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1
Ignatyeva, E. Yu. "Judicial law-making in Russia on land issues in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries in the process of applying customary law." Institute Bulletin: Crime, Punishment, Correction 13, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2076-4162-2019-13-2-213-221.
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The article examines the impact of the norms of customary law applied in the peasant environment in the second half of the 19th century to the judicial law-making of land reformers. The purpose of the article is to identify the legal grounds that were taken into account when drafting the legislation of the Peasant Reform of 1861 to create an adequate and at the same time effective justice system for peasant land issues in the context of fundamental social transformations caused by the abolition of serfdom and the need to develop capitalist relations in Russia. The reformers assumed that the rural community would successfully replace the authority of the landowner, become the lower unit of local government and the state taxation system. The legalization of the legal customs of the peasants was taken as a forced temporary measure, necessary in the early stages of the development of peasant self-government; The existence of adaptive mechanisms in the established customary legal system to preserve the viability and stability of the peasant community was taken into account. The main function of the peasant community was the distribution of land and the settlement of land use relations among its members. The created peasant class estate courts were also considered as temporary, later as the peasants became closer to other estates, their subordination to general civil laws was envisaged. The volost courts guided by custom and law became the main element of rural selfgovernment and the mechanism for the implementation of customary law in land relations. The main subject of this right was identified peasant community, which resolved issues of land use, land relations, economic and social conflicts. However the legislator did not clearly define that the difference in the proceedings of the volost and general courts consisted in the property level of the cases and the limit of punishments – only certain categories of different legal matters were listed that were subject to the volost court. Created by the Judicial Reform of 1864 the all-tribal peace courts could consider the same minor offenses on the part of the peasants using the rules of the local customary law “according to conscience” as the volost courts but at a higher property level. Priority was given, as in the county court, to the reconciliation of the parties. The increase in the number of claims on land issues in the late XIX – early XX centuries in the conditions of the development of the land market and the increase in real estate operations was reflected by the increased demand of the peasants for the consideration of land issues and related property relations by courts on the basis of official legislation.
2
Fedoseev, Roman V., Eduard D. Bogatyrev, and Natalya A. Kisteneva. "Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in Penza province of Russia (1883-1915)." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 12, no. 34 (September 2, 2021): 483–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.27.
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The reform of 1861 not only freed the peasants from serfdom, but also led to radical economic changes in the agrarian sphere. The peasantry was involved in civil and legal relations associated with the purchase and sale of land. In order to assist land-poor peasants in the purchase of land, a specialized credit institution was created, which issued loans on favorable terms against the security of the acquired land plots. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the territory of the Penza province of Russia. Based on the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations, the influence of its activities on the growth of land prices are considered, regional features of the processes under study are indicated. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the creation and operation of the Peasant Land Bank was an element of the government's agricultural policy aimed at creating peasant land tenure by providing loans to buy land from private owners.
3
Ludmila, Spektor, and Zhmurko Rodion. "The legal status of a peasant (farmer) farm as a business entity." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308015.
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This article examines the legal status of the peasant (farmer) economy as a subject of entrepreneurial activity which has developed to date, is the result of numerous reforms carried out in this area. In modern realities for the formation of such an association of citizens, the registration of a legal entity is no longer required, which is enshrined in Federal Law N 74-FL of 11.06.2003 “On peasant (farmer) farming”. This article examines the concept of a peasant (farmer) economy, examines the legal aspects of its activities, analyzes the legislative reforms carried out in this area, identifies current problems, and suggests ways to solve them. The article deals with the dual relationship of civil and land legislation arising in the regulation of land relations, including various transactions with land plots. The authors of the article suggest possible options aimed at eliminating the duality of this relationship, despite the fact that the land plot, taking into account the norms of civil and land legislation, can be considered as a natural object and as an object of civil relations with all the characteristics of real estate.
4
Kryskov, Andrii, Nataliia Habrusieva, and Nadiia Shostakivska. "Power and collective ownership: the experience of land reform." Socio-Economic Problems and the State 25, no. 2 (2021): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/sepd2022.02.550.
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The main reason for the implementation of the next agrarian reform was the profound changes that have taken place in the field of socio-economic relations. The economy of the Russian Empire, after series of crisis and internal political upheavals, found itself in a state of prolonged depression. The economic lag behind Western European countries has led to dependence on foreign investment. The tasks set before the reform of February 19, 1861, were never realized. Starting the agrarian reform, the government headed by P. Stolypin set the task of comprehensively addressing the following issues: increase efficiency, marketability of agricultural production, strengthen the social resistance of the government in the countryside by destroying the community and transferring land to private ownership. It was believed that the appearance of the peasant’s sense of ownership would automatically remove the problem of dissatisfaction with the policy of the authorities in the countryside. The Peasant Land Bank was the main lever for reform. Pre-designed legislation expanded its powers. Of all the hamlets and cuttings, the highest were the share of those that appeared on the lands of the Peasant Land Bank. On the other hand, the State Noble Land Bank actually preserved the existence of the feudal in the form of the creation of aristocratic land tenure, credit support hindered the development of capitalist relations. The Peasant Land Bank, with the aim of lending to peasant land tenure, stimulated the growth of land prices, which indirectly helped the noble land tenure. The reform significantly accelerated the development of capitalist relations in the countryside: as a result of the destruction of the community, capitalist land ownership was created, strips were eliminated, the process of land concentration in the hands of wealthy peasants intensified, and the marketability of agriculture increased. However, in general, P. Stolypin’s reform did not achieve its goal – it did not ensure the creation of a strong capitalist system in the countryside, as aristocratic land tenure was preserved. During its implementation, there were no cardinal changes in land tenure and land use in the provinces of the Right Bank of Ukraine. The main reason was the predominant farmland ownership of peasants. The creation of farms and cuts contributed to a partial solution to the problem across the strip.
5
Main, John. "Vietnam, peasant land, peasant revolution: patriarchy and collectivity in the rural economy." International Affairs 65, no. 3 (1989): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621807.
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Parshina, N. V., and A. A. Chuprova. "SUDEBNIK 1589: FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF PEASANT LAND OWNERSHIP AND LAND USE IN NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA." Vestnik of the Russian University of Cooperation, no. 1(43) (April 26, 2021): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-1-43-26.
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The article is devoted to the legal review of the monument of law of the last quarter of the XVI century – the Sudebnik of 1589, namely, its norms on peasant land ownership and land use. The article analyzes the legislative regulation of land relations in the north-western lands of Russia with the help of historical-legal and comparative-legal methods. To summarize the results of the study, the authors also considered the norms of the Judicial Code of 1550, which regulate the above-mentioned circle of public relations, but are applied in the central regions of Russia, where serfdom existed and actively developed. The comparative characteristics of the legal regulation of land relations among the peasantry in these legal monuments allow us to assert the interdependence of the rights of the Russian landowner on the territorial factor. The authors come to the conclusion that the peculiarity of the legal regulation of land relations in the Judicial Code of 1589 was interconnected and mutually conditioned by the specifics of the social and social structure of Pomerania, on the territory of which its norms were distributed, and where, unlike the central regions of the Moscow Kingdom, the peasant population lived free from serfdom.
