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1
Matilla, Angel J. "The Orthodox Dry Seeds Are Alive: A Clear Example of Desiccation Tolerance." Plants 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010020.
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To survive in the dry state, orthodox seeds acquire desiccation tolerance. As maturation progresses, the seeds gradually acquire longevity, which is the total timespan during which the dry seeds remain viable. The desiccation-tolerance mechanism(s) allow seeds to remain dry without losing their ability to germinate. This adaptive trait has played a key role in the evolution of land plants. Understanding the mechanisms for seed survival after desiccation is one of the central goals still unsolved. That is, the cellular protection during dry state and cell repair during rewatering involves a not entirely known molecular network(s). Although desiccation tolerance is retained in seeds of higher plants, resurrection plants belonging to different plant lineages keep the ability to survive desiccation in vegetative tissue. Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in desiccation tolerance through tight control of the synthesis of unstructured late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, heat shock thermostable proteins (sHSPs), and non-reducing oligosaccharides. During seed maturation, the progressive loss of water induces the formation of a so-called cellular “glass state”. This glassy matrix consists of soluble sugars, which immobilize macromolecules offering protection to membranes and proteins. In this way, the secondary structure of proteins in dry viable seeds is very stable and remains preserved. ABA insensitive-3 (ABI3), highly conserved from bryophytes to Angiosperms, is essential for seed maturation and is the only transcription factor (TF) required for the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and its re-induction in germinated seeds. It is noteworthy that chlorophyll breakdown during the last step of seed maturation is controlled by ABI3. This update contains some current results directly related to the physiological, genetic, and molecular mechanisms involved in survival to desiccation in orthodox seeds. In other words, the mechanisms that facilitate that an orthodox dry seed is a living entity.
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Chen, Yusheng, Zhaofa Sun, Yanmei Wang, Ye Ma, and Yongwei Zhou. "The Green Development in Saline–Alkali Lands: The Evolutionary Game Framework of Small Farmers, Family Farms, and Seed Industry Enterprises." Land 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2024): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040436.
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Amid global climate change and population growth, the prevalence of saline–alkali lands significantly hampers sustainable agricultural development. This study employs theories of asymmetric information and bounded rationality to construct an evolutionary game model, analyzing the interactions among small farmers, family farms, and seed industry enterprises in the context of saline–alkali land management. It investigates the strategic choices and dynamics of these stakeholders under the influence of economic incentives and risk perceptions, with a focus on how government policies can foster green development. Utilizing Delay Differential Equations (DDEs) for simulations, this study highlights the risk of “market failure” without government intervention and underscores the need for government participation to stabilize and improve the efficiency of the green development process. The findings reveal that factors such as initial willingness to participate, the economic viability of salt-tolerant crops, seed pricing, research and development costs, and the design of incentive policies are crucial for sustainable land use. Accordingly, the paper proposes specific policy measures to enhance green development, including strengthening information dissemination and technical training, increasing the economic attractiveness of salt-tolerant crops, alleviating research and development pressures on seed companies, and optimizing economic incentives. This study provides a theoretical and policy framework for the sustainable management of saline–alkali lands, offering insights into the behavioral choices of agricultural stakeholders and supporting government strategies for agricultural and environmental protection.
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Skalozub, О. M. "Influence of plant protection methods on weediness and seed yield of meadow clover varieties in Primorskiy region." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-59-2-73-81.
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In the field of fodder production, in most cases, low-yielding, old-age grass stands are used. One of the reasons for this is the low availability of grass seeds. For example, over the past 20 years, the production of grass-clover seeds has reduced by 3.4 times. Therefore, priority should be given to the seed production of leguminous grasses (including meadow clover). A large infestation of the arable soil layer with seeds and buds of annual and perennial weeds in almost all arable land in the Primorskiy Region is the most critical factor in reducing the yield of cultivated crops. The development of practical techniques for clearing fields of weeds is one of the vital links in the technology of increasing the output of fodder crops. The research aims to establish the effect of agronomic practices of cultivation and means of protection on the seed yield of meadow clover in the natural and climatic conditions of the Primorskiy Region. Clover is a crop sensitive to herbicides, with a limited period of their application. Therefore, inter-row treatments were carried out before the rows were closed, and chemical treatments were applied before the budding phase to preserve wild pollinators and bees. The varieties Ogonek, SibNIIK-10 and regionalised Kommandor were evaluated. Experimental data on the impact of agronomic practices of meadow clover cultivation and plant protection methods on the weediness of its crops and the yield quality of seeds under the conditions of the Primorskiy region were obtained. The use of herbicides against the background of inter-row treatment during the second year of clover planting helped reduce the weed infestation from 58.3 to 70% and increase the seed yield by 1.1-1.3 times depending on the variety.
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Jillo, Rufo Gano, Michael M. Okeyo, Bernard Kamondo, Jane Njehu, and Arnold O. Mosongo. "Validating the Viability of Melia volkensii Stored Seeds and Nuts in Promoting Nature-Based Enterprises and Conservation in Drylands, Kenya." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.6.1.1131.
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The development and supply of superior germplasm are important for promoting tree planting. Kenya has lost many tree seed sources through deforestation, land degradation, forest encroachment and conversion of agricultural land to housing. Nevertheless, limited access to tree seeds of high quality is the major constraint to sustainable tree production in Kenya and proper information on the storability of extracted seeds needs to be improved. Melia volkensii tree species is highly valued in the drylands of Kenya for tremendous roles in social-economic, ecological, and environmental protection and conservation. This experiment aims at determining the viability test of Melia seeds stored as nuts over one year and the effect they will have on seed germination. Furthermore, the research investigates the conducive environment that would favour the storage of Melia seeds to improve their viability status. The experiment showed that Melia seeds stored at room temperature and a temperature of 4 degrees centigrade had higher germination capacities compared to Melia seeds stored at a temperature of -20 degrees centigrade. The peak average germination speed was 2.11, with a germination value of 3.99. Significant (p-value ≤ 0.001) differences were observed in the germination capacities between Melia stored as seeds and nuts for the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh germinations (p-value ≤ 0.05). From the study, Melia stored as seeds at a temperature of 4 degrees centigrade had the highest marginal germination capacity. This study provides the best information for the storage and handling of Melia seeds in maintaining their viability
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SPALEVIC, Velibor, Milan LAKICEVIC, Dragan RADANOVIC, Paolo BILLI, Goran BAROVIC, Dusko VUJACIC, Paul SESTRAS, and Abdulvahed KHALEDI DARVISHAN. "Ecological-Economic (Eco-Eco) Modelling in the River Basins of Mountainous Regions: Impact of Land Cover Changes on Sediment Yield in the Velicka Rijeka, Montenegro." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210695.
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This paper presents an Ecological-Economic (Eco-Eco) modelling using the Intensity of Erosion and Outflow (IntErO) model for calculation of sediment yield and runoff assessing the impacts of different land covers on soil erosion intensity. Calculations have been made for the Velicka River basin, which is one of 57 sub-basins of the Lim River in the Northeast Montenegro. Several different land use scenarios were then simulated in the model in order to find the optimal scenario of land use for intensive seed potato production. The results of Ecological (Eco-) analysis shown that the real soil loss under current conditions is 18148 m³yr-1. If seed potato production is introduced, the model calculated a soil loss of 20834 m³yr-1 as sediment yield. In order to balance the damage caused by the introduction of seed potato production we considered also the ecological measure of afforestation to reduce soil loss caused by seed potato production. The model calculated that afforestation would result in a decrease of sediment yield to 17886 m³yr-1. The results of Economic (-Eco) analysis revealed that the investment of €3,385 per ha for the establishment of the seed potato production will provide the income for the farmers of €15,000 per hectare annually. In parallel, we proposed the investment for the protection of the area (258 ha) with afforestation that amounts to €330,608 (€1,281 per ha), for the period of two years, with no other costs in the next decade. The research results demonstrate that the application of the Eco-Eco modelling, by using the IntErO model for studying the effect of soil erosion and possible land use for intensive seed potato production in the Velicka River Basin provides cost effective solutions for the benefit of the local population.
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Osman, Ahmed E., and Phil S. Cocks. "Prospects for Improving Mediterranean Grasslands in Lebanon through Seeding, Fertilization and Protection from Grazing." Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 4 (October 1992): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020172.
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SUMMARYGrassland productivity was studied for four years near Terbol, Lebanon. In the first year pasture availability and plant numbers were monitored along transects, and in the following three years the effects of sowing four Mediterranean annual legumes (three cultivars of subterranean clover and a local ecotype of Medicago rigidula) and top-dressing with super-phosphate were studied. The results indicated that natural grasslands were dominated by annual grasses (Aegilops, Hordeum, Bromur, Lolium and Poa). Legume density was low, which resulted in poor legume productivity, especially in winter. Exotic legumes only resulted in a slight improvement in pasture productivity even when phosphate fertilizer was added. However, partial protection from grazing (for one or two months in late winter and spring) more than doubled the number of legume seeds in the seed bank compared with full protection and open grazing. The build up of seeds in the soil is an essential step towards the improvement of productivity in these degraded pastures, which form a large part of the land surface in Lebanon and on which small ruminant production largely depends.
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Celaya-Michel, Hernán, César Hinojo-Hinojo, Esther Sánchez-Villalba, and Miguel Ángel Barrera-Silva. "Olneya tesota plantations under different growing conditions in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico." Ingeniería Agrícola y Biosistemas 14, no. 2 (December 2022): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.inagbi.2022.06.060.
