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Clement, Jessica. "Environmentally concious [sic] site design : a LAND code strategy." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1397793.
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The purpose of this creative project was to develop a master plan for a 450-acre site based on the recently published Land and Natural Development (LAND) Code: Guidelines for Sustainable Land Development by Diana Balmori and Gaboury Benoit. Balmori and Benoit present environmentally conscious design principles that serve as a demonstration for tangible ways to create sustainable landscapes that balance function with the need to preserve natural resources. The outcome of this project includes a detailed master plan for a 450-acre portion of Goose Pond Fish and Wildlife Area (GPFWA) located in Linton, Indiana, which serves as a model for sustainable site design in addition to offering interpretive and recreational opportunities within the focus area.Department of Landscape Architecture
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Yung, John M. "Decoding Bellevue: A Path Forward for Bellevue’s Form-Based Code." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367940364.
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Gozel, Oya. "The Implementation Of The Ottoman Land Code Of 1858 In Eastern Anatolia." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608323/index.pdf.
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The nineteenth century was an era that great centralization and codification attempts were realized in the Ottoman Empire. One of these attempts was the Ottoman Land Code of 1858, which put various land regulations throughout the empire into a standard code. But this standard Code gave different results when applied to different regions which had their own characteristic features. Eastern Anatolia, which had an autonomous position since its incorporation to the Ottoman Empire, was also in the scope of the Land Code.
The object of this study is to examine the implementation of the Land Code of 1858 in eastern Anatolia and the impacts of this implementation process in the region. Indeed, the general situation of the region greatly disaffected the implementation of the Code in eastern Anatolia. Because of the dominant disorder within the region and problems of the state in these lands, the Land Code could not be properly implemented in eastern Anatolia. The Land Code and the title deeds, which were distributed in accordance with the Code, were so important that they became the base of later ownership claims. Therefore, the implementation of the Code had deep and long lasting effects on the land patterns and social relations in the region.
In this respect, this study will evaluate the implementation process of the Land Code throughout eastern Anatolia and the socio-economic transformation of the region as a result of this process.
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Adenan, Ms Zarina Binti Abu. "Reform of the land code 1909-A critical analysis and proposed reforms on the regulation on temporary occupation of land in Brunei Darussalam." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533740.
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Treleven, David A. "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification in Alachua County an analysis of LEED 2009, the 2007 Florida Building Code, and the Alachua County Unified Land Development Code /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024744.
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Govin, Brice. "Support à la rénovation d'une architecture logicielle patrimoniale : un cas réel chez Thales Land and Air Systems." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I026.
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Les entreprises accordent énormément d'importance à identifier des démarches automatisées et réplicables pour résoudre leurs problèmes. Ce constat s'applique aussi au démarche de rénovation d'architecture logicielle. Au sein d'une grande entreprise, nous avons intégré l'équipe chargée de réaliser la rénovation de l'architecture d'un logiciel. Nous avons étudié la démarche informelle suivie par cette équipe afin d'en proposer une généralisation et des outils facilitant son automatisation et sa réplication à d'autres projets. La plupart des solutions proposées dans la littérature ne peuvent s'appliquer à ce projet, du fait de leur caractère manuel, de leurs contraintes particulières ou de leur manque d'application sur des cas réels. Toutefois, nous avons identifié que le Reflexion Model, la recherche d’information et le regroupement statistique peuvent s'y appliquer. Nous avons alors proposé une nouvelle démarche structurée qui se base sur une adaptation du Reflexion Model et sur la démarche réalisée par l'entreprise. Notre démarche utilise cinq critères permettant l'allocation du code source existant à l'architecture du logiciel rénové. Nous avons montré que l'application de nos critères d'allocation donne des résultats satisfaisants au contraire de la recherche d’information et du regroupement. Enfin, pour répondre au besoin d'automatisation, nous avons défini ce que nous appelons des opérateurs. Ils se basent sur les activités que nous avons identifiées dans le travail des ingénieurs de l’entreprise. Nous avons montré que ces opérateurs permettraient de répliquer entièrement notre démarche structurée autorisant ainsi son application efficace sur d'autres projetsCompanies attach great importance to identifying automated and replicable approaches to solving their problems. This observation also applies to the software architecture renovation process. Within a large company, we joined the team in charge of renovating the software architecture. We studied the informal approach followed by this team in order to propose a generalization and tools facilitating its automation and its replication to other projects. Most of the solutions proposed in the literature cannot be applied to this project because of their manual nature, their particular constraints or their lack of application to real cases. However, we have identified that the Reflexion Model, information retrieval and statistical grouping may apply. We then proposed a new structured approach based on an adaptation of the Reflexion Model and on the approach developed by the company. Our approach uses five criteria to allocate existing source code to the architecture of the renovated software. We have shown that the application of our allocation criteria gives satisfactory results as opposed to seeking information and grouping. Finally, to meet the need for automation, we have defined what we call operators. They are based on the activities we have identified in the work of the company's engineers. We have shown that these operators would allow us to fully replicate our structured approach, thus allowing its effective application on other projects
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HIROMOTO, GORO. "Analise de sensibilidade aplicada a modelos de transporte de rejeitos radioativos de atividade baixa." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1989. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9916.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 03530.pdf: 1830989 bytes, checksum: b0ff295a4249c851927486f820ebe929 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Burdette, Jason Todd. "Form-Based Codes: A Cure for the Cancer Called Euclidean Zoning?" Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9925.
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Zoning is premised upon the segregation of land uses. Rudimentary zoning ordinances originated in New York around 1916 as a means of separating the lower class fabric markets from the upscale retailers of 5th Avenue nearby, and to reduce density. The Standard Enabling Acts of the 1920s granted governments the broad authority to enact zoning ordinances to reduce population densities in cities for the purposes of health, safety, and well being. The United States Supreme Court upheld this authority as constitutional in the landmark case of Euclid v. Ambler Realty (1926).
In the roughly eighty years since the Euclid decision, zoning has become the planning profession's primary tool to regulate land use. While an effective policy response to issues at that time of a rapidly industrializing America, Euclidean zoning has unintentionally shaped the US landscape into a sprawling, auto-dependent society characterized by segregated communities of isolated populations.
Euclidean zoning makes it extremely difficult to mix uses. As a result, 'traditional' development patterns with high-density housing, nearby commercial, and pedestrian-friendly walkways are virtually impossible to create. Many critics suggest that zoning promulgates sprawl. In short, Euclidean zoning prevents 'good' urban design.
In recent years, new trends have emerged to address these problems to varying degrees of success. Form-Based Codes are one of the most recent planning innovations. With origins in the New Urbanist school of development, Form-Based Codes elevates physical design in city planning, as opposed to the 'use-based' restrictions of Euclidean zoning.
This paper examines whether or not Form-Based Codes could be a viable solution to the ills associated with Euclidean zoning. Benefits and drawbacks of both Euclidean zoning and Form-Based Codes are debated, including a case study analysis, as well as a discussion of legal ramifications and future scenarios in land use planning.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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de, Barros Viana Hissa Leticia. "From deforestation to forest recovery: perspectives for the Amazon under the rule of the Brazilian Forest Code." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22843.
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Die anhaltende Entwaldung tropischer Regenwälder und die damit einhergehenden sozialen und ökologischen Folgen finden zunehmend Beachtung nationaler Regierungen und zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure, die Initiativen zur Verringerung der Entwaldung und Strategien zum Schutz von Lebensräumen und Artenvielfalt entwickelt haben. Die Waldrestaurierung, d.h. die Wiederherstellung von Waldökosystemen, stellt hierbei, neben der Verringerung der Entwaldung, ein entscheidendes Ziel dar. Brasilien spielt in diesem Zusammenhang eine entscheidende Rolle. Der Großteildes Amazonas-Regenwaldes, der größte zusammenhängende tropische Regenwald der Welt, liegt auf brasilianischem Gebiet. Nahezu 18% des brasilianischen Regenwaldes sind bereits gerodet. Landspekulation, Bergbau, und Landwirtschaft stellen die stärkste Bedrohung für die Existenz des Regenwaldes dar. Im Rahmen des Pariser Abkommens hat sich Brasilien dazu verpflichtet die Netto-Entwaldung bis 2030 zu stoppen und 12 Millionen Hektar Waldökosysteme wiederherzustellen. Eine zentrale Rolle für die Umsetzung der Verpflichtung kommt dem brasilianischen Waldschutzgesetz (BFC) zu, der wichtigsten brasilianischen Umweltgesetzgebung, die die Rahmenbedingungen für die Landnutzung auf privatem Landbesitz regelt. Im brasilianischen Amazon verlangt das BFC den Schutz von 80% der natürlichen Vegetation, als sogenanntes Legal Reserves (LRs). In der neusten Gesetzesversion von 2012 wurde erstmals der Umgang mit denjenigen Landbesitzern festgelegt, die den Gesetzesvorgaben nicht entsprechen. Es wird erwartet, dass die Umsetzung des neuen BFCs auf der einen Seite den Schutz der Wälder in den LRs gewährleistet und auf der andern Seite, unter Mitwirkung der Landbesitzer, zu ein großflächige Waldrestaurierung führt. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Ziel dieser Dissertation die Potenziale des BFC für den Schutz der Ur- und den nachwachsenden Wäldern zu ermitteln. Im Speziellen habe ich in der vorliegenden Dissertation (i) die Raum-Zeitlichen Veränderungen der Waldflächen im Einflussbereich der Bundesstraße BR-163, zwischen Cuiabá und Santarém, analysiert; (ii) das Potenzial der BFC für den Schutz der des Regenwaldes und für die Waldrestaurierung bewertet; und (iii) prioritäre Gebiete für ein großflächige Waldrestaurierung, unter Einbezug von Kosten, Biodiversität und Kohlenstoffspeicherung, identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Großteil der massiven Entwaldung in der Region zwischen Cuiabá und Santarém auf privaten Grundstücken stattfand. Dies lässt auf eine weitverbreitete Nichteinhaltung des BFCs schließen. Hohe Netto-Entwaldungsraten und eine rückläufige Verbreitung nachwachsenden Waldes deutet darauf hin, dass die Region weit von einer Trendwende von Netto-Waldverlust, zu Netto-Waldzuwachs entfernt ist. Um eine Ausbreitung der Wälder voranzutreiben, ist es daher notwendig, das Management der Ur- und nachwachsenden Wälder zu verbessern. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass mehr als 6 Millionen Hektar der derzeitigen Waldregeneration geschützt und ein Drittel der LR-Defizite ausgeglichen werden könnten, wenn die nachwachsenden Wälder in die Schutzzonen der LRs einbezogen werden. Die künftige Regulierung der BFC-Ausgleichsmechanismen wird einen entscheidenden Effekt auf die Waldrestaurierung und den Schutz der Urwälder haben. Die Analyse möglicher Regulierungs-Szenarien hat deutliche Variation zwischen prioritären Gebieten für die Waldrestaurierung in Mato Grosso gezeigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Waldrestaurierung auf privaten Grundstücken entscheidend für den Schutz von Biodiversität ist. Demgegenüber zeigt sich die Wiederherstellung von Waldökosystemen auf öffentlichem Land kostengünstiger und effektiver für die Kohlenstoffspeicherung. