for the context of São Paulo and requires further adjustments. Not only because of the complex character of the city, but also because in practice, urban norms may be interpreted differently according to political and cultural conditions (Rolnik, 1997).
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SAMI, MUHAMMAD GOLAM, and SHAUNI PRIYAM SIKDER. "COMMERCIAL EVOLUTION OF WATERFRONT: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE PATTERN & TREND OF COMMERCIAL CENTERS IN KHULNA RESPECTING BAROBAZAR, KHULNA." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.19.

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Although Khulna's actual history is not about more than 200 years, but it has a 2000 years settlement and commercial history. Khulna was a part of Ganaridai, Vanga, Jessore dynasty, Rarh (South Bengal) in different periods. The connection of rivers always made a blessing for Khulna for water transportation to accelerate trade and commerce. According to Ptolemy, the ancient Gangaridai had an ancient port located in greater Jessore [1,557]. Some archaic incidents, verses, and legends of Mani-Rishis (Ancient Indian Scholars) proved the old settlement and commercial style. The chronological evolution of the ancient Period (6th century BC – 1757 AD) described a civilization's development with the incremental commercial approach [2,315]. The colonial regime can relate to the evolution of a commercial and economic center like Barobazar as a whole. All these chronological narrations, consecutive phenomena, and influential factors will depict the trend of retail evolution. The research aims to describe Khulna's commercial development's sequential affairs and find the missing links between eras. Various ancient documents, Blueprints, Greek Periplus, etc. will describe the settlement, commercial mode, and history. It will determine the answer to the questions about the growth and establishment of river port cities and major economic centers' evolution. The paper will describe commercial –spatial progression in 4 Particular eras. GIS surveys and some old maps will illustrate the commercial land-use patterns of Barobazar from the Colonial Period to the present and the river base trade. These will elaborate on the existing conditions as well as the revolutionary changes. The fundamental research will help for the further Urban regeneration of Barobazar as a central economic hub. The historical consequences will help to sort out the development pattern and strategies behind the progression.
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Crosson, Courtney. "Addressing Food Deserts Through Re-localized Agriculture: Four Design Typologies with Community Engagement for Urban Food System Expansion on Available Municipal Land." In 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.47.

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Tucson, Arizona has been a historic passageway and home to a rich overlay of settlement patterns for over 4,000 years. Currently, 13.6% of current Tucson residents live in food deserts, areas that are low-income and have restricted access to healthy and affordable foods. Despite its agricultural history, recent efforts to relocalize urban food production to meet these local nutritional needs face stern criticism that the city is already water-stressed and cannot afford the irrigation required for food growth. This project investigated the capacity for Tucson to expand its urban food system to meet food desert nutritional demands using only sustainable water supplies on vacant municipal land. Four typologies on identified land owned by community partners were tested through design inquiry and corresponding water and food production calculations. The paper concludes that if these design typologies were implemented across the 711 acres of available municipal land in current food desert areas, over 100% of the nutritional needs of these food desert areas would be met (Tong et al. 2020).
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Schneider-Skalska, Grażyna, and Paweł Tor. "Residential areas in the structure of the city: case studies from west europe and Krakow." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8079.

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Once they adopted the sedentary lifestyle, humans set to building settlements which were to protect groups of families and give them the sense of belonging to a material and social community. The settlement unit which could be called a housing complex goes back thousands of years BC. The scale of problems related to housing environment grew considerably with the emergence and development of cities, yet truly distinctive quantitative and qualitative changes occurred in the early 20th century. Implementation of the programmatic assumptions of the Athens Charter resulted in the emergence of spatial and functional structures based on hierarchic dependence of components. The initial projects reflected the pursuit of a human-scale environment and the structural division into neighbourhood units. Undoubtedly, the second part of the 20th century brought about a change in the trends of development in cities. Large housing estates were abandoned in favour of a much greater diversity of housing complex forms – the revived form of city street, urban block or the classic form of a residential complex with clearly delineated structure, services and – most frequently –some recreational areas. The 21st century draws from well-known patterns, complementing them with new elements and solutions imposed by the requirements of the principles of sustainable development. Due to the limited availability of land in highly urbanized central city parts, contemporary housing development occupies more peripheral areas, often at the border between urban and rural neighbourhoods. The development process involves numerous participants, often with opposing interests – public authorities, whose concern should be sustainable growth of the whole city, and developer firms and investors, whose motivation is to maximize profit. This situation has led in most Polish cities to the emergence of disconnected fenced-away residential ghettos with no spatial order. Meanwhile, housing development in Western Europe continues to be built as planned urban complexes drawing from the experience of the past and satisfying the needs of the contemporary city dwellers. The article presents several urban complexes with dominant housing development (Orestad in Copenhagen, Monte Laa and Nordbahnhof-Area in Vienna, Ijburg in Amsterdam and Riem in Munich) built relatively recently.It discusses their functional, spatial and social characteristics, which make them examples of good practice in contemporary urban planning. They demonstrate clearly that only comprehensive planning in a broader scale guarantees creation of high-quality urban spaces, where the welfare of resident communities is a priority.
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TRINA, N. A., A. R. MOULY, and F. TASMIA. "GETTING INTO LIFE & LIVING OF LOW-INCOME FACTORY WORKERS." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.10.

