Journal articles on the topic 'Land settlement Case studies'
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1
Zhang, Yiyi, Yangbing Li, Guangjie Luo, Xiaoyong Bai, Juan Huang, Fang Tang, and Meng Yu. "Analysis of the Land Use Dynamics of Different Rural Settlement Types in the Karst Trough Valleys of Southwest China." Land 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091572.
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Rural settlements are the basic spatial units of rural geography research, and it is essential to explore the dynamic changes in land use on a rural settlement scale to promote the development of the rural revitalization strategy. The study took different rural settlement types in karst trough valleys as examples and applied geographic information mapping trajectory models, buffer zone spatial analysis, the nearest neighbor index, and other research methods. We explored the land use dynamic change in the buffer zone of different settlement types in the karst trough valley from 1964 to 2021 in the long time series and micro-spatial dimensions. We analyzed the homogeneity, variability, and coupling characteristics of land use evolution in typical settlements. The results indicate the following: (1) From 1964 to 2021, the karst trough valley settlements as a whole showed an aggregation state, and the settlements could be classified into four categories: expanding settlements (ES), atrophic settlements (AS), balancing rural settlements (BS), and decreasing settlements (DS) according to the settlement life cycle theory and settlement development index measurement. (2) Different expansion and shrinkage of land use buffer changes exist for different settlement types. The closer the ES is to the location of the settlement center, the richer the land use type; the further the AS from the settlement center, the richer the land use type; the BS is not affected by the distance; and the DS settlement shows dynamic changes. (3) Land use dynamic change in settlements is driven by multiple integrated factors, and there is variability in the driving factors of different settlement types. (4) In this paper, through a case study, we propose the research idea that land use change (LUCC) reflects land use transformation (LUT) in different rural settlement types from a settlement-scale perspective, and land use transformation further causes the development of rural settlement transformation (RUT). Our study revealed the LUCC—LUT—RUT interaction feedback mechanism of karst trough valley settlements in Southwest China. This study aims to enrich the theoretical research framework of rural transformation at the settlement scale, on the one hand, and to provide case studies for developing countries with karstic mountain valley landscapes, such as China, on the other.
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Muthama, Dennis Mbugua, Erin Tompkins, and Michael Barry. "Conflict between Indigenous land claims and registered title: case studies from Canada and Kenya." Geomatica 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-2018-0019.
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Two case narratives illustrate the difficulties in resolving historical land restitution in different contexts. Cases from Canada and Kenya illustrate how different land conflicts between Indigenous land rights and registered title may be addressed. In Canada, Williams Lake involved an Indigenous community with a long settlement history in the region with a claim going back to early European settlement. In Kenya, Waitiki Farm involved a post-colonial population established by local Indigenous and migrant groups. The Williams Lake decision resulted in a First Nations land claim being settled in the form of monetary compensation in a dedicated tribunal. The Waitiki Farm decision led to a negotiated settlement in which the owner was compensated financially, and the current residents who had occupied the land were awarded long-term leases. The two cases are illustrative of historical land restitution and identify enabling conditions for the effective functioning of land restitution mechanisms in different contexts.
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Muller, Anna, and Edith Mbanga. "Participatory enumerations at the national level in Namibia: the Community Land Information Programme (CLIP)." Environment and Urbanization 24, no. 1 (April 2012): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247811435891.
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This paper describes how the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia developed the capacity to undertake enumerations and mapping of informal settlements and, with support from the national government and a local NGO, developed the Community Land Information Programme. Through this initiative, the federation has profiled and mapped all of the informal settlements in Namibia, covering more than 500,000 people without secure land tenure and setting a significant precedent in terms of the ability of the federation to work at scale. For each settlement, a profile was developed by the residents that stimulated discussions of their priorities and also discussions with government. In the second phase, the residents of informal settlements were supported to undertake more detailed enumerations and mapping to identify development priorities and provide the information needed for development initiatives. The paper describes how this was done in a case study of an informal settlement in Swakopmund municipality and ends with a discussion of what has been learned, especially with regard to keeping the process rooted in the concerns and priorities of the residents of each settlement.
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Asante-Yeboah, Evelyn, George Ashiagbor, Kwabena Asubonteng, Stefan Sieber, Justice C. Mensah, and Christine Fürst. "Analyzing Variations in Size and Intensities in Land Use Dynamics for Sustainable Land Use Management: A Case of the Coastal Landscapes of South-Western Ghana." Land 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060815.
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Land use/land cover change (LULCC) studies are gaining prominence among environmentalist and land use planners. This is due to the effects of LULCCs on natural ecosystems and livelihoods. In the coastal landscape of south-western Ghana, there exist knowledge gaps in the variations in size and intensities in LULCCs and the degree of change among land cover types in LULCC studies. Such studies are important for identifying periods of rapid land cover transitions and their implications on the landscape. Using change detection, intensity analysis and informal stakeholder conversations, the land use system dynamics of the study landscape was analyzed over a 34-year period to assess the variations in size and intensities in LULC transitions and its implications. The results showed a dynamic landscape driven primarily by rubber and settlement expansions. Rubber and settlement increased threefold (172.65%) and fourfold (449.93%) in the 34-year period mainly due to rubber outgrower scheme and onshore infrastructural developments, respectively. Gains in rubber and settlement targeted arable lands. The LULCC implies local food insecurity issues, declines in ecosystem services and compromised livelihoods, hence, the enforcement of the Land Use and Spatial Planning Act (2016) is recommended in land use planning in the coastal landscapes of south-western Ghana.
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Dick, Lyle. "Factors Affecting Prairie Settlement: A Case Study of Abernethy, Saskatchewan, in the 1880s." Historical Papers 20, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030930ar.
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Abstract Prairie agricultural settlement in the era of the National Policy has often been viewed as an organic process which rewarded the resourceful settlers, while punishing the unsuitable ones. To test this assumption the paper offers a detailed investigation of settlement in two districts in Saskatchewan. The three areas of analysis were the process of land acquisition, the settlers' performance during the homestead "proving- up" period, and long-term economic performance after the receipt of patent. In terms of land acquisition, both Anglo-Canadian settlers in the Abernethy district and German-speaking settlers at Neudorf chose the available lands nearest the railway. Their selection suggests an initial tendency toward commercial production among both groups. The difference was that Abernethy settlers, who generally arrived in the 1880s, claimed superior lands on the open prairie. While about half of these settlers never "proved-up" their homesteads, those who received their patents showed a fairly high degree of persistence as farmers. A close relationship between the receipt of additional quarter-sections of free grant land and long-term economic success was also observed. The German settlers at nearby Neudorf, who settled in the ¡890s on more marshy and wooded lands, showed a contrary tendency. These settlers were far less likely to cancel their homestead entries, but tended to leave their farms soon after receiving their patents. Studies of the long-term economic performance of settlers in both dis- tricts provide support for the proposition that early arrival, and the acquisition of good, cheap, accessible land were among the most powerful determinants of success in settlement.
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Hanušin, Ján. "Impact of dispersed settlement on the structure and diversity of rural landscape (Case study of village Hrušov, Slovak Republic)." Geographia Polonica 94, no. 1 (2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0192.
