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Journal articles on the topic "???????? land-peasant relations"

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Ignatyeva, E. Yu. "Judicial law-making in Russia on land issues in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries in the process of applying customary law." Institute Bulletin: Crime, Punishment, Correction 13, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2076-4162-2019-13-2-213-221.

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The article examines the impact of the norms of customary law applied in the peasant environment in the second half of the 19th century to the judicial law-making of land reformers. The purpose of the article is to identify the legal grounds that were taken into account when drafting the legislation of the Peasant Reform of 1861 to create an adequate and at the same time effective justice system for peasant land issues in the context of fundamental social transformations caused by the abolition of serfdom and the need to develop capitalist relations in Russia. The reformers assumed that the rural community would successfully replace the authority of the landowner, become the lower unit of local government and the state taxation system. The legalization of the legal customs of the peasants was taken as a forced temporary measure, necessary in the early stages of the development of peasant self-government; The existence of adaptive mechanisms in the established customary legal system to preserve the viability and stability of the peasant community was taken into account. The main function of the peasant community was the distribution of land and the settlement of land use relations among its members. The created peasant class estate courts were also considered as temporary, later as the peasants became closer to other estates, their subordination to general civil laws was envisaged. The volost courts guided by custom and law became the main element of rural selfgovernment and the mechanism for the implementation of customary law in land relations. The main subject of this right was identified peasant community, which resolved issues of land use, land relations, economic and social conflicts. However the legislator did not clearly define that the difference in the proceedings of the volost and general courts consisted in the property level of the cases and the limit of punishments – only certain categories of different legal matters were listed that were subject to the volost court. Created by the Judicial Reform of 1864 the all-tribal peace courts could consider the same minor offenses on the part of the peasants using the rules of the local customary law “according to conscience” as the volost courts but at a higher property level. Priority was given, as in the county court, to the reconciliation of the parties. The increase in the number of claims on land issues in the late XIX – early XX centuries in the conditions of the development of the land market and the increase in real estate operations was reflected by the increased demand of the peasants for the consideration of land issues and related property relations by courts on the basis of official legislation.
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Fedoseev, Roman V., Eduard D. Bogatyrev, and Natalya A. Kisteneva. "Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in Penza province of Russia (1883-1915)." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 12, no. 34 (September 2, 2021): 483–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.27.

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The reform of 1861 not only freed the peasants from serfdom, but also led to radical economic changes in the agrarian sphere. The peasantry was involved in civil and legal relations associated with the purchase and sale of land. In order to assist land-poor peasants in the purchase of land, a specialized credit institution was created, which issued loans on favorable terms against the security of the acquired land plots. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the territory of the Penza province of Russia. Based on the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations, the influence of its activities on the growth of land prices are considered, regional features of the processes under study are indicated. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the creation and operation of the Peasant Land Bank was an element of the government's agricultural policy aimed at creating peasant land tenure by providing loans to buy land from private owners.
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Ludmila, Spektor, and Zhmurko Rodion. "The legal status of a peasant (farmer) farm as a business entity." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308015.

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This article examines the legal status of the peasant (farmer) economy as a subject of entrepreneurial activity which has developed to date, is the result of numerous reforms carried out in this area. In modern realities for the formation of such an association of citizens, the registration of a legal entity is no longer required, which is enshrined in Federal Law N 74-FL of 11.06.2003 “On peasant (farmer) farming”. This article examines the concept of a peasant (farmer) economy, examines the legal aspects of its activities, analyzes the legislative reforms carried out in this area, identifies current problems, and suggests ways to solve them. The article deals with the dual relationship of civil and land legislation arising in the regulation of land relations, including various transactions with land plots. The authors of the article suggest possible options aimed at eliminating the duality of this relationship, despite the fact that the land plot, taking into account the norms of civil and land legislation, can be considered as a natural object and as an object of civil relations with all the characteristics of real estate.
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Kryskov, Andrii, Nataliia Habrusieva, and Nadiia Shostakivska. "Power and collective ownership: the experience of land reform." Socio-Economic Problems and the State 25, no. 2 (2021): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/sepd2022.02.550.