7
Akbar, Waza Karia. "Socio-Economic Dependence of Peasant to Local Collector on Rice Farming System." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22202/mamangan.v7i1.2508.
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The poverty of peasant in Gunung Talang is caused by low income, low education and limited land. The purpose of this research is to analyze the bases of the peasant socio-economic dependence to the local collector (local assemblers) on rice farming system. The research is also analyzing the soci- economic relations of peasants and local collector on rice farming system. This research was conducted through the qualitative method with descriptive research type. The results show the socio-economic dependence due to peasant’s conditions. They do not have the capital to cultivate the agricultural land. Peasants are trapped in the patron clients system. They cannot get out from poverty. The socio-economic relation between the peasants and the local collector of rice farming occur because of a very strong relationship with their blood relatives (Dunsanak).
8
Akbar, Waza Karia. "Socio-Economic Dependence of Peasant to Local Collector on Rice Farming System." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22202/mamangan.2508.
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The poverty of peasant in Gunung Talang is caused by low income, low education and limited land. The purpose of this research is to analyze the bases of the peasant socio-economic dependence to the local collector (local assemblers) on rice farming system. The research is also analyzing the soci- economic relations of peasants and local collector on rice farming system. This research was conducted through the qualitative method with descriptive research type. The results show the socio-economic dependence due to peasant’s conditions. They do not have the capital to cultivate the agricultural land. Peasants are trapped in the patron clients system. They cannot get out from poverty. The socio-economic relation between the peasants and the local collector of rice farming occur because of a very strong relationship with their blood relatives (Dunsanak).
9
Cubikova, Lyubov'. "LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE IRKUTSK PROVINCE IN THE 1920S." Bulletin of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-777x-2018-1-12-286-291.
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The article discusses issues of land policy and land management in the territory of
the Irkutsk province (district) in the 1920s. The author focuses on such moments as: the development
of rental relations, land use of land societies and an independent peasant yard, growth of collective
farms and their unification, preparation of a land fund for immigrants, land use forms, etc.
10
Tassin, Jean. "Back to the Land “Peasant-entrepreneurs”: The New Actors of Chinese Peasant Agroecology." China Perspectives 2021, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.11648.
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Gagieva, Anna K. "Land and economic function of the peasants’ community of the Komi region in the XVIII century." Finno-Ugric World 14, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.04.445-452.
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Introduction. The article studies of the history of the community and its functions, with land-economic being one of the main ones. For a number of centuries, it determined the life and world order of every peasant family, village and parish, and ultimately created a solid foundation for the development of the state, where the peasantry was the main producer of agricultural products, and agriculture was the basis of the economy. The relevance of the topic is also enhanced by the lack of research on the history of the peasant community of the Komi Region in the XVIII century. The purpose of the article is to consider the land-economic function of the peasant community of the Komi region in the era of late feudalism. To achieve it, the following items were considered: the role and place of the peasant “world” in solving land disputes and conflicts both inside the parish and outside it were studied. Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, with other relevant methods such as system-structural, historical, formal-legal and others to be employed. They formed the basis for the analysis of published and unpublished documents. Results and Discussion. The study of published and unpublished documents shown that on the territory of the Komi Territory (Yarensky and Ust-Sysolsky counties), there were the black-collar and later state peasantry. At the time under study the role of the community as a land-economic organization became more complicated, which was due to a number of government measures. They led to an increase in peasant land shortage and poverty. Land redistribution, which the authorities considered as a solution, did not become widespread. Conclusion. In the XVIII century, during the settlement of land-economic relations, the community of peasants of the Komi region acquired a number of specific features. Firstly, along with the mundane land use, the individual actively developed. Secondly, by the end of the study period, the peasants’ community itself became an active participant in land operations. It rented out, entered into contracts with individuals, breeders, merchants, for the use of certain sections of the “mundane” land fund.
12
Seregny, Scott J. "A Different Type of Peasant Movement: The Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905." Slavic Review 47, no. 1 (1988): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498838.
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Accounts of the Russian peasant movement of 1905-1907 have conventionally stressed its violent and spontaneous character. At least in the core provinces of the Central Agricultural Region, Volga, and parts of the Ukraine, where economic relations between peasants and gentry estates were highly exploitative, land hunger pressing, and the repartitional commune still viable, arson and destruction of estates were the most dramatic forms of agrarian activism. Peasant insurrection would crest in the weeks following promulgation of the tsar's October Manifesto, in some cases as the result of willful misinterpretation of that document, more often as a reaction to news of revolutionary occurrences in the cities and confusion among local authorities.
13
Kalinichenko, V. V. "Rural (land) community as an element of intangible cultural heritage: historical retrospection." Culture of Ukraine, no. 71 (April 2, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.071.02.
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The historical development of the traditional peasant institute of selfgovernment of the rural (land) community is studied, it was proved that it can be considered a manifestation of intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine.
The purpose of the paper is to explore the historical development of the peasant land, selfgoverning, social institution — rural (land) community; prove that the rural (land) community can be considered a manifestation of intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine.
Research methodology. The methodological basis of the study are the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematicity of scientific analysis and synthesis. The objectivity in the study is evident in identifying potential opportunities for the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. The principle of historicism provides a look at the activities of the rural (land) community as a process that developed in time in the set of historical relationships and interdependences. The study used general science and special historical methods that correspond to historical analysis. Analysis of historiography has determined the use of analysis, synthesis, generalization, classification. Methods of analysis, typology, classification, systematization were used in the study of protocols of the general meeting of land communities, letters and complaints to the authorities.
Results. Rural (land) community has evolved under the influence of both external factors and internal ones, associated with the peculiarities of the development of the peasant “world”. Rural (land) community — a naturally created or historically developed local neighboring socioeconomic, political, ideological, domestic association of peasants and their households, created in order to serve and meet their own needs and interests as coowners of land, pastures, water, etc.; it is social organization of peasant households (individual producers), combining a system of neighboring and family ties, relations, traditions; it is a social organism associated with the traditional form of resettlement, democratic system of governance, selfgovernment and regulation of land, economic, domestic, social and other relationships of its members; it is an element of intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine.
Novelty. For the first time, the rural (land) community is regarded as an element of intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine.
The practical significance. The rural (land) community, as an element of intangible cultural heritage, can become an object of environmental museumification.
14
Purwanto, Heri, and Faiz Albar Nasution. "INDONESIAN PEASANTS' UNION IN THE STRUGGLE OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN INDONESIA, PERIOD 1998-2011." Journal of Peasants’ Rights 1, no. 1 (February 6, 2022): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpr.v1i1.8252.