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The impact of a dispersed settlement on the changes of the land cover (LC) and landscape diversity (LDI) in the years 1950, 1986 and 2016 was analyzed on four spatially different levels: on the level of the whole cadastral area, 60 circular areas – hinterlands of hamlets, 15 circular areas in agricultural land outside hamlets and areas outside circular areas. The primary hypothesis that the landscape with a dispersed settlement is internally differentiated in terms of LC and LDI changes and that a dispersed settlement itself is an important driving force of these changes has been confirmed.
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Karimov, Akmal, Abdulkhakim Salokhiddinov, Inna Gracheva, Ravshan Umurzakov, and Qadyr Artykov. "Rethinking settlements in arid environments: case study from Uzbekistan." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 05052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199705052.
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Fast growing population of Uzbekistan and increasing the share of urban citizens increased inter-linkages between settlements and irrigated farming. Growing settlements on account of farm land, increasing the demand for high quality water, wastewater utilization in agriculture, water logging and salinization are some of the water related inter-linkages. This paper focus on waterlogging issue at three different sites, located in the upstream of the Syrdarya River in Fergana Valley, middle stream of river in Mirzachul Steppe and the downstream of Amudarya River in Khorezm region. Groundwater modeling applied to examine different strategies of to lower shallow groundwater table. The results of the modeling studies indicate that ultimate solution for waterlogging issue can be achieved when basin water management plans linked with settlement development plans.
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Buckland, P. C., T. Amorosi, L. K. Barlow, A. J. Dugmore, P. A. Mayewski, T. H. McGovern, A. E. J. Ogilvie, J. P. Sadler, and P. Skidmore. "Bioarchaeological and climatological evidence for the fate of Norse farmers in medieval Greenland." Antiquity 70, no. 267 (March 1996): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082910.
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Greenland, far north land of the Atlantic, has often been beyond the limit of European farming settlement. One of its Norse settlements, colonized just before AD 1000, is — astonishingly — not even at the southern tip, but a way up the west coast, the ‘Western Settlement’. Environmental studies show why its occupation came to an end within five centuries, leaving Greenland once more a place of Arctic-adapted hunters.
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Sevenant, Marjanne, and Marc Antrop. "Settlement models, land use and visibility in rural landscapes: Two case studies in Greece." Landscape and Urban Planning 80, no. 4 (May 2007): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.09.004.
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Rashed, Haifa, Damien Short, and John Docker. "Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine." Holy Land Studies 13, no. 1 (May 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2014.0076.
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This essay furthers the debate on the Palestinian case as it relates to Genocide Studies, questioning the lack of substantive discussion of this case to date in traditional Genocide Studies fora. It reemphasises the importance of the settler-colonial dimension to Zionist settlement in Palestine, which, it argues, has so far not been explored sufficiently. The paper suggests that the ‘Nakba’ of 1948, which was based on appropriation of the land of Palestine without its people, comprising massacres, physical destruction of villages, appropriation of land, property and culture, can be seen as an ongoing process and not merely a historical event.
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Csorba, Péter, Krisztina Bánóczki, and Zoltán Túri. "Land Use Changes in Peri-Urban Open Spaces of Small Towns in Eastern Hungary." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 10680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710680.
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Changes in land use were studied in 2 km wide peri-urban open spaces of seven small Hungarian towns as part of a RENATUR Interreg Europe (2019–2023) project. The aim of the project is to present best practices related to the sustainable and wise use of the peri-urban open spaces of small European towns. The rate and tendencies of conversion from one land use type to another were evaluated on the basis of a comparison of Corine Land Cover and Land Cover Change databases from 1990, 2000 and 2018. Land use changes in the study areas in different time periods were studied for which the Corine categories were aggregated. Subsequently, there were field verification surveys carried out between March and June of 2021. Most significant changes—due to the significant increase of built-up areas—were found in the case of the towns that were developed to form the suburbs of Debrecen, the core settlement of their region with a population of 200,000. In the case of settlements further away from the major city, the population is either stagnating or decreasing, and the size of built-up areas hardly increases. In the case of cities that are surrounded by high-quality chernozem soils with profitable agriculture, large-scale arable lands have become dominant in the border zones of the settlements, as the spatial extent of gardens, orchards and grasslands has decreased. Highly diverse and mosaic land use (dominated by small plots) is not characteristic anywhere.
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Awan, Muhammad Yusuf, Faiqa Khilat, and Farah Jamil. "Role of Geography in Formation of Character of Civilizations Case Studies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley." Journal of Art Architecture and Built Environment 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.22.02.
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When human race began its activities on Earth, it faced severe challenges of survival. The pursuit of basic necessities like food and shelter advanced them from hunting, to cultivation and food processing. The initiation of agriculture brought qualitative changes in the average human life, following the establishment of permanent settlements, cultures and civilizations. At the beginning of the age of tilling, settlers preferred locations which offered unrestrained water, fertile land and comfortable climate. Every location had its own geographical characteristics, which played a fundamental role in formation of the character and architecture of civilizations. The major early contemporary civilizations include the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indus Valley. The natural barren boundaries across the River Nile in Egypt enabled Pharaohs to form a strict slave system. The area accommodating two ancient rivers; Tigris and Euphrates, resulted in a settlement now known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The five rivers of Punjab and Ganges River provided people of the Indus Valley with a large piece of very fertile land. They cultivated land from Himalayan peaks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, expanding their civilization and architecture vastly. This paper studies these three civilizations, with reference to their geography, highlighting its effects on the development pattern and architecture. The research will give the apparent picture of how the geography effects the overall growth of civilizations, and also the similarities and dissimilarities from one location to the other.
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Arif, Muhammad Mashhood, Muhammad Ahsan, Oswald Devisch, and Yves Schoonjans. "Integrated Approach to Explore Multidimensional Urban Morphology of Informal Settlements: The Case Studies of Lahore, Pakistan." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 26, 2022): 7788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137788.
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The understanding of urban morphology as a means of exploring the materiality of urban areas has been an emerging practice amongst academics, but the reach of the methods in urban-design research has been limited. This research presents the integration of GIS application and fieldwork analysis as the main methods to support the interpretation of urban morphology as methodical, exploratory, and multidimensional. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, commonly known as the KS test, is also conducted to illustrate a contrast among the settlements. The study focuses on various dimensions of informal settlements by drawing on three case studies of informal settlements in Lahore, Pakistan. The results show heterogeneity in the urban form in terms of land-use diversity, building density, connectivity, open-space ratio, and infrastructural quality within the case-study areas. The analysis displays the context sensitivity and diversity within these settlements that provide a better understanding of how informal settlement works in relation to urban morphology. This research has the characteristics to contribute to other urban-form studies through the coherent application of the procedures to various sites. The output of mixed-use techniques exercised in this study lends itself to integration with other systematic processes related to urban areas’ design, research, and planning.
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Wang, Min, Yang Wang, Yingmei Wu, Xiaoli Yue, Mengjiao Wang, and Pingping Hu. "Detecting Differences in the Impact of Construction Land Types on Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Southwest China." Land 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050719.
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The area with the highest concentration of carbon emission activities is construction land. However, few studies have been conducted that investigated the different effects of various types of construction land on carbon emissions and the extent of their impact. To address this shortcoming, this study constructed a multi-indicator evaluation system with 393 counties in Southwest China and integrated ordinary least squares and spatial regression models to deeply analyze the different impacts of construction land types on carbon emissions. The results revealed that (1) in Southwest China, carbon emissions were generally distributed in clusters, with significant spatial variability and dependence; (2) the distribution of urban land scale, rural settlement land scale, and other construction land scale all showed obvious spatial clustering differences; (3) all three types of construction land’s effect on carbon emissions was positive, and the direction of impact was in line with theoretical expectations; and (4) the other construction land scale had the highest effect on carbon emissions, followed by rural settlement land scale, while the urban land scale was slightly lower. The findings help to further explain the different impacts of construction land types on carbon emissions and provide theoretical references for the government to formulate more refined emissions reduction policies.