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Introduction: The Sonoran desert shows degradation, risk of desertification and loss of biodiversity. A typical plant of the area is the Mexican ironwood (Olneya tesota), with ecological, economic and social importance.Objectives: To evaluate germination, survival and growth of Mexican ironwood seeds sown in degraded soil, conserved soil, agricultural soil and nursery in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.Methodology: Annual experiments were carried out from 2017 to 2019, with 1 450 Mexican ironwood seeds sown directly in degraded and conserved arid soils, and in soil patches (bare, with grasses, undertree, in accumulation zones and with herbivory protections). The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions of humidity, nursery and irrigated agricultural soil.Results: Seed germination was 0 to 20 % in degraded soils, with zero annual survival. The application of irrigation and herbivory protection led higher germination (16 to 78 %) and annual survival (0 to 50 %). Annual survival in patches of conserved soil ranged from 0 to 30. The highest germination (84 %), annual survival (74 %) and annual growth (84.7 cm) were observed in agricultural soil and drip irrigation.Limitations of the study: The results correspond to three years of evaluations.Originality: There are no detailed studies on the limitations of establishing ironwood plants.Conclusions: Netting protection increases germination, survival and height of ironwood plants in degraded soils. It is possible to initiate ironwood forest plantations on agricultural land with drip irrigation.
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Dudkin, Igor V., Natalia V. Dolgopolova, Dmitry I. Zhilyakov, Ekaterina V. Malysheva, and Viktor N. Nedbaev. "Substantiation of the weed control system when placing grain production in microzones of the Central Chernozem region." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339002011.
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The most important link in modern farming systems is the protection of crops from weeds. Only by taking effective measures to reduce the weediness of crops one can get a high yield of cultivated crops and high-quality products. On a field or plot with high weediness all other agricultural activities aimed at increasing crop yields will be ineffective. When planning for weed control, the grower must give priority to preventive and organizational measures. It is much easier to prevent weeding of agricultural land than to try to weed an already weeded area. Preventive measures include: seed cleaning; preparation of feed for feeding, allowing them to be cleaned of viable weed seeds; preparation of organic fertilizers (manure, composts) before applying them to the fields. An important measure that reduces the weediness of fields is the destruction of weeds on lands adjacent to fields: on unused plots, field edges, roadsides, edges of forest belts. Cleaning of weed seeds from wastes is necessary by means of agricultural machines and vehicles, as well as by means of containers.
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Pires, Nuno D. "Seed evolution: parental conflicts in a multi-generational household." BioMolecular Concepts 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2013-0034.
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AbstractSeeds are multi-generational structures containing a small embryonic plant enclosed in layers of diverse parental origins. The evolution of seeds was a pinnacle in an evolutionary trend towards a progressive retention of embryos and gametes within parental tissue. This strategy, which dates back to the first land plants, allowed an increased protection and nourishing of the developing embryo. Flowering plants took parental control one step further with the evolution of a biparental endosperm that derives from a second parallel fertilization event. The endosperm directly nourishes the developing embryo and allows not only the maternal genes, but also paternal genes, to play an active role during seed development. The appearance of an endosperm set the conditions for the manifestation of conflicts of interest between maternal and paternal genomes over the allocation of resources to the developing embryos. As a consequence, a dynamic balance was established between maternal and paternal gene dosage in the endosperm, and maintaining a correct balance became essential to ensure a correct seed development. This balance was achieved in part by changes in the genetic constitution of the endosperm and through epigenetic mechanisms that allow a differential expression of alleles depending on their parental origin. This review discusses the evolutionary steps that resulted in the appearance of seeds and endosperm, and the epigenetic and genetic mechanisms that allow a harmonious coinhabitance of multiple generations within a single seed.
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SINGH, J. P., G. S. BANGARVA, and VIKRAM SINGH. "Social aspects of sustainability of groundnut production in semi arid eastern plains of Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 9 (September 8, 2015): 1229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i9.51637.
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The importance of sustainability is increasing due to scarce natural resources and growing scientific innovations inagriculture sector. The present study, especially focuses on initiatives, where different social and technical aspectswere analyzed on the sustainability of groundnut production in Semi Arid Eastern Plains of Rajasthan, where 200 groundnut producing farmers were identified by using simple random and proportionate sampling methods from Jaipur and Dausa districts of Rajasthan. The results of study revealed that majority of the respondents possessed medium level of knowledge (65.5%) and adoption (68.0%) about sustainable groundnut production. The knowledge level about selection of land and field preparation, improved varieties, sowing, seed rate, seed treatment, irrigation,harvesting and storage was high in order, while it was comparatively low in case of fertilizer application and plantprotection measures. Whereas, aspect wise adoption level of seed rate, improved varieties, seed treatment, irrigation, spacing, weed control, harvesting and storage was comparatively high. It was low in case of fertilizer application and plant protection measures about sustainable groundnut production. The correlation analysis revealed that the social aspects, viz. land holding, socio economic status, education, family education, economic motivation, source of information utilized, change proneness and attitude towards sustainable groundnut production having significant positive relationship with knowledge and adoption level of sustainable groundnut production.
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González-Morales, Sandra Isabel, Ricardo A. Chávez-Montes, Corina Hayano-Kanashiro, Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde, Thelma Y. Rico-Cambron, Stefan de Folter, and Luis Herrera-Estrella. "Regulatory network analysis reveals novel regulators of seed desiccation tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 35 (August 22, 2016): E5232—E5241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610985113.
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Desiccation tolerance (DT) is a remarkable process that allows seeds in the dry state to remain viable for long periods of time that in some instances exceed 1,000 y. It has been postulated that seed DT evolved by rewiring the regulatory and signaling networks that controlled vegetative DT, which itself emerged as a crucial adaptive trait of early land plants. Understanding the networks that regulate seed desiccation tolerance in model plant systems would provide the tools to understand an evolutionary process that played a crucial role in the diversification of flowering plants. In this work, we used an integrated approach that included genomics, bioinformatics, metabolomics, and molecular genetics to identify and validate molecular networks that control the acquisition of DT in Arabidopsis seeds. Two DT-specific transcriptional subnetworks were identified related to storage of reserve compounds and cellular protection mechanisms that act downstream of the embryo development master regulators LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 and 2, FUSCA 3, and ABSCICIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3. Among the transcription factors identified as major nodes in the DT regulatory subnetworks, PLATZ1, PLATZ2, and AGL67 were confirmed by knockout mutants and overexpression in a desiccation-intolerant mutant background to play an important role in seed DT. Additionally, we found that constitutive expression of PLATZ1 in WT plants confers partial DT in vegetative tissues.
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Alemu, Molla Mekonnen. "Soil Seed Bank and Natural Regeneration of Trees." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (March 18, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p73.
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The current trend of natural resources utilization, such as soils is getting incompatible with the natural, biological, physical and chemical processes of ecosystems. Excessive pressure of increasing agricultural production has exerted a negative impact on soil and its associated resources development. As the agricultural frontiers are getting exhausted in terms of productivity, immediate need has been developed to bring previously considered marginal and peripheral lands under cultivation by clearing forest resources by posing a sever threat to different ecosystems. Forest plantations are generally considered as efficient ways for the sustained development, rehabilitation and protection of land resources. Forest plantations will also provide other ecosystem services like, timber and associated products, control of soil erosion, edible fruits, shelter for wildlife, moderating climate and weather and carbon sequestration. Apart from this, forest plantations will serve a natural medium for the succession of the forest in the understory by moderating the microclimate and by creating the conducive environment for the proper functioning of dispersal agents and the soil seed bank regeneration process. The objective of this article is, therefore, to outline the soil seed bank elements and the natural regeneration process of trees as knowledge about soil seed bank and regeneration process plays a vital role in the proper management of forest development activities and understanding of forest dynamics.
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Zhang, Yong, Pan Hu, Chonglu Zhong, Yongcheng Wei, Jingxiang Meng, Zhen Li, Khongsak Pinyopusarerk, and David Bush. "Analyses of Genetic Diversity, Differentiation and Geographic Origin of Natural Provenances and Land Races of Casuarina equisetifolia Based on EST-SSR Markers." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040432.
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Research Highlights: High variation of genetic diversity and differentiation among 27 seed sources within 14 natural provenances and 13 land race samples of Casuarina equisetifolia were found. High proportions of monoecious individuals may be present in some populations, as indicated by severe heterozytote deficiency and inbreeding found in many provenances and land races. The most probable origins of the land races were inferred according to the values of pairwise provenance differentiation and Nei’s genetic distances. Targeted introductions and testing of unrelated new accessions of C. equisetifolia from the Pacific and Philippines was proposed to identify Ralstonia-resistant genotypes. Background and Objectives: Casuarina equisetifolia was introduced to China a hundred years ago and has become a critically important tree species in coastal protection since the 1950s. Despite its importance, patterns of genetic variation, genetic relationships among natural provenances and probable origins of the land races remain unresolved. This has become a concern in China where Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial wilt has devastated plantations that are known to be from a narrow genetic base that urgently needs to be broadened. Materials and Methods: Fourteen natural provenances from Australia, Pacific islands and Southeast Asia, and 13 land race samples from parts of Asia and Africa outside the natural range were genotyped using 13 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers to characterize their allelic variation and genetic relationship. Results: Significant genetic diversity and differentiation among 27 seed sources within 14 provenances and 13 land race samples of C. equisetifolia was indicated. Significant heterozygote deficiency and inbreeding was indicated for a number of provenances, perhaps indicating a high proportion of monoecious parents in these populations. The most probable origins of the land races of the introduced countries were suggested according to the values of pairwise provenance differentiation (FST) and Nei’s genetic distances. Conclusions: We found significant genetic diversity and genetic differentiation among seed sources of C. equisetifolia. While individual land races do not appear to lack diversity, we were able to infer the origins of some, allowing targeted introductions of unrelated material to be made. In the case of the Chinese land race, targeting and testing new accessions from the Pacific and the Philippines may be a good strategy to identify Ralstonia-resistant genotypes.
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Trofimova, Hanna, Valerii Sytnyk, and Anna Semysal. "THEORETICAL BASICS OF THE FORMATION OF THE GRAIN SEED MARKET." Institute of accounting, control and analysis in the globalization circumstances, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2022): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/ibo2022.03-04.086.