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A This study discusses the struggle for Agrarian Reform carried out by the Indonesian Peasant Union in 2011. The purpose of this study is to explain the strategy of the peasant movement in fighting for agrarian reform in Indonesia. More deeply, this research will describe the strategy of the Indonesian Peasants Union (SPI) in fighting for agrarian reform. This study uses a qualitative approach, and uses a descriptive analytical method to analyze the data obtained. Data collection techniques were carried out through library research, document collection and in-depth interviews with five informants, Synthesis activists, the General Chair and members of the Indonesian Peasant Union, agrarian experts, and CNDS activists. The results of this study indicate that the SPI's agrarian struggle at the local level is carried out by prioritizing the power of the masses to occupy land and carry out mass actions. In 2011, SPI has succeeded in controlling and reclaiming 47,270 hectares of land for farmers, and hasn become productive land that supports and improves the economy of farming families. To garner support at the local level, SPI builds alliances with farmer, labor, fisherman, student and NGO organizations. At the national level, SPI's struggle was aimed at urging the state to implement Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Regulations. The Indonesian Peasant Union's strategy to oppose oppressive power relations was carried out to deal with various forms of power in various spaces and levels.
15
Yang, Renhao, and Qingyuan Yang. "Restructuring the State: Policy Transition of Construction Land Supply in Urban and Rural China." Land 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010015.
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Encountering the articulation of the strongness of local authorities and market forces in China’s development, attention has been paid to the changing central state which recentralised the regulation capability of localities which has more discretional power on resources utilisation, land for example, in the post-reform era. Yet it is still not clear-cut what drives the state rescaling in terms of land governance and by what ways. After dissecting the evolving policies and practices of construction land supply in China with the focus on the roles of state, we draw two main conclusions. First, the policy trajectory of construction land supply entails a complicated reconfiguration of state functions, which is driven by three interwoven relations: land–capital relation, peasant–state relation and rural–urban relation. Second, state rescaling in terms of the governance of construction land provision works via four important approaches: limited decentralism, horizontal integralism, local experimentalism and political mobilisationism. By reviewing the institutional arrangements of construction land provision and the state rescaling process behind them, this article offers a nuanced perspective to the state (re)building that goes beyond the simplified (vertical or horizontal) transition of state functions.
16
Ndi, Frankline Anum. "Land Grabbing, Local Contestation, and the Struggle for Economic Gain." SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 215824401668299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016682997.
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This article examines why peasant communities in South West Cameroon have contested a U.S.-based company’s intentions to establish an agro-industrial palm oil plantation in their region. Land investments in the form of agro plantations, if not properly conceived, negotiated, and implemented, pose a series of threats to the ecological, cultural, and economic stability among peasant farming communities, who depend on land and forest resources for their livelihood. Using Nguti as a case study, this article argues that local communities do not oppose investment in land but they contest projects that attempt to alienate them from their sources of livelihood without providing alternatives. The study also demonstrates how local communities, despite being critical of the project, struggle with the company through their relations with government, to demand new social contracts and/or memoranda that could offer them greater opportunities as economic partners. The article concludes that for palm oil plantations to be economically equitable, local communities’ incorporation is necessary to safeguard rural livelihoods and to ensure that provisions are made for adequate compensation and alternative sources of livelihood.
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Santosa, Imam, Muslihudin Muslihudin, Wiwiek R. Adawiyah, and Dinda Dewi Aisyah. "Commercialization of Work Relation Between Land Owner and Landless Peasant in Central Java." SHS Web of Conferences 86 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208601005.
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This research aims to explore the shifting of work relations between land owners and landless peasants in Central Java. Besides, it also proposed to find the trend of the impact of shifting work relations between them. The research is designed using the semi-grounded method and phenology based on qualitative approach. This research is intentionally conducted in Purbalingga and Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province. Based on the research results, farmers in rural areas that are relatively far from the city have working relationships that tend to be exploited and are asymmetrical. On the other hand, the relationship of farmers in rural areas near cities tends to be more rational and commercial and symmetrical. The suggestion that can be given is the working relationship between the land owner and the cultivator who is beneficial to both parties needs to be maintained, but for the exploitative nature of work relationship there needs to be continuously empowered so that it does not bring damage to each of the party
18
Labzaé, Mehdi. "Svein Ege (dir.), Land tenure security. State-peasant relations in the Amhara highlands, Ethiopia." Études rurales, no. 206 (December 1, 2020): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesrurales.24962.
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Dalgat, E. M. "ON THE NATURE OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN DAGESTAN IN THE 18th - EARLY 20th CENTURIES." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch13335-43.
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The article deals with the nature of land ownership in Dagestan in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Estate and land relations, land and legal problems were the most complex in the socio-economic development of the pre-revolutionary Dagestan. Russian authorities paid much attention to their solution. After joining to Russia, several estate and land commissions were formed and they collected a large amount of material on the estate and land relations in Dagestan. The article covers the forms of land ownership in the 19th - early 20th centuries. There were communal, waqf (i.e. mosque) lands, state and private lands. The latter were divided into large feudal landownership and peasant landownership - myulks. Pastures were in communal ownership and plowing and hay fields belonged to myulks. On the plain, land ownership was communal. State-owned lands in Dagestan appeared due to confiscation of lands from anti-Russian feudal lords and due to the lands of rural societies as well. Waqf lands were those bequeathed to the mosque. Much attention is paid in the article to redistribution of land ownership, when lands passed from one owner to another. There were several great redistributions of lands in Dagestan. The first of them occurred in the 18th century when the feudal lords, in the course of rise of their political and economic power, began to seize peasant lands on the Kumyk plane. By the end of the 18th century all the lands were in the hands of ten princely families. The second great redistribution of lands in Dagestan took place in the 1860s when after the agrarian reform half of the feudal lords’ lands on the plain and in the foothills passed to the emancipated peasants. Rise and development of capitalist relations were accompanied by the growth of extra estate land ownership. Feudal lords actively pawned their lands and gave them to representatives of other estates, in particular, to rich uzdens. Thus, in the late 19th - early 20th centuries there was another redistribution of lands in Dagestan. Considerable changes in the sphere of land ownership occurred in Soviet times.
20
Dolgikh, A. N. "THE PEASANT QUESTION IN RUSSIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY IN THE EYES OF SEMENOV-TYANSHANSKY." History: facts and symbols, no. 4 (December 13, 2022): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-33-4-100-108.
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The topic of this work is the study of the views of the outstanding Russian researcher-geographer, statistician and active figure of the Peasant reform of 1861 P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky on the problems of serfdom in the pre-reform period. The main source for this is his memoirs, recently reprinted. His views on this matter look very relevant today, bearing in mind that many modern publicists and even historians are trying to present serfdom in Russia as a rather humane phenomenon associated with the proper organization of agricultural labor, pay special attention to the help of landlords to peasants in conditions of famine and all kinds of natural disasters, and also believe that peasant the land community gave the "settlers" serious protection against landlord claims regarding the identity of the peasants and the results of their labor. The position of P. P. In this sense, Semenov-Tyan-Shansky is more traditional: he does not hide the existence of abuses of landlord rights, especially in relation to domestic people, but at the same time seeks to show the diversity of such relations in greater Russia, expressing the hope in hindsight that the solution to this age-old problem could only be a solution "from above", justifying thus, the subsequent peasant reform of 1861.