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The main reason for the implementation of the next agrarian reform was the profound changes that have taken place in the field of socio-economic relations. The economy of the Russian Empire, after series of crisis and internal political upheavals, found itself in a state of prolonged depression. The economic lag behind Western European countries has led to dependence on foreign investment. The tasks set before the reform of February 19, 1861, were never realized. Starting the agrarian reform, the government headed by P. Stolypin set the task of comprehensively addressing the following issues: increase efficiency, marketability of agricultural production, strengthen the social resistance of the government in the countryside by destroying the community and transferring land to private ownership. It was believed that the appearance of the peasant’s sense of ownership would automatically remove the problem of dissatisfaction with the policy of the authorities in the countryside. The Peasant Land Bank was the main lever for reform. Pre-designed legislation expanded its powers. Of all the hamlets and cuttings, the highest were the share of those that appeared on the lands of the Peasant Land Bank. On the other hand, the State Noble Land Bank actually preserved the existence of the feudal in the form of the creation of aristocratic land tenure, credit support hindered the development of capitalist relations. The Peasant Land Bank, with the aim of lending to peasant land tenure, stimulated the growth of land prices, which indirectly helped the noble land tenure. The reform significantly accelerated the development of capitalist relations in the countryside: as a result of the destruction of the community, capitalist land ownership was created, strips were eliminated, the process of land concentration in the hands of wealthy peasants intensified, and the marketability of agriculture increased. However, in general, P. Stolypin’s reform did not achieve its goal – it did not ensure the creation of a strong capitalist system in the countryside, as aristocratic land tenure was preserved. During its implementation, there were no cardinal changes in land tenure and land use in the provinces of the Right Bank of Ukraine. The main reason was the predominant farmland ownership of peasants. The creation of farms and cuts contributed to a partial solution to the problem across the strip.
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Main, John. "Vietnam, peasant land, peasant revolution: patriarchy and collectivity in the rural economy." International Affairs 65, no. 3 (1989): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621807.

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Parshina, N. V., and A. A. Chuprova. "SUDEBNIK 1589: FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF PEASANT LAND OWNERSHIP AND LAND USE IN NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA." Vestnik of the Russian University of Cooperation, no. 1(43) (April 26, 2021): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-1-43-26.

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The article is devoted to the legal review of the monument of law of the last quarter of the XVI century – the Sudebnik of 1589, namely, its norms on peasant land ownership and land use. The article analyzes the legislative regulation of land relations in the north-western lands of Russia with the help of historical-legal and comparative-legal methods. To summarize the results of the study, the authors also considered the norms of the Judicial Code of 1550, which regulate the above-mentioned circle of public relations, but are applied in the central regions of Russia, where serfdom existed and actively developed. The comparative characteristics of the legal regulation of land relations among the peasantry in these legal monuments allow us to assert the interdependence of the rights of the Russian landowner on the territorial factor. The authors come to the conclusion that the peculiarity of the legal regulation of land relations in the Judicial Code of 1589 was interconnected and mutually conditioned by the specifics of the social and social structure of Pomerania, on the territory of which its norms were distributed, and where, unlike the central regions of the Moscow Kingdom, the peasant population lived free from serfdom.
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Akbar, Waza Karia. "Socio-Economic Dependence of Peasant to Local Collector on Rice Farming System." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22202/mamangan.v7i1.2508.

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The poverty of peasant in Gunung Talang is caused by low income, low education and limited land. The purpose of this research is to analyze the bases of the peasant socio-economic dependence to the local collector (local assemblers) on rice farming system. The research is also analyzing the soci- economic relations of peasants and local collector on rice farming system. This research was conducted through the qualitative method with descriptive research type. The results show the socio-economic dependence due to peasant’s conditions. They do not have the capital to cultivate the agricultural land. Peasants are trapped in the patron clients system. They cannot get out from poverty. The socio-economic relation between the peasants and the local collector of rice farming occur because of a very strong relationship with their blood relatives (Dunsanak).
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Akbar, Waza Karia. "Socio-Economic Dependence of Peasant to Local Collector on Rice Farming System." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22202/mamangan.2508.

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The poverty of peasant in Gunung Talang is caused by low income, low education and limited land. The purpose of this research is to analyze the bases of the peasant socio-economic dependence to the local collector (local assemblers) on rice farming system. The research is also analyzing the soci- economic relations of peasants and local collector on rice farming system. This research was conducted through the qualitative method with descriptive research type. The results show the socio-economic dependence due to peasant’s conditions. They do not have the capital to cultivate the agricultural land. Peasants are trapped in the patron clients system. They cannot get out from poverty. The socio-economic relation between the peasants and the local collector of rice farming occur because of a very strong relationship with their blood relatives (Dunsanak).
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Cubikova, Lyubov'. "LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE IRKUTSK PROVINCE IN THE 1920S." Bulletin of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-777x-2018-1-12-286-291.