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Introduction. For our country, grain is a strategic market product and is a serious source of income. According to scientific studies, the actual volumes of grain production can be much higher, provided that land use is stabilized and intensive technologies are introduced. Our country, given its natural potential, can and should produce much more grain. One of the factors of increasing the gross production of grain is the provision of high-yield seeds to commodity producers. Methods. The following methods were used in the research process: comparative analysis – to compare data, determine changes in market indicators in time and space; abstract and logical – for the purpose of forming assumptions, hypotheses, as well as conclusions and generalizations; analysis and synthesis – when assessing the state of the research object and substantiating proposals for its improvement and ensuring full-fledged development in the future. The results. The market is a system of social relations based on the comparison of supply and demand and cannot be completely free. As in other areas of the economy, market relations are subject to science-based management through such levers as price, tax, finance, credit, etc. Thus, demand and supply are two specific categories that illustrate the interaction of production and consumption in a market economy. The price of seeds is the most accurate and universal indicator of the economic condition of the cereal seed market. The pricing system for grain crop seeds and the demand for them are directly dependent on the prices for commercial grain of these crops and the demand for grain. Discussion. In the conditions of the post-war revival of the agrarian economy of Ukraine, there will be an increase in the demand for the seeds of grain crops. In this case, the levers of state protection of producers of domestic seed products should be used. Keywords: market, demand, supply, seed production, grain crops.
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Proutsos, Nikolaos, Alexandra Solomou, George Karetsos, Konstantinia Tsagari, George Mantakas, Konstantinos Kaoukis, Athanassios Bourletsikas, and George Lyrintzis. "The Ecological Status of Juniperus foetidissima Forest Stands in the Mt. Oiti-Natura 2000 Site in Greece." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063544.
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Junipers face multiple threats induced both by climate and land use changes, impacting their expansion and reproductive dynamics. The aim of this work is to evaluate the ecological status of Juniperus foetidissima Willd. forest stands in the protected Natura 2000 site of Mt. Oiti in Greece. The study of the ecological status is important for designing and implementing active management and conservation actions for the species’ protection. Tree size characteristics (height, breast height diameter), age, reproductive dynamics, seed production and viability, tree density, sex, and habitat expansion were examined. The data analysis revealed a generally good ecological status of the habitat with high plant diversity. However, at the different juniper stands, subpopulations present high variability and face different problems, such as poor tree density, reduced numbers of juvenile trees or poor seed production, inadequate male:female ratios, a small number of female trees, reduced numbers of seeds with viable embryos, competition with other woody species, grazing, and illegal logging. From the results, the need for site-specific active management and interventions is demonstrated in order to preserve or achieve the good status of the habitat at all stands in the region.
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Burlińska, Agata, and Aleksandra Nowakowska. "Land trusts as a complementary solution to nature conservation system in Poland." Economics and Environment 86, no. 3 (December 21, 2023): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.86.3.651.
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This article is a new voice in the debate on the future of nature conservation in Poland. It develops the subject of grass-roots initiatives in the context of the most important contemporary challenges related to area-based nature conservation. In this context, the article introduces land trusts - one of the tools that seems to meet the expectations of social organisations involved in environmental protection. The article's description of the potential place of land trusts in the Polish system of nature conservation is complemented by a review of the seed forms currently emerging without systemic support and by an analysis of the methods used in other countries to finance such initiatives. The research methods used for this type of analysis are heuristic methods based on a comprehensive literature review and a detailed analysis of practical examples and solutions. In conclusion, this article confirms the validity of conducting further research on land trusts as a possible complement to the nature conservation system in Poland.
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Toygildin, A. L., M. I. Semenkin, and I. A. Toygildina. "PROGRAMMING OF YIELD OF GRAIN CROPS AND ITS ASSURANCE IN AGRICULTURE OF ULYANOVSK REGION." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 167, no. 4 (60) (December 23, 2022): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2022-4-71-76.
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The article substantiates productive potential of grain crops and calculations to provide durable means of production and circulating capital goods of the crop production industry of Ulyanovsk region. According to a set of parameters, the climate-provided yield of grain crops is 4.52 t/haon the territory of the Ulyanovsk region, its level is limited by soil fertility and violation of science-based agricultural technologies. In order to achieve a climate-provided yield of grain crops, it is necessary to improve the technologies for their cultivation, taking into account moisture availability, soil fertility and other factors, in particular, it is necessary to improve the quality of seed material, justify the application rates of mineral fertilizers, carry out liming of acidic soils, justify plant protection systems and a system of machines for timely execution of technological operations. There is a need to improve the system of seed production of grain crops in Ulyanovsk region: namely, to increase the share of original and elite seeds in agricultural enterprises up to 25% of the total amount, which is 33,482 tons, in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to intensify the work of seed farms in the region. To realize the bioclimatic potential of productivity of grain crops, it is necessary to improve the application rates of mineral fertilizers. Calculations carried out on removal of nutrients show that, on average, 144.0 kg/ha should be applied in the region, which is more than 90 thousand tons of a.w. with the following structure: nitrogen - 87.1 kg/ha (60.4%) and phosphorus - 57.2 kg/ha (39.6%). There are more than 450 thousand hectares of acidic soils that need liming in the structure of cultivated agricultural land; with an average application dose of 3 t/ha, agricultural enterprises must be provided with at least 1350 thousand tons of liming material. In case ofintensificationincrease of crop production, a rise of the number of harmful organisms is inevitable, therefore, the volume of application of plant protection products should be increased to 1205.8 thousand liters at the rate of 1.8 l/ha (at the current level of development of harmful organisms and registered plant protection products). For timely implementation of technological operations for cultivation of field crops, it is necessary to continue totechnically equipagriculture.
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Srusti S. N. R, Prathibha K. Y, and Keshamma E. "Survey Study on Traditional Storage Practices of Finger Millet." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 5 (September 28, 2022): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i05.130.
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Current study aimed to assess the traditional storage practices being practiced in southern dry zone of Karnataka viz. Mysuru, Mandya, Hassan, Tumkur&Chamarajanagara districts and to identify the best storage practices being followed in these districts. Field survey was undertaken in major finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.)] growing region of all five districts of Southern Dry Zone of Karnataka viz. Mysuru, Mandya, Hassan, Tumkur & Chamarajanagara. Information was documented by using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique like observation and discussion. The data on various methods was collected by contacting the respondents through one-to-one interaction and group discussion methods, the indigenous technologies used by dry land farmers for storage of seed were documented. Survey observations delineated that hagevu, metal bin and gunny bag type of traditional storage practices being followed for the storage of finger millet in southern dry zones of Karnataka viz. Mysuru, Mandya, Hassan, Tumkur & Chamarajanagara districts. Precautionary measures before storage, during storage, and after receipt of grains highlighted in our study were being practiced by farmers in these regions to ensure protection from spoilage of grains. It was demonstrated through our field study that traditional technical skill teaches us how best the utilization of natural sources could be useful for storage and protection of life of grains or seeds.
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Guemri, Raouia El, Wahbi Jaouadi, Kaouther Mechergui, Moodi Alsubeie, Souheila Naghmouchi, Sabri El Ouellani, and Mohamed Larbi Khouja. "Morphological characteristics and variation of wood, cone and seed productions in the reforestation of Aleppo pine in Northeastern Tunisia using terrestrial and spatial index approaches." Ekológia (Bratislava) 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2019-0021.
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AbstractFor several decades, forest management policies have encouraged land cover changes, with the establishment of tree cover such as Aleppo pine in natural or degraded ecosystems for soil protection and the firewood production. In order to investigate the importance of Aleppo pine trees in the ecosystem, this study was conducted in the reforestation of the Aleppo pine of Northeastern Tunisia. The production of wood, cones and seeds of Aleppo pine in the 6 date reforestation in Northeastern Tunisia were surveyed using 6 plots (20 tree/plot) spread over 6 different location. Our hypothesis was to determine the characteristics that can be decisive in estimating the production of Aleppo pine in reforestation in Tunisia using terrestrial and spatial measurements including (i) age, (ii) dendrometric characteristics, (iii) silvicultural treatments, (iv) stationary data and/ or (v) remote sensing parameter (NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). We found that the Aleppo pine in Northeastern Tunisia and at young age trees (14–35 years) were more productive than the regeneration or reforestation stand, either young or old, in Northwest of Tunisia. Wood, cone and seed productions were significantly different amongst the plots (p <0.05). The NDVI was positively correlated with the production of wood, cones and seeds. Stand age, exposure and longitude were also positively correlated with the production. However, longitude and altitude were negatively correlated with the production, showing a negative effect on the morphological traits of trees and, subsequently, their growth. The regression analysis indicates that NDVI and age were the most determinant factors of seed production. This research suggests that reforestation planning, particularly the choice of altitude and latitude, may result in improved tree morphology that may increase Aleppo pine wood seed and cone crops.
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He, Meng Xuan, Hong Yuan Li, and Xun Qiang Mo. "The Study on Soil Seed Bank between Different Land-Use Types of Wetlands in Tianjin Binhai New Area." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2518.
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In order to study the characteristic of soil seed bank in saline wetlands,samples from different land-use types of wetlands were selected.After the germination test,the results showed that the reserves of SSB in the four plots are huge,but the species composition is uncomplicated,the germinated seedlings are all coastal indicating halophytes.The differences between the four plots are obvious, P-value is almost less than 0.05.Artificial landscape wetlands have the largest variance coefficient.Compared with artificial wetlands,natural conservation wetlands show unique characteristic,it has the highest species richness,it has the stablest vegetation community structure,but the density of SSB is lowest for the low interference.Natural conservation wetlands have played important role in maintaining biodiversity.Therefore, the wetland ecosystem services should be fully taken into consideration when using wetlands.Appropriate protection of wetlands are needed,for it can helps to improve the ability of SSB in vegetation recovery.