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Diebold, William, John P. Powelson, and Richard Stock. "The Peasant Betrayed: Agriculture and Land Reform in the Third World." Foreign Affairs 66, no. 2 (1987): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043402.
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Richards, J. F., and J. Hagen. "XI. A Century of Rural Expansion in Assam, 1870-1970." Itinerario 11, no. 1 (March 1987): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300009451.
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The seven districts of present-day Assam state, comprising 7.8 million hectares (78,496 km2), lie in the valley of the Brahmaputra river in the extreme northeast of India. On the map they form an extended finger of riverine land pointing toward the mountain boundary. Assam has been a steadily developing frontier region since the middle decades of the nineteenth century. One arm of this development has been that of the plantation economy devoted to tea production in the highlands. British capital, British managers, and Indian coolie labor formed the essential elements in this growing export-oriented economy. From 1870 another settler-based frontier society emerged when peasant migrants from Bengal and ex-tea-laborers took up government-owned wastelands along the Brahmaputra and its tributaries to grow paddy rice. Together these two forces have transformed the face of the land and created a new society in Assam over the past century. The British colonial regime's policies generally favored the development and growth of both the estate and the smallholder sectors of Assam's economy. In this process the indigenous Assamese — whether peasant cultivators or tribal hill peoples — have faced immense pressures on their society and way of life. The purpose of this essay is to delineate the transformations in the land and the agricultural economy that accompanied this process in Assam.
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Seligson, Mitchell A. "Thirty Years of Transformation in the Agrarian Structure of El Salvador, 1961–1991." Latin American Research Review 30, no. 3 (1995): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017532.
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Inequality in the distribution of land has long been viewed as the social dynamite that has set off many peasant uprisings in the twentieth century. The most extensive study to date of modern guerrilla wars in Latin America, by Timothy Wickham-Crowley, found land tenure and the overall agrarian structure to be a common element in upheaval in Cuba, Venezuela, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, and El Salvador (Wickham-Crowley 1992, 306–7). Samuel Huntington's classic book on development and stability articulated the explanation for these agrarian insurrections: “Where the conditions of landownership are equitable and provide a viable living for the peasant, revolution is unlikely. Where they are inequitable and where the peasant lives in poverty and suffering, revolution is likely, if not inevitable, unless the government takes prompt measures to remedy these conditions” (Huntington 1968, 375).
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Kalinichenko, V. V. "Organization of mutual assistance by rural (land) community in Ukrainian soviet village under customary law (1922–1930)." Culture of Ukraine, no. 76 (June 29, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.076.05.
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The purpose of the study. To explore the traditions of peasant mutual assistance of land, self-governing, social institution — rural (land) community.
The methodology. The methodological basis of the study are the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematicity of scientific analysis and synthesis. The objectivity in the study is evident in identifying potential opportunities for the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. The principle of historicism provides a look at the activities of the rural (land) community as a process that developed in time in the set of historical relationships and interdependences. The study used general science and special historical methods that correspond to historical analysis. Analysis of historiography has conditioned the use of analysis, synthesis, generalization, classification. Methods of analysis, typology, classification, systematization were used in the study of protocols of the general meeting of land communities.
The results. Rural (land) community is a naturally created or historically developed local neighborhood socio-economic, political, ideological, household association of peasants and their yards; it is a social organization of peasant yards, which combines a system of neighborly and family ties, relations, traditions. Citizens are exercising their will in the east. In the east of the community, all issues of internal life are resolved, including issues of mutual assistance, under customary law.
The scientific novelty. Continuation of the series of articles on the use of customary law by the rural (land) community — an element of intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine.
The practical significance. Rural (land) community, as an element of intangible cultural heritage, can become an object of museumification.
25
Tsvetkov, Vasily. "Features of the Development and Discussion of the Draft Land Reform in the White South of Russia in the Summer – Autumn of 1919." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (September 2022): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.4.8.
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Introduction. The history of the agrarian and peasant policy of the White Movement during the Civil War in Russia seems to be insufficiently studied. The stability of the military-political system, which was created by anti-Bolshevik structures, a Special Meeting under the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, General Denikin, depended on its successful proclamation and effective implementation. The peasantry made up the majority of the Russian population, and its support was extremely important. This was also important for the white armies, since the position of the peasantry influenced the implementation of mobilizations, military and civil duties. Аnalysis. The analysis made it possible to identify several problems that are fundamentally important for understanding the features of the formation and evolution of the agrarian and peasant policy of the white South. There were two groups of participants in the discussion of the land bill. Their positions were distinguished by a different attitude to the size of the farms of former landlords, to the forms of redemption operations. Supporters of the preservation of large private farms advocated taking into account the economic factors associated with maintaining high marketability and export orientation. Another point of view was the need to satisfy, first of all, the political demands of the peasantry. Supporters of this group of participants in the work of the Commission noted the need to make maximum concessions to peasant demands, demanded to take into account the psychological need of the peasantry for additional allotment of land. In their opinion, in the future, peasants will be able to completely replace landlords in relation to the production of marketable agricultural products. The position of the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral A.V. Kolchak, also played an important role in the work of land management commissions. Results. The analysis of the features of the discussion of the land bill, the agrarian and peasant policy of the Special Meeting conducted in the article gives grounds to assert serious changes in the internal political course of the White Movement by the end of 1919.
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Nebrat, Viktoriia, Karolina Gorditsa, and Nazar Gorin. "Structural and financial risks of land capitalization: lessons of domestic history." Economy and forecasting 2020, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.03.063.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction. It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity. The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while ransom payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment. The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the local agrarian business - on foreign capital. The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and its mass migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.
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Nebrat, Viktoriia, Karolina Gorditsa, and Nazar Gorin. "Structural and financial risks of land capitalization: lessons of domestic history." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.03.075.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction. It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity. The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while ransom payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment. The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the local agrarian business - on foreign capital. The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and its mass migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.
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Holden, Stein T. "Svein Ege (Ed.): Land Tenure Security. State-Peasant Relations in the Amhara Highlands, Ethiopia. James Currey." Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift 31, no. 01-02 (March 23, 2020): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2898-2020-01-02-15.
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Gaynutdinov, Ilgizar, Farit Mukhametgaliev, and Fayaz Avhadiev. "ISSUES OF IMPROVEMENT OF LAND TURNOVER FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND COMPOSITION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-105-110.
