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1
Case, Jonathan L., Mark M. Wheeler, John Manobianco, Johnny W. Weems, and William P. Roeder. "A 7-Yr Climatological Study of Land Breezes over the Florida Spaceport." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam-2202.1.
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Abstract Seven years of wind and temperature data from a high-resolution network of 44 towers at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station were used to develop an objective method for identifying land breezes, which are defined as seaward-moving wind shift lines in this study. The favored meteorological conditions for land breezes consisted of surface high pressure in the vicinity of the Florida peninsula, mainly clear skies, and light synoptic onshore flow and/or the occurrence of a sea breeze during the afternoon preceding a land breeze. The land breeze characteristics are examined for two events occurring under different weather regimes—one with light synoptic onshore flow and no daytime sea breeze, and another following a daytime sea breeze under a prevailing offshore flow. Land breezes were found to occur over east-central Florida in all months of the year and had varied onset times and circulation depths. Land breezes were most common in the spring and summer months and least common in the winter. The average onset times were ∼4–5 h after sunset from May to July and ∼6.5–8 h after sunset from October to January. Land breezes typically moved from the west or southwest during the spring and summer, from the northwest in the autumn, and nearly equally from all directions in the winter. Shallow land breezes (<150-m depth) were typically not associated with the afternoon sea breeze and behaved like density currents, exhibiting the largest temperature decreases and latest onset times. Deep land breezes (>150-m depth) were most often preceded by an afternoon sea breeze, had the smallest horizontal temperature gradients, and experienced a mean onset time that is 4 h earlier than that of shallow land breezes.
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Jin, Guoqi, Shanhong Gao, Hao Shi, Xue Lu, Yue Yang, and Qing Zheng. "Impacts of Sea–Land Breeze Circulation on the Formation and Development of Coastal Sea Fog along the Shandong Peninsula: A Case Study." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020165.
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Among the China Seas, the Yellow Sea has the highest occurrence frequency of sea fog that can be categorized into widespread sea fog and coastal sea fog. In this paper, we study a typical coastal sea fog along the Shandong Peninsula that is accompanied by sea-land breezes. Based on a series of numerical experiments conducted by the Weather Research and Forecasting model with high spatial resolution, the impacts of the sea–land breezes on the formation and development of sea fog are investigated in detail. The land breeze can act as an accelerator that enhances humidification and cooling near the coast which promotes sea fog formation during the nighttime, resulting from nearshore vapor convergence and offshore cool-air transportation jointly by the descending branch and low-level breeze of the land breeze circulation. During the daytime, the sea breeze acts as a reducer that inhibits sea fog development, including the contraction of fog area caused by onshore advection of the sea breeze on cloud liquid water, and the restraint of fog vertical growth due to warming and drying by the descending branch of the sea breeze circulation.
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V, HAMZA, and C. A. BABU. "Boundary layer characteristics associated with sea breeze circulation over Cochin." MAUSAM 58, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i1.1134.
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Features of sea and land breezes, surface fluxes and drag coefficient over Cochin are studied using more than 300 daily observations of air temperature, wind speed and direction data. The duration and intensity of sea breeze circulation vary with the rain or cloud as it reduces the differential heating. Onset of sea breeze is early in summer season for the near equatorial station compared to winter season. Cessation is almost same for all seasons and is around 1900 hours. The sea breeze circulation is almost westerly and land breeze circulation is almost easterly in all the seasons. It is found that in most of the cases, the temperature and wind speed decreases at the time of onset of sea breeze and turning of wind direction with height becomes counter clockwise (backing) during the transition period from land breeze to sea breeze. In all seasons, the momentum flux is directed downward. High values of momentum flux were found during the presence of sea breeze in pre-monsoon season. Average sensible heat flux is directed upward during the entire period and during nighttime it is almost zero in the winter and monsoon seasons. The intensity of momentum flux decreases during onset and cessation of sea breeze for all the cases. The cold air advection associated with the sea breeze results in the decrease of sensible heat flux at the time of onset of sea breeze. Averaged surface momentum and sensible flux patterns resemble closely to the instantaneous pattern for all the seasons. Generally, sea breeze is stronger than land breeze in all the seasons. Accordingly, the drag coefficient power relationship with wind is different for sea breeze and land breeze circulations.Key words – Sea breeze circulation, Monsoon boundary layer, Surface fluxes, Drag coefficient, Diurnal variation.
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Xia, Geng, Caroline Draxl, Michael Optis, and Stephanie Redfern. "Detecting and characterizing simulated sea breezes over the US northeastern coast with implications for offshore wind energy." Wind Energy Science 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-815-2022.
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Abstract. With the planned construction of vast offshore wind farms along the US East Coast, identifying and understanding key coastal processes, such as sea breezes, has become a critical need for the sustainability and development of US offshore wind energy. In this study, a new two-step identification method is proposed to detect and characterize three types of sea breezes (pure, corkscrew and backdoor) over the US northeastern coast from a year-long WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) simulation. The results suggest that the proposed detection method can identify the three different types of sea breezes in the model simulation. Key sea breeze features, such as the calm zone associated with pure sea breezes and coastal jets associated with corkscrew sea breezes, are evident in the sea breeze composite imagery. In addition, the simulated sea breeze events indicate a seasonal transition from pure to corkscrew sea breeze between March and August as the land–sea thermal contrast increases. Furthermore, the location and extension of the sea breeze front are different for each type of sea breeze, suggesting that the coastal impact of sea breeze varies with sea breeze type. From the wind energy perspective, the power production associated with a 10 MW offshore wind turbine would be approximately 3 to 4 times larger during a corkscrew sea breeze event than the other two types of sea breezes. This highlights the importance of identifying the correct type of sea breeze in numerical weather/wind energy forecasting.
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Liu, Jiaxin, Xiaoquan Song, Wenrui Long, Yiyuan Fu, Long Yun, and Mingdi Zhang. "Structure Analysis of the Sea Breeze Based on Doppler Lidar and Its Impact on Pollutants." Remote Sensing 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020324.
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The Doppler lidar system can accurately obtain wind profiles with high spatiotemporal resolution, which plays an increasingly important role in the research of atmospheric boundary layers and sea–land breeze. In September 2019, Doppler lidars were used to carry out observation experiments of the atmospheric wind field and pollutants in Shenzhen. Weather Research and Forecasting showed that the topography of Hongkong affected the sea breeze to produce the circumfluence flow at low altitudes. Two sea breezes from the Pearl River Estuary and the northeast of Hong Kong arrived at the observation site in succession, changing the wind direction from northeast to southeast. Based on the wind profiles, the structural and turbulent characteristics of the sea breeze were analyzed. The sea breeze front was accurately captured by the algorithm based on fuzzy logic, and its arrival time was 17:30 on 25 September. The boundary between the sea breeze and the return flow was separated by the edge enhancement algorithm. From this, the height of the sea breeze head (about 1100 m) and the thickness of the sea breeze layer (about 700 m) can be obtained. The fluctuated height of the boundary and the spiral airflow nearby revealed the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The influence of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability could be delivered to the near-surface, which was verified by the spatiotemporal change of the horizontal wind speed and momentum flux. The intensity of the turbulence under the control of the sea breeze was significantly lower than that under the land breeze. The turbulent intensity was almost 0.1, and the dissipation rate was between 10−4 and 10−2 m2·s−3 under the land breeze. The turbulent intensity was below 0.05, and the dissipation rate was between 10−5 and 10−3 m2·s−3 under the sea breeze. The turbulent parameters showed peaks and large gradients at the boundary and the sea breeze front. The peak value of the turbulent intensity was around 0.3, and the dissipation rate was around 0.1 m2·s−3. The round-trip effect of sea–land breeze caused circulate pollutants. The recirculation factor was maintained at 0.5–0.6 at heights where the sea and land breeze alternately controlled (below 600 m), as well as increasing with a decreasing duration of the sea breeze. The factor exceeded 0.9 under the control of the high-altitude breeze (above 750 m). The convergence and rise of the airflow at the front led to collect pollutants, causing a sharp decrease in air quality when the sea breeze front passed.