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The article discusses issues of land policy and land management in the territory of the Irkutsk province (district) in the 1920s. The author focuses on such moments as: the development of rental relations, land use of land societies and an independent peasant yard, growth of collective farms and their unification, preparation of a land fund for immigrants, land use forms, etc.
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Tassin, Jean. "Back to the Land “Peasant-entrepreneurs”: The New Actors of Chinese Peasant Agroecology." China Perspectives 2021, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.11648.

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Books on the topic "???????? land-peasant relations"

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Land and agrarian questions: Essays on land tenure, agrarian relations, and peasant movement's in Nepal. Kathmandu: Community Self-reliance Centre, 2013.

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Schryer, Frans J. Ethnicity and class conflict in rural Mexico. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1990.

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Lord, zèga, and peasant: A study of property and agrarian relations in rural eastern Gojjam. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies, 2004.

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Mengistie, Habtamu. Lord, zèga, and peasant: A study of property and agrarian relations in rural eastern Gojjam. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies, 2004.

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Clauss, Wolfgang. The formation of a peasant society: Population dynamics, ethnic relations, and trade among Javanese transmigrants in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. [Bielefeld]: Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Soziologie, Forschungsschwerpunkt Entwicklungssoziologie, 1987.

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Goño, Cielito C. Peasant movement-state relations in new democracies: The case of the Congress for a People's Agrarian Reform (CPAR) in post-Marcos Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Institute on Church and Social Issues, 1998.

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Pazos, Luis. Por qué Chiapas? México: Editorial Diana, 1994.

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Land Tenure Security - State-Peasant Relations in the Amhara Highlands, Ethiopia. Boydell & Brewer, Limited, 2019.

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Ege, Svein. Land Tenure Security: State-Peasant Relations in the Amhara Highlands, Ethiopia. Boydell & Brewer, Limited, 2019.

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Suhail, Peer Ghulam Nabi. Development-Induced Dispossession, Displacement, and Embedded Power Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477616.003.0005.

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This chapter critically examines the class dynamics of land control and the influence of the elites and absentee landlords who take decisions on behalf of the subsistent peasantry. Yet another layer of control over land, the inter-dependence of the poor on the elites and vice-versa, has been analysed in detail. Simultaneously, the chapter also illustrates the peasant narrative about subordination, subalternity, and powerlessness. It mainly elucidates the peasant’s interpretations of loss caused by dispossession and displacement. It also discusses the viewpoints of the state, the corporate, and the political parties on the concept of the micro picture of who gets what and how. The chapter argues that HEP construction in Gurez has caused destruction of ecology and has adversely impacted the common property resources. Therefore, land-grabbing leads to a phenomenon where land is needed while labour is not.
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Book chapters on the topic "???????? land-peasant relations"

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"A “Peripheral” Approach to the 1908 Revolution in the Ottoman Empire: Land Disputes in Peasant Petitions in Post-revolutionary Diyarbekir." In Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915, 179–215. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004232273_007.

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Polonsky, Antony. "Jews in Lithuania between the Two World Wars." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 253–73. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0008.

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This chapter addresses the position of Jews in Lithuania between the two world wars. Although the history of inter-war Lithuania reveals many political failures, it is clear that, even during the authoritarian period, civil society continued to develop. Illiteracy was largely eradicated and impressive advances were made in social and intellectual life. In addition, land reform created a prosperous farming community whose products made up the bulk of the country's exports. The first years of Lithuanian independence were marked by a far-reaching experiment in Jewish autonomy. The experiment attracted wide attention across the Jewish world and was taken as a model by some Jewish politicians in Poland. Jewish autonomy also seemed to be in the interests of Lithuanians. The bulk of the Lithuanian lands remained largely agricultural until the First World War. Relations between Jews, who were the principal intermediaries between the town and manor and the countryside, and the mainly peasant Lithuanians took the form of a hostile symbiosis. This relationship was largely peaceful, and anti-Jewish violence was rare, although, as elsewhere, the relationship was marked by mutual contempt.
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Washbrook, Sarah. "Post-independence politics and land: from the community to agrarian servitude." In Producing Modernity in Mexico. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264973.003.0003.