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One of the factors hindering the further development of agricultural enterprises of various legal forms is the imperfection of land legislation. Land plots that are in state or municipal ownership, when leased or owned through auctions, are not always given to peasant (farmer) households or agricultural enterprises that need them for production. This is due to the high transaction costs, which are caused by the need to form, register for cadastral registration and registration of rights to land, as well as the costs of holding auctions to provide them. Moreover, as a result of tenders at such auctions, rental payments are often overstated due to unfair competition from participants who do not carry out agricultural activities. Relations between agricultural producers and state and municipal executive authorities on the ownership, use and disposal of land from the category of agricultural land, including state or municipal property, are regulated by the Federal Law “On the Turnover of Agricultural Land”. A number of its provisions do not facilitate the transfer of agricultural land to effective owners - agricultural producers. On the other hand, the low efficiency of agricultural production, due to objective and subjective reasons, does not allow to set the rent at a level of interest to owners of land shares. It is necessary at the level of the ministries of land and property relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to develop Regulations on holding auctions for the sale of agricultural land in ownership or lease rights on them, which should reflect the criteria for participants in such auctions. The lease payment for lands in shared ownership shall be at least 3% of the cash proceeds from 1 ha.
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Kisteneva, Natalia A. "Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in the Territory of the Penza Province in 1884–1895." Economic History 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.051.016.202004.407-417.
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Introduction. The agrarian reforms of the mid-19th century led not only to the liberation of peasants from serfdom, but also to fundamental economic changes in the agrarian sector of the country’s economy. The peasantry was involved in the civil legal relations related to the purchase and sale of land, having been able not only to cultivate it but also to acquire ownership. It is obvious that this estate was the weakest in pre-revolutionary Russia in economic terms, the low purchasing power limited the activity of the peasantry in the land market and hindered the solution of the pending land issue. In order to help low-income peasants to buy land, a special credit institution was set up to grant loans on favorable terms against the collateral of land acquired, the main activities of which in the territory of the Penza province are devoted this article. Materials and Methods. An analysis of the main performance indicators of the Peasant Land Bank was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the credit institution’s records for the period 1884 to 1895. The study was carried out using a number of historical and economic methods, in particular comparative, statistical, quantitative, systemic and others. Results. On the basis of the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the first period of its operation are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations and the ways in which peasants acquire land through the intermediary of a bank are examined, as well as the regional characteristics of the processes being investigated. Discussion and Conclusions. In general, the activities of the bank in the territory of the Penza province during the period from 1884 to 1895. This was done in the general framework of its credit policy in the territory of the Russian Federation, but possessed a certain specificity: peasants here were more willing to take loans to buy land in rural societies than in partnerships, as was the case in the country as a whole: The price of the land purchased in the province under the mediation of the Peasant Land Bank in 1888 and from 1891 to 1895 dropped below market, which was not the case for European Russia as a whole. At the same time, the volume of activity of the bank in the governorate was negligible, accounting for only about 1 % of the total volume of transactions carried out by the bank in the country as a whole.
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Hajimuratov, A. "Historical Aspects of the Emergence and Development of the Asian Type of Entrepreneurship." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/69/43.
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The history of the development of entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan is considered. In the development of market relations and the sprouting of entrepreneurship, the so-called “Asian mode of production” had its own color. The penetration of large business capital into the irrigation of the land of Turkestan marked the beginning of the end of small peasant fragmented farming in this region. In conclusion, the author concludes that the historical and economic role of the entrepreneurial movement in the irrigation construction of Uzbekistan is relevant at the present stage.
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Kai-Sing Kung, James. "The Political Economy of Land Reform in China's “Newly Liberated Areas”: Evidence from Wuxi County." China Quarterly 195 (September 2008): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000829.
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AbstractA farm survey conducted in Wuxi county in the 1950s found that the Chinese Communist Party had successfully “preserved the rich peasant economy” in the “newly liberated areas”: the landlords were indeed the only social class whose properties had been redistributed, yet without compromising on the magnitude of benefits received by the poor peasants. A higher land inequality in that region, coupled with an inter-village transfer of land, allowed these dual goals to be achieved. Our study further reveals that class status was determined both by the amount of land a household owned and whether it had committed certain “exploitative acts,” which explains why some landlords did not own a vast amount of land. Conversely, it was the amount of land owned, not class status, that determined redistributive entitlements, which was why 15 per cent of the poor peasants and half of the middle peasants were not redistributed any land.
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Oliskiewicz-Krzywicka, Anna. "Use of 19th century cartographic source materials to study spatial changes of villages in Wielkopolska (Poland)." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-94-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Wielkopolska as a geographical and historical land covers the area of the central and western part of Poland. Its territorial boundaries have changed over the centuries. In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Poland, Wielkopolska was incorporated into Prussia. From 1815 &ndash; after the re-occupation of Polish lands by Prussia &ndash; the Grand Principality of Poznań was established based on the decisions of the Vienna Congress. In its territory, the Prussian power gradually began to implement rural relations in the Prussian style. In 1823, the Prussian power started an agricultural land reform on the territory of the Grand Principality of Poznań. The reform involved the separation of peasant land from grange land and determined what peasant farms may be enfranchisemented and on what terms. The course of the reform was richly documented cartographically and descriptively. Cartographic material (plans, maps) as well as descriptive &ndash; enfranchisement recessions, to a large extent preserved to the present times and are stored in the State Archives in Poland. The paper presented the genesis and the method of these materials &ndash; how they were created, what they were about and what they contained. Spatial changes taking place in rural areas were significant. The layout of rural lands and the manner of land management underwent reconstruction. Buildings of peasants were often transferred to other places. New roads were created or their course changed. The agricultural reform initiated in 1823 had a huge impact on today's appearance of the Wielkopolska countryside.</p>
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Groznov, Evgeny A., and Sergei V. Starikov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE AGRARIAN POLICY OF THE WHITE MOVEMENT GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA DURING THE CIVIL WAR (1918–1920)." Historical Search 3, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-18-24.
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The article attempts to carry out a comparative analysis of the agrarian policy pursued by the governments of the White Movement during the Civil War (1918–1920). The period of the second half of the XIX – early XX century was marked by the development of land relations in the Russian Empire. Despite serfdom abolition, peasant land scarcity continued to be the main problem of the peasant issue. The First World War, like the Russian-Japanese war, was supposed to be a small victorious war in order to postpone making the final decision on the agrarian issue. Absence of reforms combined with a protracted nature of the war contributed to the emergence of new liberal democratic forces in Russia. Beginning with February 1917, the Provisional Government tried to pursue a revolutionary policy to raise the authority of the government among soldiers, peasants and workers. However, political misconceptions and mistakes contributed to further power decentralization in Russia, which led first to the counter-revolution formation, and only then to isolation of the White Movement from this united front. With small resources, the leaders of the European part of the movement faced a problem that was not yet solved. Despite the Decree on Land adopted by the Soviet government, redistribution of land was not carried out, the agrarian issue continued to be acute, especially in the outskirts, which were under the rule of the whites. In contrast to the Decree on Land, the leaders of the White Movement had to pursue their own policy, which would be more attractive to the peasant masses. 95% of the population of Russia was peasants, so to gain their support would mean victory in the civil war. The regional and the national character of the White Movement determined future agrarian policy. It is also necessary to take into account that domestic policy was implemented in wartime conditions, which affected the effectiveness of reforms. Contradictions between the right-wingers and left-wingers delayed the development and implementation of reforms, which ultimately resulted in their failure. However, despite this, the white governments managed to lay a regulatory framework in their territorial entities, while taking into account the national and climatic specifics of the region.
