Academic literature on the topic 'Land and labour'
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Journal articles on the topic "Land and labour"
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Worpole, K. "Land, Labour and Community." History Workshop Journal 79, no. 1 (August 27, 2014): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbu026.
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Newhouse, David. "Conclusion: Land. Labour. Capital." Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/jaed201.
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Alexander, Rymanov. "Differential land rent and agricultural taxation." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 9 (September 11, 2017): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2016-agricecon.
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The paper addresses the influence of various types of taxes on changes in differential (Ricardian) land rent, and the economic performance of agricultural producers. Labour and capital taxes lead to higher prices for agricultural products, causing a decrease in consumer demand and lower income for agricultural producers (mostly utilizing marginal land). A polynomial single-product model has been used to demonstrate that reducing the tax burden on agricultural producers – specifically taxes on labour and capital – will result in increases in differential land rents on the average and relatively better plots, and/or the emergence of the rent on the marginal land. Thus, substituting labour and capital taxes for land/property taxes reduces the overall tax burden of agricultural producers on marginal lands.
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Hanieh, Adam. "Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land, and Occupation." Journal of Palestine Studies 36, no. 1 (2006): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.89.
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Hilmiati, Nurul, Ulyatu Fitrotin, Irma Mardian, Putu Adnyana, Awaludin Hipi, and Johanes Geli Bulu. "Gender segregation in farm labour, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic: case study from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602047.
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Farm labour plays significant roles in crops production. This paper aims to describe gender segregation in crops farming, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara. A survey was conducted in three districts, East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima, involving 102 farmers. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using interview method which then analysed descriptively. The results showed that most respondents employed woman labours for planting and mixed labour for harvesting amid the land ownership discrepancy and agroecology conditions. Women were considered to be more skilful and diligent than men. Nevertheless, they received lower pay by 50-100% on daily basis. Covid pandemic situation has posed varying effects on labour prices, work availability and movement. Labour prices generally has increased due to increasing prices of basic needs, yet work availability decreased as land owners tried to reduce cost because of rocketing fertiliser prices. Pandemic situation did not affect labour movement was in East Lombok and Bima since majority farmers used local labour. While in Sumbawa, as many farmers relied on migrant labour from Lombok and Bima for harvesting, the 2020 has affected harvest quality and subsequently selling prices due to late harvest since labours were not allowed to travel.
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Subrahmanian, K. S. "Land, Labour and Governance: An Anthology." Social Change 37, no. 2 (June 2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570703700207.
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Williams, Andrew. "Cohen on Locke, Land and Labour." Political Studies 40, no. 1 (March 1992): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb01783.x.
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Fox, H. S. A. "Land, labour and people, 1042–1350." Journal of Historical Geography 17, no. 4 (October 1991): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(91)90029-u.
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Gołaś, Zbigniew. "Przemiany i uwarunkowania wydajności pracy w rolnictwie Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005-2016." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 106, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2019.106.1.2.
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The main aim of the work was to present the changes observed in the labour productivity in EU agriculture in years 2005-2016. The author proposed also the methodical decomposition of the labor productivity ratio in agriculture. Seven factors (ratios) have been taken into account in three models of labor productivity decomposition. These factors are: inputs productivity, land productivity, value added index, production taxation, production subsidies, equipment employed in agricultural land and the level of agricultural production intensity. The use of the deterministic method allowed to analyse the changes in labour productivity from the perspectives both in the EU agriculture (EU-28) and in the Polish agriculture. Performed studies seems to prove that in the years 2005-2016 the labor productivity measured by gross value added increased in case of EU-28 by average 2.13% and in the case of EU-15 only by 0.98%. At the same time, higher increase was observed in the case of EU-13 which equal to 3.45%. It may suggest that can be observe the ongoing process of the labor productivity convergence in EU agriculture. In the light of deterministic analysis, it was possible to specify the main factors contributing to the increase in labor productivity in agriculture in the EU-28 and in Poland, which are the increase in production intensity and the increase in agricultural land/labour relation. However, it should be also noted that the favorable direction of changes in labour productivity was weakened by the decreasing efficiency of production measured by the inputs productivity and the share of value added in revenues.
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Yiyuan, Chen. "Land outsourcing and labour contracting: Labour management in China's capitalist farms." Journal of Agrarian Change 20, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12353.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Land and labour"
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Tailby, Stephanie. "Labour utilization and labour management in the British coalmining industry, 1900-1940." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35675/.
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This thesis examines the utilization and management of labour in the British coalmining industry in the period between 1900 and 1940. The period was one in which the British coal industry experienced a dramatic reversal of fortunes. Over the nineteenth century and up until the First World War, output and employment increased rapidly. Expansion had been assisted by the opening-up of large export markets in Europe and by 1913, the British coal industry shipped abroad a third of its output of 287 million tons.