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Dhaka city is with its unplanned urban growth, creating shortage of land in comparison to the ever-increasing population, and uneven distribution of residential lands among different income groups. Moreover, factories are flourishing in Dhaka city, but no attempt has yet been made so far, to provide adequate to the workers with low-income either by the government or the factory owner. A housing unit demands the qualities of comfort, conveniences, and amenities; however, this demand requires considerable chunk of land and renters or owners need to have financial solvency to dwell in. Here come the premises on housing affordability. The paper aims at understanding the pulse of low-Income peoples ‘housing' that include settlement pattern, house forms, space allocations, group accommodations, breathing spaces and sharing of facilities and utilities and consequently provide them a viable environment where life and living turn into a delight.
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Muzychenko, T. K. "СТРУКТУРА ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ПАРТИЗАНСКОГО МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОГО РАЙОНА И ПАРТИЗАНСКОГО ГОРОДСКОГО ОКРУГА." In GEOGRAFICHESKIE I GEOEKOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIIA NA DAL`NEM VOSTOKE. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.37.24.008.

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В данной статье была рассмотрена структура землепользования в Партизанском муниципальном районе и Партизанском городском округе за сентябрь 2017 г. Было выполнено картографирование типов земель на основе спутниковых снимков Sentinel2 за сентябрь 2017 г. посредством использования программного пакета ArcMap 10.5. Приведены площади и доли от общей площади субъектов различных типов земель, а также карта землепользования юговосточной части Партизанского городского округа. Проанализированы закономерности в пространственном распределении различных типов земель и сопоставление площадей типов использования земель между Партизанским муниципальным районом и Партизанским городским округом. Было установлено, что с большим отрывом доминирующими типами земель в данных субъектах являются лесные угодья и редколесья. Преобладание лесных угодий характерно для менее освоенных в хозяйственном плане территорий, которые располагаются в восточной и крайней северной части Партизанского муниципального района. Они также отличаются разреженной транспортнодорожной сетью, а земли населенных пунктов и сельскохозяйственные угодья либо расположены в виде небольших ареалов на большом отдалении друг от друга, либо отсутствуют вовсе. В освоенных в хозяйственном плане районах изучаемых субъектов ареалы лесных угодий вытесняются редколесьями и лугами. Транспортнодорожная сеть отличается относительной развитостью. Размеры ареалов земель населенных пунктов и сельскохозяйственных угодий увеличиваются и располагаются на меньших друг от друга расстояниях. Наиболее высокой хозяйственной освоенностью отличается долина р. Партизанской, южная часть Партизанского городского округа, а также южная часть Партизанского муниципального района, примыкающая к Находкинскому городскому округу. В целом, Партизанский муниципальный район отличается большей концентрацией сельскохозяйственных угодий и более равномерной хозяйственной освоенностью, чем Партизанский городской округ. В силу орографических особенностей территории Партизанский район также захватывает больше земель с горнотундровой и подгольцовой растительностью, а Партизанский городской округ за счет г. Партизанск имеет более солидную долю земель населенных пунктов.In the following paper September 2017 land use structure of Partizansky district and Partizansky Urban Okrug was reviewed. Patterns in spatial distribution of certain land use types were identified and interregional differences were assessed, using 1:350 000 scale land use map composed using Sentinel2 satellite imagery and ArcMap 10.5 software package. Gross areas and its percentages of total region area were calculated for each type of land. A fragment of land use map has been presented in the paper, exhibiting the prevailing types of land use in the southeastern part of Partizansky Urban Okrug. The prevailing land type in the region is forests, taking up a little over half of the researched area, and woodlands along with shrubs. Forests are concentrated in the eastern and far northern parts of Partizansky district, which are the least economically developed parts of the researched area. They have a sparse transport network and little to no settlements and agricultural lands. Still, the regions specialize primarily in agriculture and logging, which can cause a decrease in total forest area. Woodlands and shrubs, second to forests in footprint, are prevalent in the more economically developed parts of the region, which are Partizanskaya river valley, southern part of Partizansky Urban Okrug and southern part of Partizansky district adjacent to Nakhodka Urban Okrug. These areas are characterized by forest areas being much less prevalent than the average settlements, agricultural lands and meadows occurring much more densely and having larger than average footprints. These areas also tend to have a more developed and diverse transport network. Generally, Partizansky Urban Okrug is less evenly developed than Partizansky district, although Partizansky Urban Okrug has a significantly larger share of settlements lands. However, Partizansky district overall has a larger share of agricultural lands, meadows, woodlands with shrubs, which tend to occur in more economically developed areas.
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Albarracin Vélez, Giovany. "Energía solar y forma urbana: análisis de morfología urbana para la optimización de captación solar en el periurbano de Cuenca - Ecuador." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6257.