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren die Relevanz detaillierter räumlicher Informationen zu Landbesitz und Landnutzungsänderungen, um die Auswirkungen von neuen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für den Waldschutz und die Waldrestaurierung in tropischen Gebieten zu untersuchen. Die Schätzungen der derzeit nachwachsenden Waldflache, und dessen Schutzstatus, sind entscheidend um die nationalen Ziele der Waldrestaurierung zu erreichen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass ein besseres Management von nachwachsenden Waldökosystemen durch Bundes- und Landesgesetze notwendig ist, und neue Strategien und Mechanismen, die den Schutz nachwachsenden Wäldern sicherstellen, erarbeitet werden müssen.Continued tropical forests decline has drawn concerted attention by governments and distinct sectors of the civil society, which have responded with anti-deforestation policies and conservation strategies. Alongside conservation, large-scale forest restoration is crucial for counteracting the negative impacts of deforestation on socio-ecological processes. In this context, Brazil plays a pivotal role. Most of the Amazon, the largest continuous tropical forest in the world, lies within the Brazilian territory. Nearly 18% of the Brazilian Amazon forest cover was already lost, and land speculation, mining, and agricultural expansion continue to threaten the forest. Therefore, cutting back land use change emissions is a major pillar of Brazil’s commitment to the Paris Agreement, which includes the plan to achieve zero net deforestation in the Amazon and restore 12Mha of forests countrywide by 2030. In this thesis I focused on the Brazilian Forest Code (BFC), the flagship environmental legislation governing land use in private lands of Brazil. In forestlands of the Amazon biome, the BFC requires the protection of 80% of the native vegetation as Legal Reserves (LRs). The latest version of the law, from 2012, also established the compliance conditions for past law offenders. Particularly, there are high expectations that the enforcement of the BFC will secure the protection of forests in LRs, and drive large-scale forest restoration. Therefore, my overall goal was to advance the knowledge about the potential of the BFC enforcement for the conservation of old- and regrowing forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Specifically, I (i) investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of net forest cover change for the influence area of the Cuiabá-Santarém highway, crossing the federal states of Pará and Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon; (ii) evaluated the potential of the BFC enforcement for the protection of old and regrowing forests in the Brazilian Amazon, and estimated the contribution of regrowing forests for LRs demarcation; and (iii) applied a multicriteria analysis to map priority areas for large-scale forest restoration in private and public lands of Mato Grosso, contrasting the costs of restoration with the gains for biodiversity and carbon enhancement. Results show that the Cuiabá-Santarém focus region accumulated substantial deforestation, most of which on private lands, indicating a widespread non-compliance to the BFC. High net deforestation rates and decreasing prevalence of forest regrowth on deforested lands, indicates that this region is not near experiencing a turnaround from net forest losses to net forest gains. Hence, to promote forest expansion, it will be necessary to improve old- and regrowing forests governance. In this regard, results showed that if regrowing forests are included in LRs demarcation, over 6Mha of ongoing forest regeneration could be protected, and one third of LRs deficits could be offset. Also, the future regulation of BFC compensation mechanisms will be key for determining the potential of the law for promoting restoration and old-growth forests protection additionality. Finally, a substantial variation in the spatial distribution of priority areas for forest restoration was identified across Mato Grosso, and for different scenarios. Private properties were key to enhance intensively deforested habitats, while restoration in public lands was more effective in reducing restoration costs and mitigating carbon. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the importance of detailed spatial information on land tenure and land use change in tropical areas, to support spatial planning, and address the potential of legal frameworks for promoting forest conservation and restoration. The estimates of legal protection of current regrowing forests have strong implications for Brazil’s restoration targets. They call for an improved treatment of second-growth forests by federal and state legislations, and the creation of policy and mechanisms able to secure the protection of high-value regrowing forests.
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Lövgren, Therese, and Maria Stattin. "Onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret : En studie om dagens hantering och förslag på framtida lagstiftning." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14880.
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Servitut som inte uppfyller något ändamål eller inte använts under väldigt lång tid kallas onyttiga servitut. Ett onyttigt servitut försvinner inte automatiskt från Fastighetsregistret utan kvarstår och skapar en onödig belastning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att utreda hur hanteringen av servitut kan förbättras för att minska antalet onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret. De metoder som används är en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie. I litteraturstudien undersöks svensk lagstiftning och juridisk litteratur. Utdrag ur Fastighetsregistret och förrättningsakt visas för att ge praktiska exempel. I intervjustudien intervjuas en jurist och tre förrättningslantmätare. Litteraturstudien visar att Fastighetsregistret belastas av många onyttiga servitut. Det rör sig främst om kraftledningsservitut, villaservitut och servitut för skogsfång och mulbete. Förrättningslantmätarnas arbete påverkas av dessa då de fördröjer och fördyrar förrättningar. Olika förslag har lagts fram för att förbättra hanteringen och minska uppkomsten av onyttiga servitut. I februari 2013 överlämnade regeringen en proposition till riksdagen. Propositionen innebär flera olika lagförändringar som tillsammans syftar till att minska antalet onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret. I intervjustudien framkommer att onyttiga servitut påverkar lantmätarnas arbete negativt. Förrättningar fördröjs och fördyras. Intervjudeltagarna tror att lagen om preklusion kommer ge störst effekt. Samtidigt finns en oro för ökad rättsförlust då servitut som inte är inskrivna kan förfalla vid överlåtelse. Denna studie visar att det finns ett stort behov av nya möjligheter att hantera onyttiga servitut. Det är viktigt att Fastighetsregistret är pålitligt då myndigheter, företag och privatpersoner använder uppgifter därifrån. Färre onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret skulle minska lantmätarnas utredningstid och därmed ge lägre förrättningskostnader för sakägarna.Easements that no longer fulfill a purpose or have not been used for a very long period of time are called useless easements. Useless easement are not automatically removed from the Real Property Register, they remain and creates an unnecessary load. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how to improve the handling of easements in order to reduce the number of useless easements in the Real Property Register. The methods used are literature study and interview study. The literature study investigates Swedish law text and legal literature. Extracts from the Real Property Register and cadastral dossier are presented to give practical examples. Three cadastral surveyors and one lawyer were interviewed in the study. The literature study shows that the Real Property Register contains a large number of useless easements. It mainly concerns power line easements, villa easements and easements for clearing forest. Useless easements cause delays and higher cadastral procedure costs. During the last couple of years various propositions have been presented to improve the handling of easements and decrease the number of useless easements. In February 2013 the Swedish Government presented a proposal of change of legislations to the parliament. The proposal presents a variety of changes which together aim to reduce the number of useless easements in the Real Property Register. The interview study shows that useless easements affect surveyors work in a negative way and generate higher costs for interested parties. Interview participants thinks that the proposed law to remove not renewed easements from the register will give the best effect to decrease the number of useless easements in the Real Property. At the same time they fear an increased legal loss. This study shows that there is a large need of new ways of handling useless easements. A reliable Real Property Register is very important for the users. A more reliable register would help the cadastral surveyors work and lead to lower costs for the interested parties.
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Russo, Gabriela. "Deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon-Based Settlements: A Socio-Ecological Approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143796.
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Global change is substantially led by greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (Ruddiman, 2013). In Brazil, the largest emission rates come from the forestry & land-use change sector, which historically accounts for more than half of Brazil’s emissions (SEEG, 2016a). Within the Legal Amazon, deforestation is the main driver of land-use change (TerraClass, 2014). Furthermore, Amazon-based settlements, established by Brazil’s Land Reform, play an important role in this process, as 28.6% of all Amazon deforestation stemmed from this type of land property in 2016 alone (Azevedo et al, 2016). Even though public policies aim at curbing this source of land-clearing, they often fail to achieve this goal. Hence, this thesis will analyse why policies do not efficiently prevent clear-cutting in Amazon-based settlements. This analysis is done through a multilevel comparison between political priorities and local perceptions on deforestation. The inquiry relies on text analysis to assess the Land Reform as a land-use policy and the Forest Code as a deforestation policy. It further summarizes the impressions of local family farmers collected in the fieldwork. Then it compares both results to understand why policies fail to fully curb deforestation. The main conclusion is that policies fail because they are erratic, they do not sufficiently take into account the social aspects of deforestation and they do not promote resilience in local communities. The geographical scope of the case-study is western Pará state, in which 30.8% of all deforestation occur in Amazon-based settlements (Ibidem). It is in Pará where the case-study takes place, namely the PAS Project carried out by the Amazon Environmental Research Institute. The main contribution of this thesis is to adopt a socio-ecological systems approach to compare policy priorities to local case-study results and to emphasize the interlinkages between income-generation and land-clearing.
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Nunvářová, Marie. "Zásady vedení katastru nemovitostí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233067.
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This master’s thesis deals with the basic principles of the Land Register. It compares establishment of principles in the previous legal regulation in effect until the end of year 2013 with the new legislation effective from the 1st of January 2014, when the new Civil Code No. 89/2012 Coll. and the new Cadastral Law No. 256/2013 Coll. entered into force. The new Civil Code brings large changes in the recodification of private law. Some important changes are related to the topic of this thesis, it changes the definition of immovable property, expands the range of rights registered in the cadastre and significantly affects the principles of the Land Register. The thesis explains the principles and searches for the most significant changes brought by the new legislation. Furthermore the thesis also discusses the status of the property owner. So it focuses mainly on the principle of material publicity related to the protection of good faith. The conclusion summarizes the most important changes in legislation that significantly affected the principles of the Land Register and assurance of the correct acquisition of property rights.
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Nerman, Isabell, and Jesper Andersson. "Rättelse i fastighetsregistrets inskrivningsdel : Kan det vara mer rätt att rätta mer?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298021.