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Wittman, Hannah. "AGRARIAN REFORM AND THE PRODUCTION OF LOCALITY: RESETTLEMENT AND COMMUNITY BUILDING IN MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL." REVISTA NERA, no. 7 (May 29, 2012): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.47946/rnera.v0i7.1457.
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This paper investigates processes of place-making and community formation following agrarian reform resettlement in Brazil. Based on case studies conducted between 2002 and 2004 in several settlements organized by the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, I argue that resettlement through agrarian reform in Brazil is a process of intentional community-building through resettlement and emplacement. Ethnographic data from one settlement, Antonio Conselheiro, shows that land recipients passed through a series of physical movements [displacement, occupation, encampment, settlement] that shape the production of locality, or what I refer to here as emplacement. I discuss key social processes that contribute to emplacement: the transition from individual to imagined community, from imagined community to collectivity, and from collectivity to place-based community.
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Davies-Slate, Sebastian, and Peter Newman. "Partnerships for Private Transit Investment—The History and Practice of Private Transit Infrastructure with a Case Study in Perth, Australia." Urban Science 2, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030084.
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Urban transit planning is going through a transition to greater private investment in many parts of the world and is now on the agenda in Australia. After showing examples of private investment in transit globally, the paper focuses on historical case studies of private rail investment in Western Australia. These case studies mirror the historical experience in rapidly growing railway cities in Europe, North America, and Asia (particularly Japan), and also the land grant railways that facilitated settlement in North America. The Western Australian experience is noteworthy for the small but rapidly growing populations of the settlements involved, suggesting that growth, rather than size, is the key to successfully raising funding for railways through land development. The paper shows through the history of transport, with particular reference to Perth, that the practice of private infrastructure provision can provide lessons for how to enable this again. It suggests that new partnerships with private transport investment as set out in the Federal Government City Deal process, should create many more opportunities to improve the future of cities through once again integrating transit, land development, and private finance.
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Нежевело, В. В. "Procedural Guaranteeing of Tenants Rights in Case of Land Use for Farming." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 86, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.3.03.
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The article is primarily aimed at the settlement of practical problematic aspects of realizing the procedural protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships.
In order to protect the procedural rights of individuals during the settlement of land disputes, the author has analyzed legal scientific studies on the realization of the rights of land tenants, who, as ordinary citizens of Ukraine, concluded land rental agreements necessary for them to create and maintain farms. The author has studied the state of scientific doctrine and legal guarantees in the sphere of ensuring the protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold relationships, including procedural one. The main problems and shortcomings of the current legislation on procedural guaranteeing of the rights of tenants of land plots used for farming have been outlined.
It has been emphasized that disputes on the termination of land rental agreements and sometimes the simultaneous collection of rent arrears initiated by the authorities in relation to individuals – the tenants as parties to the agreement have the special status within land disputes, whereas legal entities – farm enterprises actually use the land plots. These disputes are relevant and widespread in the practical field, but at the same time they are hardly protected by the doctrine and are imperfectly protected by the norms of the current legislation, which originates to significant violations of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships. Thus, starting from 2018, within the framework of the judicial reform and the creation of a new Supreme Court of Ukraine, a prudent legal position began to emerge regarding the need to appeal in these situations to commercial courts within the economic jurisdiction and to file claims against farm enterprises, which as legal entities are the defendant in the case, being the actual user.
Taking into account the above, the author has studied the scientific environment within the aspect of solving the issue of procedural guaranteeing of the rights of the tenants of land plots that are actually used by farm enterprises for conducting this activity. The author has also made an attempt to study the current legislation, focusing on the problematic aspects and gaps that need to be addressed by improving legal regulation.
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Gravesen, Marie Ladekjær, and Eric Mutisya Kioko. "Cooperation in the midst of violence: land deals and cattle raids in Narok and Laikipia, Kenya." Africa 89, no. 03 (July 16, 2019): 562–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000524.
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AbstractWhat drives the formation of ties and networks in ethnically hybrid spaces despite the occurrence of conflict? We approach this question by examining the actors involved, the institutions affected, and the economic and environmental contexts surrounding such tendencies. This study explores socially thick arrangements between Maasai and Kikuyu in Narok and their role in the non-violent use of formerly contested lands. In Laikipia, we examine how young Samburu and Kikuyu cooperate in a dangerous yet economically beneficial network involving cattle-rustling ventures. We revisit the history of land settlement in Kenya's Rift Valley, particularly in the study areas of Narok and Laikipia, and show how access and settlement rights to land are negotiated peacefully, encouraging ethnic assimilation and cooperative social and economic relations. Based on this context and the exploration of our case studies, we argue that the formation of alliances in multi-ethnic settings tends to override other identities when mutual benefits drive such associations.
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Frankema, Ewout, Erik Green, and Ellen Hillbom. "ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES OF COLONIAL SETTLEMENT. THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF EUROPEAN SETTLER FARMING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 34, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 237–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000397.
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ABSTRACTThis paper comments on studies that aim to quantify the long-term economic effects of historical European settlement across the globe. We argue for the need to properly conceptualise «colonial settlement» as an endogenous development process shaped by the interaction between prospective settlers and indigenous peoples. We conduct three comparative case studies in West, East and Southern Africa, showing that the «success» or «failure» of colonial settlement critically depended on colonial government policies arranging European farmer’s access to local land, but above all, local labour resources. These policies were shaped by the clashing interests of African farmers and European planters, in which colonial governments did not necessarily, and certainly not consistently, abide to settler demands, as is often assumed.
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Aminudin, Cecep, Efa Laela Fakhriah, Ida Nurlinda, and Isis Ikhwansyah. "Role of Scientific Evidence in the Adjudication of Dispute for Restoration of Burned Forest and Land." E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014805003.
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One of the objectives of the adjudication of forest and land fire dispute is to restore the burned forests and land. However, evidencing aspect of forest and land fire cases in the judicial settlement is often challenging and the scientific evidence is sought. This normative legal research analyses court verdicts in a forest and land fire case qualitatively. It aims to describes the role of scientific evidence to the proof process in the adjudication that lead to the court verdict for environmental recovery of burned forests and land. Scientific evidence in the form of scientific studies and expert opinion admitted by the court has a role in proving land and forest fire occurrence, environmental damage and loss, and the causality element of the case.
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O’Donnell, Ronan. "Reading Three Landscapes in the Nineteenth-Century U.S. West." Western Historical Quarterly 51, no. 4 (2020): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whaa113.
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Abstract Previous work examining the interactions between people and their physical environment in the U.S. West has tended to neglect the spatial scale between individual sites, such as settlements and regions. This study seeks a solution to this problem by testing the methods of landscape history in three case studies in the State of Colorado. The use of historical maps alongside other manuscript sources reveals that western landscapes provide a fruitful arena for such work. For instance, it is possible to show that there is great variation in human settlement and land use within individual landscapes and between the case study areas. At the same time, is has been possible to chart patterns of change and continuity in the human use and alteration of the landscapes through the construction of settlements, roads, and field systems and to suggest reasons why these features took certain forms. Consequently, there is great potential for similar studies elsewhere in the U.S. West, and such studies are likely to have a significant impact upon on our understanding of the region’s history.