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Hill, Christopher M., Patrick J. Fitzpatrick, James H. Corbin, Yee H. Lau, and Sachin K. Bhate. "Summertime Precipitation Regimes Associated with the Sea Breeze and Land Breeze in Southern Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana." Weather and Forecasting 25, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 1755–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010waf2222340.1.
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Abstract This study assesses the monthly climatology of the timing and placement of convective precipitation events induced by sea and land breezes in the Louisiana–Mississippi–Alabama region, and determines possible reasons for the monthly differences. These objectives were achieved through surface wind climatologies and radar composites from 2003 to 2005, supplemented by statistically significant tests. It is shown that June had an easterly–southeasterly wind regime, whereas July and August featured more southerly flow. These wind regimes may have influenced monthly diurnal wind patterns along the coast. While all months showed a typical pattern of sea-breeze evolution, the land breeze demonstrated monthly variations off the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts. July and August feature a westerly land breeze from Louisiana, while the Mississippi land breeze was stronger in August than in July. A daily wind speed minimum offshore from Mississippi indicates a local transition of influence from the land breeze to the sea breeze, and precedes the peak of the sea breeze at the coastline by about 2 h. During the nighttime hours, radar composites show that precipitation is most prevalent offshore of the Louisiana and Mississippi coastline. By 1100 central daylight time (CDT), precipitation is observed over coastal regions. Local afternoon precipitation is widespread throughout the inland areas, while precipitation is minimal offshore. Statistical significance tests show that areal precipitation coverage (APC) increases in mid- to late summer on the Mississippi coast are due to higher precipitable water and, to a lesser extent, additional CAPE. Greater offshore APC in July and August results from the influence of the local land-breeze setup. Convergence of a land breeze from eastern Louisiana and a stronger land breeze from Mississippi provides the additional lift needed to generate convection over a greater area.
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Tang, Xiao Lan. "A Typical Sea-Land Breeze Process in Hainan Island." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.387.
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The automatic weather station data were used to research the evolution and impact factors of tropical island sea breeze convergence in September 2, 2010. Temporal and spatial variation of sea breeze convergence zone, atmospheric background field, physical field and other relevant factors about a typical sea-land breeze process in Hainan Island were diagnostic analyzed. Mesoscale meteorological model WRF was created to simulate the sea-land breeze. The results showed that the subtropical and tropical cyclone were the main synoptic situation which affected the temporal and spatial variation of the sea breeze convergence zone, so there was a significant difference of sea breeze process between both sides of the island. Mesoscale meteorological model WRF simulated the vertical structural features of sea-land breeze circulation and the evolution low of sea breeze convergence zone successfully, resolution of 45 × 15km having a better simulation effect.
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Xie, Yonghang, Yasuyuki Ishida, Hironori Watanabe, and Akashi Mochida. "Impacts of Urban Development between 2002 and 2022 on the Effects of Sea Breezes in Sendai, Japan—Analyzing Heat Balance Mechanism in Urban Space." Atmosphere 14, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040677.
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Sea breezes are important in a coastal urban climate; however, the impact of urban development on the effects of sea breezes, which decrease air temperature and increase humidity, has not been understood quantitatively. To quantitatively evaluate this impact in Sendai, Japan over the past twenty years, this study analyzed the heat balance mechanisms in urban spaces based on the simulation results of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Local Climate Zone (LCZ) maps. Compared to the observation data on air temperature, specific humidity, and wind in August 2002, results of the numerical simulation, using the 2002 LCZ map and the meteorological conditions of August 2002, confirmed that the WRF model could reproduce meteorological factors well. Thereafter, two numerical simulations using the LCZ maps from 2002 and 2022 were conducted based on the same meteorological condition, from 25 July to 1 September 2008, to extract the impact of urban development on the effects of sea breeze. Consequently, when land use changed from urban built-up land to natural land cover, both the effects of sea breeze—decreasing air temperature and increasing humidity—decreased. Additionally, increases in LCZ 3 (compact low rise), mainly from LCZ 6 (open low rise) and LCZ 9 (sparsely built), decreased the effects of sea breeze (decreasing air temperature and increasing humidity) by 5% and 10%, respectively, in areas around Sendai Station. This was because the consumption of the sea breeze’s potential to decrease air temperature and increase humidity increased and the wind speed of sea breezes decreased in the windward areas of Sendai Station. These results provide new insights into the impact of urban development on the effects of sea breeze and quantitatively reveal changes in the effects of sea breeze.
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Chen, Tsing-Chang, Ming-Cheng Yen, Jenq-Dar Tsay, Chi-Chang Liao, and Eugene S. Takle. "Impact of Afternoon Thunderstorms on the Land–Sea Breeze in the Taipei Basin during Summer: An Experiment." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 7 (July 2014): 1714–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-098.1.
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AbstractEnvironmental conditions for the roughly three million people living in the Taipei basin of Taiwan are greatly affected by the land–sea breeze and afternoon thunderstorm activities. A new perspective on the land–sea breeze life cycle and how it is affected by afternoon thunderstorm activity in the Taipei basin during the dry season is provided. During the summer monsoon break–revival phase, about 75% of rainfall in the Taipei basin is produced by afternoon thunderstorms triggered by sea-breeze interactions with the mountains to the south of this basin. Because the basic characteristics of the land–sea breeze and the changes it undergoes through the influence of afternoon thunderstorms have not been comprehensively analyzed/documented, a mini–field experiment was conducted during the summers of 2004 and 2005 to explore these aspects of the land–sea breeze in this basin. Thunderstorm rainfall is found to change not only the basin’s land–sea-breeze life cycle, but also its ventilation mechanism. On the nonthunderstorm day, the sea breeze supplies the open-sea fresh air for about 8 h during the daytime, but the land breeze persists on the thunderstorm day from afternoon to the next morning, acting to sweep polluted urban air out of the basin.
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Federico, S., L. Pasqualoni, A. M. Sempreviva, L. De Leo, E. Avolio, C. R. Calidonna, and C. Bellecci. "The seasonal characteristics of the breeze circulation at a coastal Mediterranean site in South Italy." Advances in Science and Research 4, no. 1 (April 27, 2010): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-4-47-2010.
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Abstract. We present a study on the characteristics of the sea breeze flow at a coastal site located in the centre of the Mediterranean basin at the southern tip of Italy. This study is finalized to add new data on breeze circulations over a narrow peninsula and present a unique experimental coastal site at about 600 m from the coastline in a flat open area at the foot of a mountain chain located in a region of complex orography. We study the seasonal behaviour of the sea-land breeze circulation by analysing two years of hourly data of wind speed and direction, temperature, radiation and relative humidity from a surface meteorological station, eighteen-months data from a wind profiler, and two-year data from the ECMWF analysis. Results show that breezes dominate the local circulation and play a major role for the local climate. They are modulated by the season, through the sea-land temperature difference and the large-scale flow. The large-scale forcing acts in phase with the diurnal breeze and opposes the nocturnal breeze. In summer, the daytime difference between the land surface temperature and the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) reaches its maximum, while the nigh-time difference has its minimum. This causes a strong, frequent and intense diurnal breeze and a weak nocturnal breeze. In winter and fall the nocturnal difference between the sea and land surface temperature reaches a maximum value, while the diurnal difference is at its minimum value. This causes a strong, frequent and intense nocturnal breeze despite of the large-scale forcing that is usually opposed to local-scale flow.