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Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.
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The dissertation aims to explore the supply and demand side determinant of child labour at macro, meso and micro level. At macro level it explores the effect of globalization (defined as openness to trade and inflow of foreign direct investment) and credit market imperfections on child labour. At meso level it explores the effect of labour market conditions on child labour. As the above two levels of analysis are mainly concerned with the demand for child labour, the micro level analysis explores the supply side determinant of child labour. At micro level this dissertation explores the effect of intrahousehold distribution of power on child related outcome. Specifically it explores the effect of mother’s decision making power on her child’s labour and schooling. The macro level analysis is based on cross country regression framework while meso and micro level analysis is based on the data from Pakistan. At macro level, this dissertation points out that trade openness and FDI inflow raise the standard of living in an economy thereby reducing child labour incidence. As the channel through which trade could affect child labour is by increasing income of the poor, credit market imperfection shows insignificant effect. At meso level, this dissertation points out that high adult wages in an area increase demand for child labour while presence of adult unemployed proportion in an area reduces demand for child labour. However, presence of unemployed adult in a house increases supply of child labour. Exports, on one hand, reduce supply of child labour by affecting the income of poor at macro level while on the other hand at meso level, subcontracting of production process to small informal sector increases demand for child labour. The informal sector being unprotected by law employs a high proportion of child labour. At micro level mother’s decision making power significantly decreases child labour supply and increases child schooling. The effect is significant in case of girls but not in case of boys. This study also shows that whether children work for generating income or as family helpers, mothers are equally concerned for their welfare. Their decision making power significantly reduces labour among children.
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Sánchez, Rafael. "Essays in labour regulation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55271/.
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This thesis consists of three empirical essays within the field of labour economics. As a whole, it explores the (un)intended consequences of labour regulation, with each chapter providing an independent analytical contribution to a specific aspect of the field. Chapter 1 analyzes the effect of a reduction in standard working hours on employment tran- sitions. In this chapter, I study Chile's reduction of weekly working hours from 48 to 45, which was announced in 2001 but implemented in 2005. This policy was innovative, compared with those in other countries, because it isolated the reduction in working hours from other policy changes, such as working time flexibility and financial incentives to firms. Thus, this policy is an interesting example for other countries to study, especially those without the scale capacity to provide such incentives, as it allows them to identify its effects on employment. Our results, which are confirmed by several robustness checks, suggest that despite the pre-announcement of the policy, firms displayed non-anticipatory behaviour on key variables. Furthermore, we find that firms waited to implement the reduction in working hours until just before the deadline. Overall, we find that a reduction in standard hours had no significant effects on employment transitions, although we do find a significant e¤ect on hourly wages (i.e., wage compensation). Chapter 2 extends the analysis of Chapter 1 to health outcomes. This is important, as the health effects of reductions in working hours have not been addressed by the existing literature; instead, most of the empirical evidence concerns employment outcomes, family life balance, and social networks. Using panel data from France and Portugal, this chapter exploits the exogenous variation of working hours coming from labour regulation and estimates its impact on health outcomes. In this way, our contribution to the existing literature is threefold: first, this is the first evaluation of health outcomes of policies that reduce working hours. Second, we avoid the problem of endogeneity with health outcomes by using exogenous reductions of working hours. Third, as the effects on health might depend on the level of working hours, our analysis is performed for two different countries with differing weekly hour thresholds (France, 35 hours; Portugal, 40 hours). Our results suggest a non-monotonic relationship between weekly working hours and health outcomes. In particular, a negative (positive) effect is found for young men (women) in France, and no e¤ect is found in Portugal. Chapter 3 (coauthored by Eugenio Rojas and Mauricio Villena) examines childcare policies and analyzes who effectively pays for childcare when it is not publicly funded. This is interesting, since in several countries governments provide and fund childcare, but in many others it is privately funded, as labour regulation mandates that firms have to provide childcare services. For this latter case, there is no empirical evidence on the effects generated by the financial burden of childcare provision. In particular, there is no evidence about who effectively pays for childcare (i.e., firms or employees) and how it is paid for (i.e., via wages and/or employment). Our study is the first one to provide empirical evidence on the effects generated by the finan- cial burden of childcare provision. For this, we exploit a Chilean labour regulation requiring that firms with 20 or more female workers provide and fund childcare for their workers. Our hypothesis is that, in imperfect labour markets (e.g., oligopsonistic), firms will pass childcare costs on to their workers. To analyze this, we exploit a discontinuity in the childcare provision mandated by the Chilean Labour Code. Our results suggest that firms pass almost the entire childcare cost (nearly 90%) on to their workers via lower wages (not only to female but also to male workers) and not by altering the share of male workers within the firm.