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Xie, Ling, Hongwei Wang, and Suhong Liu. "Simulating the spatiotemporal variations of oasis rural settlements in the upper reaches of rivers of arid regions in Xinjiang, China." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 29, 2022): e0275241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275241.
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Rural settlements in oasis are primary habitations, and their changes are related to natural environment and anthropogenic activities. The spatiotemporal variations of rural settlements in an oasis are significant in arid regions. In this study, Qipan Township (QPT) and Yamansu Township (YMST) were chosen as a case study and validation case, respectively. Datasets, including Landsat images in 2002, 2010, and 2018, were collected. The cellular automata (CA)-agent-based model (ABM) and patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model were used to simulate the spatiotemporal dynamic variations of rural settlement and other land use types in the oasis in this study. Natural environmental, socioeconomic conditions, and human decision-making are the three driving factors that were used in the model. Human decision-making involves the actions of two types of agents: authority agent and resident agent. On the basis of land use data of 2002 and 2010, the rural settlement and other land use in 2018 were predicted using the CA-MAS and PLUS models. The following results were obtained: First, human decision-making behaviors were the leading factor in the changes of rural settlements in the CA-ABM model. Second, CA based on multiple random seed (CARS) of PLUS could better simulate the spatiotemporal variations of QPT rural settlements than CA-ABM and linear regression of PLUS. Similarly, CARS of PLUS also simulated the spatiotemporal evolution of rural settlements in YMST with high accuracy. Third, the areas of croplands, roads, and residential lands in QPT will expand to 20.7, 5.7, and 4.6 km2, respectively, in 2026, but the unused land will shrink, as predicted by CARS of PLUS. This study provides a scientific basis for the environmental protection of rural settlements in the oasis and sustainable settlement planning in arid regions.
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Desai, H. K., K. A. Thakkar, and J. D. Desai. "ADOPTION OF POTATO CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY BY THE POTATO GROWERS UNDER CONTRACT FARMING." Gujarat Journal of Extension Education 33, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2022.33.1.0007.
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Most of the farm operators being small and marginal farmers in India, there are problems in getting quality raw material for processing, marketing, and distribution, especially in perishable high value crops but contract farming which was restricted, largely, to seed production earlier, spread to perishable produce and has now become the dominant and growing mode of raw material production and procurement co-ordination among the processors and fresh produce market and exporters. Potato is very important perishable high value crop in North Gujarat Agro-climatic zone of Gujarat state with the cultivating area of 97,204 hector in six districts of North Gujarat (Anon.2014-15). Therefore, the present investigation was conducted in the North Gujarat Agro climatic Zone of Gujarat state. Two districts viz., Banaskantha and Sabarkantha occupy the highest area under potato cultivation in North Gujarat and hence, were selected purposively for study. Ten potato growers were randomly selected from twenty villages. In all, 200 contracting potato growers were selected for the study. Important motivated factors farmers toward contract farming were; assured price, price stability, no tension of marketing, technical advice to control pests and diseases, no cash payment for seed. Majority (78.00%) of the potato growers had medium to high level of adoption regarding potato cultivation technology. With respect to practice wise adoption, maximum farmers adopted the practices viz., improved varieties, plant protection, irrigation, seed treatment, fertilizers management and land preparation in case of potato cultivation. The independent variables viz., education, mass media exposure and level of knowledge, age, land holding, occupation, annual income, cropping sequence, and risk orientation had positive and significant correlation with the adoption of potato cultivation technology by the potato growers.
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Sojka, R. E., J. A. Entry, W. J. Orts, D. W. Morishita, C. W. Ross, and D. J. Horne. "Synthetic- and bio-polymer use for runoff water quality management in irrigated agriculture." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0581.
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Low concentrations of synthetic- or bio-polymers in irrigation water can nearly eliminate sediment, N, ortho- and total-P, DOM, pesticides, micro-organisms, and weed seed from runoff. These environmentally safe polymers are employed in various sensitive uses including food processing, animal feeds, and potable water purification. The most common synthetic polymer is anionic, high purity polyacrylamide (PAM), which typically provides 70–90% contaminant elimination. Excellent results are achieved adding only 10 ppm PAM to irrigation water, applying 1–2 kg ha−1 per irrigation, costing $4–$12 kg−1. Biopolymers are less effective. Using twice or higher concentrations, existing biopolymers are ≈60% effective as PAM, at 2–3 times the cost. A half million ha of US irrigated land use PAM for erosion control and runoff protection. The practice is spreading rapidly in the US and worldwide. Interest in development of biopolymer surrogates for PAM is high. If the supply of cheap natural gas (raw material for PAM synthesis) diminishes, industries may seek alternative polymers. Also “green” perceptions and preferences favor biopolymers for certain applications.
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Aliyev, Prof Dr Z. H., and Mr Dr S. Sh Savalan Seyfeddinov. "Improving Pasture Management." Academic Research Journal of Nature and Public Health 1, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55124/arjn.v1i1.203.
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Referring to the author's comments and the results of research conducted in the article, it is stated thatexisting problems in pastures: overgrazing, biodiversity erosion, reduction of soil fertility and reduction of soil organic matter and CO2 emissions, soil salinization and alkalinization, development of erosion process, etc.), elimination of their multifunctional characteristics, pasture management. It is known that pastures are a supplier of many agricultural products, it protects soil fertility and biodiversity, protects the soil from wind and water erosion, carbon dioxide in the soil compared to arable land and forests. has good potential for storage, It has a protective effect on the restoration and regulation of groundwater levels, maintaining the quality of irrigation water and creates conditions for its leakage. Seed propagation of local species, soil softening - germination of seeds of perennial grasses and shrubs, conversion of slopes and arable lands into permanent pastures,inclusion of temporary pastures in crop rotation,feed production to support roduction - meat, milk, wool, etc. Given that pastures support agriculture and are a source of livelihood for the population.Restoration and protection of pastures (recreation, surface softening, surface and capital improvement works, creation of temporary pastures, conversion of sown areas on slopes into pastures, etc.) are of special importance;Action Plan of the “State Program approved by the Order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan No.
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Zaripov, Ju V., R. A. Osipenko, E. S. Zalesova, and S. V. Zalesov. "EXPERIENCE IN RECULTIVATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF DEGRADED LAND." ÈKOBIOTEH 3, no. 4 (2020): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2020-3-4-621-626.
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The paper touches upon the analysis of disturbed lands various methods of reclamation on linear and site objects that make possible to minimise spending for recultivation work carrying out to achieve a desirable effect. It is noted the inexpediency of plank roads and wooden covering dismantling followed by the former road recultivation. It is suggested to use these roads as antifire ones; it will play a positive role in forest antifire protection. It is underlined the necessity of the highest possible potential possibilities utilisation of some disturbed lands for self-healing. The latter refers, in particular to seismic profiles, sites for wastes of saw-mills and woodworking as well as sand and clay extracting pits when their area is rat her small and when there exists no reliable source of their seed producing. Sometimes for the process of grass vegetation formation speeding and fertile soil layer formation, it is recommended grass sowing, leguminous plants in particular. The surface of the disturbed lands covering with a layer of sewage deposit is an effective method of recultivation as well. The latter is not only promoted fertile layer formation on the surfaces of dumps and some other types of disturbed lands but improves conditions of plants water nutrition playing the role of mulch. As the primary trend of reclamation in the Ural region, it is recommended to consider forestry main during the biological stage of ordinary pine forest plantations.
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Demidov, P. V., and A. V. Ulezko. "The effectiveness of the use of productive land in agriculture of the Voronezh region." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-2-398-406.
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The article examines the structure of the agricultural sector of the Voronezh region and changes in the size of land use of farms of different categories based on the results of the all-Russian agricultural censuses of 2006 and 2016.the significant differences between the data of the Federal registration service and the data obtained from the all-Russian agricultural censuses, in size and structure of agricultural lands related to agricultural lands are Revealed. The problem of limited information on the distribution and use of agricultural land and its reliability is noted. The differentiation of the Voronezh region districts by the size of the acreage and their contribution to the production of certain types of crop production, the dynamics of production of the main types of crop production in the region, the change in the structure of production of certain types of products by categories of farms. It is concluded that the fundamental changes in the sectoral structure, accompanied by the removal of crop rotations of forage crops, including annual and perennial grasses, led to a violation of the science-based system of agriculture and significantly limited the possibility of its biologization. Estimated evolution of yields of basic agricultural crops in the Voronezh region, changes which were provided with a comprehensive exposure to a wide range of factors, including the growth of seed quality, increasing doses of mineral fertilizers, the use of new plant protection products, development of new technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops, optimization of the timing of major manufacturing operations. Changes in the volume of direct investment in fixed capital of agriculture are studied. The trends identified in the study of the effectiveness of the use of productive land involved in the process of agricultural production are formulated.
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Khatkov, K. Kh, N. I. Mamsirov, and A. A. Makarov. "Estimation of the efficiency of the «soy – winter wheat» crop rotation link and its influence on soil properties." New Technologies 17, no. 5 (December 21, 2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-5-134-144.
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Crop rotation is a systematic solution to one of the main tasks of agricultural production: rational land management, taking into account their possible effective fertility, biological potential of cultivated plants and available external and internal resources (heat, climate, fertilizers, agricultural machinery and agrochemicals) in order to maintain the most economically efficient management, which is possible with consistently high yields, with consistent reproduction of soil fertility and protection of the external environment. And as a consequence, crop rotation in this case acts as the basis of modern zonal adaptive landscape farming systems. It defines most other systems: soil cultivation and protection from erosion processes, fertilization and plant protection systems, seed production and variety change, irrigation and drainage of lands, technical systems, labor organization, etc. crop rotation «soybean-winter wheat» on merged leached chernozems and its effect on soil properties in the southern foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia. As a result of the study, a comprehensive assessment of the productivity of the «soybean-winter wheat» link in the crop rotation has been carried out and its positive effect on agrophysical and agrochemical properties of merged chernozems determined. It has been established that in order to obtain high-quality soybean seeds of the Mentor variety with the corresponding qualities of «the winter wheat» predecessor in the foothill zone of Adygea, it is necessary to use early sevarian conditions at a seeding rate of 0,6 million pieces/ha and a row spacing of 15 and 30 cm. To acieve a high level of production profitability, winter wheat of the Alekseich variety should be placed according to the «soybeans» predecessor against the background of surface tillage (10–12 cm). At the same time, it is proposed to apply mineral fertilizers at a rate of 200 kg/ha in the form of sulfoammophos N20P20S8, with obligatory double spring feeding of 150 kg/ha with ammonium nitrate N51+N51.