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Av 19 kap. 22 § 1 st. första meningen jordabalken följer att om fastighetsregistrets inskrivningsdel innehåller någon uppenbar oriktighet som beror på inskrivningsmyndighetens eller någon annans skrivfel, på något liknande förbiseende eller på ett tekniskt fel, ska inskrivningsmyndigheten rätta uppgiften. Avseende bestämmelsen ämnar examensarbetet att fastställa gällande rätt (de lege lata), analysera rekvisiten och föreslå regelförändringar(de lege ferenda) som möjliggör att rättelse skulle kunna tillämpas i fler situationer än vad som är möjligt idag. För detta har rättsdogmatisk metod, rättsvetenskaplig metod och empirisk metod använts. Utöver de traditionella rättskällorna inkluderas empiriskt material som underrättspraxis, JO-avgöranden och intervjumaterial. Även rättelsebestämmelserna 36 § förvaltningslagen (2017:900) och 4 kap. 21 § lagen (2008:990) om företagshypotek presenteras som underlag för en avslutande jämförelse. Av slutsatserna framgår bland annat att rättelse ska tillämpas restriktivt, vilketinnebär att endast oriktigheter som tydligt uppfyller rekvisiten kan rättas. Om rättelse skulle tillämpas i fler situationer är det viktigt att den enskildes rättstrygghet inte äventyras då denne kan lida skada efter att ha förlitat sig på registeruppgifter som sedan ändras genom rättelse.19 ch. 22 § in the Land Code (Sw: jordabalken) stipulates that if the land register section of the Real Property Register contains an obvious inaccuracy which depends on the land registration authority or somebody else's clerical error, similar inadvertence or due to a technical error, the land registration authority shall correct the inaccuracy. Regarding this regulation, the purpose of this master’s thesis is to establish the law (de lege lata), analyse the necessary conditions and propose rule changes (de lege ferenda) whether correction could be applied in more situations than what is possible today. Beyond the traditional sources of law, empirical material consisting of lower court praxis, decisions from the Parliamentary ombudsmen and interview material are included. Also, the regulations regarding correction according to 36 § of the Administrative Procedure Act (Sw: förvaltningslagen (2017:900)) and 4 ch. 21 § of the Floating Charges Act (Sw: lag (2008:990) om företagshypotek) are presented as a basis for a concluding comparison. From the conclusion – for instance – it appears that 19 ch. 22 § of the Land Code has a restrictive interpretation, which means that only incorrections that in a clear way fulfil the necessary conditions can be corrected. If correction would be applied in more situations, it is important that the individual legal rights should not be compromised since a third party can suffer loss after relying on information in the register that later will be corrected.
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Sjögren, Jesper, and Frida Strömgård. "Naturen som arena : En studie i markåtkomstregler för orienteringssporten." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för Matematik, Data- och Lantmäteriteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-12797.
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Allemansrätten finns inte definierad i svensk lag, utan är baserad på sedvänja och gamla traditioner som kan dateras ända tillbaka till medeltiden. Allemansrätten är dock omnämnd i lagtexten, i regeringsformen 2 kap. 15 § 4 st. samt i miljöbalken 7 kap. 1 §. Det finns lagar som definierar de allra yttersta gränserna av allemansrätten, såsom brottsbalkens bestämmelser om bland annat åverkan, hemfridsbrott, tagande av olovlig väg och egenmäktigt förfarande. Allemansrätten är dock inte sådan att allt som inte är olagligt är tillåtet, utan allemansrätten kräver att hänsyn visas för att allemansrätten ska kunna åberopas. Även miljöbalkens 2 kap. allmänna hänsynsregler sätter gränser för vad alla som bedriver verksamhet i naturen måste följa. Exakt vad allemansrätten faktiskt tillåter är dock svårtolkat i och med avsaknaden av definition. När det gäller organiserat friluftsliv, vilket orientering klassas som, är allemansrätten än mer komplex. Alla deltagare vid ett arrangemang kan hålla sig inom allemansrättens ramar, men det betyder inte med säkerhet att arrangemanget som sådant kan arrangeras endast med stöd av allemansrätten. Studien avser att undersöka vad som krävs för att ett orienteringsarrangemang ska kunna bedrivas med stöd av allemansrätten, hur arrangörer idag säkrar åtkomst till mark för deras verksamhet samt hur kunskapsnivån angående allemansrätt och gällande lagstiftning ser ut bland arrangörer ser ut idag. En enkät skickades ut till 87 stycken föreningar i sydvästra Sverige för att undersöka hur föreningar säkrade åtkomst till mark i samband med deras verksamhet och arrangemang, vilka lagar, riktlinjer och policys som föreningar använder i samband med deras verksamhet samt om utbildning inom allemansrätten sker i föreningen. Enkäten visade att kunskapsnivån inom vissa avseenden är låg bland föreningarna. Föreningarna är bra på att genomföra samråd före arrangemang, men långt ifrån alla föreningar genomför samråd med markägare, nyttjanderättshavare och jakträttsinnehavare innan nyritning eller revidering av orienteringskartor, samt att endast åtta procent av föreningarna undervisar medlemmar i allemansrätten. Kontakt togs med myndigheter och förbund för att höra hur de ser på organiserat friluftsliv. De som kontaktades var Svenska Orienteringsförbundet, Naturvårdsverket, Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götaland samt Lantbrukarnas Riksförbund, LRF. Resultaten som erhölls från detta visade att det finns lite olika tolkningar på hur allemansrätten ska tillämpas. Svenska Orienteringsförbundet hävdar att allemansrätten är tillämplig vid tävlings- och träningsverksamhet och att inget formellt tillstånd krävs från markägaren, förutom för områdena som krävs för parkering, mål, start etc. Samråd ska dock ske med markägare, nyttjanderättshavare och jakträttsinnehavare före kartritning och arrangemang. LRF säger i princip samma sak, alla arrangemang kräver samråd med markägaren och andra nyttjanderättshavare, men de säger också att denne kan säga nej till ett arrangemang om det riskerar att skada naturen eller störa markägarens intressen. Naturvårdsverket sade att det inte går att generalisera allemansrätten, utan att enskilda bedömningar vid varje tillfälle måste göras. Slutsatsen som kan dras sett ur detta är att allemansrätten är tämligen komplex och att dra konkreta gränser för när allemansrätten gäller och inte gäller i samband med orienteringsverksamhet är svårt. Olika marktyper påverkas i olika grad när människor passerar, och vad som kan vara tillåten påverkan på en viss marktyp kan vara otillåten på en annan. Markägaren får inte eller åsamkas påtaglig skada eller olägenhet för att arrangemanget ska omfattas av allemansrätten, och vad som är påtaglig skada är även det svårdefinierat.The right of public access is not defined in Swedish law but is based on custom and ancient traditions dating back to the Middle Ages. However, the right of access is mentioned in the legal text, in RF 2 chapter 15 § 4 pcs. as well as in MB 7 chapter 1 §. There are laws that define the utmost limits of the right of public access, such as the rules of brottsbalken such as åverkan, hemfridsbrott, tagande av olovlig väg and egenmäktigt förfarande. However, the right of public access does not define that everything that is not illegal is permitted, and the right of public access requires that respect is shown. Chapter 2 of miljöbalken, Allmänna hänsynsregler m.m. set limits for what all those engaged in activities in nature must follow. In terms of organized outdoor activities, which orienteering is classed as, the right of public access is even more complex. All participants in an event can be within the limits of the right of public access, but it does not mean that the entire event can be held solely based on the right of public access if the damage or disturbance done by all participants is too high. The study intends to investigate what is required for an orienteering event to be conducted based on the right of public access, how organizers today secure access to land for their events and how the level of knowledge regarding the right of public access and current law is today. A survey was sent to 87 associations in southwestern Sweden to investigate how associations secured access to land in connection with their activities and arrangements, which laws, guidelines and policies used by associations in connection with their activities as well as on education in the right of public access are in the association. The survey showed that the level of knowledge in some respects is low among the associations. The associations are good at conducting consultations prior to arrangements, but far from all associations contacted landowners, usufructuaries and owners of hunting rights prior to the making of orienteering maps. Also, only 8% of the associations teach members in right of public access. Contact was taken with authorities and federations to hear how they look at organized outdoor activities. Those who were contacted were the Swedish Orienteering Association, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the County Administrative Board and the Federation of Swedish Farmers. The results obtained from this showed that there are several interpretations on how the right of public access is applied. The Swedish Orienteering Association claims that the right of public access is applicable to all events and that no formal permission is required from the landowner, but consultation with the landowner, any usufructuaries and gamekeeper should always be held. The Federation of Swedish Farmers also says that consultation with the landowner, any usufructuaries and owners of hunting rights always is necessary and that they can deny access if the event has any risk of damaging or disturbing either the nature or the landowner’s interests. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in their assessment said that it is not possible to generalize when the right of public access is applicable, without individual assessments at every individual situation. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that the right to public access is quite complex and to lay down concrete limits for when the right of public access applies and not applicable in connection with orienteering events is difficult. Different land types are affected to a different extent when people pass, and what may be allowed impact in one area may not be allowed on another. Landowners shall not receive or incur material injury or inconvenience for the event to be covered by the right of public access, and what is material injury is also difficult to define.
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Kselíková, Tereza. "Institucionální rámec realitní činnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233094.
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Presented diploma thesis deals with concepts from the real estate practice and people, who are employed in this practice. The thesis provides a look at contracts used in the real estate practice and their changes according to the passing of the new Civil code. The thesis is mapping changes in the real estate business as a follow-up to the passing ot the new cadastral act. Focus is also put on new definitions of some terms related to the real estate branch, as the new Civil code stipulates. The thesis studies present level of education of real estate brokers and possibilities of further education in this branch. Within the scope of the diploma thesis a questionnaire has been elaborated, which mapps fundamental issues of the real estate business. The questionnaire is also focused on prepared bill about providing of services of the real estate brokers.
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Blažejová, Adriana. "Zásady vedení katastru nemovitosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233143.
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This master´s thesis deals with the basic principles of the Land Register, comparing those principles on the basis of previous legal regulation in effect until the end of 2013 and current legislation, where from the 1st January 2014 came to force Act no. 256/2013 Coll., on Land Registry (Cadastral Act) and Act no. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code. Many changes, important for principles of the cadastre, are enshrined in these regulations. Thesis describes particular principles and states the most important changes, that occured in connection with the new legislation. It explains these changes theoretically and also practically on simple examples for better understanding of the principle.
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Uhl, Philip J. "A Spatio-Temporal Data Model for Zoning." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1.
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Planning departments are besieged with temporal/historical information. While for many institutions historical information can be relegated to archives, planning departments have a constant need to access and query their historical information, particularly their historical spatial information such as zoning. This can be a cumbersome process fraught with inaccuracies due to the changing organizational methods and the extended historical legacies of most municipalities. Geographic Information Systems can be a tool to provide a solution to the difficulties in querying spatio-temporal planning data. Using a data model designed specifically to facilitate the querying of historical zoning information, queries can be performed to answer basic zoning questions such as "what is the zoning history for a specific parcel of land?" This work outlines this zoning data model, its implementation, and its testing using queries basic to the needs of planning departments.