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Mullings, Robert. "Labour market adjustment in Jamaica." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13484/.
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The central purpose of this thesis is to explore the dimensions of labour market adjustment in Jamaica. The paper adopts a microeconometric approach, relying on new and more detailed Jamaica Labour Force Survey data for the period 1983-2006. Over this period, Jamaica has experienced significant expansion in its external trade which has been characterized by a severe import bias. Also, during this time, Jamaica's agricultural and manufacturing sectors experienced declines in their respective employment shares of 44% and 36% while service sectors expanded. One chapter of the thesis explores the empirical link between expanding trade flows and manufacturing labour market adjustment. The thesis also explores whether and to what extent sectoral labour market adjustment in Jamaica has been accommodated by an accompanying occupational transformation. Central to analyzing the issue of occupational adjustment however, is the careful definition of what constitutes a skill in order to elucidate the role of skill specificity in labour market adjustment. The thesis then investigates the incidence of unemployment in Jamaica in an attempt to identify key factors leading to escape from unemployment within a low skilled, high-unemployment, developing country context. The study finds an important role for worker characteristics, trade and industry information in affecting labour market adjustment in Jamaica. Using occupational skill definitions due to Dolton and Kidd (1998), the study also finds that most of the occupational and sectoral mobility in Jamaica, over the review period, took place among unskilled manual workers. As such, the Jamaican employed labour force experienced very little skill upgrading over the 24 year period covered. The very limited up-skilling observed over the review period was due to the emergence of relatively more highly skilled, sales and distribution related occupations. As far as adjustment costs are concerned, across all mobility types, simple sectoral moves were- in general, relatively less costly; with occupational transformation playing an accommodative role to the sectoral adjustment. Industry information, educational qualifications, geographic location, gender and the degree of skill specificity and were all critical determinants of the type of adjustment observed in the Jamaican labour market. Finally, the thesis underlines the very high incidence of long-term unemployment among uneducated, unskilled, young males in Jamaica. The study reveals negative duration dependence in the Jamaican labour market and suggests a critical role to be played by worker training in affecting unemployment escape probabilities.
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Fu, Jingcheng. "Essays on labour market search." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49081/.
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This thesis contains three studies on the topic of labour market search. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the studies. Chapter 2 reports an experimental study which examines how social comparisons affect behavior in a sequential search task. In a control treatment subjects search in isolation, while in two other treatments subjects get feedback on the search decisions and outcomes of a partner subject. The average level and rate of decline of reservation wages are similar across treatments. Nevertheless, subjects who are able to make social comparisons search differently from those who search in isolation. Within a search task we observe a reference wage effect: when a partner exits, the subject chooses a new reservation wage which is increasing in partner income. We also observe a social learning effect: between search tasks, subjects who have been paired with a more patient and successful partner increase their reservation wages in the next task. Chapter 3 reports a study in which we provide the first microeconometric estimates of the hazards to matching on both sides of a labour market, decomposed into two constituent parts. Namely, (i) the rate at which job-seekers and vacancies contact each other (i.e. having interviews), and (ii) the probability that a contact results in a match. To do this, we use unique data which contains information on job-seekers, vacancies, interviews and interview outcomes. We use a specification which addresses the problems of the temporal aggregation bias and spatial spillovers highlighted by the two-sided estimates. Our estimates suggest that market tightness affects the matching rates mainly through affecting the meeting rates. In both the raw data and the estimates, we find the decline in the matching hazard is driven by the decline in the contact hazard, and not by a fall in the matching probability. And we also report the effects of various characteristics on matching decomposed into the effects on meeting and matching probability. Using the same data as Chapter 3, Chapter 4 provides further evidence on the mechanism by which job-seekers and vacancies decide whom to contact during their search. Since the data features an environment where both sides of the market have access to a database (or marketplace) of potential partners, a natural model of search is one of stock-flow matching, and we show that the predictions of this model outperform those of a simple random matching model. Our descriptive and econometric evidence shows that it is the inflow rate of new agents, rather than the total stock of agents, which determines the contact rates of existing agents, consistent with the predictions of the stock-flow model. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of this dissertation and concludes.
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McPherson, Alexander Hugh. "Scottish international skilled labour mobility." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5506/.