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Intrieri, J. M., C. G. Little, W. J. Shaw, R. M. Banta, P. A. Durkee, and R. M. Hardesty. "The Land/Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 71, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-71.5.656.
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The Land/Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX) was conducted at Moss Landing, California, 15–30 September 1987. The experiment was designed to study the vertical structure and mesoscale variation of the land/sea breeze. A Doppler lidar, a triangular array of three sodars, two sounding systems (one deployed from land and one from a ship), and six surface weather stations (one shipborne) were sited around the Moss Landing area. Measurements obtained included ten sea-breeze and four land-breeze events. This paper describes the objectives and design of the experiment, as well as the observing systems that were used. Some preliminary results and selected observations are presented, called from the data collected, as well as the ensuing analysis plans.
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Qian, Tingting, Craig C. Epifanio, and Fuqing Zhang. "Topographic Effects on the Tropical Land and Sea Breeze." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-011.1.
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Abstract The effect of an inland plateau on the tropical sea breeze is considered in terms of idealized numerical experiments, with a particular emphasis on offshore effects. The sea breeze is modeled as the response to an oscillating interior heat source over land. The parameter space for the calculations is defined by a nondimensional wind speed, a scaled plateau height, and the nondimensional heating amplitude. The experiments show that the inland plateau tends to significantly strengthen the land-breeze part of the circulation, as compared to the case without terrain. The strengthening of the land breeze is tied to blocking of the sea-breeze density current during the warm phase of the cycle. The blocked sea breeze produces a pool of relatively cold, stagnant air at the base of the plateau, which in turn produces a stronger land-breeze density current the following morning. Experiments show that the strength of the land breeze increases with the terrain height, at least for moderate values of the height. For very large terrain, the sea breeze is apparently blocked entirely, and further increases in terrain height lead to only small changes in land-breeze intensity and propagation. Details of the dynamics are described in terms of the transition from linear to nonlinear heating amplitudes, as well as for cases with and without background winds. The results show that for the present experiments, significant offshore effects are tied to nonlinear frontal propagation, as opposed to quasi-linear wave features.
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Wermter, Joseph, Stephen Noble, and Brian Viner. "Impacts of the Thermal Gradient on Inland Advecting Sea Breezes in the Southeastern United States." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071004.
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Sea breezes are frequently observed in the South Carolina/Georgia region of the Southeastern United States (SEUS) and can reach upwards of 150km inland. This region is unique among the places frequently affected by sea breeze due to it being a continental location with relatively flat topography. The thermal gradient between land and water environments is a factor in introducing the sea breeze, but its role in the inland extent of sea breeze propagation isn’t as well known. We investigate the role of the thermal gradient in previously catalogued sea breeze events observed at the Savannah River Site (SRS) by taking differences of temperature measurements at inland and coastal weather stations for the days that the events occurred. We saw that the temperature differences for those days were much higher than in the non-sea breeze days during the mornings and afternoon. Numerical models were also used to conduct a sensitivity study on a sea breeze case, using simple modifications of the temperature gradient. We found that while the modifications did not stop the generation of a sea breeze circulation, the extent of the inland propagation was dependent on the magnitude of the thermal gradient.
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Zhang, Yongxin, Yi-Leng Chen, Thomas A. Schroeder, and Kevin Kodama. "Numerical Simulations of Sea-Breeze Circulations over Northwest Hawaii*." Weather and Forecasting 20, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 827–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf859.1.
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Abstract Sea-breeze cases during 23–28 June 1978 over northwest Hawaii are simulated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Mesoscale Spectral Model (MSM) coupled with an advanced Land Surface Model (LSM) with 3-km horizontal resolution. Subjective analyses show that except for 27 June, the MSM–LSM-predicted onset time, duration, and vertical extent of the sea breezes agree well with observations. The largest mean absolute errors for surface air temperature occur at the coastal stations under strong trade wind conditions (e.g., 23 and 27 June). The model-simulated rainfall distribution in association with sea-breeze fronts is consistent with observations. Sensitivity tests demonstrate the modulation of sea-breeze behavior by surface properties. High-resolution (1 km) MSM–LSM simulations for 23 and 27 June show improvements over the 3-km MSM–LSM in reproducing the observed sea breezes through a better representation of local terrain and a better simulation of orographically enhanced trades channeling through the Waimea Saddle. Deficiencies noted in the model simulations include 1) sea-breeze speeds are more than 2–3 m s−1 weaker than observations, and 2) horizontal penetration of sea breezes is generally overestimated. These deficiencies in the model simulations are primarily related to two factors: one is the underestimation of the trade wind speeds in the initialization from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data that is favoring the farther penetration of the sea breezes, and the other is the uncertainties in the thermal properties of the lava rocks that affect the surface temperature and the sea-breeze speed.
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Hassanzadeh, S., A. Sedaghatkerdar, and M. Soyuf Jahromi. "The Evaluation of Estoque Model 1990 in Land/Sea Breezes Occurrence over Northern Persian Gulf." Advances in Meteorology 2011 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/564237.
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This is a mesoscale modeling study of land/sea breeze in the vicinity of Bushehr, Iran which is on the coast of the Persian Gulf. Two days in September, 2002 are studied using the model presented in Estoque Model (1990) (hereafter referred to as EsM90). The EsM90 produces a realistic day-night wind field somewhat in agreement with observations provided by the Port and Shipping Organization of Iran. The study demonstrates that the model has a 3-hour delay predicting the time of the maximum of sea breeze, but accurately predicts when the end of the sea breeze occurs. Accurate estimates near mountains at the edge of the modeled region require a more complex simulation. The study shows that a reliable modeling of a complicated coastal environment like Bushehr not only depends on land/sea breezes but also on elevations and prevailing winds. This dependence is especially important when local thermal forcings are weak, for example, during late afternoon and at night.
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Goler, Robert, Michael J. Reeder, Roger K. Smith, Harald Richter, Sarah Arnup, Tom Keenan, Peter May, and Jorg Hacker. "Low-Level Convergence Lines over Northeastern Australia. Part I: The North Australian Cloud Line." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3092–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3239.1.
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Abstract Observations of dry-season north Australian cloud lines (NACLs) that form in the Gulf of Carpentaria region of northern Australia and the sea-breeze circulations that initiate them are described. The observations were made during the 2002 Gulf Lines Experiment (GLEX) and include measurements made by an instrumented research aircraft. The observations are compared with numerical simulations made from a two-dimensional cloud-scale model. Particular emphasis is placed on the interaction between the east coast and west coast sea breezes near the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The sea breezes are highly asymmetric due to the low-level easterly synoptic flow over the peninsula. The west coast sea breeze is well defined with a sharp leading edge since the opposing flow limits its inland penetration, keeping it close to its source of cold air. In contrast, the east coast sea breeze is poorly defined since it is aided by the easterly flow and becomes highly modified by daytime convective mixing as it crosses over the peninsula. Both the observations and the numerical model show that, in the early morning hours, the mature NACL forms at the leading edge of a gravity current. The numerical model simulations show that this gravity current arises as a westward-moving land breeze from Cape York Peninsula. Convergence at the leading edge of this land breeze is accompanied by ascent, which when strong enough produces cloud. Observations show that the decay of the NACL is associated with a decline in the low-level convergence and a weakening of the ascent.
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Zhan, Chenchao, and Min Xie. "Land use and anthropogenic heat modulate ozone by meteorology: a perspective from the Yangtze River Delta region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 1351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1351-2022.