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Juric, Marija. "Upphävande av ledningsrätt i vattenområde : Hur hanteras eventuell miljöskada inom Stockholms län." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21946.
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I dagens samhälle är vi beroende av elkraft, vatten- och avloppsförsörjning, bredband och andra ledningar som är till stor nytta för människor och infrastruktur. För att säkra rätten att dra fram ledningar för olika ändamål bildas det ofta ledningsrätter. Samhällen förändras över tiden och själva tekniken moderniseras. Befintliga ledningar räcker inte till vilket gör att behov av fler ledningar och ledningsrätter uppstår. Ledningar och anläggningar som tjänat ut sitt ändamål ändras eller upphävs. Frågan uppstår då vad som händer med ledningar och dess anordningar efter det att de tjänat ut sitt ändamål. Hur hanteras eventuell miljöskada? När det skrivs om bildande, ändring och/eller upphävande av ledningsrätter går tankarna oftast till själva processen samt kring nytta av ändamål och syfte som ledningsrätten uppfyller. Själva miljöaspekten är något som det inte pratas lika mycket om. När ledningar befinner sig på sjöbotten eller blir kvarlämnade efter att de tjänat ut sitt ändamål pågår nedbrytning av materialet som sprids ut i vattnet. De metoder som har använts i arbetet är: (1) en juridisk studie där rättslägget undersöks och beskrivs; (2) en intervjustudie för att analysera hur Lantmäteriet och Länsstyrelsen ser på problematiken kring ledningar som lämnas kvar i vatten efter att ledningsrätt har upphävts samt en intervjustudie för att analysera i vilket mån är fastighetsägarna och ledningsrättshavarna informerade om själva problematiken kring ledningar som finns kvar i vattnet efter att ledningsrätt har upphävts och vem de anser har ansvar att ta bort ledningar för att återställa miljö i vattenområde; (3) en granskning av förrättningsakter för att analysera om tillräcklig information ges ut till fastighetsägarna och ledningsrättshavarna om vad som kommer att hända med ledningar efter att dessa tjänat ut sitt syfte och att analysera om någon miljöbedömning gjorts avseende miljöpåverkan av ledningar i vattenområde. Resultatet och slutsatsen av examensarbetet ger svar på frågan om den gällande lagstiftningen tar hänsyn till miljö under iordningsställande av ledningsrätten, vilka brister som råder kring hantering av miljöfrågor och hur dessa brister skulle kunna åtgärdas.In today's society we are dependent on electricity, water and sewage treatment, broadband and other lines, which are of great benefit to people and infrastructure. In order to secure the right to draw up cables for different purposes are formed often rights. Communities change over time, and the technology itself modernized. Existing utility easements are not sufficient, which means that the need for more cables and rights occurs. Existing pipelines and facilities that served their purpose, amended or repealed. The question arises what happens with the lines and the devices after they served their purpose. How is environmental damage managed? When written about the establishment, amendment and / or termination of utility easements there is usually suggest of the process itself as well as about the advantage of object and purpose of the utility easement which it meet. The environmental aspect is something that is not talked about as much. When the cables are on the bottom of the lake, or gets left behind after they served their purpose, it starts ongoing degradation of the material out in the water. What happened is – impact on environmental and thereby also people's life quality. The methods used in the work are: (1) a legal study of legal position examined and described; (2) an interview to analyze how the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority and the County Board looks at the problem of wiring left in the water after a utility easement has been repealed and an interview study to analyze to what extent are the property owners and proprietor of the utility easement informed about the problem of cables left in the water after the utility easement right has been revoked and who they think has the responsibility to remove the cables to restore the environment in the water area; (3) a review of the ordinance acts to analyze whether sufficient information is given out to the property owners and proprietor of the utility easement about what will happen to the cables after they served their purpose and to analyze whether an environmental assessment has been made regarding the environmental impact of the cables in the water area. The results and the conclusion of the thesis answers the question whether current legislation including the environment during the preparation of utility easement, identifying gaps about the management of environmental issues and how these gaps could be fixed.
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Van, Zyl N. J. W. "Land-use transport strategies to cope with suburbanisation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52913.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Suburbanisation is a world-wide phenomenon and is characterised by the decline of central business districts and accelerated growth of commercial activities in the suburbs. The impact of suburbanisation is wide-spread and multi-dimensional, affecting the whole urban system in terms of its structure, activity and transport patterns. In South Africa, suburbanisation, together with the impact of the former group areas policy, has made suburban developments less accessible to the low-income groups living on the edges of the metropolitan area. Planners have proposed various urban densification strategies for the rather unique problems of the spatially inefficient South African cities, including corridor development along main public transport routes and the development of activity nodes. In order to implement these urban densification strategies successfully, it is important to understand the locational choice behaviour of business managers, and the factors that will attract them to locate in a certain area. This will enable metropolitan authorities to evaluate and implement the best policies to promote development of priority corridors and nodes The research for this dissertation was motivated by the extensive problems of suburbanisation, the lack of knowledge on the relative impact of land-use transport factors on the locational choices of businesses, and the apparent limited application of stated preference (SP) survey techniques and discrete choice models to spatial choices of businesses for urban planning purposes. The main objectives of the research were to determine the locational choice behaviour of retail businesses in strategic spatial terms, and how this knowledge can best be used to manage suburbanisation. The dissertation reviews intemational and South African studies on the planning and policies of the main role players in the urban system relating to retail suburbanisation, i.e. the planning authority, retail firms and consumers. The dissertation discusses the results of the market research that was done among Cape Town retailers located in the CSO, and in low- and high-income suburbs. The survey collected quantitative information regarding the locational choice factors of retail managers, importance ratings of choice factors as well as stated preferences for CSO and suburban locations. The calibration results of various discrete locational choice models are discussed, including elasticities of choice factors obtained from model applications to the SP data. The development of a spreadsheet locational choice model based on typical characteristics of CSO and suburban locations is subsequently discussed. Elasticities of choice factors from the application of the spreadsheet model were determined and the model was also used to test a decentralisation trend scenario and a managed suburbanisation scenario. The dissertation makes conclusions and recommendations regarding the most important locational choice factors of retail managers, and the most effective policies and strategies for metropolitan authorities to manage suburbanisation and promote urban densification. The performance of SP models applied to spatial choices are also evaluated and recommendations are made regarding their application and further research needs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stedelike desentralisasie is 'n wêreldwye verskynsel wat gekenmerk word deur die verval van sentrale sakegebiede (SSG) en die snelle groei van handelsbedrywighede in voorstede. Die impak van desentralisasie is verreikend en multi-dimensioneel en beïnvloed die hele stadstelsel in terme van sy struktuur, aktiwiteite and reispatrone. In Suid Afrika het desentralisasie saam met die impak van die voormalige groepsgebiedebeleid voorstedelike ontwikkelings minder toeganklik gemaak vir die lae-inkomstegroepe wat op die rand van die metropolitaanse gebiede woon. Beplanners het verskeie stadsverdigtingstrategieë, insluitende korridorontwikkeling langs hoofvervoerroetes en die ontwikkeling van aktiwiteitsnodusse voorgestelom die unieke probleme van die ruimtelik ondoeltreffende Suid-Afrikaanse stede die hoof te bied. Om hierdie stadsverdigtingstrategieë suksesvol te implementeer, is dit egter belangrik om die liggingskeusegedrag van besigheidsbestuurders, sowel as die faktore wat hulle beweeg om hulle in 'n spesifieke gebied te vestig, te verstaan. Hierdie kennnis sal metropolitaanse owerhede in staat stelom beleid te evalueer en die beste beleidsopsies te implementeer om die ontwikkeling van voorkeurkorridors en nodusse te bevorder. Die navorsing vir hierdie verhandeling is gemotiveer deur die omvattende probleme wat deur stedelike desentralisasie veroorsaak word, die gebrek aan kennis oor die relatiewe impak van grondgebruik-vervoerfaktore op die liggingskeuse van besighede, en die klaarblyklik beperkte toepassing van verklaardevoorkeuropnametegnieke (V V) en diskrete-keusemodelle op die liggingskeuses van besighede vir stadsbeplanningsdoeleindes. Die hoofdoelstellings van die navorsing was om die liggingskeusegedrag van kleinhandelbesighede in strategiese ruimtelike terme te bepaal en vas te stel hoe hierdie kennis gebruik kan word om stedelike desentralisasie te bestuur. In hierdie verhandeling word 'n oorsig gegee van die internasionale en Suid- Afrikaanse studies oor die beplanning en beleid van die belangrikste rolspelers in the stadstelsel wat desentralisasie van kleinhandel betref, naamlik die beplanningsowerheid, kleinhandelfirmas en verbruikers. Die resultate van marknavorsing onder kleinhandelaars vanuit Kaapstad se SSG en lae- en hoë-inkomstevoorstede, word bespreek. Die opname het kwantitatiewe inligting oor die liggingskeusefaktore van kleinhandelaars, die belangrikheid wat hulle aan keusefaktore heg, en hulle verklaarde voorkeure ten opsigte van vestiging in die SSG of die voorstede, ingesamel. Die kalibrasieresultate van verskeie diskretekeusemodelle word bespreek, insluitende die elastisiteite van keusefaktore wat deur die toepassing van die modelop V V-data verkry is. Vervolgens word die ontwikkeling van 'n liggingskeusemodel in 'n spreitabel wat op tipiese kenmerke van SSG- en voorstedelike liggings gebaseer is, bespreek. Elastisteite van die liggingsfaktore is bepaal deur die toepassing van die spreitabelmodel, en die model is ook gebruik om 'n desentraliasietendensscenario en 'n bestuurdedesentralisasiescenario te toets. Ten slotte word daar gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings gemaak oor die belangrikste liggingskeusefaktore van kleinhandelaars, en die mees effektiewe beleidsopsies en strategieë wat metropolitaanse owerhede kan volg om stedelike desentralisasie te bestuur en stadsverdigting te bevorder. Die werkverrigting van V V-modelle wanneer dit op die liggingskeuse van besighede toegepas word, word ook geëvalueer en aanbevelings word gemaak oor die toepassing daarvan en verdere navorsing wat nodig is
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Parke, Teresia, and Theres Vidman. "Verkan på befintliga servitut vid fastighetsbildning : En studie av lagstiftningen och den praktiska tillämpningen." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-11386.