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Ibragimov, К., K. Kh Ibragimov, and A. K. Ibragimov. "Perspective Directions of Organizational and Regulatory Support of Food Security in the Chechen Republic." Economics. Law. Innovaion, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2713-1874-2022-3-4-12.
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The article substantiates the perspective areas of normative and organizational support for food security in the Chechen Republic in comparison with those in Germany. The negative consequences of violation of environmental and land legislation in case of improper use of agricultural land are shown. The necessity of forming the «Republican Commission for Control over the State of the Environment and Food Security in the Chechen Republic» (RKKOSPB) is substantiated. Some of its functional tasks are given. In particular, the responsibility of the Commission is to develop the «Strategic Administrative and Legal Concept of Ecological and Food Security of the Chechen Republic for the period up to 2030». The problem of development of own seed production and local production of plant protection products (PPP) – the main determinants of agricultural development – was recognized as an important strategic task. RKKOSPB should pay serious attention to planning the territorial specialization of agricultural production, i.e. such an organization of production, in which in crop production the emphasis is on the selection of such an optimal ratio of cultivated crops that would be most adapted to specific local conditions.
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Geha, Makram. "47 Genomic selection and gene editing in plant breeding – an industry perspective." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.106.
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Abstract The world population is on an inevitable growth trajectory presenting the challenge of feeding nearly 9 billion people within the next couple of decades. This anticipated population surge is projected to require a 50% increase in agricultural output by 2050 in comparison to the current decade’s output levels (FAO, 2017). This increase in output needs to occur in an environment that is witnessing foreseeable declines in farming operations and availability of agricultural land in addition to an increase in consumer’s demand for high quality sustainable food products. At Corteva Agriscience, we build upon our strong pillars of seeds and traits platform, crop protection and seed treatment solutions as well as advanced digital technologies to continuously provide innovative and sustainable solutions to our customers, helping farmers maximize the value of their investment by providing them with high-performing genetics and effective science-based solutions that optimize yield and crop quality. We capitalize on the use of state of the art technologies and applications in the fields of genomics, phenomics, chemistry, and the like, to drive our industry leading product pipelines. Following the conceptual introduction of genomic selection (Meuwissen et al., 2001) and the increased affordability of genotyping, incorporation of genomic information, via genomic selection, whole genome prediction or more recently gene editing into our breeding pipeline has helped us improve the efficiency and output of our breeding systems and present our customers with innovative and sustainable seed product solutions. This presentation will focus first on introducing some common plant breeding industry practices related to population and product development before providing an overview of genomic selection and its applications in an industrial plant breeding context and finally discuss how new seed product development tools like CRISPR-Cas gene editing could be used to further improve breeding and selection.
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Huang, Jinghan. "Study on the Impact of Global Warming on Parrots and Countermeasures." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 69 (November 6, 2023): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v69i.11905.
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Parrots, with their vibrant plumage and remarkable intelligence, play a crucial role in ecosystems worldwide. They contribute to seed dispersal, plant protection, and overall ecosystem functioning, influencing plant life cycles and contributing to ecosystem stability. However, the ecological importance of parrots is threatened by habitat loss and the impacts of global warming. As climate change intensifies, parrots face challenges such as shifts in geographical ranges, disruptions in synchronized relationships with plants, habitat loss, and increased vulnerability to extreme weather events. Effective conservation strategies are crucial for safeguarding parrot populations, including preserving key habitats, establishing protected areas, and implementing sustainable management practices. Tailored approaches, education, addressing land tenure issues, and promoting ecotourism are among the key solutions to mitigate the effects of global warming and protect these ecologically important birds.
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Lipow, Sara R., Kenneth Vance-Borland, J. Bradley St. Clair, Jan A. Henderson, and Cindy McCain. "In Situ Gene Conservation of Six Conifers in Western Washington and Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.3.176.
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Abstract Agap analysis was conducted to evaluate the extent to which genetic resources are conserved in situ in protected areas for six conifer species in the Pacific Northwest (Sitka spruce, sugar pine, western white pine, ponderosa pine, western redcedar, and western hemlock). The gap analysis involved producing a GIS database detailing the location of protected areas and the distribution and abundance of tree species as inferred from data on potential plant association groups, actual plant associations, and actual land cover type. We used two schemes for stratifying the distribution of each species into genetic populations for gap analysis: seed zones and ecoregions. The results show that most seed zones and ecoregions contain at least 5,000 mature individuals in protected areas, indicating strong in situ gene conservation. Protection is less complete, however, for western white pine in the Puget lowlands, where urbanization and disease have reduced populations below safe levels. These populations represent the highest priority for additional gene conservation. Other species and areas warranting further evaluation include Sitka spruce in some parts of the Puget lowlands, remnant western white pine stands in the Oregon Coast Range, and sugar pine within the white pine blister rust zone.
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Badal, Aarati, Ashmita Bhatta, and Ankit Ojha. "PROFITABILITY AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY OF CAPSICUM PRODUCTION IN CHITWAN DISTRICT, NEPAL." FOOD & AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT 4, no. 2 (2023): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/fabm.02.2023.66.70.
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Unavailability coupled with inefficient and inappropriate use of resources is culminating into diminishing profitability and efficiency of vegetable production. This study aimed to analyze cost of production and resource use efficiency of capsicum enterprise in Chitwan district of Nepal uses Cobb-Douglas production function analysis to investigate the effects of different inputs on the returns from capsicum enterprise. Besides, descriptive statistics and t-test were also used. Primary data was collected from 66 randomly selected capsicum producers in Rapti Municipality and Bharatpur Metropolitan City using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. The total cost of production of capsicum in Chitwan district is NRs. 1,067,075.65 per ha; labour accounting the most of it at 22.14%. Capsicum production is found to be a profitable enterprise (BCR≈2). The return from capsicum production is likely to increase through improvements in use of fertilizer and plant protection inputs. Similarly, plant protection, seed and fertilizers are underutilized while labour, land preparation and harvest inputs are overutilized. In light of these findings, it is suggested that resources need to be allocated optimally in suggested proportions to get maximum returns. Also, labour costs can be minimized by introduction of mechanization for intercultural operations.
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Yudaev, Igor V., Yulia V. Daus, Valery A. Eviev, Elena V. Soumyanova, and Tatiana B. Goldvarg. "Pre-sowing stimulation of cereal seeds in high voltage electric field." BIO Web of Conferences 103 (2024): 00063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410300063.
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The main challenge of modern land management is the need to increase the yield of cultivated crops, while maintaining quality, minimising total energy inputs into cultivation and minimising the negative impact on the environment. This is quite possible if we have healthy seeds characterised, first of all, by improved sowing qualities. In order to realise the mentioned approaches, it is possible to use seed preparation for sowing, using for this purpose various electrophysical effects, including treatment of seed material in the electric field of high voltage. The purpose of the presented article is to analyse the results obtained to study the process of treatment of cereal seeds before sowing in the electric field of constant and alternating high voltage, as well as the electric field of pulsed high-voltage discharges. A universal experimental laboratory setup was assembled for the research. According to the results of the experiments, there was a clear dependence of the speed and friendliness of germination of winter triticale and barley seeds on the effects of electrical nature on them. Efficiency of such influences is also shown in plant protection against various pests, so against bread fleas and meromysa it is treatment in the electric field of alternating high voltage with duration of 120 s, as well as against Swedish fly, but with duration of treatment of 60 s; against wheat thrips – in the electric field of constant high voltage with duration of 60 s. Besides optimisation of phytosanitary condition of crops, the stimulating effect of high voltage electric field on yield structure of cereal crops (winter barley and triticale) was revealed, as productivity increases, bushiness and more dense productive stalks are formed. Electrostimulation has a positive effect on such hard-to-regulate parameter as ear fineness – the total number of grains in the ear increases by 13.8…31.0%; the weight of 1000 grains slightly increases – by 3.0…6.2%; grain yield to total weight increases by 40.3…57.8%; positive effect on all elements of yield structure is traced.
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Drissen, Tim, Christopher Faust, Julia T. Treitler, Robin Stadtmann, Stefan Zerbe, and Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras. "National Park or Cultural Landscape Preservation? What the Soil Seed Bank Reveals for Plant Diversity Conservation." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 14230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114230.
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National parks play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity, mainly excluding human influence following the IUCN approach. However, in Europe, they are often characterized by a high percentage of traditional cultural landscape elements, which require active management. This calls into question whether the national park protection strategy is always appropriate. Here, we follow this question by taking the soil seed bank of various habitats of the Asinara National Park (Sardinia, Italy) as an example. Asinara is a suitable model region, as the island mainly consists of traditional cultural landscape elements, but the main conservation goals include afforestation plans and nature development promotion, which creates a trade-off between the conservation of forest vs. cultural landscapes. We investigated the soil seed bank, standing vegetation, and environmental factors in different cultural and natural habitats. Since the highest species richness and diversity were revealed for cultural vegetation units, they need to be of primary concern regarding the preservation of the island’s phytodiversity. Given the main objective of the conservation of biodiversity in the Asinara National Park, we conclude that a biosphere reserve with an adapted sustainable land-use management might be more suitable than a national park to account for both natural and cultural landscape preservation. This conclusion applies to many other European national parks.