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Abstract. With the rapid advance in urbanization, land use and anthropogenic heat (AH) dictated by human activities significantly modify the urban climate and in turn the air quality. Focusing on the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, a highly urbanized coastal area with severe ozone (O3) pollution, we estimate the impacts of land use and AH on meteorology and O3 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to Chemistry (WRF-Chem). These results enhance our understanding of the formation of O3 pollution in rapidly developing city clusters with place-specific topography, as most of our results can be supported by previous studies conducted in other regions around the world. Regional O3 pollution episodes occurred frequently (∼ 26 times per year) in the YRD from 2015 to 2019. These O3 pollution episodes are usually in calm conditions characterized by high temperature (over 20 ∘C), low relative humidity (less than 80 %), light wind (less than 3 m s−1) and shallow cloud cover (less than 5 okta). In this case, O3 pollution belts tend to appear in the converging airflows associated with the sea and the lake breezes. On the other hand, rapid urbanization has significantly changed land use and AH in this region, which subsequently affects meteorology and O3 concentration. The largest change in land use comes from urban expansion, which causes an increase in 2 m temperature (T2) by a maximum of 3 ∘C, an increase in planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) by a maximum of 500 m, a decrease in 10 m wind speed (WS10) by a maximum of 1.5 m s−1 and an increase in surface O3 by a maximum of 20 µg m−3. With regard to the sea and lake breezes, the expansion of coastal cities, like Shanghai, can enhance the sea breeze circulation by ∼ 1 m s−1. During the advance of the sea breeze front inland, the updraft induced by the front causes strong vertical mixing of O3. However, once the sea breeze is fully developed in the afternoon (∼ 17:00 LT), further progression inland will stall. Then O3 removal by the low sea breeze will be weakened, and surface O3 can be 10 µg m−3 higher in the case with cities than in the case with no cities. The expansion of lakeside cities, such as Wuxi and Suzhou, can extend the lifetime of lake breezes from noon to afternoon. Since the offshore flow of the lake breeze transports high O3 from the land to the lake, the onshore flow brings high O3 back to the land. Surface O3 in lakeside cities can increase by as much as 30 µg m−3. Compared to land use, the effects of AH are relatively small. The changes mainly appear in and around cities where AH fluxes are large. There are increases in T2, PBLH, WS10 and surface O3 when AH fluxes are taken into account, with increments of approximately 0.2 ∘C, 75 m, 0.3 m s−1 and 4 µg m−3, respectively. AH contributes largely to the urban environment, altering meteorological factors, O3 concentration and urban breeze circulation, but its effect on the sea and the lake breezes seems to be limited.
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Shang, Fang, Dongsheng Chen, Xiurui Guo, Jianlei Lang, Ying Zhou, Yue Li, and Xinyi Fu. "Impact of Sea Breeze Circulation on the Transport of Ship Emissions in Tangshan Port, China." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110723.
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A sea breeze is a local circulation that occurs in coastal regions from the poles to the equator. The adverse influence of ship emissions on air quality in coastal areas may be aggravated by the onshore flow of sea breeze circulation. However, our knowledge regarding the evolution of ship-emitted pollutants during a specific sea breeze episode is still limited. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated the evolution of ship emissions during a sea breeze episode that occurred on 29 June, 2014 in Tangshan port in China by employing the WRF/Chem model. NO2, one of the primary pollutants emitted by ships, was selected as the target pollutant for investigation. The results indicate that the ground level NO2 concentration was considerably affected by sea breeze circulation. Although the onset of the sea breeze was delayed until nearly midday due to offshore synoptic winds, ship-emitted NO2 was transported to more than 100 km inland with the penetration of the sea breeze. Further investigation found that the averaged concentration of ship-contributed NO2 during the episode showed an evident downward trend as the distance from the coastline increased. Vertically, the shallow atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) on the sea limited the vertical dispersion of ship emissions, and the pollutant was transported shoreward by the sea breeze within this shallow ABL. The height of the ABLs is lowered in coastal regions due to the cooling effect of sea breezes which brings the cool marine air to the hot land surface. Ship-contributed NO2 was mostly trapped in the shallow ABL; thereby, its concentration increased.
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Amrutha, M. M., V. Sanil Kumar, and J. Singh. "Changes in nearshore waves during the active sea/land breeze period off Vengurla, central west coast of India." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 2 (February 12, 2016): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-215-2016.
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Abstract. A unique feature observed in the tropical and subtropical coastal area is the diurnal sea-breeze/land-breeze cycle. We examined the nearshore waves at 5 and 15 m water depth during the active sea/land breeze period (January–April) in the year 2015 based on the data measured using the waverider buoys moored in the eastern Arabian sea off Vengurla, central west coast of India. Temporal variability of diurnal wave response is examined. Numerical model Delft3D is used to study the nearshore wave transformation. The wave height increased due to the sea breeze and reached its peak at ∼ 13:00 UTC at 15 m water depth, whereas the peak significant wave height is at 12:00 UTC at 5 m water depth. Due to the influence of the land/sea breeze system, the range of the peak wave period in 1 day varied up to 8 s. Reduction in the wave height of wind-sea is around 20 % and that of the swell is around 10 % from 15 to 5 m water depth.
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NARAYANAN, V. "An observational study of the Sea Breeze at an Equatorial Coastal station." MAUSAM 18, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v18i4.4704.
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The paper contains a preliminary study of the sea breeze at Thumba (08°32' N, 76° 52'E) based on observations on 392 days, spread over a period of three years (1963-1966).
Analysis on hourly wind observation reveals that the northeasterly or northerly land breeze is replaced by westerly or southwesterly sea breeze before mid-day during October to May it is also seen that November to April are favoured most by the sea breeze at Thumba. Southerly setting, late onset as well as early cessation of the sea breeze have been noticed on a few occasions. The wind is always above 5 kt after the incidence of the sea breeze and it may vary to a maximum speed of 22 kt and oscillates between 180°-300° depending on the prevailing synoptic situation. The vertical extent of the sea breeze is about 1 km and 0.8 km in summer and winter respectively.
The frontal characteristics of the sea breeze are not very marked at Thumba. There is no significant temperature fall associated with the sudden onset of the see breeze, but slight rise in relative humidity is 5-10 percent recorded on a few occasions. The reversal of land and sea breeze is illustrated by an example giving hourly tower wind and pilot balloon wind data.
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Miao, Yucong, Shuhua Liu, Yijia Zheng, Shu Wang, and Bicheng Chen. "Numerical Study of the Effects of Topography and Urbanization on the Local Atmospheric Circulations over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/397070.
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The effects of the topography and urbanization on the local atmospheric circulations over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region were studied by the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, as well as the interactions among these local atmospheric circulations. It was found that, in the summer day time, the multiscale thermally induced local atmospheric circulations may exist and interact in the same time over the BTH region; the topography played a role in the strengthening of the sea breeze circulations; after sunset, the inland progress of sea breeze was slowed down by the opposite mountain breeze; when the land breeze circulation dominated the Bohai bay, the mountain breeze circulation can couple with the land breeze circulation to form a large circulation ranging from the coastline to the mountains. And the presence of cities cannot change the general state of the sea-land breeze (SLB) circulation and mountain-valley breeze (MVB) circulation but acted to modify these local circulations slightly. Meanwhile, the development of the urban heat island (UHI) circulation was also strongly influenced by the nearby SLB circulation and MVB circulation.
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Kolev, I., O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov, E. Donev, and D. Ivanov. "Lidar Observations of Sea-Breeze and Land-Breeze Aerosol Structure on the Black Sea." Journal of Applied Meteorology 37, no. 10 (October 1998): 982–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<0982:loosba>2.0.co;2.
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Li, YaoKun, and JiPing Chao. "An Analytical Solution for Three-Dimensional Sea–Land Breeze." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 1 (December 11, 2015): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0329.1.