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El presente artículo trata sobre la incorporación de energía solar en entornos periurbanos en creciente expansión, Cuenca caso de estudio ciudad representativa de Ecuador y Latinoamérica. Pero ¿Cuáles son los patrones ideales para un crecimiento sostenible?; la ciudad compacta o la ciudad difusa, el trabajo pretende ser un aporte en esta búsqueda . Hay muchas variables que hacen de un asentamiento sustentable, en el presente trabajo nos centraremos en los procesos de densificación y su repercusión en el consumo de suelo “huella urbana” y la relación que existe con esta, el consumo energético y la captación – generación de energía solar; intentando de esta manera dar lineamientos, herramientas que faciliten las decisiones a la hora de proyectar nuevos ordenamientos con criterios sostenibles. Para esto se identifico tres zonas de mayor crecimiento periférico en esta ciudad, para realizar un análisis morfológico, aquí se identificará el consumo de suelo, energético y captación solar. Cual es la densidad, huella urbana, área de captación optimas que permitan un diseño urbano que potencia el uso de energías renovables y contribuya a un desarrollo sostenible son los aportes mas importantes de este trabajo. This article discusses the incorporation of solar energy in rapidly expanding suburban environments, representative case study Cuenca City Ecuador and Latin America. But what are the ideals for sustainable growth patterns ?; the compact city or diffuse city, the work aims to contribute in this search. There are many variables that make a sustainable settlement, in this paper we focus on the processes of densification and its impact on land consumption "urban footprint" and the relationship with this, energy consumption and solar power generation; thus trying to give guidelines, tools that facilitate decisions when designing new systems with sustainable criteria. For this three areas of greatest peripheral growth in this city was identified, for morphological analysis, putting its focus on urban footprint, consumption and generation energy. What is the density, urban footprint, optimal catchment area to allow an urban design that promotes the use of renewable energy and contributes to sustainable development are the most important contributions of this work.
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Reports on the topic "Land settlement patterns"

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Stjernberg, Mats, Anna Vasilevskaya, and Oskar Penje. Towards a grid-based Nordic territorial typology - A new tool for analysis across the urban-rural continuum. Nordregio, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:91403-2503.