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The topic of international skilled labour mobility has received growing attention within the field of population geography and other disciplines. This interest reflects the large growth of international skilled labour mobility, especially during the 1980s. Attention of prior research has focused on the migratory movement of managers and professionals as they radiate across the globe, recording and representing the dispersal of international investment and the overseas expansion of producers of goods and services. The research examines Scotland's participation in the international exchange of skilled labour. The research undertaken addresses the varying theoretical, conceptual and methodological approaches of prior research on international skilled labour mobility in geography, as well as in other disciplines, such as management studies and occupational psychology. In doing so, the interplay between work and non-work spheres in shaping Scottish international skilled labour mobility is highlighted, as is the differing temporal and spatial focus of existing studies. The author's research thus investigates both the economic and social contexts of Scottish international skilled labour mobility, these contexts being characterised at macro, meso and micro level. In addition, the research adopts a broader definition of skilled labour movements than prior research, and so the study discusses the place of short term business travel as well as longer term migratory movements and the relationship between them. In illustrating the economic context of Scottish international skilled labour mobility, the research outlines macro level changes in the Scottish economy and the role of foreign direct investment as a source and channel of Scottish skill exchange. In turn, the specific institutional characteristics of activities generating these labour flows are examined and related to the occupational status of mobile persons.
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Green, Anne E. "Spatial mobility and labour markets." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57300/.
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This thesis brings together selected published works on the theme of spatial mobility and labour markets. The works selected adopt a range of methodological approaches, including quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. They are grouped into four inter-related subthemes: (1) labour migration and labour market adjustment; (2) mobilities, migration and commuting; (3) spatial (im)mobility, place and social networks; and (4) immigration, integration and labour market issues. These sub-themes span responses to changes in employment and non-employment, the continuum of labour market-related movements from daily and weekly commuting to employment-related migration, spatial mobility and immobility, and internal and international migration. Taken together, the works presented provide an original contribution to knowledge on spatial mobility and labour markets. They also inform key policy debates. Particular contributions include: (1) evidence on spatial and temporal variations in labour migration as an adjustment mechanism within the broader context of changing labour markets; (2) empirical and theoretical insights into the location and mobility strategies of dual career households and how some individuals might substitute commuting for migration for individual and household gains; (3) evidence on the importance of area perceptions and place-based social networks in constraining spatial mobility – particularly for some individuals in some places; and (4) policy-relevant evidence on the impact of international migration on regional and local labour markets and implications for local skills strategies and local action on integration of new arrivals. Together the works highlight the reality of the fuzziness of the binary measurement categories conventionally used in analyses of spatial mobility and indicate the need for greater flexibility. They also demonstrate the need for increased sensitivity to the diversity of individual, household and local labour market experiences in different times and places.
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Chan, Chris King-Chi. "The challenge of labour in China : strikes and the changing labour regime in global factories." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2374/.
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China has become a global manufacturing centre with its `unlimited' supply of low cost and unorganised peasant workers. The potential of Chinese workers to change this condition has significant meaning for global labour politics. This study offers an ethnographic portrait and a sociological account of the transformation of labour relations and labour politics in China from 2004 to 2008 focusing on workers' strikes, community and organisation. It reveals how wages and working conditions are bargained, fought over, and determined in the global factories. Geographically this study concerns the city of Shenzhen, China's first Special Economic Zone (SEZ), where labour conflict is most prevalent. Historically, it is traced back to the late 1970s to explore how the pattern of labour conflict has changed over time. The author spent one year conducting participant observation based in a grass-roots labour non-governmental organisation (NGO) in an industrial zone from 2005 to 2006. A multi-case method is used to document workers' stories to strive for a higher wage and better working conditions and their relationships with management, NGOs, the trade union and the local state. The author suggests that benefiting from an expanding labour market, an escalating dynamic community, and the skilled and supervisory workers' network, workplace struggle has exerted significant challenges to the state authorities and the global capital. The capital responded to these challenges by work intensification, production rationalization, expansion and relocation. The local state reacted by better enforcement of the labour regulations and steady enhancement of the minimum wage rate, while the central state initiated a new round of labour legislation to better protect workers. The author refers to the changing labour regime in this stage as `contested despotism'. Its potential to give way to a new form of factory regime is dependent on the possibility of effective workplace trade unionism.
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Horsnell, P. H. "Labour, land and sectoral linkages in an African context." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303590.
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Tichelar, Michael. "The Labour Party's policy towards land reform, 1900-1945." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322024.