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When Mexico declared independence in September 1821, Chiapas, along with the rest of Central America, joined the new nation. Then, in 1823, precipitated by the collapse of Iturbide's Mexican Empire, the other former Central American provinces broke away to form the Central American Union. Chiapas, though, chose permanent annexation to the Mexican republic the following year. This chapter is organized as follows. The first section reviews the historiography of other regions of Mexico and Central America during these years in order better to understand the way that history and geography may have influenced political and agrarian relations in Chiapas during the half-century after independence. The second section looks at politics and state-building in Chiapas between 1824 and 1855, focusing on the relationship between regional elites in the central valley and the central highlands, national governments, and Indian communities. The third section provides an overview of commercial agriculture, population, and labour, and analyzes the agrarian laws which were passed in the state in the post-independence period. The fourth section examines the process of land privatization in different regions of Chiapas and the relationship between the alienation of public and communal lands and the spread of agrarian servitude — both labour tenancy (known as baldiaje) and debt peonage. The fifth section addresses the question of why, despite the growing dispossession of communal land, no peasant rebellion emerged in Chiapas during these years, while the next section examines the Labour Tenancy Law of 1849, a short-lived attempt to regulate baldiaje and limit the role of servile labour in commercial agriculture. Finally, the last section looks at the impact in Chiapas of the laws of the Reform and civil conflict between liberals and conservatives in the period 1855–67, and highlights the way in which local political factionalism contributed to Chiapas's Caste War of 1869–70.
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Bruckmüller, Ernst. "Die "Macht" der Bauern? Agrargesellschaft im Wandel." In Niederösterreich im 19. Jahrhundert, Band 2: Gesellschaft und Gemeinschaft. Eine Regionalgeschichte der Moderne, 109–49. NÖ Institut für Landeskunde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52035/noil.2021.19jh02.05.

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The Power of the Peasants? The Transformation of Agrarian Society. This chapter examines the development of a clear estate consciousness among the Lower Austrian peasantry in the nineteenth century and considers its implications for power relations in the land. Prior to 1848, the peasant population were ruled by feudal landowners, and were entitled to an insignificant degree of self-governance only on the village level. When the landholding reform (Grundentlastung) put an end to feudalism in 1848, autonomous communes were formed in which the upper peasantry now had some say. The liberalism that prevailed from 1861/67 onwards shattered the traditional societal foundations, and crisis set in with debt and a steep decline in prices from 1880 onwards. The articulation of peasants’ problems by a vintner (Steininger) and experts and politicians with an interest in social welfare saw the emergence of an increasingly dense agrarian network via specialist associations and trade unions. Ultimately, these efforts culminated in the foundation of a successful political organisation, the Lower Austrian Farmers’ Association, which may be considered a manifestation of athe emergence of an estate consciousness realisable on the political level.
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Mührmann-Lund, Jørgen. "”Både borgere og bønder og dog ingen af delene”. Småbyfeudalisme i enevældens nordjyske godsejerbyer." In Hvem styrte byene? Nordisk byhistorie 1500–1800, 321–42. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.149.ch12.

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“Both burghers and peasants and yet none of them.” Small-town feudalism in manorial towns in North Jutland Unlike the rest of Scandinavia, few new towns were founded in Denmark in the period from 1500 to 1850. In North Jutland, however, some small towns were founded to trade with the new towns that were established in southern Norway in the 17th and 18th centuries. This chapter examines the Norwegian historian Finn-Einar Eliassen’s theory that the new towns in North Jutland resembled those in southern Norway in the sense that they also lay on private lands and were dominated by private landowners. After the Reformation in 1536, the king seized control of the towns of Thisted and Sæby, which had previously been owned by the church. In Limfjord, the growing fishing port of Nibe lay on royal land. The town had its own court, and the inhabitants did not pay feudal dues. However, when the town land was sold to a manorial lord in 1664, they were obliged to pay feudal dues. Nibe kept its own court and received town privileges in 1727. Løgstør was also a growing fishing port with its own court, situated on royal land. Unlike Nibe, Løgstør’s inhabitants bought their own dues after the town was sold to a manorial lord in 1671, but the town was not granted town privileges like Nibe. Struer grew as a trading port on the land of a manorial lord but was bought by a company of nine burghers from Holstebro in 1799. On the east coast of North Jutland, the crown established garrisons at Hals and Fladstrand after defeats in the Swedish Wars. Hals received town privileges in 1656, but never grew to be a town, whereas Fladstrand grew to be a town on the land of a manorial lord. In 1719, its inhabitants got into a conflict with their lord when they petitioned the king to become burghers free of feudal dues. Instead, the land with its dues was bought by a local merchant in 1749 and by the town government after Fladstrand received town privileges under the new name of Frederikshavn in 1818. On the north-western coast of Jutland, the ports of Klitmøller and Løkken grew as a result of trade with Norway. The ports were dominated by rich peasant merchants that had, despite their status as tenants, the economic power to dominate the manorial lords and the towns of Thisted and Hjørring. The ferry town of Nørresundby grew as a satellite town around the ferry crossing to Aalborg. The inhabitants violated the privileges of Aalborg, but were protected by the lords of this town. In sum, the power relations of the private towns in North Jutland resembled those of their Norwegian counterparts. The private owners had the right to demand feudal dues, but they did not exert power over the courts or the regulation of the towns as in Norway.
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Mileson, Stephen, and Stuart Brookes. "The Late Anglo-Saxon Period, 800–1100." In Peasant Perceptions of Landscape, 102–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894892.003.0004.