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Palapa, N., N. Pron, and O. Ustymenko. "Development of land relations in the context of government decentralization in Ukraine." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2016.248849.
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It is determined the essence and suitability of de- centralization reform being provided in Ukraine, in particular its impact on the further development of rural areas. The main attention is focused on the issues of land relations as an effective management tool of the newly created united territorial communities. The modern state of functioning and activities of personal peasant households as representatives of small agribusiness on rural areas in Ukraine are presented. The question of appropriateness of local agro-food markets formation for the purpose of agricultural products realization is highlighted. Article deals with possible threats in the process of unification of territorial communities, such as insufficient attention focused on issues of ecological state in those territories, along with their socio-economic development. It is considered the European experience of local government reforms, particularly the peculiarities of the smallest administrative units functioning in the Republic of Poland — gminas. The results of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine are summed up and it is highlighted information concerning the formation and functioning of united territorial communities in all regions of Ukraine.
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Chambati, Walter. "The Reformed Agrarian Structure and Changing Dynamics of Rural Labour Migration in Zimbabwe." Africa Development 47, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2683.
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This article examines the changing dynamics of rural labour migration in Zimbabwe following the radical land redistribution since 2000 through the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). Since the colonial period, dispossessed peasants with inadequate land access were forced to offer cheap migrant wage labour for large-scale capitalist farms (LSCFs) and beyond. Despite the wide acknowledgement of the redistributive nature of the FTLRP, there is sparse understanding of how the new land access patterns impacted on rural labour migration. Empirical evidence from Goromonzi and Kwekwe districts demonstrates that while there were many peasant beneficiaries, land shortages were not completely eradicated and the new farm labour markets depended on the super-exploitation of landless migrants. Altogether, the data contradicts the conventional wisdom that views migration as a deliberate diversification strategy of household labour to enhance a livelihood. Rather, resistance to proletarianisation undergirds the struggles of farm labourers as they largely seek autonomous land-based social reproduction outside the wage economy.
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Van Ausdal, Shawn. "Pastures, crops, and inequality: Questioning the inverse relationship between farm size and productivity in Colombia." Mundo Agrario 21, no. 46 (April 8, 2020): e134. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/15155994e134.
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The Colombian countryside has long been dominated by grass and inequality. Economic theory (i.e., the inverse relationship between farm size and productivity) holds that the monopolization of land by ranchers is irrational since farming is more productive than ranching and small farms often produce more per area than large ones. Traditional explanations for the predominance of grass and the country’s agrarian structure focus on extra-economic coercion and the status associated with owning land and cattle. By contrast, this study explores the relative profitability of ranching and the limitations of peasant agriculture, which generated contrasting capacities to accumulate. It thus suggests that land markets, and the productive advantages of cattle, offer an alternative explanation.
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Sukalo, Vitalii Alekseevich. "On the Issue of Leasing Land Plots in State or Municipal Ownership to Peasant (Farmer) Farms and Agricultural Organizations Participating in State Support Programs in the Field of Agricultural Development Without Bidding." Юридические исследования, no. 10 (October 2022): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2022.10.38898.
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Based on the analysis of paragraphs 12, Part 2 of Article 39.6 of the RF CC, paragraph 8 of Article 10 of the Federal Law "On the Turnover of Agricultural Land", judicial practice, it is concluded that the currently existing legal norms do not provide peasant (farmer) farms and agricultural organizations participating in state support programs in the field of development agriculture, a real opportunity to lease publicly owned land plots for farming or other activities related to agricultural production without bidding due to the unjustified application of the procedure established by Article 39.18 of the RF CC, which carries a significant risk for already concluded lease agreements to be invalidated and, in this regard, does not allow us to talk about the stability of civil turnover and the protection of the interests of participants in civil legal relations. The conclusion is substantiated that it is necessary to amend Clause 8 of Article 10 of the Federal Law "On the Turnover of Agricultural Land" in terms of excluding references to Article 39.18 of the RF CC. In order to exclude competition with persons who are not participants in state programs and to exercise the right to receive plots without bidding of agricultural organizations, it is proposed to prescribe a detailed procedure for identifying interested parties in the new Article 39.18.1 of the RF CC, similar to the procedure established in Article 39.18 of the RF CC, but only with respect to the procedure for considering applications of peasant (farmer) farms and agricultural organizations participating in state support programs in the field of agricultural development, on the provision of land plots in state or municipal ownership for lease without bidding.
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Hamdamov, Behzod Kh. "THE POLICY OF RESETTLEMENT OF RUSSIANS TO THE TERRITORY OF TURKESTAN, TURNING IT INTO A RAW MATERIAL BASE FOR COTTON." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-12-24.
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One of the motives for the subjugation of Central Asia was the desire of tsarism to turn it into a colonization area for the resettlement of peasants from the central provinces of Russia. However, Uzbekistan did little to justify the calculations of the tsarist government, since there was no free irrigated land. Peasant colonization became widespread only on the territory of Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan. The resettlement of Russian peasants was often accompanied by a violent seizure of the lands of the indigenous population. The kulak settlers exploited both the local population and the Russian poor. The tsarist government attached great importance to the resettlement of part of the peasants of Russian villages to Central Asia in order to mitigate the social contradictions in Russia caused by the lack of land in connection with the development of capitalist relations in Russian agriculture. Already in 1869, rules on peasant settlements in Semirechye were developed, which created favorable conditions for the influx of Russian settlers. During the period from 1888 to 1916, the sowing of cotton increased by almost 10 times (from 68.5 thousand dessiatins to 680 thousand 911 dessiatins), and the gross cotton harvest increased by almost 7 times (from 2.27 million poods per year). 1879 to 14.9 million poods – in 1916) The area of irrigated land and the production of agricultural products increased significantly, the range of agricultural sectors expanded. Cotton attracted Russian capital to Central Asia. At least 30 of the largest trading companies were engaged in its production and purchase. The main creditors were the largest banks in Russia
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LANDA, MÓNICA M. SALAS. "Enacting Agrarian Law: The Effects of Legal Failure in Post-revolutionary Mexico." Journal of Latin American Studies 47, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 685–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x15000437.
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AbstractThe agrarian body of law created by government legislators and jurists in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), sought to restore pueblos’ juridical standing by allowing communities to hold land collectively in the form of ejidos. Yet, state efforts to restructure property relations in the countryside often articulated with local alternative territorial projects that challenged the implementation of these redistributive legal measures. During the course of 50 years, cattle ranchers from the community of El Huanal in Nautla, Veracruz, defended private property, resisted land expropriation, and prevented the establishment of an ejido in the community. How did rancheros achieve this? How did they respond to the pressures of ‘peasant’ mobilisation? How did post-revolutionary legal discourse come to frame this struggle over land? What changes did this failed attempt to implement land reform trigger in the region? Looking closely at the conflicts, interactions, negotiations, and everyday practices that unfolded among a variety of actors around the interpretation and the applicability of ‘the law’, this article demonstrates how the agrarian reform, despite never having been implemented, altered both the material landscape and the social configuration of this community of coastal Veracruz.