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Syftet med denna uppsatts är att utreda hur befintliga servitut påverkas vid fastighetsbildning– vad som gäller enligt svenskt regelverk och hur det tillämpas praktiskt. Fastighetsbildning innebär förändring av fastigheter, genom antingen nybildning eller ombildning. Ett servitut är en begränsad rättighet som är belägen på en fastighet, som belastas av rättigheten, och som får nyttjas av en annan fastighet, som har förmån av rättigheten. I samband med fastighetsbildning kan befintliga servitut komma att påverkas på olika sätt. De metoder som använts är: (1) en litteraturgranskning där den svenska lagstiftningen studeras; (2) en fallstudie där utförda förrättningar studerats om huruvida befintliga servitut påverkats vid fastighetsbildning och (3) en intervjustudie med yrkesverksamma förrättningslantmätare som arbetar på Lantmäteriet. Undersökt litteratur visar att Jordabalken och Fastighetsbildningslagen reglerar hur befintliga servitut påverkas vid fastighetsbildning. Utredningen visar att olika typer av servitut påverkas på olika sätt, och att olika lagrum tillämpas för olika typer av fastighetsbildningsåtgärder. Resultaten från litteraturstudien presenteras i en sammanställning som kallas Lagrumsguide för hantering av befintliga servitut vid fastighetsbildning. Fallstudien uppvisar att följderna för verkan på servitut vid fastighetsbildning grundas på lagstiftningen, men det är ovanligt att laghänvisningar anges i förrättningsakterna. I intervjustudien framkommer att Lantmäteriet har egna riktlinjer för hantering av servitut, men att riktlinjerna inte direkt visar vilka lagrum som hanteringen grundar sig på. Studien uppvisar att den praktiska hanteringen av befintliga servitut vid fastighetsbildning fungerar väl inom Lantmäteriet, med undantag för att det råder tolkningssvårigheter av vissa begrepp. Lagrumsguiden som skapades kan ses som ett komplement för att underlätta arbetet för många yrkesverksamma förrättningslantmätare och vara behjälplig i utbildningssyfte, eftersom lantmätarna inte alltid är säkra på vilka lagrum som faktiskt tillämpas.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how existing easements are affected when a property is reforming, according to Swedish real estate law and how the easements actually are dealt with in practice. Property formation implies modification of property, either as creation of new property units or the change of already existing properties. An easement is a limited property right, located on a property which serves another property with an advantageous right to utilize this located area in a specific way. In connection with property formation, existing easements can be affected in different ways. The methods used are: (1) a literature study of the Swedish Real Estate Law with connected literature; (2) a case study of authority documents, in which affections of existing easements within property formation are studied; and (3) an interview study in which interviews are performed with land surveyors from the Swedish Ordnance Survey (Lantmäteriet). The results from the literature review show that different forms of easements can be affected diversely according to the Swedish Land Code (Jordabalken) and the Real Property Formation Act (Fastighetsbildningslagen), and different sections of the law are relevant for different kinds of property formation. The results from the literature study have been summarized in a quick reference guide, called Guide to sections of law for handling of existing easements within real property formation. The case study shows that the effects of the easements within property formation are grounded in the legislation, but it is unusual with references to sections of the law in the authority documents. The interview study shows that Lantmäteritet has its own guidelines for handling of the easements, but it does not show which sections of law the handling is based on. This study shows that most of the practical handling of existing easements when property is reformed is well-operated within Lantmäteriet, with the exception of some translation confusions regarding certain concepts. The reference guide which has been created can be used as a facilitating supplement for many land surveyors in their work, and that it can be helpful in education, as not everyone is sure of which part of the law that is actually used in the decisions.
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Wong, Wing-Tak Kenneth. "A speech coder design for land mobile radio communications." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237531.
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Hum, Eddy N. (Eddy Ning) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Electrical. "Burst-trapping codes for the land mobile data channel." Ottawa, 1988.
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Richard, David. "De la propriété du sol en volume." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020045/document.
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La propriété foncière du Code civil, unitaire par principe, s’accommode difficilement de l’ubiquité du droit de superficie, comme en attestent les incessants débats doctrinaux sur le sujet. Le volume immobilier moderne a répondu aux besoins de division du sol du corps social. Toutefois, en dématérialisant l’immeuble, le volume déstabilise fortement la théorie classique de la propriété. La présente thèse définit un concept de sol appropriable et divisible dans le sens de la hauteur, sans renier la propriété du code. Pour cela, le sol, incluant le dessous et le dessus, est perçu comme relevant du monde tangible. Ce bien est ensuite appréhendé en trois dimensions par un procédé de géométrisation. Le sol volumique correspond à une nouvelle phase plus abstraite de conceptualisation du sol. Cependant, la chose sensible signifiée par le concept, le sol ou fonds de terre selon les juristes demeure la même ; seule sa représentation a évolué. Dans cette perspective, le sol en volume devient individualisable et appropriable sur le modèle du sol parcellisé en deux dimensions, indispensable à une propriété individuelle et exclusive. Ainsi, la propriété du Code civil via ses dispositions actuelles, notamment les articles 552, 518 et 544, s’applique à un volume immobilier comme à une parcelle. Ce modèle de propriété passant de l’unité à la division, est complété par un droit de superficie simple, droit réel fondé sur les articles 553, 543 du Code civil et le droit de jouissance spéciale. Suivant la thèse moniste, la propriété du sol en volume, qui n’est autre que le concept de propriété du code appliqué à un sol tridimensionnel, concilie la théorie classique de la propriété et celle du doyen SavatierThe concept of land property in the Civil Code, unitary by principle, has always been in difficulty when facing the ubiquitous “droit de superficie”, as evidenced by the never-ending doctrinal debates. The modern concept of property “volume” has responded to the social need for division of the land. However, with volume, real estate properties become incorporeal things and destabilize the classical theory of property, which is synonymous with corporeal things. This thesis defines a concept of land property appropriable and divisible relative to height, compatible with the Civil Code’s land law. For this, land, including the subjacent and superjacent domains, is perceived as part of the tangible world. This land is then comprehended in three dimensions via a geometrical approach. Land with three-dimensional significance corresponds to a new phase of conceptualization of the land that is more abstract. The physical part, however, which the concept refers to, ie the land, remains the same; only its representation has evolved. Applying this perspective, the land expressed as a volume becomes a unit appropriable on the model of land divided in two dimensions. Consequently, the concept of property in the Civil Code under its current wording, notably clause 552, but also 518 and 544, applies to land expressed as a volume as to a parcel. This property model able to divide the land vertically as well as horizontally is also capable to organize a land division comparable to a long lease. This complementary concept is based on clauses 553, 543 of the Civil Code. Developing the monistic thesis, the ownership of the land when seen as a volume reconciles the theory of the dean Savatier and the classical theory of property
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Adámek, Jiří. "ASPEKTY OCEŇOVÁNÍ PRÁVA STAVBY." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234320.
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Dissertation work deals problems Law Of Building in relations to new Civil Code No. 89/2012 Sb. (NOZ - new Civil Code) Legal regulations are for all new and rather are in common level. Supplying present, more than 40 years old Civil Code new recipe, presents revolutionary changes in civil right. NCC starting from the another ideological, political and terminological bases. With new Civil Code loom incomming new questions: What will real property and what will no. What kind of law is possible newly to real property to establish. How will new property owners limited. Important is appreciate, that by the new Civil Code was cancelled current Civil Code, so and current Business Code too. New legal regulations cancelles more than 238 law regulations. All the law, which affected law relations to real property are cancelled. Contribution is solving the problems and summaries the cases, where would had Building Law to do. Result of the dissertation work is:
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Sev?, Jana?na Tude. "A m?o que afaga ? a mesma que apedreja: preservando a natureza que ? poss?vel! Propriedade da terra, classes dominantes e representa??o pol?tica no Brasil contempor?neo ? a reforma do C?digo Florestal Brasileiro de 1965." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1293.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This doctoral thesis deals with the ruling classes, private ownership of land and the nature and political representation in Brazil Republican. Situated in the field of study of the agrarian question, focuses on the role of agrarian elites in the drafting and revision of legal texts on environmental preservation and ownership of natural resources, pointing to the processes and relationships that permeates and dialectically structured the State . It assumes that private property is one of the structural elements of inequality between classes and, consequently, is instituted and instituting policies representations that make up the state in general, and especially Brazil. Addressing the process of formation of laws, while playing field, aims to understand the power relations between classes as has been legitimized in the Brazilian agrarian reality. For such analyzes the action of Agriculture of the Parliamentary Front (APF), also known as caucus, in the face of environmental and land legislation. More specifically rescues the Brazilian Forest Code (Decree n. 23,793 / 34 /, Law no. 4,771 / 65 and Law no. 12,651 / 12), with an emphasis on recent process 1965 Code reform, to identify as political representation ruralistas of interests is organized, clear and positions in political institutional process. This study identifies that, despite the economic dominance and privileged status in the social hierarchy represented by the power of large farmers in our society, rural employers classes and agroindustrial not give up take and act on institutional policy, be present in the democratic and interfere with its rules. Acting in state spheres and with civil society producing consensus and weaving alliances are complementary actions and integrate the building strategies of its hegemony. Thus the research has focused on the narratives and discourses of legislative documents relating to the Forest Code, the parliamentary speeches in the course of the Brazilian Forest Code reform bill of 1965 in the House of Representatives, as well as in street mobilizations - hearts and minds - promoted by the caucus in partnership with trade unions and non-unions of rural employer representation. It was possible that, through legal reform, the ruling classes in the field is expanding and diversifying its spaces, forms and political action strategies to legitimize their structural interests as the owner class that is the absolute right of private property and the monopoly on their instruments of economic, environmental and social regulation.
Esta tese de doutorado versa sobre as classes dominantes, a propriedade privada sobre a terra e a natureza e a representa??o pol?tica no Brasil republicano. Situada no campo de estudos da quest?o agr?ria, foca a atua??o das elites agr?rias no processo de elabora??o e revis?o dos textos legais sobre a preserva??o ambiental e a apropria??o dos recursos naturais, apontando para os processos e rela??es que permeia e, dialeticamente, estruturam o Estado. Parte do pressuposto que a propriedade privada ? um dos elementos estruturantes da desigualdade entre as classes e que, consequentemente, ? institu?da e instituinte das representa??es pol?ticas que comp?em o Estado em geral, e o brasileiro especialmente. Ao abordar o processo de forma??o das leis, enquanto campo de disputa, visa compreender as rela??es de poder entre as classes tal como vem sendo legitimadas na realidade agr?ria brasileira. Para tal analisa a a??o da Frente Parlamentar da Agropecu?ria (FPA), tamb?m conhecida como bancada ruralista, frente ?s legisla??es ambiental e agr?ria. Mais especificamente resgata os C?digos Florestais brasileiros (Dec. n. 23.793/34/, Lei n. 4.771/65 e Lei n. 12.651/12), com ?nfase no processo recente de reforma do C?digo de 1965, visando identificar como a representa??o pol?tica dos interesses ruralistas se organiza, manifesta e posiciona no processo pol?tico institucional. O presente estudo identifica que, a despeito da domina??o econ?mica e do status privilegiado na hierarquia social representadas pelo poder dos ruralistas em nossa sociedade, as classes patronais rurais e agroindustriais n?o abrem m?o de ocupar e atuar na pol?tica institucional, se fazer presente no jogo democr?tico e interferir em suas regras. Atuar nas esferas estatais e junto ? sociedade civil produzindo consensos e tecendo alian?as s?o a??es complementares e integram as estrat?gias de constru??o de sua hegemonia. Deste modo a pesquisa se debru?ou sobre as narrativas e discursos dos documentos legislativos relativos aos C?digos Florestais, dos discursos parlamentares durante a tramita??o do projeto de reforma do C?digo Florestal Brasileiro de 1965 na C?mara dos Deputados, bem como nas mobiliza??es de rua ? cora??es e mentes ? promovidas pela bancada ruralista em parceria com organiza??es sindicais e n?o sindicais de representa??o patronal rural. Foi poss?vel identificar que, atrav?s da reforma legal, as classes dominantes no campo vem ampliando e diversificando seus espa?os, formas e estrat?gias de a??o pol?tica, para legitimar um de seus interesses estruturantes enquanto classe propriet?ria que ? o direito absoluto da propriedade privada e o monop?lio sobre seus instrumentos de regula??o econ?mica, ambiental e social.