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This chapter, covering the late Anglo-Saxon and Norman Conquest period, outlines the major changes in land use which accompanied the creation of small local manors and the establishment of collaborative open-field farming. Those changes reflected the shift in relations from ones predominantly organized around social networks to ones of property ownership. Domesday Book supplies a crucial piece of evidence, in light of which fragmentary earlier evidence for the structure of the royal estate of Benson can be better understood. The strong implications of the period’s developments for inhabitants’ perceptions are examined, including through the boundary clauses accompanying royal land charters and the evidence for more structured settlements and systems of administration, including the hundred and its moot.
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"threatening the rest of the private sector, was especially conducive to this solution. None the less, the experience of post-reform agriculture in a number of socialist countries indicates that this is in practice the best way of articulating such disparate forms of production. Third, that the process of capitalist agricultural development does generate a large proletariat, even though it is disguised in the form of impoverished peasantry. This means that the agrarian reform can proceed in socialised production forms in the 'capitalist' sector without direct peasant owner-ship of land. It is true that in the Nicaraguan case, the relatively high land endowment per head reduced this pressure, but it is also important not to overestimate the 'peasant' nature of agriculture in Latin America [Goodman andRedclift, 1981], because this tends to lead to agrarian reform proposals which ignore the inevitable role of agriculture as the base of the national accumulation model in almost all underdeveloped economies in transition. Fourth, that in the case of Nicaragua, this logic has probably been carried too far. In implementing a project to eliminate the exploitative relation-ship between capitalist export agriculture and the peasantry (cheap labour and cheap food) by establishing a stable rural proletariat and secure food supplies, the revolutionary state has effectively undermined the remaining peasant economy without providing a coherent alternative. This has produced a new contradiction in the agrarian development model proposed for the rest of the century, when the revolution not only depends upon the mountain peasantry for defence against external aggression but also for food supplies during the transitional accumulation period. A successful agrarian accumulation model, above all during the tran-sition, must provide for an adequate articulation of distinct forms of pro-duction as part of the process of rural transformation." In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 231–32. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-41.

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Conference papers on the topic "???????? land-peasant relations"

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Olyanich, V. V., and L. V. Olyanich. "PEASANT FARMS AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR IN THE 20S OF THE XX CENTURY." In Proceedings of the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25012021/7366.

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The article investigates the economic efficiency of farms in the USSR in the 20's of the twentieth century. Much attention is paid to the study of socio-economic indicators, identifying opportunities to meet production farms and their welfare needs. The author argues that the farms in the USSR in the 20's of the twentieth century were characterized by rather sad indicators of economic efficiency, since a large number of households do not even have available land, livestock, tools and more. On the one hand this is due to the crisis of the early 20's. Caused by the devastating effects of war, revolution, social and economic experiments - nationalization and socialization of land, disruption of grain farming, a situation complicated famine and drought in the south of Ukraine, reducing livestock. On the other hand the socio-economic characteristics and the ability to establish a consumer economy to achieve functional norms to ensure its industrial and social needs in the Marxist paradigm of public relations coverage served only to establish the class structure and definition of objects of taxation, but not for the formation of economically developed farms.
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