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Adnan, Shapan. "Land grabs and primitive accumulation in deltaic Bangladesh: interactions between neoliberal globalization, state interventions, power relations and peasant resistance." Journal of Peasant Studies 40, no. 1 (January 2013): 87–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.753058.
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Collins, Andrea M. "Old habits die hard: The need for feminist rethinking in global food and agricultural policies." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 5, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v5i1.228.
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A number of global initiatives designed in recent years address global food security and aim to reduce the vulnerability of small-scale and peasant farmers in the face of expanded transnational investment in large-scale agriculture and land acquisition. While there have been efforts to consider women within such initiatives, global governance institutions often overlook the complex gendered dimensions of food systems alongside agricultural land and labour markets. Although institutions emphasize the need for “women’s empowerment”, few policy recommendations have considered its practical application. Indeed, many governance initiatives that address food security or promote land security tend to depoliticize inequalities, which shows the importance of feminist food studies from the perspective of global food and land policy. Integrating a feminist food studies lens to the global governance of food and agriculture allows us to explore the complexities of gendered relations in agricultural practices. A more complete understanding of everyday material, socio-cultural and corporeal experiences within agricultural practices provides a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which gender relations structure food production, land ownership, resource access and governance processes. By using a feminist food studies lens we see a more complete picture of the realities of local resource management and the potential implications for global policymakers such as the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Committee for World Food Security (CFS). Through this framework, I illustrate how feminist analyses challenge conventional approaches to gender in global policymaking related to food and agricultural production.
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Ligenko, Nelli P. "THE ROLE AND THE PLACE OF PEASANT INDUSTRY IN THE LIFE OF A COMPLEX PEASANT ECONOMY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY (on the example of Seltinskaya Volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka Governorate)." Historical Search 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-1-11-22.
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The importance of peasant industry in the vital activity of a complex peasant economy, the basis of which was arable farming, is shown on the example of Seltinsky volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka governorate. The integral branches were animal husbandry and extra-agrarian occupations, among which the main burden was borne by extractive and processing works. The role of natural-geographical, socio-economic conditions, legal norms, trade relations, the creative potential of the people in the process of forming and functioning of a sustainable, balanced, integrated peasant economy is considered. A favourable location of the volost along the Siberian tract with access to the Kama and Vyatka trade river routes contributed to the development of a periodic market sphere (bazaar, torzhok, fair), to peasant economy involvement in the system of a single national market. The zemstvo population censuses made it possible to show a relatively high level of peasants’ provision with land plots, as well as draft, horned cattle and small livestock. Different levels of ethnic groups’ economic situation are noted. There was economic differentiation in the village; the vast majority was occupied by the well-to-do and middle class of the peasantry. To serve the numerous village needs, 90 types of crafts were functioning, which were represented by a wide range of manufactured products. The semi-natural character of peasant economy determined the diversity of its economic forms: domestic industry, handicrafts, small-scale production, capitalist cooperation. Another important role of crafts in the social medium life should be noted – it is an opportunity to realize an ethnic group’s creative potential, improving production technology, honing artistic skills. Household items, traditional clothing indicate a high level and variety of folk art. People’s memory has preserved the names of the best volost masters, who contributed to further development of national folk art. The study of life activity of the peasant population in a single volost at an interdisciplinary level in a fairly new research direction “the history of everyday life”, involvement of a wide comprehensive database, including published zemstvo statistics, fundamental zemstvo studies, archival documents, materials of ethnographic expeditions enable to deeper investigate the structure of a peasant economy, interaction, interdependence of its individual branches, the important role of crafts in a village economy, as well as legality and necessity of production small forms functioning in any historical epoch.
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Tsaryk, Lyubomir, Sergii Sonko, and Petro Tsaryk. "LAND USE OPTIMIZATION IN UKRAINE AT THE STAGE OF LAND MARKET FORMATION." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 51, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.22.
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In the context of the reform of the sale of agricultural land, the priority is to optimize land use, which is to find a balance of land that would meet their environmental, economic and social compliance with the functions of the agricultural sector. Two main approaches to the optimization process are considered. The first is by intensifying agriculture with significant energy costs, land depletion and the inevitable increase in environmental pressures. And the second is the gradual formation of a balanced agrosphere with alternative agriculture and environmentally friendly livestock.
The structure of land plots in terms of regions of Ukraine, which in the conditions of the land market does not promote balanced land use, is analyzed. Acquired arable land will not be transferred to other categories of land at auctions, even if it is significantly degraded.
When forming the pricing policy in the land sector, it is important to compare the value of arable land in Ukraine and European countries. This comparative analysis shows the underestimated value of arable land in Ukraine (the lowest figure in Europe is less than 1 thousand euros / ha) at the initial stage of sale. It is estimated that the six-year lease of arable land at this stage of land reform is more appropriate than their sale.
The fact of plowing part of pastures under these conditions and increasing the share of arable land in river valleys, drained lands, etc. is alarming. According to the results of the calculations, Table 1 shows the value of arable land, pastures, hayfields by administrative regions. The comparative characteristic of agricultural lands on the available highly productive lands is carried out. The highest share of such lands in Ternopil, Poltava and Cherkasy oblasts was found out, which provides for their highest valuation.
The created map diagram of the general cost assessment of agricultural lands demonstrates their land resource potential and reflects the spatial differentiation of this indicator by typological groups of regions. The authors analyzed the optimization model of land use in Ukraine, developed by a group of leading domestic scientists under the project "Sustainable Development Programs", and proposed to consider the category of productive lands as basic arable lands, the share of which in Ukraine is 44.8% of arable land.
The directions of reforming land relations in Ukraine taking into account historical traditions and granting the highest status of the basic land user - the rural community are offered.
At the same time to make calculations, based on the results of which to identify production types (specialization) of farms, which will be the most objective, as it takes into account local natural and economic conditions;
- on the basis of specialization of peasant farms, study of types of land use in enterprises of various forms of ownership and data on natural land fertility to perform agricultural zoning of the territory;
- in each allocated agricultural area, the whole array of land in use, divided into at least 3 groups:
1) lands of peasant farms, which over time should be granted the right of life ownership with the possibility of inheritance and on which the state should support non-profit, subsistence farming;
2) lands withdrawn from agricultural circulation due to the destruction of their natural fertility and those to be transferred to the nature reserve fund, and, over time, included in the national ecological network;
3) lands that have not yet lost their natural fertility and those that are in the use of agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership.
Key words: land optimization, monetary valuation of agricultural lands, land resource potential, spatial differentiation of lands, land relations.
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Kurmanova, G. K. "On-farm land use management of agricultural entities." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-1-2708-9991.16.