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Trabelsi, Chokri. "RS codes and linear prediction techniques for land mobile satellite channels." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5763.
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Reed-Solomon codes as nonbinary block codes with multiple burst-error-correcting capability are well suited for error control in fading channels. This thesis studies the effectiveness of Reed Solomon codes and provides a complete characterization of these codes for a class of land mobile satellite communication channels. Earlier studies on the performance of RS codes in mobile satellite channels did not consider shadowing. Furthermore, they considered only the slow fading case. In our simulation the effect of shadowing is taken into consideration and a fast fading assumption is used with system fading bandwidths of 1 to 10 percent of the transmission rate. This range of normalized fading bandwidths corresponds to vehicle speeds from 15 to 60 mph at bit rate of 2400 bps and 4800 bps for L-band carrier frequency. BER performance results show that RS codes can provide large improvement, however there is still 5 to 20 dB discrepancy between the performance in an AWGN channel and LMSAT channel. Therefore to obtain further improvement a novel receiver structure which employs fading prediction in conjunction with RS codes has been introduce and analyzed. With practical predictor lengths, simulated performance results show that the proposed technique greatly reduces the performance degradation caused by the fading channel.
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偉, 侯., and Wei Hou. "Spatial coupling of serially-concatenated codes." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12953119/?lang=0, 2016. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12953119/?lang=0.
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Mustakangas, Sanna, and Jenny Tallheden. "Upplåtelse av allmän plats för enskilt ändamål." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för Matematik, Data- och Lantmäteriteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-14253.
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Kommuner har planmonopol i Sverige vilket innebär att de har ensamrätt att ta fram och anta detaljplaner. En detaljplan reglerar hur kommunens mark- och vattenområden ska användas och upplåtas. I planen regleras vilken mark som ska utgöra allmän plats och kvartersmark. Allmän plats är sådan mark som parker, natur, torg eller vägar som är till för allmänhetens behov. Upplåtelser av allmän plats får i regel inte ske för enskilt ändamål, då den allmänna platsen är till och upplåten för allmänna intressen. Platsens användning ska redovisas i plankartan med tillhörande planbestämmelser som är juridiskt bindande. Således ska den allmänna platsen bland annat vara tillgänglig för utryckningsfordon. Fastighetsbildning ska ske i överenstämmelse med gällande detaljplan. Vid beslut om en fastighetsbildningsåtgärd kan kommunen i sitt planerande bedöma en åtgärd som en mindre avvikelse enligt fastighetsbildningslagen 3:2 om det inte motverkar syftet med planen. Det har ifrågasatts om det är tillåtet att upplåta allmän plats för enskilt ändamål. Vissa kommuner menar att syftet med den allmänna platsen försvinner om den upplåts för ett enskilt intresse. Andra menar att det finns behov. Skälen som har använts är mindre avvikelse från detaljplan, att syftet med detaljplanen inte motverkas samt att den allmänna platsens tillgänglighet för allmänheten inte påverkas i större mån. I studien framgår att tillfälliga upplåtelser regleras i ordningslagen och upplåts med ett polistillstånd. Permanenta upplåtelser regleras i jordabalken samt i fastighetsbildningslagen och kan upplåtas via nyttjanderättsavtal eller servitut. I denna studie avser den allmänna platsen den som anges i plan- och bygglagen samt motsvarande definition av offentlig plats i ordningslagen. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva rättsläget kring upplåtelse av allmän plats för enskilt ändamål. Studien ska även ge svar på hur utvalda kommuner och lantmäterimyndigheter förhåller sig till frågan. Vidare avser den att belysa de bakomliggande motiv som de utvalda myndigheterna har för sina beslut. Studien har avgränsats till att endast behandla upplåtelser i form av nyttjanderätter och servitut. Efter genomförd studie kan vi konstatera att enskilda upplåtelser förekommer på allmänplats. Kommuner upplåter den allmänna platsen främst med motiveringen som en mindre avvikelse från detaljplan och att syftet med platsen inte motverkas. Vidare konstaterar studien att det råder delade meningar om lagstiftningen bör förtydligas eller ändras. I dagsläget kan författarna till denna studie se att frågan om upplåtelser av allmän plats bör hanteras tidigt i planprocessen. Genom att få in frågan tidigt kan myndigheterna undvika en tidskrävande och dyr planändring. Vi ser även att det finns ett behov av att ändra eller förtydliga lagstiftningen.Municipalities have the plan monopoly which means that they have the exclusive right to produce and adopt detailed plans. A detailed development plan regulates how land and water areas should be used and granted. The plan regulates which land that should constitute a land for public space and an area for building sites. Public space is for example land as parks, nature, squares or roads that are made for the public's needs. Public spaces are usually not allowed to be leased for private interests as they are made for public interests. The use of the site's must be reported in the map for the detailed plan, with associated plan regulations that both are legally conclusive. The public spaces should, among other things, also be available for emergency vehicles. Property formations should compliance with the current detailed plan. Minor deviations from the detailed plan can be made if the deviations are compatible with the purpose of the plan, according to the Real Property Formation Act 3:2. It has been questioned if it´s allowed to lease public spaces for private interests. Certain municipalities mean that the purpose with the public spaces disappears if it is leased for a private interest, but other municipalities think that there is a need. The selected authorities' reasons for the leases are minor deviation from the detailed plan, that the purpose of the detailed plan is not counteracted and that the public place's accessibility to the public is not affected that much. This thesis clear that land which is leased temporary regulates in the Order Act of Sweden and is leased with a police license. Permanent leases regulate in the Code of Land Laws forms part of the Statute Book of Sweden as well as in the Property Formation Act and make the leases with a use agreement or an easement. In this thesis public spaces definition that specifies in the Planning and Building Act and the corresponding definition in the Order Act of Sweden. The purpose of the thesis is to describe the legal situation concerning private leases on public places. The study is supposed to describe how four municipalities and two land survey authorities deal with the issue. The study also intends to clarify the underlying motives that the selected authorities have for their decisions. There are several rights to apply for private interests in public spaces. The authors of this thesis have defined to only investigate whether it is possible to grant land for private interests through easements or rights of user. After completing the study, we can conclude that there are shared opinions about whether the legislation should be clarified or changed. The authors of this study can see that the issue of granting public space should be dealt with early in the planning process. To start setting the issue up early, the authorities can avoid a time-consuming and expensive change of plan. We also can see that there is a need to change or clarify the legislation.
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Pruch, Jared. "How Do Conservation Land Trusts Come to Embrace Agriculture? A Case Study from Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22732.
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In part because of the state’s unique land use system, Oregon’s land trusts have largely focused their efforts on the protection of lands with wildlife habitat values, rather than productive agricultural land. And yet a confluence of contemporary trends – including population growth, aging farmer-landowners, and a growing regard for the conservation values embedded in well-stewarded farmland – are causing some land trusts to re-evaluate their conservation priorities. By conducting in-depth interviews with land trust staff and board members, farmers and ranchers, and land use advocates around the state, my work seeks to make transparent the network of influences underlying this shift. Making use of nonprofit management theory, I argue that land trusts change their conservation priorities through a combination of environmental assessment and managerial vision. Several predictors – willingness to innovate, agricultural representation within the organization, and community priorities – increase the likelihood that land trusts will include farmland as a conservation priority.
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Li, Guoliang. "Physical Layer Design for a Spread Spectrum Wireless LAN." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36586.
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A wireless local area network (LAN) system is proposed to provide mobility for existing data communication services. This thesis presents a physical layer design for a direct sequence spread spectrum ISM band radio LAN system. This radio system employs spread spectrum communication technology and a differential binary phase shift keying/quadrature phase shift keying (BPSK/QPSK) non-coherent receiver to overcome the adverse indoor wireless environment. Moreover, a variable data rate transmission technique is used to dynamically configure the spread spectrum system according to channel performance. This physical layer incorporates the Zilog Z2000 Evaluation Board performing direct sequence spread spectrum processing, a Grayson 900 MHz radio receiver and a transmitter module which was designed and built at Virginia Tech. The transmitted spectrum occupies a 4 MHz bandwidth in the 900 MHz ISM band and this system supports a data rate of up to 363 Kbits/sec. The spread spectrum system design along with detailed descriptions of hardware and control software development are presented.Master of Science
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Matějka, Martin. "Vliv ceny pozemku na obvyklou cenu stavby a jeho změna v důsledku NOZ." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227555.
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The Thesis deals with impact of land price on the usual price of building and its change due to code no. 89/2012. The impact was determined based on market prices of lands and buildings retrieved from real estate databases. From statistically processed data was found out a 75% correlation between the market price of building and land. For numerical description the impact of land price on the usual price of building was assembled an equation. With this equation can be from land price roughly estimated usual price of building. The results of this thesis can contribute to speeding-up the process of initial estimation of usual price, as well as presents a way of displaying location, price, distribution of data and frequency of equal prices in one graph.
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Minnicelli, Jo?o Luiz Portolan Galv?o. "Regulariza??o fundi?ria em ?reas de prote??o permanente (APP s) : conflitos das gest?es urban?stica e ambiental." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2008. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/65.
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Previous issue date: 2008-05-26Master?s research with the scope of looking into the origin and the motivation of conflicts that arise between urban planners and environmentalists when the objective is to regulate and legalize situations of dwellings in irregular settlements that have already been established, being those dwellings located in Areas of Permanent Protection (APPs). These are environmental locations that are especially protected. This normatization is carried out by means of land legalization , the beginnings and evolution of which are hereby also researched. Cases of land legalization of inhabited areas located in APPs of Campinas have also been studied; said legalizations have been sponsored by the local municipal government. The objective of the study was verifying the conditions under which said legalizations were conceived, effected and then evaluated.