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Abstract Based on the hydrostatic, incompressible Boussinesq equations in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the three-dimensional sea–land breeze (SLB) circulation has been elegantly expressed as functions of the surface temperature distribution. The horizontal distribution of the horizontal or vertical motion is determined by the first or second derivative of the surface temperature distribution. For symmetric land–sea and temperature distribution, the full strength of the sea breeze occurs inland but not at the coastline, and the maximum updraft associates with the heating center. Setting the temperature difference between land and sea (TDLS), which varies with the island size, there would exist an optimal island size corresponding to the strongest SLB circulation that weakens with both a larger and smaller island size. Each velocity component approaches a peak at a certain vertical level. Both the peak value and the corresponding vertical level link with the vertical scale of the surface temperature: the more significant the influence of the surface temperature vertically, the stronger the SLB circulation at a higher vertical level it induces. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model's ideal simulation for the two-dimensional sea breeze is applied to verify the theory. Two cases, land breeze and sea breeze, further support the theory's results despite a certain slight discrepancy due to the highly simplified theoretical equations.
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Adame, J. A., E. Serrano, J. P. Bolívar, and B. A. de la Morena. "On the Tropospheric Ozone Variations in a Coastal Area of Southwestern Europe under a Mesoscale Circulation." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2097.1.
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Abstract It is well established that surface ozone levels are greatly affected by orography, solar radiation intensity, meteorological conditions, and the levels of their precursors. In this work, the authors study the sea–land breeze circulation in its relation with the behavior of ozone in a coastal area, located in southwestern Europe, with high levels of solar radiation and an important industrial complex emitting air pollutants. Hourly mean data over a 7-yr period (1999–2005) have been used in the study. Two patterns of sea–land breeze have been identified after analyzing 2298 days of measurements: a “pure” breeze (179 cases) and another one, called a “nonpure” breeze (284 cases), which is the resulting flow of the former and northwesterlies synoptic forcing. Among other results, the highest levels of surface ozone were observed under pure sea–land breeze, with hourly values up to 100 μg m−3 in the mean daily evolution. In contrast, for a nonpure breeze, the 24-h average daily value was lower than the corresponding one under a pure breeze by a factor of 1.16 and could reach 1.60 in representative real cases. These findings give evidence that the formation and accumulation of ozone are favored by the conditions under a pure sea–land breeze: that is, perpendicular wind directions toward the coastline, effective recirculation of air masses, and formation of ozone residual layers above the sea. Because these atmospheric conditions occur in other coastal regions in the world, the conclusions of this study could be extended to them.
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Trošić Lesar, Tanja, and Anita Filipčić. "Prediction of the SO2 Hourly Concentration for Sea Breeze and Land Breeze in an Urban Area of Split Using Multiple Linear Regression." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030420.
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The main goal of this paper is to study pollution during sea breeze days in the Split town center, which is placed near the industrial area with three cement plants and one asbestos cement plant, as well as a harbor with high traffic, and investigate the sources of pollution with SO2 and its relation to atmospheric parameters using stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR). The hourly temperature difference from the time of the sea breeze lull (dT) was considered in evaluating the influence of meteorological parameters on hourly pollutant concentrations. It was found that the wind direction index (WDI) is a significant predictor for the sea breeze, and wind speed, relative humidity, and dT are significant for the land breeze. A very high index of agreement of 0.9 was obtained by the MLR model for the land breeze, and 0.8 for the sea breeze. Low SO2 concentrations are observed at night, and increased values are found between 0800 and 1800 UTC. With WDI being the only predictor during sea breeze, local traffic is found to be the main anthropogenic source of SO2 pollution.
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Steele, C. J., S. R. Dorling, R. von Glasow, and J. Bacon. "Idealized WRF model sensitivity simulations of sea breeze types and their effects on offshore windfields." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-443-2013.
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Abstract. The behaviour and characteristics of the marine component of sea breeze cells have received little attention relative to their onshore counterparts. Yet there is a growing interest and dependence on the offshore wind climate from, for example, a wind energy perspective. Using idealized model experiments, we investigate the sea breeze circulation at scales which approximate to those of the southern North Sea, a region of major ongoing offshore wind farm development. We also contrast the scales and characteristics of the pure and the little known corkscrew and backdoor sea breeze types, where the type is pre-defined by the orientation of the synoptic scale flow relative to the shoreline. We find, crucially, that pure sea breezes, in contrast to corkscrew and backdoor types, can lead to substantial wind speed reductions offshore and that the addition of a second eastern coastline emphasises this effect through generation of offshore "calm zones". The offshore extent of all sea breeze types is found to be sensitive to both the influence of Coriolis acceleration and to the boundary layer scheme selected. These extents range, for example for a pure sea breeze produced in a 2 m s−1 offshore gradient wind, from 0 km to 21 km between the Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino and the Yonsei State University schemes respectively. The corkscrew type restricts the development of a backdoor sea breeze on the opposite coast and is also capable of traversing a 100 km offshore domain even under high along-shore gradient wind speed (>15 m s−1) conditions. Realistic variations in sea surface skin temperature and initializing vertical thermodynamic profile do not significantly alter the resulting circulation, though the strengths of the simulated sea breezes are modulated if the effective land-sea thermal contrast is altered. We highlight how sea breeze impacts on circulation need to be considered in order to improve the accuracy of both assessments of the offshore wind energy climate and forecasts of wind energy output.
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Anggraeni, Sisilia Nur Hikmah, Sudarti Sudarti, and Yushardi Yushardi. "PEMANFAATAN FENOMENA ANGIN DARAT DAN ANGIN LAUT OLEH NELAYAN UNTUK MENCARI IKAN DI PANTAI PUGER KABUPATEN JEMBER." Jurnal Sains Riset 12, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47647/jsr.v12i3.832.
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One of the alternative energies on earth is wind. In the coastal area itself, it has been seen that fishermen are looking for fish in the sea using the wind as power to move their boats. The purpose of this study was to analyze the use of land and sea breezes by fishermen to find fish on Puger Beach, Jember Regency. This study uses methods in the form of field observations, direct interviews and taking sources from the literature. Fishermen will go to sea in the afternoon or evening using the sea breeze, and will arrive at sea in the morning using the land breeze. The condition of the coastal area is different when compared to areas far from the coast with the same hour conditions and the same weather. This difference can be seen from the temperature, wind speed and air pressure. The benefit of this research is as a source of knowledge for readers that physical theories from nature have been applied correctly by humans.
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Drobinski, Philippe, and Thomas Dubos. "Linear breeze scaling: from large-scale land/sea breezes to mesoscale inland breezes." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 135, no. 644 (October 2009): 1766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.496.
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Lombardo, Kelly, Eric Sinsky, Yan Jia, Michael M. Whitney, and James Edson. "Sensitivity of Simulated Sea Breezes to Initial Conditions in Complex Coastal Regions." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 4 (March 23, 2016): 1299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0306.1.
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Abstract Mesoscale simulations of sea breezes are sensitive to the analysis product used to initialize the simulations, primarily due to the representation of the coastline and the coastal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the analyses. The use of spatially coarse initial conditions, relative to the horizontal resolution of the mesoscale model grid, can introduce errors in the representation of coastal SSTs, in part due to the incorrect designation of the land surface. As a result, portions of the coastal ocean are initialized with land surface temperature values and vice versa. The diurnal variation of the sea surface is typically smaller than over land on meso- and synoptic-scale time scales. Therefore, it is common practice to retain a temporally static SST in numerical simulations, causing initial SST errors to persist through the duration of the simulation. These SST errors influence horizontal coastal temperature and humidity gradients and thereby the development of the sea-breeze circulations. The authors developed a technique to modify the initial surface conditions created from a reanalysis product [North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR)] for simulations of two sea-breeze events over the New England coast to more accurately represent the finescale structure of the coastline and the spatial representation of the coastal land surface and SST. Using this technique, the coastal SST (2-m temperature) RMSE is reduced from as much as 25°–1°C (7°–1°C), contributing to a more accurate propagation of the sea-breeze front. Techniques described in this work may be important for mesoscale simulations and forecasts of other coastal phenomena.