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Voiku, Ivan. "THE TECHNOLOGY OF CO-CULTURING OF POTATOES WITH HONEY PLANTS AND PROSPECTS OF ITS TECHNICAL SUPPORT." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4108.
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The right way out of the crisis of the agro-based industries is the maximum use of the opportunities of scientific and technological progress and the orientation of the real economy to innovative development. One of the promising technologies of crop production is an innovative technology in potato growing, which provides for the co-culturing of potatoes with honey crops. Phacelia tanacetifolia (PhaceliatanacetifoliaBenth) is selected as honey crop, which is a valuable green manure. It allows to reduce the need for organic and mineral fertilizers, increases the ecological cleanness of products, favors the growth of potato yield, provides the additional honey yield. Phacelia significantly improves the soil structure, displacing a significant part of weeds, providing natural loosening of the soil, protection from drying out, from pests and parasites. The co-culturing of potatoes with phacelia protects the environment from the use of dangerous plant protection products. If the economic effect is defined as the difference between the profits of innovative and traditional technologies, then, according to preliminary calculations, the level of profitability of innovative technology in potato growing is 1.9 times higher, and the profit from 1 ha is 1.6 times higher compared with the traditional technology. Large-scale development of the proposed technology is hampered by the lack of potato planters and seed planters, which provide planting of potatoes and sowing seeds of honey crops simultaneously, in the Russian market and the markets of the European Union. An innovative technology - mounted seeder for potato planters was developed by the staff members of the Pskov State University. The article describes the main agro-technological requirements to this device. A general model and a kinematic scheme were developed to visualize the combination of the working elements of the potato planter and the mounted seeder. The developed model falls into the type of seed planters, which is designed to sowing in drills the seeds of honey crops (phacelia) in the furrow between potatoes at the time of the forthcoming closing of this furrow by soil, and can be used in agricultural engineering. Potential consumers of the proposed innovative technology in potato growing and the developed mounted seeder are farm enterprises and agricultural production cooperatives, which have small plots of land, use crop rotation systems in potato growing, and work for reducing costs and increasing the yield of potato cultivation.
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Bouchard, Elizabeth H., Grégory Sonnier, Steffan Pierre, Amartya Saha, Vivienne Sclater, and Elizabeth H. Boughton. "Landscape factors driving the spread of the invasive grass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, among wetlands in a Florida subtropical grazing land." Invasive Plant Science and Management 13, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2020.16.
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AbstractWetlands embedded in agroecosystems provide vital ecosystem services (i.e., freeze protection, water retention, nutrient cycling, biodiversity support). However, they are particularly susceptible to invasion by nonnative species. West Indian marsh grass [Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees] is a major wetland invader in Florida. Despite the documented consequences of H. amplexicaulis invasions, the landscape factors influencing the spread of this species are poorly understood. In this study, we asked whether landscape factors associated with wetland isolation, connectivity, and land management influence the presence of H. amplexicaulis among wetlands embedded in pastures. We recorded the presence or absence of H. amplexicaulis in 158 seasonal wetlands embedded in different pasture types (semi-natural vs. intensively managed). Wetland area, isolation from neighboring wetlands, isolation from the nearest source ditch, and connectivity were determined using a geographic information system (GIS). We related landscape factors to H. amplexicaulis using generalized linear models and model selection based on the second-order Akaike information criterion. Hymenachne amplexicaulis was first detected at the study site in the early 2000s. By 2018, we observed this species in 66% of the surveyed wetlands. The likelihood of observing H. amplexicaulis was higher in wetlands embedded in semi-natural pastures and higher in less isolated wetlands, especially when connected to a ditch. These results indicate that H. amplexicaulis spreads both overland (during seasonal flooding) and via the ditch network. Future work is needed to understand whether seeds or stolons are the primary invasion propagule and whether the species forms a persistent seed bank that could slow down restoration efforts. Additionally, further research is required to understand the ecological impact of this highly invasive plant in Florida wetlands.
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Missanjo, Edward, and Henry Kadzuwa. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Measures within the Forestry and Other Land Use Subsector in Malawi." International Journal of Forestry Research 2021 (March 24, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5561162.
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Analysing past trends of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remains indispensable to the understanding of current GHG emissions, thereby enabling prediction of future emissions as well as development of their mitigative pathways. This study quantified GHG emissions within the Forest and Other Land Use (FOLU) subsector in Malawi for the period 2011 to 2020. Results indicate that Malawi’s GHG emissions in the FOLU subsector fluctuated but decreased by 0.84 MtCO2e (13%) from 2011 to 2020, averaging to −1.3% annually. The GHG emissions of different categories within the subsector were highly significant ( p < 0.001 ) and contributed the highest (99.72%) of the total variation. Forestland contributed the highest (74%) of the subsector category emissions, followed by biomass burning (19%). The uncertainties for the estimated GHG emissions were low (<15%). This shows that the estimated GHG emissions within the FOLU subsector were significantly minimised. Notable interventions that have abated the emissions include afforestation and natural/assisted regeneration; protection and conservation of protected areas through the REDD+ mechanism; establishment of seed banks for raising drought-tolerant tree species; and breeding of fast-growing and drought-tolerant tree species; as well as screening of disease and pest-resistant species and promotion of biological control.
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Divéky-Ertsey, Anna, László Csambalik, Péter Pusztai, Krisztina Madaras, and Izóra Gál. "Comparison of different substrates for organic seedling production." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 11, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2022): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2022.1-2.92-97.
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Propagation from seedlings is generally applied in the horticultural sector and it has many advantages including earlier harvest and more efficient resource (land, time, energy and seeds) utilization, as well as healthy and homogenous plant production. In conventional large-scale horticulture, seedling cultivation has already become a separate sector. The basis of successful seedling production is the use of the suitable substrate. The physical and chemical quality of the growing medium is crucial. There can be significant differences among the growing media available at the domestic market. For own substrate, farmers put different mixtures of peat, perlite and nutrients together according to a unique recipe. According to the Regulation (EU) 2018/848 on organic production and labelling of organic products, only organic seed and seedling can be used for organic plant production. Therefore, seeds, fertilizers, plant protection and disinfection substances are allowed to be applied only when authorized for use in organic production by the regulations. Recently there are only a few professional organic seedling producers in Hungary. Most of the organic farmers produce their own seedlings. For this purpose, commercially available certified organic growing media, or home mixed substrates are used. In this study, two commercially available organic substrates (Florasca Bio B and Klasmann KKS Proline) are compared with two typical farmer mixtures: peat with pelleted cattle manure and peat with compost. The physical and chemical properties of the substrates are investigated and presented.
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Kerr, David. "Dan Watkins Scholarship in Weed Science." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.227.
Full textAbstract:
Dan Watkins was one of the founders of the Ivon Watkins Ltd herbicide company, based in New Plymouth, which later became Ivon Watkins Dow and is now Dow AgroSciences. He was a leading figure in the early weed science research arena within New Zealand. Dan Watkins was a founder of the New Zealand Weeds conference, forerunner of the New Zealand Plant Protection Society. He was also a member of the New Zealand National Research Council and was involved with other scientific bodies. This scholarship has been set up and financed by Dr
George Mason, one of the founders of Taranaki Nuchem (now Zelam Limited), in memory of Dan Watkins and to recognise his contribution to weed science within New Zealand.
David Kerr, recipient of the 2017/18 Dan Watkins Scholarship in Weed Science, is an MSc student at Canterbury University. His thesis is on the reproduction and ecology of Mimulus guttatus DC, a persistent riparian weed imported from the western United States into New Zealand as an ornamental plant. This weed grows vigorously from the smallest fragments and has potential to cause major damage to river systems; crowding out natives and increasing flooding potential. David’s research aims to investigate how reproductive strategy facilitates the spread of M. guttatus, particularly the role of seed banks in establishing populations after habitat disturbance.
Mimulus guttatus produces abundant seeds of very small size (approx. 500 µm in diameter), which have been demonstrated to be viable after travelling hundreds of metres downstream or dispersing in large numbers by wind from dry seed pods. Traditional management techniques involve mechanical clearance or use of herbicides in affected rivers adjoining pasture land. These approaches have notable negative consequences, including waterway contamination and facilitation of fragment dispersal and growth.
The first part of David’s thesis involved a survey of 250 contiguous 50-m long stretches of river at six valley locations around Banks Peninsula; recording the presence of M. guttatus and abundance as well as site data such as shading and evidence of grazing on M. guttatus plants. The data from this survey indicated a trend towards greater abundance in more open areas and occasional patches in more shaded regions where the canopy allows sufficient light to grow. Previous work has identified a lack of understanding of transient overwintering seed banks.
The second part of David’s thesis will investigate the hypothesis that persistent seed banks allow M. guttatus to establish upstream of populations in shaded areas when the canopy is disturbed. Mimulus guttatus in its native range has high fitness costs associated with selfing. The third will investigate the reproductive strategy of M. guttatus with reference to rates of selfing, and seed viability to test the hypothesis that historic pollinator and mate limitation have driven a change towards selfing.
This work will further the understanding of the reproductive strategy of M. guttatus and how it invades river systems and inform land-management and conservation decisions. This has particular relevance to the role of sustainable ecosystem-level approaches to weed management such as native shade belts and conservation of existing forest around waterways to prevent weed establishment.
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Kristinawati, Aprilian Putri Dian, Mochamad Arief Soendjoto, and Eko Rini Indrayatie. "PERILAKU KONSERVASI PADA MASYARAKAT DI AREAL AGROFORESTRI KECAMATAN KARANG INTAN KABUPATEN BANJAR." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 6, no. 5 (October 29, 2023): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v6i5.10652.