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Collins, John J. "Beyond the Qumran Community: Social Organization in the Dead Sea Scrolls." Dead Sea Discoveries 16, no. 3 (2009): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851709x473978.
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AbstractThe Dead Sea Scrolls refer to different kinds of communities. The Damascus Document speaks of people who live “in camps” throughout the land, and marry and have children. The Rule of the Community, in contrast, does not speak of women or children at all. It does, however, speak of small communities with a quorum of ten, as part of the yahad. The Rule of the Community also speaks enigmatically of twelve men and three priests, who are supposed to go into the wilderness to prepare the way of the Lord. It is possible but not certain that these were the founders of the Qumran settlement. Qumran was surely a sectarian settlement in Roman times. It is possible, but not proven, that it was a Hasmonean fort before the Romans came. It was never more than one of many sectarian settlements. The yahad should not be equated with “the Qumran community.”
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Bednarik, Robert G. "On the Pleistocene settlement of South America." Antiquity 63, no. 238 (March 1989): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0007561x.
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Australia and the Americas provide the two case-studies of the late human settlement of a continent by, it seems, Homo sapiens sapiens. At one time the corollaries of first occupation of the Americas, at perhaps 12,000 b.p., were a similarly late settlement of Australia and the need for a land-bridge across the Bering Straits. But now the pattern of occupation in New Guinea and its offshore islands proves that a long sea-crossing was made there before about 40,000 b.p. Here an Australian researcher looks across the Pacific to the evidence that has been offered for a Pleistocene occupation in south America, of a date comparable with that in Sahul.
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RATNASINGAM, Jegatheswaran, Geetha RAMASAMY, Weiching TOONG, Florin IORAS, Cristina Maria CANJA, Mirabela Ioana LUPU, and Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN. "Carbon Stocking in the Natural Forests - The Case of Malaysia." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 43, no. 1 (June 16, 2015): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4319978.
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Forested land in the world is about 28% of the global land area, accounting for 80% of the terrestrial carbon stored as biomass and soil organic carbon. Human activities, namely fossil fuel combustion and deforestation resulted in anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere. Deforestation is being focused in this study in view of the role of forests as carbon stocks. Carbon is normally referred to as biomass of the tree. Several studies revealed that carbon is mostly sequestered in the aboveground part of biomass. As Southeast Asia has the highest level of deforestation, this study focused on observing carbon stocks in Malaysian forests. The conducted estimation of forest carbon stocks reveals carbon stock increment owing to the increment in the forested land. Yet, the forest transition process necessary for expanding the areas of forested land appears to be difficult to achieve. The economic development in the agricultural sector, land conversion for industrialization and settlement, expansion of wood-based industry and employment opportunities in the wood-based sector may hamper forest transition.
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Dewi, Kusuma, Lia Umi Amaliya, Muhammad Rafi’ Attamimi, Akmal Fahmi, and Neni Wahyuningtyas. "Environmental Sustainability and Spatial Pattern of Settlement in the Osing and Sasak Communities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1066, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1066/1/012012.
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Abstract Local communities have patterns of adaptation to their environment and produce local knowledge systems. Local knowledge provides a pattern of relationships between communities and their environment to support nature conservation. Local knowledge also produces spatial patterns of community settlements. The aim of this research is to find the differences and similarities the way of thinking Sasak and Osing tribes in protecting their environment and their relation to the spatial pattern of community settlements. This research is classified as a qualitative descriptive research. The approach used ethnography. Data search in this case using in-depth interview techniques, documentation, observation and literacy studies The data analysis technique went through several stages, namely collection, grouping, examination, analysis, and drawing conclusions. The results show that ecological knowledge to achieve environmental harmony has an impact on various behavioral patterns of the Osing and Sasak people. Series of activities to protect the environment starting from knowledge of agricultural systems, management of water resources, land use, plant use, rituals, cultural traditions, or settlement patterns. The spatial pattern of the Osing community settlement is north-south and the direction of the road. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern of the Sasak people’s settlements uses a mountain-sea and east-west orientation.
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Morrissey, James, and Anna Taylor. "Fire Risk in Informal Settlements: A South African Case Study." Open House International 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2006-b0012.
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With the increased concentration of populations in urban areas and the consequent occupation of marginal land, largely by the poor, the need for effective means of understanding and managing urban risk is immense. This paper explores the existence and variability of fire risk in the informal settlement of “Imizamo Yethu”, an informal settlement situated in Cape Town, South Africa. The case study mainly analyses the factors influencing the conditions of risk. It highlights the need for a shift away from the hegemonic dialogue around so-called natural disasters and goes further to challenge the view of risk as an interaction between external, natural hazards and internally generated vulnerability. The paper explores how different factors affecting fire risk operate at different scales and the resulting importance of recognising and understanding intra-community and even intra-household variability of risk. In so doing, it becomes evident that for risk reduction strategies to be effective, focus cannot simply be placed on structural interventions, but must encompass elements of social development which are sensitive to current livelihood strategies.
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Firmansyah, Firmansyah, Resya Wulanningsih, Bintang Nidia Kusuma, and Ira Prayuni Rante Allo. "PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS IN DESIGNING TROPICAL-SHORE SETTLEMENT IN ESTUARY ECOSYSTEM CASE STUDY: WERIAGAR DISTRICT, BINTUNI BAY." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 42, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2018.6486.
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Weriagar District is located in estuary area and is prone to land loss, due to river and coastal erosion. Without any prevention efforts, Weriagar land might be disappear due to erosion on coastal and riverside. The Shore Housing Improvement Program was developed in 2014 to improve the environment, housing and settlement in Weriagar District. Based on the preliminary site observation and further site survey, the program continued in conducting in-depth analysis consists of house assessment method prior to concept select matrix development, in which design criteria were obtained. The results from analysis phase shows that it is necessary to design a house and settlement that can fulfil the needs of indigenous people, both functionally and aesthetically. Functionally, the house is designed to provide spaces for both private and public needs of the family. It can be used either as a family private space or as a public gathering space between family and their neighbours. Aesthetically, houses’ architectural form is designed to identify the locality of Weriagar District. The houses’ design feature highlighted in using local material, rainwater harvesting system, high pitched roof feature as a response to hot-humid climate and elevated-floor feature as response to tidal condition in estuary area.
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Elvestad, Helén Elisabeth, and Per Kåre Sky. "Effects of land consolidation." Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research 14, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30672/njsr.82456.
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It is important to note that in Norway land consolidation remains the exclusive domain of the court system. There are three cumulative requirements that must be fulfilled before land consolidation can proceed in Norway. (1) The Land Consolidation Court may effectuate land consolidation if at least one property or easement in the land consolidation area is difficult to use gainfully at the current time and under the current circumstances. (2) The Land Consolidation Court may only proceed in this way in order to make the property arrangements in the land consolidation area more advantageous. (3) For any given property or easement, the land consolidation settlement shall not result in costs and other disbenefits that are greater than the benefits. All three criteria must be fulfilled. In this article, we present and analyse cases taken before the Norwegian Land Consolidation Court using case studies, surveys and qualitative interviews with property owners and judges at the land consolidation courts. The observed effects of land consolidation are separated into economic and spatial, legal, environmental and social effects. Our analysis shows that the effects of land consolidation are difficult to estimate or to calculate. There is a need to develop better methods both for valuations and impact studies.