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Ma, Yizhe, Dongsheng Chen, Xinyi Fu, Fang Shang, Xiurui Guo, Jianlei Lang, and Ying Zhou. "Impact of Sea Breeze on the Transport of Ship Emissions: A Comprehensive Study in the Bohai Rim Region, China." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071094.
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Air pollutants from ship exhaust have a negative impact on air quality in coastal areas, which can be greatly exacerbated by sea breeze circulation. However, our understanding of this issue is still limited, especially in coastal areas with a complex topography and winding coastlines, such as the Bohai Rim region in China. In order to fill this knowledge gap, the Weather Research and Forecast model coupled with the chemistry (WRF/Chem) modeling system was employed to investigate the influence of sea breeze circulation on the transport of PM2.5 emitted by ships from April to September in 2014. The major findings are as follows: (1) The concentration of PM2.5 due to ship emissions was 2.94 μg/m3 on days with a sea breeze and 2.4 times higher than on days without a sea breeze in coastal cities in the region. (2) The difference in the contribution of ship emissions during days with a sea breeze and days without a sea breeze decreases with increasing distance from the coastline but remains non-negligible up to 50 km inland. (3) The shape of the coastline, the topographic height of the land area, and the latitude have a significant impact on sea breeze circulation and thus on the transport of ship emissions. (4) The differences in the contribution of ship emissions under days with a sea breeze versus days without a sea breeze were more evident than those under onshore versus alongshore and offshore winds, indicating that sea breeze circulation can cause cyclic accumulation of pollutants and thus reinforce the impact of ship emissions on coastal air quality more than by onshore winds. It should be emphasized that during the switching from sea breeze to a non-sea breeze, the pollutants that have been transported to the land area by sea breeze have not yet been carried back to sea, resulting in the ship contribution value still not significantly reduced even if the wind is a non-sea breeze at that moment. In addition, other factors e.g., emissions, precipitation, and chemistry can also play an important role in the observed trends in this study.
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Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren, and O. Altaratz. "Analyzing coastal precipitation using TRMM observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 24 (December 21, 2011): 13201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13201-2011.
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Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds, and surface friction increase in transition from sea to land can create persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterranean. During the winter the Mediterranean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurrence of land breeze that opposes the common synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a function of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastlines in the Eastern Mediterranean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze may likely be the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
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Chen, Xingchao, Fuqing Zhang, and Kun Zhao. "Diurnal Variations of the Land–Sea Breeze and Its Related Precipitation over South China." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 12 (November 21, 2016): 4793–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0106.1.
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Abstract Convection-permitting numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are performed to examine the diurnal cycles of land and sea breeze and its related precipitation over the south China coastal region during the mei-yu season. The focus of the analyses is a 10-day simulation initialized with the average of the 0000 UTC gridded global analyses during the 2007–09 mei-yu seasons (11 May–24 June) with diurnally varying cyclic lateral boundary conditions. Despite differences in the rainfall intensity and locations, the simulation verified well against averages of 3-yr ground-based radar, surface, and CMORPH observations and successfully simulated the diurnal variation and propagation of rainfall associated with the land and sea breeze over the south China coastal region. The nocturnal offshore rainfall in this region is found to be induced by the convergence line between the prevailing low-level monsoonal wind and the land breeze. Inhomogeneity of rainfall intensity can be found along the coastline, with heavier rainfall occurring in the region with coastal orography. In the night, the mountain–plain solenoid produced by the coastal terrain can combine with the land breeze to enhance offshore convergence. In the daytime, rainfall propagates inland with the inland penetration of the sea breeze, which can be slowed by the coastal mountains. The cold pool dynamics also plays an essential role in the inland penetration of precipitation and the sea breeze. Dynamic lifting produced by the sea-breeze front is strong enough to produce precipitation, while the intensity of precipitation can be dramatically increased with the latent heating effect.
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Purba, D. L. A., I. J. A. Saragih, and D. S. Sosaidi. "Utilization of weather-radar data to observe the Sea Breeze Front (SBF) over the North Coast of Banten-Jakarta (case study in 2018)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 893, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012055.
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Abstract One of the important factors in weather and climate dynamics that can trigger precipitation on the coast and the surrounding area is a sea breeze. Sea breeze occurs because of differences in the surface temperature between land and sea due to solar heating which then forms a pressure gradient that leads to a land called the sea breeze circulation. An important part of sea breeze circulation is the Sea Breeze Front (SBF). SBF is a boundary area where wind from the sea direction meets the wind from the land direction, which is marked by significant changes in temperature, humidity, wind and can trigger convective activity. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the SBF on the north coast of Banten-Jakarta in 2018 which were identified using a Doppler weather radar Plan Position Indicator (PPI) product and convective activity using the Coloumn Maximum (CMAX) product. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to determine the SBF parameters such as frequency of occurrence, onset time, duration, length, column depth, and SBF penetration, and convective activity during the occurrence of SBF. The results showed that SBF was detected more in the rainy season January, February, and December 2018, and occur between 08:08 LT and 15:20 LT. SBF can trigger the occurrence of convective clouds and affect the temperature and humidity conditions around the SBF.
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SRINIVAS, C. V., R. VENKATESAN, and A. BAGAVATH SINGH. "A numerical study of the influence of synoptic flow on coastal meso-scale circulations on the East and West Coasts of India." MAUSAM 56, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v56i1.863.
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The effect of synoptic flow on the coastal boundary layer and land sea breeze circulation on the west and east coasts has been investigated by a numerical simulation using PSU/NCAR-MM5 mesoscale model. A study on 24th May 2003 during ARMEX observation period shows occurrence of land-sea breeze circulation and formation of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) on both the coastal regions in the daytime but of some differences. An early development and accelerated propagation of sea breeze circulation is noticed on the west coast compared to the east coast under the influence of the prevailing southwesterly flow. The strength of the sea breeze is more on the west coast. The mixing heights during daytime in the coastal regions are reduced by the formation of TIBL. The horizontal extent of TIBL is very less (24 km) on the west coast under the complex topographic effect. The sea breeze frontal activity is more intensive on the east coast with vertical velocity of the order of 2-4 m/sec by the retarding influence of southwesterly synoptic flow.
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Porson, A., D. G. Steyn, and G. Schayes. "Formulation of an Index for Sea Breezes in Opposing Winds." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2525.1.
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Abstract A scaling analysis is conducted to explore the dependence of sea-breeze speed and inland occurrence in the presence of opposing winds on a set of dynamical parameters. The overall aim of the analysis is to develop an index for sea-breeze occurrence in the face of opposing winds, similar to the Biggs and Graves lake-breeze index. Most studies separate sea-breeze speed and sea-breeze inland occurrence or, at best, link the two in linear analyses. This work analyzes the output of a nonlinear numerical mesoscale model (in idealized simulations) using scaling methods commonly applied in observational studies. It is found that the scaled sea-breeze speed, in response to increasing magnitude of opposing wind, shows two distinct phases: a phase of increasing speed while the sea breeze progresses inland and a phase of sharply decreasing speed when the sea breeze is no longer detected inland. The analysis also allows the development of an index for sea-breeze inland occurrence. This index is an improvement over existing analyses through the use of nonlinear scaling and the use of surface heat flux as opposed to simpler land–sea temperature contrasts.
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Parvaresh, A., S. Hassanzadeh, and M. H. Bordbar. "Statistical analysis of wave parameters in the north coast of the Persian Gulf." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 6 (September 15, 2005): 2031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2031-2005.