Full textAbstract:
Agroforestry carried out by the community is a legacy from their parents or ancestors, from these activities the community has carried out conservation activities unconsciously in maintaining and balancing natural sustainability. There is a cycle of interdependence between the use of natural resources and conservation actors which results in conservation behavior. Data was collected through interviews with 30 respondents and direct observation in three villages, namely Kiram Village, Bi'ih Village, and Pulau Nyiur Village, then classified and tabulated based on the existing categories. The components implemented by the village community in Karang Intan District are the Agrisilviculture, Silvopastura, and Agrosilvopastura components. Based on the components applied for land management, the techniques or methods are the same, including land management, seed procurement, planting, maintenance, eradication of pests and diseases, harvesting and utilization of forest products or livestock. Conservation activities carried out by the village community range from land clearing by slashing, conservation protection of wild animals, carrying out scorching, embroidery, and caring for newly planted seeds using organic fertilizers.Agroforestri yang dilakukan masyarakat merupakan warisan dari orang tua atau leluhurnya, dari kegiatan tersebut masyarakat telah melakukan kegiatan konservasi secara tidak sadar dalam menjaga dan menyeimbangkan kelestarian alam. Adanya siklus saling ketergantungan antara pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam dengan pelaku konservasi yang mengakibatkan timbulnya perilaku konservasi. Data dikumpulkan melalui hasil wawancara dengan 30 responden serta observasi langsung pada ketiga desa yaitu Desa Kiram, Desa Bi’ih, dan Desa Pulau Nyiur kemudian diklasifikasikan dan ditabulasikan berdasarkan kategori yang ada. Komponen yang diterapkan oleh masyarakat desa di Kecamatan Karang Intan yaitu komponen Agrisilvikultur, Silvopastura, dan Agrosilvopastura. Berdasarkan komponen yang diterapkan untuk pengelolaan lahan memiliki teknik atau cara yang sama meliputi pengelolaan tanah, pengadaan bibit, penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemberantasan hama dan penyakit, pemanenan dan pemanfaatan hasil hutan ataupun ternak. Kegiatan konservasi yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat desa mulai dari pembukaan lahan dengan cara menebas, perlindungan konservasi pada satwa liar, melakukan pendangiran, melakukan penyulaman, dan perawatan pada bibit yang baru di tanam menggunakan pupuk organik
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Cleary, Katherine A., Lisette P. Waits, and Paul A. Hohenlohe. "Development and characterization of fourteen novel microsatellite markers for the chestnut short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia castanea), and cross-amplification to related species." PeerJ 4 (September 20, 2016): e2465. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2465.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid anthropogenic land use change threatens the primary habitat of the Chestnut short-tailed bat (Carollia castanea) throughout much of its range. Information on population genetic structure can inform management strategies for this widespread frugivorous bat, and effective protection ofC. castaneawill also benefit the more than 20 mutualistic plant species of which this bat is the primary seed disperser. To facilitate understanding of population genetic structure in this species, fourteen novel microsatellite markers were developed using restriction-site-associated DNA libraries and Illumina sequencing and tested on 28 individuals from 13 locations in Costa Rica. These are the first microsatellite markers developed forC. castanea. All loci were polymorphic, with number of alleles ranging from 2–11 and average observed heterozygosity of 0.631. Markers were also cross-amplified in three additional frugivorous bat species threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation: Sowell’s short-tailed bat (Carollia sowelli), Seba’s short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata), and the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), and 10, 11, and 8 were polymorphic, respectively.
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Lieffers, V. J., J. D. Stewart, R. B. Macmillan, D. Macpherson, and K. Branter. "Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural systems for the boreal mixedwood forest." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 3 (June 1, 1996): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72286-3.
Full textAbstract:
Boreal mixedwood forests of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) are found on mesic sites in the western boreal forest. In the natural development of mixedwood stands, aspen is usually the first species to dominate the site. However, depending upon spruce seed sources and seedbeds, spruce can establish immediately after disturbance or in the next several decades. In most cases, spruce grow in the understory of deciduous species during its early development. If there are no spruce seed sources, aspen may be the sole tree species for a long period. In most circumstances, however, the longer-lived and taller white spruce eventually becomes the dominant species. If stands remain undisturbed for long periods, they will likely become uneven-aged mixtures of spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). We propose silvicultural systems that will develop stands of a range of compositions, structures and value. As a starting point, we identify eight different mixed-wood compositions that might be identified in stand inventories, and propose various silvicultural treatments, including underplanting of white spruce, understory protection, shelterwood, and uneven-aged management. Fundamental changes in land tenure and silvicultural regulations, and improvements in estimation of growth and yield will be required before this range of management of mixed-woods can be implemented. Key words: aspen, white spruce, shelterwood, Populus tremuloides, Picea glauca, succession, ecosystem management
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SARMIENTO, FAUSTO O. "Arrested succession in pastures hinders regeneration of Tropandean forests and shreds mountain landscapes." Environmental Conservation 24, no. 1 (March 1997): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000052.
Full textAbstract:
Arrested succession is conspicuous in the abandoned pastures of the Andean piedmont that have encroached upon the tropical montane forests toward higher limits and steeper slopes. Habitat 'shredding' is analysed to depict the current spatial configuration of tropical Andean landscapes, based on fragmentation patterns prompted by seed dispersal ecology and pasture encroachment.Seed dispersal was studied to address the hypo-thesis that seed input constrains the recruitment of montane forest seedlings, thus impeding pasture conversion to forest. It turns out that a better competitor, the tussock grass Setaria sphacelata, is limiting dispersal success due to its bioarchitecture and planting patterns. Because of the variegation of fragments, the area is in danger of landscape homogeneity within a matrix of degraded pasture. Currently, protection of fragmented remnants and restoration of original landscape structure and function are urgent needs for land-use planning toward sustainable development in the region.Restoration ecology is plausible as a means of conservation for degraded Tropandean forests, since human impacts have shredded landscapes entirely. Dispersal ecology may be used to facilitate pasture conversion to forest in equatorial landscapes, but the proactive approach of pasture removal or planting strategy should differ from that for lowland Amazonia, where abandoned pastures are different from those of montane environs. However, the region may be proactively managed only if political decisions include conservation as a goal of development.
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Usman, Abdulyakin, and Rufai Ibrahim Ahmad. "A REVIEW OF THE TECHNO – ECONOMIC POTENTIALS OF BALANITES AEGYPTIACA OIL." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (November 2, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0503-652.
Full textAbstract:
Plants oil are becoming important in commerce and nutrition worldwide as they are good source of dietary energy and raw material for the manufacture of industrial products. Despite this fact little attention has been given to Balanites aegyptiaca oil. Therefore there is growing interest in understanding the potential of Balanites aegyptiaca oil as feedstock for improving livelihoods of communities in dryland areas. Balanites aegyptiaca is a multipurpose tree species in dry land of Africa. The plant seed kernel produces high quality oil that amounts for 9-10 % by weight of the whole fruit. Its seed kernel has high oil content (50 %) whose extraction is economically worthwhile. The oil parameters revealed that the oil composed of long chain fatty acids with high degree of unsaturation, making it a good feedstock for biodiesel production. It also has biologically active properties which contribute in its medicinal application. The oil is fulfilling in saturated fatty acids, as such are accustomed as cooking oil. Balanites aegyptiaca oil may be useful for industrialists that produce eco-friendly soap. Therefore, conversion of the oil to different products will help in domestication of this neglected and underuse dryland tree species. This may advocate wise use of renewable natural resources and not protection without possible economic benefit. Thus, Balanites aegyptiaca oil is a multipurpose feedstock with high economic potential and industrial applications if richly exploited. Furthermore, many prospective exploitation possibilities will emerge when further researches are made on this multipurpose oil.
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Kundius, Valentina. "EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY." Russian Journal of Management 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2023-11-4-125-138.
Full textAbstract:
Organic agriculture is increasingly being developed in the countries of the world as a segment and direction of improving modern agricultural production. The increase in crop yields and animal productivity, compensation and increase in land fertility is achieved on the basis of biotechnologies, agrotechnical techniques and the organization of production, in which biomaterials, natural fauna, selection and seed production adapted to local conditions are used instead of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and fun-gicides. In the article, organic technologies are referred to the section of new technolo-gies that combine the concept of AgroTech or high agro-industrial technologies and "Agriculture 4.0", while the prerequisites, resource potential, opportunities and achievement of the effectiveness of organic agriculture in Russia in the conditions of scientific and technological sovereignty with the use of a reasonable name are consid-ered. crop rotation crops, biological plant protection products, including entomophag-es, agrotechnical techniques, production organization, cooperation and agro-industrial integration. The efficiency of organic agriculture and the factors of its increase in the production of organic agricultural products in the Altai Territory are shown.
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Peterson, David W., Erich K. Dodson, and Richy J. Harrod. "Fertilization and Seeding Effects on Vegetative Cover After Wildfire in North-Central Washington State." Forest Science 55, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/55.6.494.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Land surface treatments are often applied after severe wildfires to mitigate runoff and erosion threats. However, questions remain about treatment effectiveness, even as treatment costs continue to rise. We experimentally evaluated the effects of seeding and fertilization treatments on vegetative and total soil cover for two growing seasons after the Pot Peak wildfire in the eastern Cascade Mountains. Without treatments, vegetative cover averaged 15% the first year and 27% the second year after wildfire. Fertilization significantly increased vascular plant cover and reduced bare soil area in both years, but differences between low and high fertilization levels were not significant. Fertilization also increased cryptogam cover. Seeding alone was generally ineffective; however, the combination of fertilization with a seed mixture containing the native forb, yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), produced the highest vascular plant cover and lowest bare soil area. Our results suggest that fertilization may be more effective than seeding, probably providing a degree of protection from erosion, especially the second year after fire. However, treatment effectiveness must be evaluated in context against costs and potential ecosystem impacts.