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This report presents the grid-based Nordic urban–rural typology, which was developed as a new analytical tool for studying different types of spatial phenomena across Nordic territories. In this study this meant developing a typology that classifies all Nordic territories into seven different typology classes based on different degrees of urbanity and rurality. A key starting point for this work was the need for a territorial typology that would help enrich and provide new understanding of different types of urban and rural areas across the Nordic countries and shed light on how they are developing. This report first presents how the typology was created, including the rationale behind the typology, key considerations at different stages of the work, and the main operational steps taken. The main purpose was to create a new territorial typology, to which different types of data could be combined, thus helping to provide a more nuanced and fine-grained understanding of territorial differences across the Nordic countries. Several key principles were specified early in the work. These include that the typology should be created at grid-level (1 x 1 km) as this allows identifying the characteristics of different types of areas at a very detailed territorial level. Another key decision was to create the typology mainly using open-source data and following a replicable method, to make any possible future updates to the typology easier and less costly. For the development of the Nordic typology, the Finnish grid-based urban–rural classification (Kaupunki-maaseutuluokitus) was the main source of inspiration. This Nordic typology and population data at grid level (linked to the typology) is then used as an analytical lens for studying territorial differences, settlement pattens and demographic change dynamics in the five Nordic countries. According to the typology, the Nordic countries are predominantly rural when considering how their land areas are classified. However, an examination of settlement patterns according to the Nordic typology shows that the settlements are rather unevenly distributed in all the Nordic countries, and the majority of the population live relatively concentrated in areas that are classified as urban. In general, the population is largely concentrated in coastal areas and along waterways, where the major urban regions are found, reflecting historical patterns and features of physical geography. The Nordic typology is also used to examine what types of population change dynamics occurred in the Nordic countries during the period 2008–2022. The analysis shows that urbanisation has been a general trend during the past couple of decades, with the largest population growth occurring in the typology classes inner urban and outer urban. A relatively noticeable increase in population is also evident in peri-urban areas, suggesting suburbanisation and that intermediate areas located on the urban fringes have increasingly attracted new residents. In rural areas, the general trend shows that depopulation has occurred in many rural localities, but different types of rural areas have developed quite differently. Based on the analysis, rural areas that are in the vicinity of cities and towns appear to have become more attractive places for people to settle, while sparsely populated rural areas seem to be less favourably placed and have generally witnessed population decrease. This report shows how this typology and more fine-grained data can help reveal territorial differences that cannot be observed with more general statistics and data. The grid-based Nordic typology shows that many municipalities are at the same time both urban, intermediate, and rural, and in many cases these different categories seem to be undergoing quite different types of development. While the Nordic urban–rural typology is used in this study to examine settlement patterns and population change dynamics, it should be stressed that the typology is also well-suited to be used in combination with other types of data and as an analytical framework for studying also other types of spatial phenomena across the urban–rural continuum.
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Journeay, M., J. Z. K. Yip, C. L. Wagner, P. LeSueur, and T. Hobbs. Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330295.

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While we are exposed to the physical effects of natural hazard processes, certain groups within a community often bear a disproportionate share of the negative consequences when a disaster strikes. This study addresses questions of why some places and population groups in Canada are more vulnerable to natural hazard processes than others, who is most likely to bear the greatest burden of risk within a given community or region, and what are the underlying factors that disproportionally affect the capacities of individuals and groups to withstand, cope with, and recover from the impacts and downstream consequences of a disaster. Our assessment of social vulnerability is based on principles and analytic methods established as part of the Hazards of Place model (Hewitt et al., 1971; Cutter, 1996), and a corresponding framework of indicators derived from demographic information compiled as part of the 2016 national census. Social determinants of hazard threat are evaluated in the context of backbone patterns that are associated with different types of human settlement (i.e., metropolitan, rural, and remote), and more detailed patterns of land use that reflect physical characteristics of the built environment and related functions that support the day-to-day needs of residents and businesses at the community level. Underlying factors that contribute to regional patterns of social vulnerability are evaluated through the lens of family structure and level of community connectedness (social capital); the ability of individuals and groups to take actions on their own to manage the outcomes of unexpected hazard events (autonomy); shelter conditions that will influence the relative degree of household displacement and reliance on emergency services (housing); and the economic means to sustain the requirements of day-to-day living (e.g., shelter, food, water, basic services) during periods of disruption that can affect employment and other sources of income (financial agency). Results of this study build on and contribute to ongoing research and development efforts within Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) to better understand the social and physical determinants of natural hazard risk in support of emergency management and broader dimensions of disaster resilience planning that are undertaken at a community level. Analytic methods and results described in this study are made available as part of an Open Source platform and provide a base of evidence that will be relevant to emergency planners, local authorities and supporting organizations responsible for managing the immediate physical impacts of natural hazard events in Canada, and planners responsible for the integration of disaster resilience principles into the broader context of sustainable land use and community development at the municipal level.
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Bellwood-Howard, Imogen, and Helen Dancer. Politics, Power and Social Differentiation in African Agricultural Value Chains: The Effects of COVID-19. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.027.

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Since the structural adjustment policies of the 1980s, policymaking at a national and continental level has increasingly turned to agricultural commercialisation as the foundation for Africa’s long-term nutrition and food security. However, socio-economic inequalities, land tenure and food insecurity, as well as livelihood and income precarities remain widespread challenges. The effects of shocks, such as COVID-19, have overlaid emergent and entrenched patterns of social differentiation that shape access to resources, markets, and other opportunities for those involved in commercial agriculture. This paper considered the impacts of COVID-19 on value chains in Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, to ask: 1) What can political settlements analyses tell us about agricultural value chains and responses to COVID-19 in the countries studied? 2) How are structures and power relations throughout the value chains and actors’ responses to COVID-19 related to social differentiation in the context of African agriculture?
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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