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Abstract. In this study we have analysed wind and wave time series data resulting from hourly measurements on the sea surface in Bushehr, the northern part of the Persian Gulf, from 15 July to 4 August 2000. Wind speed (U10) ranged from 0.34 to 10.38 m/s as alternating sea and land breezes. The lowest wind speed occurs at about midnight and the highest at around noon. The calculated autocorrelation of wind speed data shows that when the sea-land breeze is strong, the land-sea breeze is weak and vice versa. The significant wave height (Hs) varies between 0.10 to 1.02 m. The data of the present study reflects mostly the local waves or the sea waves. The calculated correlation between wind and wave parameters is rather weak, due to the continuous change in the wind direction. Wave height distribution follows the well-known Rayleigh distribution law. The cross correlation analyses between U10 and Hs reveal a time lag of 4h. Finally, we have shown that the time series of U10, Hs, and wave period are stationary. We have modeled these parameters by an auto regressive moving average (ARMA) and auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. Keywords. Oceanography: physical (Air-sea interactions; Surface waves and tides; Upper ocean processes)
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The Executive Committee of Sectiona. "Local Wind (1), Land and Sea Breeze Circulation." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 51, no. 2 (1995): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.51.175.
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The Executive Committee of Sectiona. "Local Wind(1): Land and Sea Breeze Circulation." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 51, no. 3 (1995): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.51.279.
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You, Cheng, Jimmy Chi-Hung Fung, and Wai Po Tse. "Response of the Sea Breeze to Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta Region." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 7 (July 2019): 1449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0081.1.
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AbstractThe Pearl River delta (PRD) region has undergone rapid urbanization since the 1980s, which has had significant effects on the sea-breeze circulation in this region. Because the sea breeze plays an important role in pollutant transportation and convective initiation in the PRD region, it is meaningful to study the effects of urbanization on the sea breeze. In this study, three numerical experiments were conducted from 2 June to 31 August 2010 with land-use data from 1988, 1999, and 2010. For each simulation, characteristics of the sea breeze such as the start time, end time, intensity, height, pumping ability, and inland penetration distance were quantified. By comparing the characteristics of the sea breeze in these simulations, its response to urbanization was quantified. The results show that urbanization enhances the duration, height, and intensity of the sea breeze but blocks its inland penetration. One physical mechanism is proposed to dynamically elucidate the response of the sea breeze to urbanization. Because the urban area in the PRD region is concentrated near the coast, urbanization imposes a positive heating gradient on the coastal region and a negative heating gradient on the region farther inland. The positive heating gradient may intensify the sea breeze, and the negative heating gradient may prevent the sea breeze from propagating farther inland.
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Yoon, Ji Won, Sujeong Lim, and Seon Ki Park. "Combinational Optimization of the WRF Physical Parameterization Schemes to Improve Numerical Sea Breeze Prediction Using Micro-Genetic Algorithm." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 11221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311221.
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This study aims to improve the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in the sea breeze circulation using the micro-Genetic Algorithm (micro-GA). We found the optimal combination of four physical parameterization schemes related to the sea breeze system, including planetary boundary layer (PBL), land surface, shortwave radiation, and longwave radiation, in the WRF model coupled with the micro-GA (WRF-μGA system). The optimization was performed with respect to surface meteorological variables (2 m temperature, 2 m relative humidity, 10 m wind speed and direction) and a vertical wind profile (wind speed and direction), simultaneously for three sea breeze cases over the northeastern coast of South Korea. The optimized set of parameterization schemes out of the WRF-μGA system includes the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino level-2.5 (MYNN2) for PBL, the Noah land surface model with multiple parameterization options (Noah-MP) for land surface, and the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs (RRTMG) for both shortwave and longwave radiation. The optimized set compared with the various other sets of parameterization schemes for the sea breeze circulations showed up to 29 % for the improvement ratio in terms of the normalized RMSE considering all meteorological variables.
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Zhu, Lei, Zhiyong Meng, Fuqing Zhang, and Paul M. Markowski. "The influence of sea- and land-breeze circulations on the diurnal variability in precipitation over a tropical island." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 21 (November 8, 2017): 13213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13213-2017.
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Abstract. This study examines the diurnal variation in precipitation over Hainan Island in the South China Sea using gauge observations from 1951 to 2012 and Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH) satellite estimates from 2006 to 2015, as well as numerical simulations. The simulations are the first to use climatological mean initial and lateral boundary conditions to study the dynamic and thermodynamic processes (and the impacts of land–sea breeze circulations) that control the rainfall distribution and climatology. Precipitation is most significant from April to October and exhibits a strong diurnal cycle resulting from land–sea breeze circulations. More than 60 % of the total annual precipitation over the island is attributable to the diurnal cycle with a significant monthly variability. The CMORPH and gauge datasets agree well, except that the CMORPH data underestimate precipitation and have a 1 h peak delay. The diurnal cycle of the rainfall and the related land–sea breeze circulations during May and June were well captured by convection-permitting numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which were initiated from a 10-year average ERA-Interim reanalysis. The simulations have a slight overestimation of rainfall amounts and a 1 h delay in peak rainfall time. The diurnal cycle of precipitation is driven by the occurrence of moist convection around noontime owing to low-level convergence associated with the sea-breeze circulations. The precipitation intensifies rapidly thereafter and peaks in the afternoon with the collisions of sea-breeze fronts from different sides of the island. Cold pools of the convective storms contribute to the inland propagation of the sea breeze. Generally, precipitation dissipates quickly in the evening due to the cooling and stabilization of the lower troposphere and decrease of boundary layer moisture. Interestingly, the rather high island orography is not a dominant factor in the diurnal variation in precipitation over the island.
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Bauer, Timothy J. "Interaction of Urban Heat Island Effects and Land–Sea Breezes during a New York City Heat Event." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 3 (March 2020): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0061.1.
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AbstractThe state of knowledge of the effects of urban heat islands is advanced through investigation of a heat event in the highly complex coastal environment of New York City (NYC) by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and surface observations in the NYC metropolitan area to evaluate heat retention at high- and low-temperature times during 18–20 July 2013. Urban surface air temperatures are 1°–2°C higher than rural temperatures throughout the daytime and increase to 3°–5°C higher during the night. Lack of a land–sea temperature gradient prevents development of a land breeze during the night. A land–sea temperature difference approaching 20°C leads to sea-breeze effects during 18 July that reduce daytime skin temperatures, but higher winds greatly reduce the sea breeze during 19 July. WRF Model data are generated using three urban parameterization schemes. The most sophisticated multilayer urban parameterization proves to be most accurate when compared with surface observation data. Errors between WRF Model data and surface observations are attributed to assigned coastal sea surface temperatures, excessive building drag, and too little urban heat retention. Adjustments to the input parameters to the multilayer scheme improved accuracy to lead to the control simulation used for urban heat island effects and land–sea-breeze analysis. NYC building interaction with the synoptic flow generates urban drag and wake effects, although relatively high winds limit their extent. Urban flow results and identified model errors support the development and deployment of the best urban parameterization scheme.
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Hai, Shangfei, Yucong Miao, Lifang Sheng, Linbo Wei, and Qing Chen. "Numerical Study on the Effect of Urbanization and Coastal Change on Sea Breeze over Qingdao, China." Atmosphere 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090345.