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Delgado, Guillermo, Anna Muller, Royal Mabakeng, and Martin Namupala. "Co-producing land for housing through informal settlement upgrading: lessons from a Namibian municipality." Environment and Urbanization 32, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247820903981.
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This paper summarizes the informal settlement upgrading processes in the Namibian municipality of Gobabis, which are arguably the most accomplished bottom-up developments in the country so far. As these processes were made possible through a broad coalition of partners, we employ the lens of co-production and engage with the more recent literature on it, which focuses on questions of equity and empowerment. We note how co-production achieves more efficient use of resources and decentralizes power in urban development. We argue that in this case, efficiency and equity are aligned. We also note how despite these achievements, the balance of power remains uneven in favour of central and local governments. The paper also briefly describes the context of urban development in Namibia, and concludes with a set of questions for further research on co-production of land for housing the urban poor.
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Tolksdorf, Johann Friedrich, Matthias Schubert, Frank Schröder, Libor Petr, Christoph Herbig, Petr Kočár, Mathias Bertuch, and Christiane Hemker. "Fortification, mining, and charcoal production: landscape history at the abandoned medieval settlement of Hohenwalde at the Faule Pfütze (Saxony, Eastern Ore Mountains)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 67, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-73-2019.
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Abstract. Geoarchaeological reconstructions of land-use changes may help to reveal driving cultural factors and incentives behind these processes and relate them to supra-regional economic and political developments. This is particularly true in the context of complete abandonment of a settlement. Here we present a case study from the site of Faule Pfütze, a small catchment in the Eastern Ore Mountains (Saxony). The historical record of this site is confined to the report of a settlement called Hohenwalde in 1404 CE and two later references to the then-abandoned settlement in 1492 and 1524 CE in this area. Combined geoarchaeological studies allowed for the reconstruction of several phases of land use. While a first phase of alluvial sedimentation occurred during the late 12th century, archaeological evidence for a permanent settlement is absent during this period. The onset of settlement activity is identified during the late 14th century and included a hitherto unknown massive stone building. Mining features are present nearby and are dated to the early 15th century. The local palynological record shows evidence for reforestation during the mid 15th century and thereby corroborates the time of abandonment indicated by written sources. These processes are discussed in the context of a local political conflict (Dohna Feud) leading to the redistribution of properties and the development of a mining economy during this time. Later land use from the mid 16th century onwards appears restricted to charcoal production, probably in the context of smelting works operating in nearby Schmiedeberg as indicated by rising lead concentrations in the alluvial record.
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Laksminarti, Laksminarti, and Laksmi Handayani. "Kinerja Dinas Perumahan Kawasan Permukiman dan Pertanahan Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah Dalam Peningkatan Jalan Lingkungan Di Kota Palangka Raya." Restorica: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Negara dan Ilmu Komunikasi 6, no. 2 (October 9, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/restorica.v6i2.1574.
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The Department of Housing, Settlement and Land Areas of Central Kalimantan Province carries out one of the tasks in improving environmental roads in order to facilitate transportation access. In this case the performance can be categorized as good.
The theory used as the basis for this research is the measurement of public bureaucratic performance. In the performance measurement there are five indicators used according to Dwiyanto namely 1) Productivity, 2) Service Quality, 3) Responsibility, 4) Responsibility and 5) Accountability.
This study uses qualitative research methods because researchers want to understand sociological factors, situations and symptoms or social phenomena in depth and comprehensively. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The primary data in this study are the Head of the Area of Settlement Areas, the Head of the Department of Housing, Settlement and Land Regions of Central Kalimantan Province, and the people of Palangka Raya City. Secondary data from this study are Data on Program Activities of Housing, Settlement and Land Areas of Central Kalimantan Province from 2017-2019 and Data on Achievements of Program Target Activities of Housing, Settlement and Land Services of Central Kalimantan Province from 2017-2019.
Based on the results of research on the Performance of the Department of Housing, Residential Areas, and Land in the Improvement of Environmental Roads in the City of Palangka Raya in this case the performance can be categorized well. The planned and implemented program of activities has reached the expected target in terms of reducing slum areas and increasing decent occupancy, especially problems on environmental roads, although not all proposals that come directly from the community are carried out, but all of them are still accommodated and studied by the Disperkimtan.
For this reason, it is recommended that the Department of Housing, Settlement and Land Areas of Central Kalimantan Province must conduct regular socialization to the community in providing education related to understanding residential areas. How to create a decent residential area and environment that is maintained in the midst of infrastructure development that will continue to achieve the expected regional development goals and the addition of human resources.
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Yang, Jinkun, Yayin Cai, Haitao Ma, and Lisheng Weng. "Governance Strategies for Informal Settlements in China: The Case of Guangzhou." Buildings 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050547.
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Informal settlements in developing countries have attracted widespread attention, and existing research is mainly concerned with the causes and evolution of informal settlements. However, few studies have focused on investigating the spatial governance strategies of informal settlements in order to understand the evolution of informal settlements in the context of institutional arrangements. The aim of this research is to develop a framework for the spatial governance of informal settlements to explain their causes. The research finds that informal settlements in China are influenced by an urban–rural dual land system in which the collective land ownership system means that villagers are ambiguous in their approach to land development. During rapid urbanization, villagers have adopted diverse land development strategies based on land rent incentives to attract capital investment and earn profits, which has led to the rapid spread of informal settlements.
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Yang, Jinkun, Yayin Cai, Haitao Ma, and Lisheng Weng. "Governance Strategies for Informal Settlements in China: The Case of Guangzhou." Buildings 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050547.
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Informal settlements in developing countries have attracted widespread attention, and existing research is mainly concerned with the causes and evolution of informal settlements. However, few studies have focused on investigating the spatial governance strategies of informal settlements in order to understand the evolution of informal settlements in the context of institutional arrangements. The aim of this research is to develop a framework for the spatial governance of informal settlements to explain their causes. The research finds that informal settlements in China are influenced by an urban–rural dual land system in which the collective land ownership system means that villagers are ambiguous in their approach to land development. During rapid urbanization, villagers have adopted diverse land development strategies based on land rent incentives to attract capital investment and earn profits, which has led to the rapid spread of informal settlements.
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Rosenfeld, Jean E. "Prophets, Land, and Law: Maori Holy Spirit Movements and the Domesday Book." Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 12, no. 1 (2021): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/asrr202211880.
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The experience of colonialization and Christianization among the Maori of Aotearoa (New Zealand), the Polynesians’ furthest settlement in the Southern Hemisphere, resulted in significant population decline of the Maori, land alienation, the rise of nativist revitalization movements, and British laws regarding land tenure that conformed to a Domesday Book tradition of conquest and social stratification. Nativist religious movements attempted to regain the land, reverse Maori population decline, and avoid the pathological consequences of aporia, a Greek word that signifies “without a bridge.” Three successive “Holy Spirit” movements arose to heal the breach between the old world of the Polynesians and the new world of British colonization and Christianization. Adherents assumed an identity as Israelites—the children of Shem—and challenged the Christian dominance of the Pakeha (European New Zealanders). From this culture clash came the Land Wars of the nineteenth century and the emergence of a new, biracial nation.