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By the outbreak of the Second World War the 'Land Question' was not as politically controversial as it had been before 1914. It had fragmented into a series of separate but related political issues. Radical interest had moved away from attacking the landed aristocracy as a class and focused on the development and control of land-use, particularly in urban areas, and the protection of agriculture and the countryside from urban despoliation. The thesis concentrates on Labour Party policy at a national and a local level in the period 1939-45. There was a plethora of Government white papers and reports published on land-use control (physical planning's equivalent to the welfare state's Beveridge Report), plus controversial legislation on town and country planning to deal with the problem of reconstructing towns badly damaged by the blitz. Much more could be said about the importance of post 1945 developments, but there is not sufficient space to do adequate justice to this period. However, a number of ~ initial and preliminary comments are made in the conclusion about the record of the 1945 Labour Government. The thesis makes a contribution in three areas of historical debate. First it traces in detail the way Labour Party policy on land reform developed in the period from 1900 to 1945. This is a neglected area particularly after 1939. Four strands of policy made up Labour's changing position on the Land Question: - agriculture and smallholdings; land nationalisation and taxation of land values; town and country planning; and National Parks and access to the countryside. Second it contributes to the historical debate on the nature of the post-war consensus. It questions the extent to which wartime debates on land reform could be said to form part of the origins of postwar legislation. Third the thesis identifies some broader themes that influenced the direction and nature of the Party's land reform policies. The tension between land nationalistion and taxation of land values will be discussed, and its influence on the development of Party ideology on public ownership in general. In addition the influence of such important factors as agrarianism, pastoralism and central-local government relationships will be discussed and assessed.
Books on the topic "Land and labour"
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Fernandez, Bina, Meena Gopal, and Orlanda Ruthven. Land, Labour and Livelihoods. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40865-1.
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Budlender, Geoff. Land, labour, and human rights. [Cape Town, South Africa]: Dept. of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies, 1991.
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Farsakh, Leila. Palestinian labour migration to Israel: Labour, land and occupation. New York, N.Y: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
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Department, Dublin (Ireland :. County) Planning. Population, labour force and land budget. Dublin: Dublin CountyCouncil, 1988.
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Land, labour, and governance: An anthology. Kolkata: Worldview, 2007.
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Cohen, G. A. Marx and Locke on land and labour. London: Oxford University Press, 1986.
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1917-, Thorner Alice, ed. Land, labour & rights: Daniel Thorner memorial lectures. London: Anthem Press, 2002.
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Cohen, G. A. Marx and Locke on land and labour. London: British Academy, 1986.
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Bhansali, Sanwat Raj. Land reforms and agricultural labour in India. Jaipur: INA Shree Publishers, 1998.
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1917-, Thorner Alice, ed. Land, labour & rights: 10 Daniel Thorner memorial lectures. New Delhi: Tulika, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Land and labour"
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Richards, Paul. "Land and labour." In Coping with Hunger, 58–75. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003383826-5.
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Sharma, Ashmita. "Female Labour in Tea Plantations: Labour Process and Labour Control." In Land, Labour and Livelihoods, 111–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40865-1_6.
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Li, Bozhong. "Labour, Land and Climate." In Agricultural Development in Jiangnan, 1620–1850, 19–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11185-5_2.
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Thirlwall, A. P. "Land, Labour and Agriculture." In Growth and Development, 189–236. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21620-4_5.
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Thirlwall, A. P. "Land, Labour and Agriculture." In Growth and Development, 87–111. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23195-9_3.
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Thirlwall, A. P. "Land, labour and agriculture." In Growth and Development, 127–57. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27214-3_5.
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Cousins, Alan H. "Food, Land, and Labour." In Political Power and Colonial Development in British Central Africa 1938-1960s, 134–76. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003312420-5.
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Yong, Xu. "Land, Products and Labour." In Nationalisation, Peasantry and Rural Integration in China I, 61–88. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003342274-3.
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Thirlwall, A. P. "Land, Labour and Agriculture." In Growth and Development, 87–114. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19837-5_3.
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Craven, John. "Skilled Labour and Land." In The Distribution of the Product, 114–28. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003224723-9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Land and labour"
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Forgacs, Csaba. "In what direction is agricultural specialization headed in Central and Eastern Europe? (2005-2016)." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.005.
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The paper deals with the main directions of specialization in Central and Eastern European Countries’ (CEECs, EU10) agriculture after the EU’s Eastward Enlargement. We analyse and compare growth and productivity advantages of specialized farm types by physical size (in hectare) in EU10 member-states to the EU10/27/15 average based on EUROSTAT data in the period of 2005-2016. We focus on exploring the main directions of specialization using such indicators as the number of specialized farms, land (Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA) and labour (Agricultural Working Unit, AWU) use on the input side, average farm size by land and labour use as well as area-, labour-, and total productivity on the output side. We conclude that the directions of specialization in farming in EU10 were based on the traditional farm production structure making the latter better able to adjust and take advantages of Common Agricultural Policy. Concerning production growth rate, the three leading specialization types of CEECs’ farms were: (i) cattle rearing and fattening, (ii) cereals, oilseed and protein crops and (iii) fruits and citrus fruits. These three specialization types of farms – in the same ranking order - also increased land (UAA) and labour (AWU) use well above the average. Specialized cereals farms and cattle rearing and fattening farms were also ranked in top three by number. Both cereals and fruits specialized farms have leading position in growth rate of land and labour use and also are in top three in growth rate of land area and total farm productivity. Cereals and fruits specialized farms also more than doubled labour productivity during the first decade after the EU’s Eastward enlargement but did not rank in the top three in this category.