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During the past few decades, rapid economic development occurred in Qingdao. Inevitably, human activities have caused great changes to the underlying surface, including urbanization and coastal change. Coastal change mainly refers to the expansion of the coastline to increase coastal land area. Sea-land breeze (SLB) is important for local weather and the transport of air pollutant. However, the impact of human activities on the SLB over Qingdao is not yet clear. Thus, the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model is applied to study the effect of urbanization and coastal change on SLB. The study shows that urbanization strengthens the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Due to the expansions of urban area during past decades, sea breeze is strengthened before it passes through the urban areas. When it penetrates into the city, the inland progress of sea breeze is slowed down due to the UHI effect and stronger frictional force. Besides, the expansions of coastline can delay the SLB conversion time, lead to the changes in the sea breeze penetration path and the weakening of SLB intensity.
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Alomar-Garau, Gabriel, and Miquel Grimalt-Gelabert. "Impacts of Coastal Breezes on the Environment and Human Life: The Case of Mallorca (Western Mediterranean)." Coasts 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coasts2010002.
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The sea breeze is an atmospheric phenomenon that can appear in many coastal areas of the world. On the island of Mallorca, in the center of the Western Mediterranean, the coastal breezes present prototypical characteristics. They are so consistent that their effectiveness allows for easy scientific verification. The sea breeze system is defined in Mallorca by its multi-directional spatial behavior and its unifying nature. As a result of the physical insularity of the land, coastal breezes have multiple orientations and act in opposite directions. This means that they can operate simultaneously on different coasts, and penetrate inland areas, where they typically converge, eliminating slope winds and forming convective chimneys, creating storms. In this article, we characterize and label the coastal breezes of Mallorca, and we verify their influence in the places where this phenomenon appears. A broader understanding of them reveals their remarkable influence on all spheres of life and human settlement: climatic, ecological, biological and geomorphological, but also cultural, territorial, economic and social.
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Cheng, Ke-Sheng, Cheng-Yu Ho, and Jen-Hsin Teng. "Wind and Sea Breeze Characteristics for the Offshore Wind Farms in the Central Coastal Area of Taiwan." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030992.
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Renewable energy is crucial for achieving net zero emissions. Taiwan has abundant wind resources and most major wind farms are offshore over the Taiwan Strait due to a lack of space on land. A thorough study that includes time series modeling of wind speed and sea breeze identification and evaluation for Taiwan’s offshore wind farms was conducted. The time series modeling identified two periodic (annual and diurnal) components and an autoregressive model for multiple-year wind speed time series. A new method for sea breeze type identification and magnitude evaluation is proposed. The method (named as EACH) utilizes a vector and an ellipse to represent the wind condition of a day. Verification of the type identification determined by the new method in two cases of different seasons has been conducted by using surface weather charts and wind data measured by lidar. It is a concise, effective, and programmable way to filter a number of dates for type identification and speed change precursor of sea breeze. We found that the typical daily wind power production of corkscrew sea breeze in Central Taiwan is more than 33 times that of pure sea breeze and more than 9 times that of backdoor sea breeze, which highlights the impact of sea breeze types on wind power.
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Rafiq, Syeda, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Ivica Janeković. "Dynamics of the Land–Sea Breeze System and the Surface Current Response in South-West Australia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110931.
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The land–sea breeze (LSB) system, driven by the thermal contrast between the land and the adjacent ocean is a widely known atmospheric phenomenon, which occurs in coastal regions globally. South-west Australia experiences a persistent and one of the strongest LSB systems globally with maximum wind speeds associated with the LSB system often exceeding 15 ms−1. In this paper, using field measurements and numerical simulations, we examine: (1) the local winds associated with the land–sea breeze with an emphasis on the ocean; and, (2) the response of the surface currents to the diurnal wind forcing. The measurements indicated that the wind speeds decreased between midnight and 0400 and increased rapidly after 1100, reaching maxima >10 ms−1 around 1800) associated with the sea breeze and decreased to midnight. Wind directions were such that they were blowing from south-east (120°) in the morning and changed to almost southerly (~200°) in the afternoon. Decomposition of the wind record to the diurnal and synoptic components indicated that the diurnal component of winds (i.e., LSB) was oriented along the south-west to north-east axis. However, the stronger synoptic winds were from the south-east to south quadrant and in combination with the LSB, the winds consisted of a strong southerly component. We examined the evolution, horizontal extent, and propagation properties of sea breeze fronts for characteristic LSB cycles and the sea breeze cell propagating offshore and inland. The results indicated that the sea breeze cell was initiated in the morning in a small area, close to 33° S, 115.5° E, with a width of ~25 km and expanded onshore, offshore and alongshore. The sea breeze cell expanded faster (30 kmh−1) and farther (120 km) in the offshore direction than in the onshore direction (10 kmh−1 and 30–40 km). Winds during the LSB cycle followed a counterclockwise rotation that was also reflected in the surface currents. The winds and surface currents rotated anticlockwise with the surface currents responding almost instantaneously to changes in wind forcing but were modified by topography. The diurnal surface currents were enhanced due to the resonance between the LSB forcing and the inertial response.
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Niino, Hiroshi. "The Linear Theory of Land and Sea Breeze Circulation." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 65, no. 6 (1987): 901–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.65.6_901.
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Cenedese, A., M. Miozzi, and P. Monti. "A laboratory investigation of land and sea breeze regimes." Experiments in Fluids 29, no. 7 (December 31, 2000): S291—S299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480070031.
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Gunson, Jim, and Graham Symonds. "Spectral Evolution of Nearshore Wave Energy during a Sea-Breeze Cycle." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 12 (November 26, 2014): 3195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0205.1.
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Abstract From in situ measurements taken over several sea-breeze cycles off a beach in southwest (SW) Australia, the evolution of the one-dimensional spectrum of wave energy is observed to have a distinctive spectral shape. During the land-breeze phase of the cycle, lower rates of dissipation of wave energy are seen at high frequencies compared to midrange frequencies above the remnant wind-sea peak. A simulation of waves was performed using the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model and produced the same spectral evolution, by generating longshore modes, as seen in the observations. The performance of whitecapping schemes available in SWAN was assessed, and the Alves–Banner scheme was found to best simulate the observed growth and decay of the wave spectra. During the onshore phase of the sea-breeze cycle, local wave growth is duration limited, and during the offshore land-breeze phase, wave growth is fetch limited. From an examination of the modeled two-dimensional spectra it is found that quadruplet interactions play a key role in spreading high-frequency wave energy in frequency and direction space.
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Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Bernadette H. Connell, and Rafael Baena-Calatrava. "Sea-Breeze Convergence Zones from AVHRR over the Iberian Mediterranean Area and the Isle of Mallorca, Spain." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 2069–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2141.1.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to identify clear air boundaries and to obtain spatial distribution of convective areas associated with the sea breeze over the Iberian Mediterranean zone and the isle of Mallorca, both in Spain. Daytime Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites were collected for May–October 2004. A cloud detection algorithm was used to identify clouds to derive daytime sea-breeze cloud frequency composites over land. The high-resolution composites aided in identifying the location of five preferential sea-breeze convergence zones (SBCZ) in relation to the shape of coastline and orographic effects. Additionally, eight regimes were designated using mean boundary layer wind speed and direction to provide statistics about the effect of prevailing large-scale flows on sea-breeze convection over the five SBCZ. The offshore SW to W and the NW to N regimes were characterized by high cloud frequencies parallel to the coast. Small differences in mean cloud frequency values from morning to afternoon composites were detected with these regimes because sea-breeze fronts tended to form early and persist into the afternoon. Just the opposite occurred under the onshore NE to E and SE to S regimes. It was found that light to moderate (≤5.1 m s−1) winds aloft result in more clouds at the leading edge of sea breezes. In contrast, strong synoptic-scale (>5.1 m s−1) flows weaken boundary layer convergence. The results from this satellite meteorology study could have practical applications for many people including those that forecast the weather and those that use the forecast for making decisions related to energy use, fishing, recreation, or agriculture activities, as well as for estimating pollution or issuing warnings for heavy rain or flash flooding.