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Lim, Jonathan S., Sean Gleason, Hannah Strehlau, Lynn Church, Carl Nicolai, Willard Church, and Warren Jones. "Alaska Native Allotments at Risk: Technological Strategies for Monitoring Erosion and Informing Solutions in Southwest Alaska." Land 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010248.
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After the United States’ purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, Alaska Native lands have existed in a legal state of aboriginal title, whereby the land rights of its traditional occupants could be extinguished by Congress at any time. With the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) in 1971, however, Alaska Native individuals were given the opportunity to select and secure a title to ancestral lands as federally administered ANCSA 14(c) allotments. Today, though, these allotments are threatened by climate-change-driven erosion. In response, our article provides an erosion monitoring tool to quantify the damage caused by coastal and riverine erosion. Using the Yup’ik (pl. Yupiit) community of Quinhagak as a case study, we employ high-precision measurement devices and archival spatial datasets to demonstrate the immense scale of the loss of cultural lands in this region. From 1976 to 2022, an average of 30.87 m of coastline were lost according to 9 ANCSA 14(c) case studies within Quinhagak’s Traditional Land Use Area. In response, we present a free erosion monitoring tool and urge tribal entities in Alaska to replicate our methods for recording and quantifying erosion on their shareholders’ ANCSA 14(c) properties. Doing so will foster urgent dialogue between Alaskan Native communities and lawmakers to determine what measures are needed to protect Alaska Native land rights in the face of new environmental challenges.
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Kark, Ruth, and Seth J. Frantzman. "“One of the most spectacular lawsuits ever launched”: Abdülhamid's heirs, his lands and the land case in Palestine, 1908-1950." New Perspectives on Turkey 42 (2010): 127–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600005604.
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AbstractThis paper is a sequel to Fischel and Kark's study on the private lands owned by Sultan Abdülhamid II (1842-1918, ruled 1876-1909) in Palestine and analyzes their fate after his forced abdication. In particular, we examine the court cases that arose around these lands, cases which were initiated by his heirs after 1920. For 28 years the heirs, led by his eldest son, Mohammad Selim and his daughter Amina Namika, approached half a dozen governments in the Middle East and Europe to regain the properties they claimed. The appeals represented a test of the British colonial legal system as well as issues of land settlement and the role of foreign courts in interpreting Turkish and Ottoman law. We furthermore examine the disposition of the sultan's lands from his abdication in 1909 to the last attempts by his heirs to recover them from the State of Israel in 1950, the general context of his lands in the Middle East as a whole, and the legal precedent set by the Mandatory Palestine court cases.
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Delville, Philippe Lavigne, and Anne-Claire Moalic. "Territorialities, spatial inequalities and the formalization of land rights in Central Benin." Africa 89, no. 2 (May 2019): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000111.
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AbstractThe formalization of ‘informal’ customary land rights is at the core of current rural land policies in Africa. The dubious impacts of such policies on agricultural production, and the recomposition of land rights and governance they cause, have been studied widely. But their territorial dimensions are hardly acknowledged. Studying the implementation of a rural land rights formalization project in central Benin, this article highlights the links between territorialization and plot-level land rights formalization. It first unpacks the notion of the village and presents a conceptual framework for analysing the superimposition of and contradiction between customary and administrative territories. Using two case studies, it then examines the conflicts that arise during formalization operations and their outcomes in terms of the mapping of land rights and political and administrative change. This article shows how the political organization of the territory and the socio-spatial inequalities resulting from the history of settlement shape the results of plot-level land rights registration (which explains why large parts of village territories have not been registered), and, in turn, how these registration operations lead to new territorialization processes and increase the heterogeneity of land tenure rights within the territory.
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Widiatmaka, Widiatmaka, Setyardi Pratika Mulya, and Marwan Hendrisman. "Land Evaluation at Settlement Unit, Based on Automated Land Evaluation System (ALES): Case Study of Rantau Pandan SP-1, Jambi Province." Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19081/jpsl.2012.2.1.46.
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Miera, Jan Johannes, Karsten Schmidt, Hans von Suchodoletz, Mathias Ulrich, Lukas Werther, Christoph Zielhofer, Peter Ettel, and Ulrich Veit. "Large-scale investigations of Neolithic settlement dynamics in Central Germany based on machine learning analysis: A case study from the Weiße Elster river catchment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): e0265835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265835.
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The paper investigates potentials and challenges during the interpretation of prehistoric settlement dynamics based on large archaeological datasets. Exemplarily, this is carried out using a database of 1365 Neolithic sites in the Weiße Elster river catchment in Central Germany located between the southernmost part of the Northern German Plain and the Central Uplands. The recorded sites are systematically pre-processed with regard to their chronology, functional interpretation and spatial delineation. The quality of the dataset is reviewed by analyzing site distributions with respect to field surveys and modern land use. The Random Forests machine learning algorithm is used to examine the impact of terrain covariates on the depth of sites and pottery preservation. Neolithic settlement dynamics are studied using Site Exploitation Territories, and site frequencies per century are used to compare the intensity of land use with adjacent landscapes. The results show that the main trends of the Neolithic settlement dynamics can be derived from the dataset. However, Random Forests analyses indicate poor pottery preservation in the Central Uplands and a superimposition of Neolithic sites in the southernmost part of the Northern German Plain. Throughout the Neolithic the margins between soils on loess and the Weiße Elster floodplain were continuously settled, whereas only Early and Late Neolithic land use also extended into the Central Uplands. These settlement patterns are reflected in the results of the Site Exploitation Territories analyses and explained with environmental economic factors. Similar with adjacent landscapes the Middle Neolithic site frequency is lower compared to earlier and later periods.
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Yildiz, Dilek. "Evaluating Change in Housing for Sustainable Development: Kosuyolu Case in Istanbul." Open House International 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2015-b0010.
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Sparse attention has been paid to the inevitable processes of change that enable progress in today's globalizing urban centres, but also threaten their unique identity, historic memory, and cultural heritage. The aims of this work are to understand the urban dynamics that trigger these change processes, uncover their effects, and discuss how these changes can be utilized to achieve sustainable development. The case study, which uses a comparative mixed method strategy consisting of archival research, fieldwork, and semi-structured interviews, is the Kosuyolu Housing Settlement, a project dating to the 1950s that represents one of Istanbul's best examples of urban development and housing culture. Displaying the architectural and urban planning ideals of the Modern period, this settlement is a concrete example that reflects the period's considerations regarding social housing. Through this case, change in housing has been evaluated in terms of sustainability indicators. The derived evidences show the significant role of governance and the maintained land use pattern for the achievement of the sustainable development and these evidences are used to suggest the development of an adaption guide that will assist in sustainable development in the short term, and the creation of alternative scenarios that are flexible and easy to adapt, active, and based on participatory processes for the long term.
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Kadiza, Doulay, Abdoulaye Diouf, Abou-Soufianou Sadda, and Ibrahim Baba Yakubu. "Landuse/landcover change process in a tropi¬cal semi-arid zone: case of two rural com¬munes (Chadakori and Saé-Saboua) in Maradi region, Republic of Niger." Landscape & Environment 13, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/13/1/1.