Full textAbstract:
The issues of land legislation in the field of regulation of land relations have been identified. It was determined that pre-reform period was characterized by the planned development of economy, on-farm land management design was mandatory and was of a directive nature. The author notes that the Rules for Rational Use of Agricultural Lands establish the existence of onfarm land management projects aimed at their rational use. The results of the analysis showed that currently in the land legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan there are no clear requirements for drafting projects in the system of measures on land use regulation. Therefore, in practice, they are developed by only a small part of economic entities, which leads to deterioration in reclamation state of agricultural land, decrease in fertility level, contamination of crops with weeds, spread of various diseases and plant pests, degradation of forage lands (pastures, hayfields), etc. All this is the result of underdeveloped land legislation, weak implementation of public control over the use and protection of land. The existing structure of on-farm land management projects has been analyzed. The conclusion on the need for their development, as well as methodological instructions based on new approaches and innovative technologies was done. It is noted that in 2018 at the legislative level, amendments were made to the Land Code, regulating the procedure and features of the provision of State-owned agricultural land for peasant or private farm operations, agricultural production through tender commission. Owners or land users were invited to develop on-farm land management projects at their own expense.
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Yep, Ray, and Ying Wu. "How “Peasant Apartments” Could Undermine Rural Governance in China: Spatial Realignment, Moral Reconfiguration and Local Authority." China Quarterly 242 (July 11, 2019): 376–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574101900081x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA seismic change in the residential pattern is emerging in rural China today: traditional rural houses have been rapidly erased from the face of the countryside with large numbers of peasants being relocated to modern high-rise buildings. This process of “peasant elevation” has had a monumental impact on rural China. It redefines the entitlement to land use by the rural citizenry and negotiations for a new regime of property rights concerning land administration, while, most importantly, it undermines the position of the local state in rural China, whose authority is an aggregation of three distinctive elements: coercive power inherent in the state apparatus, control over economic resources, and resonance with local morality. Based on original data collected in Chongqing, Nantong and Dezhou, this paper argues that the comprehensive uprooting of the Chinese peasantry from the land and the resulting complications have caused moral disorientation among the relocated peasants and fragmentation of local authority. The difficulty in establishing community identity in the new setting has further undermined local governance. This may in turn trigger a wave of social and political tensions that may eventually turn out to be a major political challenge to the regime for years to come.
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Arkhireyskyi, Dmytro Volodymyrovych. "Agrarian policy of the Ukrainian State on the journals of the meetings of the Council of Ministers." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (September 2, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261721.
Full textAbstract:
The information content of the journals (minutes) of the meetings of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian State (1918) is investigated, which makes it possible to clarify the specifics of governmental agrarian policy. Information on the influence of the German and Austro-Hungarian military command on the agrarian policy of Ukraine, the peculiarities of land ownership and agrarian relations, the food and price policy of the Ukrainian government, and attempts at agrarian and land reform are discussed. The journals of the meetings of the Council of Ministers contain information about the emergence of a peasant rebel movement, caused in general by the unsuccessful agrarian activity of Hetman P. Skoropadsky, and also about government measures aimed at suppressing this movement. The investigated documentary complex should be recognized as an important source on the history of not only the Ukrainian State, its agrarian policy, but also the insurrectional movement and the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917−1921 generally.
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Vélez-Torres, Irene, and Diego Lugo-Vivas. "Slow violence and corporate greening in the war on drugs in Colombia." International Affairs 97, no. 1 (January 2021): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa159.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Next to a broader agrarian reform, the Peace Accord signed between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and the Colombian Government (2016) was designed to support the voluntary substitution of illicit crops in an attempt to fight drug trafficking. In the municipality of Miranda (Northern Cauca), over 1300 peasant families agreed to eradicate their coca crops and stop their work in coca fields as part of the National Comprehensive Program for the Substitution of Illicit Crops (PNIS). Nearly three years later, the programme has shown little progress based on complementary evidence. First, it has only embraced 38% of the families who declared their will to replace illicit crops; and second, it has delayed commitments regarding access to land and financial and technical assistance for alternative projects. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, this article brings an insightful and original political ecology perspective to environmental peacebuilding, showing that the promised transformation for marginalized peasant communities has been neglected. We argue that initial solutions for substitution have not only been redirected to benefit green corporate agrarian projects but have also been gradually abandoned by the state, creating different forms of slow environmental violence.
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Martín, Víctor O. Martín, Luis M. Jerez Darias, and Carlos S. Martín Fernández. "Agrarian reforms in Africa 1980–2016: solution or evolution of the agrarian question?" Africa 89, no. 03 (July 16, 2019): 586–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000536.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe first period of agrarian reforms with clear state control over the land (African socialisms) took place between 1945 and 1980, but then a second period started in which market agrarian reforms have prevailed. This work synthesizes agrarian structural reform policies (property systems and land tenure) between 1980 and 2016 in African countries, especially those that had or have bureaucratic bourgeoisie governments (one-party and/or African socialist). The two periods are complementary, rather then being opposed to each other, as state agrarian reforms smoothed the path to market agrarian reforms. Although there is not yet sufficient empirical research on the results of the agrarian reforms implemented during this period, our hypothesis is that they are helping to: increase the unequal structure of property; develop tenure systems and non-capitalist contractual labour relations in new ways, both non-associative (the grabbing of vast tracts of land) and associative (renewed control of customary lands by traditional authorities); and force peasant expropriation and the subsequent increase in the number of landless non-proletarianized peasants. Therefore, the problem of poor agrarian structures in Africa is still unresolved.
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Chernikova, Nataliia. "Features of formation and development of lease relations in Tavriya province (2nd half of XIX century – 1917)." Grani 23, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172045.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the process of formation and development of lease relations in the agrarian sector of Tavria province in the second half of the 19th century-1917 in the conditions of vendible farming and animal husbandry development. The causes of widespread leasing and the specificity of this process in different counties of the province are analyzed. The role of landlord ownership in the formation of the lease fund of the region is determined. The vast lands served as a significant source of productive and non-productive profit for the local nobility. Few owners of capitalist-type farms used the proceeds of the lease to modernize their farms. Lease was the main means of land use for the vast majority of nobles. The ways of involving the Taurian peasantry in the lease relations in the conditions of its property and social differentiation are revealed here. Attention is drawn to the fact that the wealthy peasantry was the main tenant who used the leased land primarily for the organization of commercial agriculture. Characterization of the types of land constituting the lease fund of the region have been made. It has been found that private ownership constituted its vast majority, as well as peasant allotments, treasury lands and private institutions. The specifics of the lease of state-owned lands in Tavria province are shown. A wide variety of statistical sources cover the types of land leases and regional features of their using. Skopschina was a popular form of rent; however, on the areas of commercial agriculture, there was a dynamic development of monetary rent as a characteristic feature of capitalist housekeeping. The dynamics of changes in rental prices in the context of species and regional differentiation are traced. The advantages and disadvantages of rent for the owners and tenants of the province are highlighted. It was concluded that the lease occupied an important place in the land tenure and land using of the population of Tavria province - above all, the nobility and the peasantry as the main subjects of lease relations and makers of agricultural products. It contributed to the development of entrepreneurship and the strengthening of capitalist forms of farming in the countryside.