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Andreeva, Andriyana, and Galina Yolova. "IMPACT OF THE NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON THE LABOUR - LAW RELATIONSHIP IN THE SPHERE OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE." In SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.144.
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The report examines the impact of the new Industrial Revolution on the labour-law relationship in the sphere of employment in the agriculture. After examination and classification of the factors, having impact on the employed in this sector the authors motivate the necessity of re-thinking of the measures for involvement of the workers and employees in the sector of agriculture.
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Artamonova, Irina, and Anatoly Chirukhin. "Improvement of the Organisational Mechanism of Land Resource Potential Management." In IX International Scientific and Practical Conference “Current Problems of Social and Labour Relations" (ISPC-CPSLR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220208.004.
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Forgacs, Csaba. "Productivity development and regional specificities of economies of scale of specialised farms in Central and Eastern European (EU 10) agriculture (2005-2016)." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.009.
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The paper explores which farm types by specialisation direction2 (ten different types) and at what farm sizes by physical size3 (five categories) of specialised farms backed more production growth and productivity development in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs, EU104) over the period of 2005-2016. We compare EU10 average figures to EU27/15 averages and outline the changes by specialisation in total resource use of (i) labour (AWU), (ii) land (UAA) as well as in (iii) average farm size (UAA/specialised farms), (iv) total farm productivity (SO/farm), (v) labour productivity (SO/AWU) and (vi) area productivity (SO/UAA). We conclude that production and productivity growth of specialised farms in EU 10 differs by country, and by type and size of farming and, each CEEC has followed her own path of farm structure development in line with the country’s tradition and economic possibilities. We give regional characteristics of development in main specialisation types broken down to 5 farm size categories. We concluded the number of cereal farms increased in 6 out of 10 countries in all farm size categories and that of cattle farms went up in 5 out of EU 10 from 2005 to 2016. Farms with these two specializations have significantly extended agriculture land use and more than tripled production, but used more labor compared to basis year. SO/Farm/UAA/AWU productivity indicators of cereal farms increased quite a bit in most farm size categories in all EU 10 countries to a less extent in cattle, poultry pig and dairy farms. Growth in area productivity was led by pig, poultry, and cereal farms at E 10 level. Growth of the three productivity indicators in EU 10 are scattered quite a bit by farm types, and by countries but generally was headed by three farm size categories as 5-19.9 ha, 20-49.9 ha and 50-99.9 ha. However, the distance between EU10 and EU15 related to the level of production, land, and labour productivity still shows wide gap which needs to further narrow in the coming years.
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Mucino, Marco, Joel Ojile, Y. G. Li, and Mike Newby. "Advanced Performance Modelling of a Single and Double Pressure Once Through Steam Generator." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27505.
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The Once Through Steam Generator (OSTG) is a heat recovery system mainly used in heat and power applications that offers an alternative to the common water-tube drum Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). The main difference relies on the fact that the OTSG has no drum. The modelling of the OTSG as part of any thermal plant used for power generation or to supply industrial process heat is of great importance. The accurate performance simulation of any power plant can provide extra information to the operations team that otherwise would involve labour intensive, long field experiments or data collection programmes. A novel, realistic performance simulation model for a single and double pressure Once Through Steam Generator is presented. The generality of the model allows the user to define any physical design of an existing or theoretical OTSG and operating requirements. The model is capable of simulating fouling effects on the overall OTSG performance. The model was tested using field data provided by Manx Electricity Authority. The results obtained show the success of the approach and the potential of such a tool in any cycle performance evaluation.
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Syed Hilmi, Syed Mohd Hadi, and Nurul Hayati Ibrahim. "Sustainability and oil palm practices." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/pyug9768.