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The study aimed to analyze the process of Landuse/Landcover change of two rural communes (SaéSaboua and Chadakori) of Maradi region (Republic of Niger) over the past 28 years (1986 – 2014),through landscape structure analysis by diachronic cartographic approach and landscape indices. Mixedclassification of temporal series of Landsat images led to identifying six Landuse/Landcover (LULC)classes, namely ”cultivated land under shrubs and trees”, ”cultivated land under trees”, “continuouscropland”, ”fallow/pasture land”, ”forest reserve”, and ”settlement”. The composition and structure ofthe studied landscapes have greatly changed from 1986 to 2014. The class ”cultivated land under trees”was the landscape matrix in 1986 with 38.65% of landscape total area but in 2001 and 2014 the class”continuous cropland” became the landscape matrix. The changes also affected the ”forest reserve”which was transformed to smallholder agricultural land from 1986 to 2014. The area occupied byclasses ”cultivated land under trees” changed from 38.65% in 1986 to 8.78% in 2014; and from 1986to 2014, the area occupied by ”fallow/pasture land” has decreased of about 16%. The decrease in theseclasses was in favor of ¨continuous crop land¨, ¨settlement¨ and “cultivated land under shrubs and trees”which respectively gained 38%, 0.3% and 8.15% of their areas in 1986. The results of this study reflectthe problem of access to land and even land saturation in semi-arid region, a consequence of strongpopulation growth. They also contribute to a better rethinking of agricultural practices in order to initiateadaptation and resilience strategies for the population facing food insecurity and poverty.
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Vadeboncoeur, Matthew A., Steven P. Hamburg, Charles V. Cogbill, and Wendy Y. Sugimura. "A comparison of presettlement and modern forest composition along an elevation gradient in central New Hampshire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 1 (January 2012): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-169.
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Tree species composition is influenced not only by edaphic and climatic factors but also by natural and human-caused disturbances. To understand interactions among these influences, we compared forest species composition data from the time of European settlement with modern data. We derived elevation data for 2529 trees mapped by early land surveys (1770–1850) across a 1000 m elevation gradient in central New Hampshire and compared these with modern data (2004–2009) from the Forest Inventory and Analysis program (123 plots containing 2126 trees) and from permanent plots representing case studies of different land-use histories. Spruce and beech are much less abundant today at all elevations than they were prior to settlement, while maples and birches have increased. Fir, hemlock, pines, and oaks have changed little in distribution, although pines and oaks increased in abundance somewhat. Land-use history (agriculture below 500 m and cutting of various intensities at all elevations) is likely the primary explanation for these shifts, although climate change is also an important factor for some. A clearer understanding of presettlement forest composition improves our ability to separate the relative importance of natural and human-driven influences on the species composition of today’s forests.
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Schipper, R. A., D. M. Jansen, and J. J. Stoorvogel. "Sub-regional linear programming models in land use analysis: a case study of the Neguev settlement, Costa Rica." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 83–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v43i1.586.
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The paper deals with linear programming as a tool for land use analysis at the sub-regional level. A linear programming model of a case study area, the Neguev settlement in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica, is presented. The matrix of the model includes five submatrices each encompassing a different farm type. The farm types are distinguished on the basis of land-labour ratios, considering farm size and three different soil types, and assuming a fixed availability of household labour. Land use activities are defined as a combination of a land unit (three soil types, with or without forest cover) and land type (cassava, logged forest, maize, palm heart, pasture with cattle, pineapple, plantain and tree plantain). These represent land use systems with fixed input-output coefficients. Two indicators for sustainability are taken into account: soil nutrient depletion and biocide use. These are built into the model via constraints, marking upper limits to the use of renewable resources and to the waste flow into the environment. The linear programming model forms part of the USTED (Uso Sostenible de Tierras En el Desarrollo) methodology for the analysis and planning of sustainable land use. Several land use scenarios are analysed to assess whether the income of all farms in the Neguev can increase through an improved, and sustainable, land use. First, a base scenario is calculated to serve as a reference for assessing the impact of policy measures. A striking feature of the base scenario is the large area with palm heart in comparison to the actual area. Sustainability-related policy measures studied are increasing biocide prices, and quantitative restrictions on biocide use and soil nutrient losses. Doubling the biocide price hardly affects its use, while a quantitative restriction on the use of biocides per ha of 50% in comparison to the base scenario use, reduces average incomes by less than 1%. A similar conclusion applies to soil nutrient depletion. Restricted to 'critical nutrient losses' per year over a ten year period, specified per land unit per farm type, average incomes are reduced by less than 3%. Other scenarios concern the impact of decreasing palm heart prices, as a consequence of increased supply, the influence of increasing wages and the role of the discount rate.
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Shield, Margaret. "Crown Lands Commissioners – Moreton Bay and Darling Downs, 1842–56." Queensland Review 26, no. 01 (June 2019): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2019.7.
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AbstractCommissioners of Crown Lands were the first government officials appointed to the newly declared pastoral districts surrounding Moreton Bay after it was opened to free settlement in 1842. These officers had a significant impact on the formation of regional communities, the administration of justice and the treatment of the Indigenous people but their primary responsibility was the implementation and enforcement of government policies relating to Crown Lands. Commissioners were required to oversee pastoral leases, ensure payment of fees for pastoral and other licences and undertake expeditions to provide the New South Wales government with information regarding the nature of the land and its resources. Extracts from the original correspondence between the Commissioners and the Colonial Secretary indicate that, despite enormous challenges, early Crown Lands Commissioners were largely successful in ensuring the orderly settlement of pastoral districts. Their success however, came at the expense of the Indigenous people, who were systematically driven from their lands without compensation and with scant consideration for their welfare.
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Stepanova, L. G. "German Colonists on River Milky Waters of Taurida Province in First Third of 19th Century." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 9 (December 2, 2022): 428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-9-428-442.
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The information from the materials of the General Land Survey of the Russian Empire in the first third of the 19th century about the German colonies based on the territory of the Melitopol district of the Tauride province is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the great interest in the resettlement policy pursued by the Russian Empire in this region at the end of the 18th — the first third of the 19th centuries, as well as in the processes of settlement and development of new territories and the participation of foreign colonists in them. The novelty of the study lies in the involvement of previously unused “Economic notes on the plans of the General survey, field notes of land surveyors and controversial cases” as sources on the history of German colonists. Based on them, the author studies the features of the economic structure of the settlements of German colonists, the structure of their land. Particular attention is paid to the dispute between the Mennonites and the Dukhobors about the boundaries of possessions, during which the true location of the Molochnaya River bed was clarified. The consideration of the case shows that disputes over the boundaries of land plots were of a fundamental nature and reached the highest authorities. Until the 1830s, there were still unresolved issues related to land management and surveying of the German-speaking colonies.
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Palloan, Steffi Yesyer, and Akhmad Khisni. "Law Due To The Transfer Of Land Under Hand With Deed As Evidence (Case Study In Kendari)." Jurnal Akta 7, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v7i2.7970.
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The purpose of this study as follows 1) To identify and explain the legal effect on the transition of land right under the deed of hand as evidence. 2) To identify and explain the weaknesses of the transitional land right under the deed of hand. 3) To identify and explain the transfer of land rights solutions with deed under the hand. The method used by researchers is approach to law juridical sociological and specification in this study were included descriptive analysis. The sources and types of data in this study are primary data obtained from field studies with interviews with the Notary in Kendari. And secondary data obtained from the study of literature. Based on the results of research The absence of legal certainty for those who receive the new rights over the land in question, as for a way to resolve that can be achieved is by registering the transfer of land rights to the Land Office. Many people who do not register the transfer of rights or title transfer to the Land Office is the lack of information about the process of the registration of the land, there are many people who make the switch right to the land under the hand not in front of PPAT, economic factors, the cost of registration of transfer of rights is fairly high and not transparent and there are still many who do not own land Earth Building Tax. Direct settlement by parties with deliberation. Through arbitration and alternative dispute resolution. Judicial dispute resolutionKeywords: Transfer of Rights to Land; Under Hands Deed; Evidence.