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Farmonov, Erkin, Parakhat Berdimuratov, Bakhadir Kuybakov, Shakhnoza Mirzaeva, and Dauran Djumamuratov. "Improvement of the state of degraded pastures by mechanized sowing of shrubs and semibrubs." E3S Web of Conferences 434 (2023): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343403011.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents the extensive agricultural characteristics of fodder plants growing wild in nature, which are the most promising shrub and semi-shrub fodder plants for the creation and development of cultivated pastures in degraded karakul (sheep) pastures. Also, the fact that out of 17.5 million hectares of land allotted for karakul breeding in the desert and semi-desert zones of the Republic, which up to 40 percent are degraded to one degree or another, their average productivity has decreased by 21 percent. The authors of the article analyzed degraded pastures in desert and semi-desert zones of Uzbekistan and foreign countries and ways to improve their condition. A method is recommended for restoring degraded pastures by mechanizing the sowing of seeds of shrubs and semi-shrubs. Studies on the mechanization of sowing small-seeded and non-flowing seeds show that, firstly, the mechanized sowing of desert fodder plants is largely carried out on the basis of agrotechnical methods in conditions that do not correspond to the specific conditions of deserts, and secondly, shrub and semi-shrub plants and their seeds have physical and mechanical properties that are very different from other crops and seeds. A universal sowing unit is recommended, which consists of a four-sowing machine, which, in one pass of the technological process of work, sows seeds of shrubs and semi-shrub desert fodder plants with relatively close seed sizes. At the same time, the hoppers of the sowing unit are filled with 1, 2, 3 or 4 types of seeds of different plants and the seeds are sown. During the operation of the unit, the first hopper of the sowing machine is filled with shrub seeds (for example, saxaul) and the hoppers of the remaining 2, 3 and 4 sowing machines are filled with one or different types of seeds of semi-shrubby plants (Izen, keiruk, teresken), etc. The universal sowing machine sows seeds in one direction 3.6 m wide, and when returning, it also sows seeds 3.6 m wide, forming a pasture strip with a total width of 7.2 m. In the first row, it sows the seeds of a shrub plant (for example, saxaul seeds) and, in the remaining 2, 3, 4 rows - different types of seeds of semi-shrubs, for example, seeds of izen or seeds of other semi-shrubs, while on both edge rows of the pasture strip, he sows seeds of shrubs between them, sows seeds of semi-shrubs and creates a pasture-protective strip, consisting of shrubs and semi-shrubs. Simultaneous sowing of shrubs along the two edges of the strip provides for the protection of these undersized semi-shrubs from heat, strong wind and dust, as a result of which they develop better. The following parameters of the universal seeding unit were determined: the speed of movement of the unit is 1.38 -2.22 m/s; working width of the universal sowing unit 3.6 m; quantity of the sowing device 4 pieces; distance between sowing units 0.9 m; the number of seed mixture mixers in the lower part of the hopper is 6 pieces; lengths of cone-shaped fingers softeners of the seed mixture 7.0 cm; normalizing drum radius 5.0 cm; number of revolutions of the normalizing drum 26-30 r/min; length of the normalizing drum 7.0 cm; quantity of triangular chute 8 pieces.
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Li, Chunying, Xue Yang, Yao Tian, Meiting Yu, Sen Shi, Bin Qiao, Chunjian Zhao, and Liang Mao. "The Effects of Fig Tree (Ficus carica L.) Leaf Aqueous Extract on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Three Medicinal Plants." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 2564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122564.
Full textAbstract:
Fig tree cultivation land resources are not fully utilized and introducing them into sustainable medicinal agroforestry systems can effectively achieve resource protection and reuse. Laboratory and pot experiments were applied to study the allelopathic effects of fig tree (Ficus carica L.) leaf aqueous extract at five mass concentrations of 8.3, 10.0, 12.5, 16.7, and 25.0 g/L on the morphological and physiological indexes of mint (Mentha haplocalyx Briq.), dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.), and woad (Isatis indigotica Fort.). The results showed that mint had the best seed germination rate. The leaf aqueous extract at lower concentrations had a strong promoting effect on the biomass and photosynthetic parameters of mint, dandelion, and woad. With the increase in leaf aqueous extract concentration, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activity of mint, dandelion, and woad increased initially and then decreased, but the malondialdehyde content increased. The synthetic allelopathic indexes of the three medicinal plants were in the following order: mint > woad > dandelion. Both the low and medium concentration extracts (8.3 g/L–12.5 g/L) showed an obvious promoting effect, while high concentrations exhibited distinct inhibiting effects. In conclusion, mint is the most suitable medicinal plant to be interplanted with fig trees for introduction into medicinal agroforestry systems.
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Belyaev, A. I., B. V. Repnikov, A. V. Semenyutina, A. V. Solonkin, and A. Sh Khuzhakhmetova. "Научное обоснование создания селекционно-семеноводческого центра древесных и сельскохозяйственных растений." World Ecology Journal, no. 2() (June 15, 2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/worldjournals.pro/wej.2020.2.1.
Full textAbstract:
The Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the all-Russian research Institute of agroforestry) is one of the only scientific institutions in Russia that solves the problems of protecting soils from degradation and desertification and increasing their fertility by using the protective properties of adapted wood, shrub and herbaceous vegetation. Continuous use in research and obtaining ecological, economic and social benefits from the bioresources of economically valuable trees and shrubs of their own selection are key elements for developing a methodology for the innovative development of modern green technologies, including nursery production in the arid region of Russia. The Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences has considerable experience in creating and implementing the results of scientific work aimed at achieving high and sustainable indicators in the forest and agro-industrial complex. It is shown that the creation of selection and seed centre has sufficient space dendrological collections, mother cells, of commercially valuable ornamental plantations, agroforestry, fruit, pasture trees, shrubs (Samara, Volgograd, Oryol, Astrakhan regions, Altai, Stavropol Krai), nursery and greenhouse complex (Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species), and land – more than 60 thousand hectares of land. Over the years, many years of ecological and experimental monitoring have been conducted on the introduction, selection, protection of plants from pests and diseases, varietal, seed and nursery production of economically important tree species in arid conditions. It is established that the unique capabilities of adaptive selection of a range of commercially valuable trees and shrubs (660 species, forms, hybrids and varieties) to meet changing conditions and requirements provide a collection funds of woody plants FSC of Agroecology Russian Academy of Sciences and its branches (West-Siberian agroforestry station, Povolzhsky agroforestry station, Nizhnevolzhsky station on selection of tree species, etc.). The region has established introduction resources, seed plantations of tree and shrub biodiversity (340 ha of forest-seed plantations, more than 150 ha of forest plantations). Complex resistant varieties were obtained, a valuable breeding gene pool was identified, and production nurseries were organized in the experimental network of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Nizhnevolzhskaya station for selection of tree species) for rationalization of nature management, fight against drought and desertification in low-forest areas. A strategy for breeding stone crops has been developed to accelerate the creation of a new source material and varieties for cultivation using modern intensive technologies that ensure stable productivity with high fruit quality in the Lower Volga region. An extensive collection of field crops, theoretical base and practical developments has been accumulated. Including annually replenished collections of more than 2500 hybrids and varietals of winter and spring wheat, spring barley, seed millet, sorghum crops, trees, shrubs, perennial fruit crops, as well as a database of traits for more than 5000 samples of complex resistant to stress factors. The mission of the breeding and seed center is to accelerate the creation and introduction into mass production of adapted innovative varieties and hybrids of agricultural and forest crops that meet the most modern requirements of agroecological regulations for the production and processing of agricultural products. This will ensure the development of both the internal food security of the region and the Russian Federation as a whole, and increase the export potential. The key regions of the Russian Federation for the development of the Program are the following: Volgograd, Saratov, Orenburg, Samara, Oryol, Kursk, Astrakhan regions, Altai, Stavropol territory, Republic Kalmykia. Федеральный научный центр агроэкологии Российской академии наук имеет значительный опыт создания и внедрения результатов научной работы, направленной на достижение высоких и устойчивых показателей в лесном и агропромышленном комплексе. Для создания селекционно-семеноводческого центра имеются обширные дендрологические коллекции, маточники, ценные декоративные плантации деревьев и кустарников (Самарская, Волгоградская, Орловская, Астраханская области, Алтайский и Ставропольский край), питомники и тепличные комплексы (Нижневолжская станция по селекции древесных пород). В регионе созданы интродукционные ресурсы, семенные плантации, производственные питомники биоразнообразия деревьев и кустарников (340 га лесных посевных плантаций, архивы клонов, более 150 га лесных плантаций). Создана обширная коллекция полевых культур (2500 гибридов и сортов озимой и яровой пшеницы, ярового ячменя, семян проса, сорго, технических культур, деревьев, кустарников, многолетних плодовых культур), теоретическая база и практические разработки. Миссия селекционно-семенного центра - ускорить создание и внедрение в серийное производство адаптированных инновационных сортов и гибридов сельскохозяйственных и лесных культур, отвечающих самым современным требованиям агроэкологических нормативов для производства и переработки сельскохозяйственной продукции.
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Purnamasari, Fitry, Lestari Rahayu Waluyati, and Masyhuri Masyhuri. "The Effect of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) on Soybean Productivity with Cobb-Douglas Production Function Analysis in Kulon Progo Regency." Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.26823.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to determine the level of adoption of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) and the influence of GAP and other factors of production on soybean productivity. The number of respondents in this research is 50 farmers taken randomly. This research used proportional parameter test and multiple linear regression analysis with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. This research has been declared valid, reliability, data have been the normal distribution, free from multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity problem. The result of the analysis shows that (1) the adoption rate of GAP of soybean farmers in Kulon Progo Regency is categorized as a high category. Farmers adopted 83,07% of the overall GAP portion of the input, land preparation, planting, fertilizing, crop protection, irrigation, harvesting, and post-harvest. (2) The result of the R2 test shows that 47,8% variation of soybean productivity can be explained by the eight independent variables and the remainder is explained by variables outside the model. F test results show that the independent variables together affect the productivity of soybeans. The result of t-test shows that Seed, manure, Gandasil fertilizer, GAP adoption rate significantly positive and NPK fertilizer significantly negatively affect soybean productivity.