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Palm oil is an extremely versatile oil that has many different properties and functions that makes it so useful and widely used. It is an incredibly efficient crop that produces more oil per land area than any other equivalent vegetable oil crop. Globally, palm oil supplies 40% of the world's vegetable oil demand on just under 6% of the land used to produce all vegetable oils (WWF). The production of certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO) and palm kernel (CSPK) has gain traction since 2008 and goes well with the demand of a more sustainable palm oil products. Nevertheless, oil palm is also subjected to being the cause of deforestation, destroying habitats of already endangered species and often with attendant labour and human rights abuses. These issues are generally grouped under 5 key areas namely land, emissions, exploitation, traceability, and food integrity. Sime Darby Plantation (SDP) is committed to address these issues and our commitments are aligned with the directives from various global sustainable palm oil agencies. SDP has also focused on R&D via GenomeSelectTM, Quality Management, Mechanisation and enhanced CPO quality as means to mitigate issues involving Sustainability.
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Gonza´lez-Salazar, Miguel Angel, and Reinhard Willinger. "Technical and Economic Assessment of Small to Medium Scale Bio-Ethanol Distilleries With Cogeneration Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28240.
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This investigation presents an assessment of the potential use of sugar cane to support sustainable development in Colombia with a particular focus on devising ways of supplying electricity to regions without service (about 1.8 million people and 66% of the territory). The goal of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using small to medium scale modern technologies to exploit the co-production of two of the major forms of energy that can be derived from the sugar cane plant: ethanol (by fermentation and distillation of the cane juice) and electricity (by cogeneration of bagasse). The market potential for ethanol, electricity and carbon credits (for associated emissions reduction) is examined and a site selection analysis is performed to decide the most suitable location within the Non-Interconnected Zones (NZI) in Colombia. Development scenarios are constructed and analyzed in the context of the markets identified, combining different alternative technologies. Production costs of sugar cane, investment costs, operating costs, labour costs and maintenance costs are estimated for each development scenario, and economic and financial characteristics are quantified and compared, to determine which options are the most attractive. The study identifies that the key factors which affect the feasibility of distilleries with CHP systems in Colombia are: 1) specific location and conditions, 2) type of technologies used, efficiencies and maximum capacities of production, 3) total investment costs, 4) incomes for ethanol, electricity and emissions reduction and 5) national and global incentives.
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Pascovici, D. S., F. Colmenares, S. O. T. Ogaji, and P. Pilidis. "An Economic and Risk Analysis Model for Aircrafts and Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27236.
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To conceive and assess engines with minimum global warming impact and lowest cost of ownership in a variety of emission legislation scenarios, emissions taxation policies, fiscal and Air Traffic Management environments, a Techno-economic and Environmental Risk Assessment model is needed. This paper presents an approach to estimate the cost of maintenance and the direct operating costs of turbofan engines of equivalent thrust rating, both for long and short range applications, as well as for typical long and short range aircraft. The economic model is composed of three modules: a lifing module, an economic module and a risk module. The lifing module estimates the life of the high pressure turbine disk and blades through the analysis of creep and fatigue over a full working cycle of the engine. The economic module uses the time between overhauls together with the cost of labour and the cost of the engine (needed to determine the cost of spare parts) to estimate the cost of maintenance of the engine. The risk module uses the Monte Carlo method with a Gaussian distribution to study the impact of the variations in some parameters on the net present cost (NPC) of operation. The accuracy of the economic model in DOC estimation is good (within about 15%) and so can be adapted for use in the cost analysis of future types of engines, such as ultra high bypass ratio turbofans, with little modifications. The equations that constitute the economic model are under a confidentiality agreement of the European project VITAL and can not be divulgated.
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Li, Yanqun, Hong Geng, and Erpeng Shi. "Response Path Adapted to the Unbalanced Shrinkage of Small Towns in Metropolitan Areas." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/aeut4486.
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Along with the global wave of urbanization, urban agglomerations with megacities as the core have become the main form of urbanization in various countries. The polarization effect around the metropolis leads to the centripetal flow of capital, labour, land and other resource elements in the surrounding small towns, which causes the shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis, such as population reduction, economic recession, idle housing and dilapidated space. The shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis has become a global issue. However, as an important spatial unit in the spectrum of urbanization that serves, connects and couples urban and rural areas, the shrinking phenomenon faced by small towns has an important influence on the healthy development of urbanization. Exploring the development path of adaptive shrinkage for small towns has become an important part of the healthy urbanization of metropolises. Based on the public data of population, land and economy in Wuhan, China from 2004 to 2014, this paper uses GIS and other spatial analysis technologies to comprehensively measure the relevant characteristics of the shrinkage of small towns. The results showed that the small towns in Wuhan are in the form of "unbalanced shrinkage" under a local growth. And the towns present a spatial pattern of "circle increasing shrinkage" around the boundary of main downtown. With a further exploration of the formation mechanism of "unbalanced shrinkage", it is found that this shrinkage pattern is caused by a combination function of various factors, such as downtown deprivation in the policies supply, centripetal delivery of social capital and reconstruction of regional division of labour network. Based on this, this paper tries to propose some response paths for small towns in metropolitan areas to adapt to the "unbalanced shrinkage". First of all, the small towns should integrate into the regional differential development pattern and strive for the institutional dividend. Secondly, the small towns should promote an industrial transformation, and then attract the market release of social capital. Thirdly, the small towns should improve the living environment and promote intensive use of land. Through these paths, we can stabilize the three-level structure system of “urban-township-village”, and ensure the healthy urbanization of metropolitan areas.