Pesquisa de Mestrado destinada a averiguar a g?nese e a motiva??o dos conflitos que surgem entre urbanistas e ambientalistas nos casos em que se pretende regular e regularizar situa??es de moradia em assentamentos irregulares j? consolidados, quando tais moradias se situam em ?reas de Prote??o Permanente (APP?s) que s?o espa?os ambientais especialmente protegidos. A regulariza??o se d? por meio do instrumento da regulariza??o fundi?ria cujas origem e evolu??o tamb?m aqui se pesquisa. Estudam-se igualmente os casos de regulariza??o fundi?ria de ?reas de moradia situadas em ?rea de APP em Campinas promovidas pela municipalidade local para se averiguar a forma como tais regulariza??es foram concebidas, realizadas e posteriormente avaliadas.
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Shabani, Fouladi Zahra. "Prominent Features In Chemical Stratigraphies From Eastern Wilkes Land, Coastal East Antartica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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In this work a high resolution data set of ionic composition from a firn core collected at GV7 site (East Antarctica) is presented. An efficient decontamination procedure in cold room and chemical analysis by Ion Chromatography were performed.
The most relevant sources delivering aerosol to the Antarctic continent were studied and these results can be pointed out:
- as concerning primary marine source (sea salt), a good correlation was found between the main chemical markers related to this input (Na+, Cl-, Mg2+). The highest peaks of sea salt components were found to occur in winter time;
- crustal source can be studied through Calcium content and especially its non sea salt fraction (nssCa2+). No clear seasonal pattern was observed in Calcium record at this site;
- the markers of secondary marine source (biogenic activity), i.e. Sulfur oxidized compounds (MSA and nssSO42-), show a clear seasonal pattern with concentration maxima in summer, when a large phytoplanktonic bloom occurs in the surrounding ocean causing larger emissions of dimethylsulfide;
- NO3- was found not to be affected here by post-depositional effects, that are able to modify its concentration in low accumulation sites.
Moreover, thanks to the relatively high accumulation rate at GV7, it was possible to achieve an accurate dating of the core, by counting successive annual snow layers, marked by those parameters presenting a clear seasonal trend along the stratigraphy, or by the presence of specific dated events such as documented volcanic eruptions.
nssSO42- was chosen for dating purpose, by using its maxima occurring in full summer period and, starting from the surface, 26 summer peaks were identified along the whole GV7 core.
These preliminary results appear to be promising for the obtainment of a record at high temporal resolution on the climatic variability in the last millennium by the chemical and isotopic analysis of the 250 m deep ice core drilled in this site.
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美霖, 何., and Meilin He. "Multi-rate coding schemes for gaussian multiple access channel." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13071670/?lang=0, 2018. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13071670/?lang=0.
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本研究で提案するマルチレート符号化法は、各ユーザが同じ通信路符号器を持つものの、符号器のパラメータ(Repeat Accumulate符号の繰り返し回数)と符号器に直列に連接する拡散列の長さを変化させることで、異なるレートの情報伝送を実現する、という方法である。通信路にガウス雑音が加算される場合、任意に低い誤り率の高信頼通信を可能にし、合計伝送レートを最大にする最適な通信路符号のパラメータと拡散長を理論解析で求める。In this dissertation, the same encoder is employed for each user, and different rate transmissions is realized by adjusting the parameter of the encoder. We analyze the decoding performances of our coding schemes, and obtain the optimal coding parameters, which gives the maximum sum rates and approach the theoretical limits of the channel. The proposed coding schemes support multimedia services, and avoid employing multiple channel encoders to implement the multi-rate transmission.
博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Griffin, Robert A. "Coherent optical matched filtering for application in photonic code-division multiple access communication networks." Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240135.
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Erbili, Darin. "Tredjelandsöverföring av personuppgifter: en jämförelse mellan artikel 45, artikel 46 och artikel 49 GDPR." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-171015.
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The introduction of algorithms has for companies led to new ways of marketing themselves. However, access to personal data is needed for a company to successfully use an algorithm, which means companies can trade with our personal data. Personal data is therefore no longer used solely for nonprofit purposes but has rather acquired a financial value. This has led to new challenges in terms of third country transfer of personal data, which requires legislation that can effectively protect personal data. Within the EU, the General Data Protection Legislation (GDPR) regulates how personal data can be transferred to a third country. Article 45 GDPR, which contains the first requirement for third country transfers, states that transfers are only permitted based on an adequacy decision issued by the Commission. On the basis, inter alia, of the annulment of the Safe Harbor decision, by the European Court of Justice, and the criticism that has been addressed towards the Privacy Shield decision, questions are raised if there are reason for companies to make third country transfers based on the alternative provisions in article 46 and article 49 GDPR. The aim of this thesis is to examine the possibilities of making third country transfers according to articles 45, 46 and 49 GDPR by making a comparison that has been made from an individual- and company perspective. The research questions have been focused on the content of the adequacy decisions concerning USA, Switzerland, Canada, Israel and Japan, a review of the legal basis for third country transfers stated in articles 46 and 49 GDPR, as well as benefits and drawbacks with applying the grounds set forth in articles 46 and 49 GDPR rather than applying an adequacy decision pursuant to article 45 GDPR. In conclusion, it may be noted that the adequacy decisions that have been discussed leave room for doubt in relation to the level of protection that is guaranteed in the GDPR. This gives reason for companies to consider application of article 46 and article 49 GDPR. There are several benefits and drawbacks with such considerations including the size of the company and its financial recourses affecting which appropriate safeguard in article 46 GDPR is the most suitable safeguard to use. Furthermore, the derogations in article 49 GDPR may, in theory and in practice, be very difficult to apply instead of article 45 and article 46 GDPR since the derogations focuses on specific situations and must be used restrictively. The findings in this thesis however leads to the conclusion that there are several reasons for companies to consider application of article 46 GDPR instead of article 45 GDPR.
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Rehn, Patrik. "Begreppet väsentlig betydelse – särskilt i förhållande till köparens undersökningsplikt och säljarens upplysningsplikt." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Redovisning och Rättsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23690.
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I samband med fastighetsaffärer har ansvaret mellan parterna delats upp så att köparen ansvarar för faktiska fel medan säljaren svarar för andra typer av fel. Köparen har dessutom en långtgående undersökningsplikt för fel som denne inte har möjlighet att senare påkalla mot säljaren. Säljaren har å sin sida en upplysningsplikt som dock inte är generell utan omfattar endast vissa fall. I samband med domen i NJA 2007 s 86 kom frågan om felets väsentliga betydelse för köparen och själva köpet som sådant upp. Tyvärr gjorde HD ingen utförligare utredning av vad som skulle bedömas eller omfattas av begreppet. Till följd av att rättpraxis saknar en utförlig förklaring kring vad som ska omfattas av begreppet väsentlig betydelse trots att det vid flera tillfällen använts i både rättspraxis och doktrinen har detta utgjort grunden för den här uppsatsen. Uppsatsen är framförallt baserad på uppgifter från aktuella rättsfall och doktrin för att genomföra en utredning kring begreppet, dess omfång och kriterier för att begreppet ska kunna vara tillämpligt. Efter den genomförda utredningen står det klart att det finns vissa kriterier som omfattas i bedömningen om felet är av väsentlig betydelse för köparen. Inget av kriterierna som kommit fram kan på egen hand användas för att bedöma begreppet utan dem är beroende av varandra. Dessa kriterier är inte absoluta utan varierar beroende av köparens och fastighetens unika karaktärer. Några av kriterierna är av mer objektiv karaktär och kan bedömas utifrån fastigheten medan andra kriterier är ytterst beroende av den specifika köparen och dennes krav gällande standarden på fastigheten och blir därav av en mer subjektiv karaktärIn connection with a property transaction there are some responsibilities that have been split up between the parties. The buyer of the property has a responsibility to investigate the property before to find out factual errors in the property. On the other side the seller has a kind of responsibility to inform the buyer and the seller is also responsible for other kinds of errors in the property. The buyer of the property do by law not have the right to refer a factual error against the seller that the buyer is supposed to find during the examination of the property at hand. Due to the ruling by the Swedish supreme court in the case NJA 2007 s 86 have the question about an errors essential reason for the transaction and the specific buyer occurred. The Swedish Supreme Court does not investigate further into this why this is the subject of this thesis. The investigation in this thesis have been done by looking into case law from the Swedish courts since there is not much information about the subject to find in the Swedish legislation. The investigations finds out that there are some criteria that need to be evaluated in connection to if a factual error is of essential reason for the buyer and the transaction. There are some criteria that are of a more objective level close to the actual property. On the other side there are also some criteria that are of a more subject material and closely linked to the actual buyer of the property. According to the investigation it is not possible to give an exact ruling about the subject due to the fact that every property and potential buyer is unique.
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Lewis, Laura P. "The Laud Codex : an examination of a pre-Cortesian ritual screenfold." Thesis, University of Essex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339450.
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Benassi, Chiara. "Growing periphery in core sectors and the challenges for labour representation : a case study of the German manufacturing sector." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1016/.
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This thesis investigates the causes of the growth of contingent work and its implications for labour. It focuses on German core manufacturing sectors, where contingent work recently increased to a great extent and the metal union started organising agency workers and bargaining on their behalf. In contrast, existing literature expects the German core manufacturing to rely on a stable specific-skilled workforce and on labour management coalitions while contingent work affects the service periphery. The thesis contends that the literature has overestimated employers’ interests in retaining their skilled workforce as well as the stability of cross-class coalitions, which are supposed to support the equilibrium between core and peripheral labour market segments. The main argument is that labour will include contingent workers in its representation domain when employers’ segmentation strategies start developing competition between contingent and permanent workers and threatening the existence of the core workforce. Institutional change undermining labour cohesiveness and increasing employer discretion is found to trigger this process. The first paper examines how weakening negotiated and legal employment protections have affected the association between specific skills and stable employment. It finds that the whole manufacturing workforce –including specific-skilled workers- have become more likely to be on a temporary contract since the eighties, also thanks to the routine nature of work. The second paper examines how labour influenced the workplace arrangements for agency workers in four automotive plants. It finds that inclusive arrangements are the outcome of the combination of labour power –rooted in workplace industrial relations and conditions external to the plant - and labour commitment to a homogeneous workforce. The third paper explains the union campaign for agency workers started in 2007. By analysing the union’s strategies towards agency workers from the seventies until 2012, it shows that the union adopted an inclusive strategy because growing agency work threatened the collectively agreed standards for core workers.