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Chabeda-Barthe, Jemaiyo, and Tobias Haller. "Resilience of Traditional Livelihood Approaches Despite Forest Grabbing: Ogiek to the West of Mau Forest, Uasin Gishu County." Land 7, no. 4 (November 16, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7040140.
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This paper is a summary of the findings of research work conducted in two case studies in the Rift Valley, Kenya. This study used the Neo-Institutional theory to interrogate how the rules and regulations (institutions involved) of the agrarian reform process in Kenya are constantly changing and helping to shape the livelihoods of social actors around Mau Forest. The first case study—Ndungulu, is a settlement scheme where the Ogiek ethnic community were resettled between 1995 and 1997 after the land clashes of 1992. The second case study is the Kamuyu cooperative farm, a post-colonial settlement scheme owned by a cooperative society that was founded in 1965 by members from the Kikuyu ethnic group. This study employed qualitative data collection methods intermittently between 2012 and 2017 for a total of two years. A total of 60 interviews were conducted for this research. Thirteen (13) of these were key informant interviews with experts on land. The qualitative interviews were complemented by participant observations and nine focus group discussions. The qualitative data from the interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed, coded and analyzed thematically. Observations documented as field notes were also analyzed to complement the study findings. In this paper, the challenges, bargaining position and power play between social actors and government institutions implicated in the agrarian reform process in Kenya has been brought to the forefront. For instance, due to the structural issues that date back to the colonial period, the Ogiek have found innovative ways to maintain their daily existence (e.g., maintaining traditional methods of apiculture in Mau Forest). However, constraints in accessing forest land has resulted in them taking desperate measures, namely; selling off land to the Kalenjin in what is called “distress land sales”. On the contrary, the neighboring Kikuyu have maintained their land ownership status despite recurrent ethnic clashes that have occurred during general election years.
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Rachman, Marjoni, and Marsuq Marsuq. "Capability of Dynamic Governance Aspects of Thinking Across: Case Studies in Building and Environmental Planning in Strategic Areas." Journal La Bisecoman 1, no. 2 (June 27, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v1i2.113.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the capability of Dynamic Governance aspects of thinking across the Building and Environmental Planning in the Kutai Timur Regency Strategic Area (RTBL KSK). This research method uses qualitative research with descriptive research type. Data collection is done by: Interview, Observation, and Documentation. Activities in data analysis, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of the study show aspects of thinking across the Building and Environmental Planning in the Regency Strategic Area (RTBL KSK) East Kutai show indicators that are still weak in terms of evaluation and adjustment. Adopted from the Building and Environmental Planning (RTBL) can not be separated from the concept called Urban Design (UD). Urban design is three dimensional, short term, with more emphasis on safety, aesthetics/character, and harmony with the environment. The evaluation indicators that need to be considered are land use mismatches and land-use intensity. Furthermore, the KSK RTBL is a strategic program action plan for handling the problems of settlement and infrastructure development in the field of Cipta Karya in priority areas in urban areas as an area that can contribute to minimum food security for consumption in East Kutai Regency and is directed to be developed to meet the needs of East Kutai Regency.
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Magina, Fredrick Bwire, Alphonce Kyessi, and Wilbard Kombe. "The Urban Land Nexus– Challenges and Opportunities of Regularising Informal Settlements: The Case Studies of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza in Tanzania." JOURNAL OF AFRICAN REAL ESTATE RESEARCH 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jarer.v5i1.837.
Full textAbstract:
Informal settlements in Tanzania accommodate more than 70% of the urban population. Owing to this, the Tanzanian government has undertaken several initiatives to address the growing size and number of informal settlements. One such initiative is regularisation which addresses security of tenure for residents of these settlements. Most of the people living in informal settlements lack legal land ownership and as a result properties in such settlements have relatively less value and lack security of tenure. Providing security of tenure is believed to encourage investment into informal households and facilitate the provision of urban services. This study aims to evaluate the process of regularisation in three Tanzanian settlements; Magengenu in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania’s largest city), Ibungilo and Isamilo in Mwanza city (the nation’s second largest city). Using qualitative data the paper explores the challenges and opportunities that emerged from regularisation. Findings indicate that the regularisation process has facilitated the issuance of title deeds, increased land value and security of tenure. However, a number of challenges were highlighted during regularisation. These include an over-emphasis on the protection of private rights while undermining public interests, a lack of harmonised cost for regularisation, and prolonged delays in completing the regularisation process. These require policy actions, particularly reviewing the national informal settlements regularisation guidelines, as a way to address the weaknesses emerging from regularisation projects in the studied settlements. We conclude that land regularisation remains an important tool to enhance livable cities and protect long-term public and private interests in land development. In order to achieve this, supportive policy actions are required to support the protection of public interests in land regularisation and harmonise the costs of regularisation.
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Leon, Esteban, Ilan Kelman, James Kennedy, and Joseph Ashmore. "CAPACITY BUILDING LESSONS FROM A DECADE OF TRANSITIONAL SETTLEMENT AND SHELTER." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-715x.2009.13.247-265.
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This paper examines 23 recent case studies of post‐disaster settlement and shelter across Africa, Asia, and Latin America to provide examples of implementing transitional settlement and shelter as a process and how to build more capacity for such programmes. The case studies are examined by using a four‐part framework: (i) Safety, security, and livelihoods; (ii) the question “Transition to what?” in order to understand better how to connect post‐disaster programmes to permanent communities and housing; (iii) fairness and equity; and (iv) connecting relief and development, which also explores root causes of vulnerability. The main lessons identify six specific activities that should be highlighted for capacity building in transitional settlement and shelter: site selection, good governance, participatory and consultative processes, land ownership, logistics, and monitoring and evaluation. Santruka Šiame darbe analizuojami 23 neseniai atliktu nelaimes ištiktu žmoniu apgyvendinimo ir prieglaudu jiems suteikimo Afrikoje, Azijoje ir Lotynu Amerikoje tyrimu rezultatai, pateikiami efektyvaus aprūpinimo laikinosiomis gyvenamosiomis vietomis ir prieglaudomis programu igyvendinimo pavyzdžiai, patariama, kaip didinti šiu programu potenciala. Tyrimu rezultatai nagrinejami remiantis keturiu daliu struktūra: 1) saugumas, apsauga ir pragyvenimo šaltinis; 2) klausimas “Jei laikinas, tai kas po to?”, siekis ištikus nelaimei vykdomas apgyvendinimo programas susieti su pastoviomis bendruomenemis ir nuolatiniu būstu; 3) teisingumas ir lygybe; 4) paramos ir pletros sasaja, pagrindines pažeidžiamumo priežastys. Išskiriamos šešios konkrečios veiklos rūšys, kurias reiketu akcentuoti didinat aprūpinimo laikinosiomis gyvenamosiomis vietomis ir prieglaudu suteikimo potenciala: vietos parinkimas, geras valdymas, dalyvavimo ir konsultavimo procesai, žemes nuosavybe, logistika, stebejimas bei vertinimas.