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Bullard, Elizabeth. "Compositional variability of Pleistocene land snail assemblages preserved in a cinder cone volcano from Tenerife, Canary Islands." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1470744125.
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Gunetilleke, Halpege Walter. "Role of non-executive directors in corporate governance in the context of the codes on corporate governance." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2009. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6498/.
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This thesis investigates the role of the Non-Executive Directors (NEDs) of the listed companies in the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in the UK. Literature review on general theoretical framework on corporate governance and on the role of NEDs shows that there is a paradoxical compliance, that is the implementation of the statutory and non-statutory codes on corporate governance to minimise the corporate governance problems such as exploitation of the assets of shareholders by the management, corporate collapses, accounting frauds and so on yet the same problems emerging again and again. Therefore, the re-examination of the role of NEDs was identified as the intellectual problem for this thesis. A review into the existing research methodologies and research methods led to understand the need to design a research methodology for replication in the same research context or another research context to ensure reliability and validity of the research methodology and methods selected. Two research methods were chosen to collect data that is content analysis and postal questionnaire survey. The main theoretical framework used in this research is the Role Theory. The goal of this research is to understand the role of the NEDs in the context of the implementation of the non-regulatory Codes on Corporate Governance. The aim is to design the research methodology only after making a review into the strengths and weaknesses of the existing research methodologies into the role of the NEDs. The objective is to execute the same with a view to identify a model on the role of NEDs useful for the corporate sector in Sri Lanka. Thesis argues the rational of explaining the role of the NEDs in several categories such as strategy, advice, monitoring and service in previous research. This research finds a multiple number of tasks of NEDs as well as diversity among the tasks. Further it argues that the role of NEDs is conditioned by the expectations of the stakeholders as well as with their own cognitive disposition. Thesis contributes to knowledge in number of ways namely: (1) role of NEDs in AIM companies, (2) a review of general theoretical framework on corporate governance in the context of the implementation of non-regulatory codes on corporate governance, (3) a review of corporate governance experience in Sri Lanka and (4) some methodological developments for the content analysis technique namely use of Chi square test statistics to prove the protection of two properties of content analysis that is mutual exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness. Subject to several limitations arising from the inherent weaknesses in sampling and data collection, thesis certainly makes a contribution to understand the role of the NEDs in the modern corporation as well as to design a model on the role of NEDs in Sri Lanka which is planning to implement a non-regulatory code on corporate governance.
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Chapman, David. "Dark signalling and code division multiple access in an optical fibre LAN with a bus topology." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://oro.open.ac.uk/22800/.
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This thesis describes an optical fibre network that uses a bus topology and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Various potential configurations are analysed and compared and it is shown that a serious limitation of optical CDMA schemes using incoherent correlators is the effect of optical beating due to the presence of multiple incoherent optical signals at the receiver photodiode. The network proposed and analysed in this thesis avoids beating between multiple optical fields because it only uses a single, shared, optical source. It does this through the SLIM (Single Light-source with In-line Modulation) configuration in which there is a continuously-operating light source at the head-end of a folded bus, and modulators at the nodes to impose signals on the optical field in the form of pulses of darkness which propagate along the otherwise continuously bright bus. Optical CDMA can use optical-fibre delay-line correlators as matched filters, and these may be operated either coherently or incoherently.Coherent operation is significantly more complex than incoherent operation, but incoherent correlators introduce further beating even in a SLIM network. A new design of optical delay-line correlator, the hybrid correlator, is therefore proposed, analysed and demonstrated. It is shown to eliminate beating. A model of a complete network predicts that a SLIMbus using optical CDMA with hybrid correlators can be operated at TeraBaud rates with the number of simultaneous users limited by multiple access interference (MAI), determined only by the combinatorics of the code set.
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Howard, Jacob M. "Form Based Codes and Economic Impacts: A Multivariate Regression Analysis and Case Study." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2044.
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After a 100-year history, traditional zoning practices are being challenged as a contributing factor in a number of social, heath and economic problems facing cities in the United States. In this context, form based codes have emerged as a possible alternative way for cities to guide development. Growing out of the New Urbanist movement, form based codes frequently mix uses, allow for a greater variety of housing types and encourage development that is both denser and more compact. Despite an established literature which links land-use regulations, and zoning in particular, to fiscal outcomes, the impacts that form based codes have on public finance in the growing number of cities which have adopted them has yet to be fully investigated. The goal of this research is to examine if and how form based codes alter property tax and sales tax generation in the cities that adopt them. To examine the relationship between form based codes and public finance a series of two multivariate regression analyses were conducted using historic property and sales tax data. The first regression analysis was performed using the full list of 122 cities which have adopted form based standards from between 1984 and 2009. In an attempt to limit the diversity of sample cities and improve the ability to generalize results a second regression analysis was performed using a smaller list of 47 cities with populations between 50,000 and 200,000 thousand that had adopted form based standards between 1984 and 2009. The results of the first analysis established that a statistically significant positive relationship existed between the presence of form based standards which were implemented citywide and observed property tax revenue both in total and on a per capita basis. Similarly, a statistically significant positive relationship between the presence of form based standards implemented at the neighborhood level and total property tax revenue was observed. No significant relationship was found between the presence of neighborhood level standards and per capita property tax revenue. Further no significant relationship was found between form based standards and sales tax revenue. In general, these findings support the theory that form based codes and the development they allow, does alter the amount of property tax a city collects, but does not support the theory that form based codes affect sales tax revenues by facilitating the development of a more conducive urban, walkable environment or for any other reason. The results of the second regression analysis using data from cities with populations between 50,000 and 200,000 showed a significant positive relationship between the presences of citywide form based standards and total property tax revenue and per capita property tax revenue. Analysis of sales tax data showed a positive relationship between total sales tax revenue and the presence of form based standards at the neighborhood level. No other significant relationship between form based standards and sales tax revenue was observed. Similar, to analysis of all cities, the results for cities with population of 50,000 to 200,000 support the theory that form based codes and the development they allow does alter the amount of property tax a city collects, and that form based codes do not affect sales tax revenues except in the case of codes adopted at the neighborhood level, where a generally positive relationship was identified at the 10% confidence interval. Following this multivariate regression analysis, a case study of Saratoga Springs, New York was completed. Located in the far reaches of the Albany Metropolitan Area, Saratoga Springs developed as a popular tourist destination in the mid 1800’s. After experiencing economic decline in line with that of its peer cities in the mid to late 20th century, Saratoga Springs has experience a boom and now boast some of the highest home values in Upstate New York. In 2003 the city was one of the first in country to adopt form based standards, which have guided a significant amount of development in the city’s historic downtown as the city re-emerged as a popular tourist destination. Since the adoption of form based standards in Saratoga Springs both property tax and sales tax receipts have doubled.
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姍, 路., and Shan Lu. "Coding and decoding for multiuser communication systems." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12863897/?lang=0, 2014. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12863897/?lang=0.
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本論文は、多端子通信路に対するマルチユーザ符号化および復号の研究成果をまとめたものである。多重接続加算通信路による情報伝送において、複数ユーザの稼働状態を識別するための誤り訂正可能なシグネチャ符号の構成を論ず,全伝送率の高いシグネチャ符号の一般的な構成法を解明する.双方向中継通信路では、2ユーザターボ符号に対する復号の演算量を低減させる復号法を提案する。加法性白色ガウス雑音環境下では復号性能を劣化することなく、レイリーフェージング環境下では僅かな劣化にとどめながら、復号の演算量を約半分程度に低減することができる.Coding and decoding for multiuser communication systems are investigated. For MAAC, we propose a coding scheme of (k + 1)-ary error-correcting signature codes. We give binary and non-binary signature codes. They are the best error-correcting signature codes for MAAC, in the sense that they have highest sum rates known. For TWRC, we propose a low-complexity two-user turbo decoding scheme when turbo codes are applied in two users. The approximate decoding algorithm preserves low decoding complexity over the Gaussian TWRC, without much performance degradation.
博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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He, Liang. "The incompatabilities between China's current land management system and town planning system : the cases of Henan's core towns." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/42183/.
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The relationships between the land management system and the town planning system play a crucial role in the process of land development, especially as Henan province is experiencing accelerated industrialization. In recent years, China has adjusted its land management system. The findings of the research show that the current land management system and town planning system of China are not compatible with each other when faced with the rapid industrialization of the core towns in Henan province. Furthermore, the incompatibilities between China’s current land management system and town planning system have impeded the growth of the industrial scale and raised the costs of industrialization. There are two main reasons which cause the incompatibilities between these two systems, namely the contrasting characteristics between the town planning system and land management system and the different objectives between the local governments and the central government of China. The incompatibilities between China’s town planning system and land management system are rooted in and shaped by the central-local relations.
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Cook, Corina K. "Hollow at the core apocalyptic visions in Joseph Conrad's Heart of darkness and T.S. Eliot's The waste land /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2002. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2002.Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2842. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as preliminary leaves 1-2. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-86).
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Liu, Wing-hei. "Development potential of a landfill site after restoration /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813729.
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Marsh, Robert Clinton III. "A Historical Overview of the Bumpass Cove Landfill Controversy, 1972-2002." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/691.
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With the assistance of information collected by residents of Bumpass Cove, Tennessee Department of Public Health records, and interviews with residents and local health officials, this study provides a historical overview of the inception of Bumpass Cove Landfill, the resulting problems stemming from its misuse, and the reaction of a persistent community during the 1970s and early 1980s. In its early days, Bumpass Cove was an active and productive mining site; however, the area would become a threat to the local residents’ safety with the opening of Bumpass Cove Sanitary Landfill. Years of illegal hazardous waste land filling wreaked havoc on the environment and endangered area residents’ health. In the end, citizen protest and the intervention of the Superfund Program would result in the closing of the landfill and the restoration of the area. Taken together, these occurrences paint a vivid picture of the controversy surrounding Bumpass Cove Landfill.
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von, Wrisberg Marie-Kristin [Verfasser], Kathrin [Akademischer Betreuer] Lang, Kathrin [Gutachter] Lang, and Sabine [Gutachter] Schneider. "Development and optimization of genetic code expansion tools to study and validate protein-protein interactions / Marie-Kristin von Wrisberg ; Gutachter: Kathrin Lang, Sabine Schneider ; Betreuer: Kathrin Lang." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1240384009/34.
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Scheidler, Christopher Markus [Verfasser], Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Schneider, Sabine [Gutachter] Schneider, and Kathrin [Gutachter] Lang. "Establishing a genetic code expansion system in Bacillus subtilis / Christopher Markus Scheidler ; Gutachter: Sabine Schneider, Kathrin Lang ; Betreuer: Sabine Schneider." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212583361/34.
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