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Forgacs, Csaba. "Regional and structural development of specialized farms in central and eastern european countries (2005-2016)." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.045.
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This paper analyses the structural development of farm specialization in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs/EU-102) over the 2005-2016 period with a special focus on regional aspects of such development. We look at the number, land, labour and production of ten specialization types of farming in each of the EU-10 countries using EUROSTAT data, and compare these with the EU-15/27 averages. We conclude that the number of specialized farms in EU-10 declined to a lesser than in the EU-15 but doubled the production against 30 per cent growth in EU-15. The growth of production shows strong regional differences from 50 per cent to 200 in EU-10 and, offering more jobs in three countries in 2016 than in 2005. Cereal farms more than tripled production closing the gap to EU-15 average from two third to 50 per cent. In 2016, already over 75 per cent of the production of specialized farms in CEECs came from TOP 3 specializations (dairy, cereal and pig), well above EU-15 average (55 per cent). From 2005 until 2016 growth of area, labour and total productivity of specialized farms in EU-10 well exceeded that of EU-15. Their levels, however, were still only around 43 per cent, 25 per cent and 20 per cent of that of EU-15 in 2016. The ratio between the highest and lowest productivity levels within EU-10 is 3.8 with respect to area, 5.2 with respect to labour, and 35.4 with respect to total productivity in 2016 and shows clearly the extent of scattering in the productivity of specialized farms in EU-10 countries.
Reports on the topic "Land and labour"
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Yaro, Joseph, Joseph K. Teye, and Steve Wiggins. Land and Labour Relations on Cocoa Farms in Sefwi, Ghana: Continuity and Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.033.
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When in the 1880s farmers in southern Ghana began to plant cocoa, their main concerns were finding land to plant and mobilising labour to do so. The issue of finding land remained paramount until at least the 1990s, when the land frontier of forest to clear for cocoa finally closed. The last forests to be planted were in the old Western Region and particularly in Sefwi, now the Western North Region. This paper examines how farmers in Sefwi obtained land and mobilised labour in the late 2010s, and how that has changed since the 1960s.
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Pritchard, Katrina, and Helen Williams. Pretty in Plastic: Aesthetic authenticity in Barbie Land. Swansea University, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23889/sureport.65542.
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Our report critically applies aesthetic authenticity as a theoretical lens to interrogate the multimodal reproduction of gendered relations in the Barbie (2023) movie. Recent research has focused on how the aesthetic authenticity stakes are being continually elevated, such that this requires ongoing labour and continual renegotiation. It is not surprising that even Barbie finds this exhausting! We offer an analysis of character arcs across the movie, before exploring how a plastic doll enables conceptual insight regarding aesthetic authenticity. We discuss how the movie reconfirms neoliberal postfeminist perspectives on how women should seek their happy ever after. Finally, we consider the implications of representations of patriarchy and matriarchy before setting out suggestions for future research and concluding our report.
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Kasper, Eric. Urban Neighbourhood Dynamics and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.007.
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While the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) is not only an urban phenomenon, evidence suggests that WFCL emerges in cities in unique ways due to the complex structures and dynamics of urban systems. This report, therefore, develops a conceptual framework for WFCL in cities that integrates key understandings of urban systems and evidence about urban WFCL. This report reviews current literature on the complex systemic nature of cities – drawing on literature on the urban land nexus, urban complexity, informality, and inclusive urbanisation. It also reviews studies of child labour (focusing on the worst forms, where possible) in urban contexts. In this way, the report offers an innovative way of understanding the challenge of WFCL, and outlines the premises of a research agenda for responding to WFCL in cities. These contributions are made with the specific cities and neighbourhoods in mind where the CLARISSA programme is being implemented; however, they should be useful more generally.
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Change, Commercialisation of Cocoa Farming, and Agroecosystems and Forest Rehabilitation in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.002.
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Cocoa production has a long history in Ghana, originating in the late nineteenth century. Since then, cocoa production has seen significant changes. Originally, cocoa was cultivated in newly cleared forests in which many forest trees were preserved as shade trees. Cocoa is ideally suited to these conditions and produces high yields with minimum investment in labour and inputs. However, over time, as the forest conditions change, the cost of cultivating cocoa has increased and yields have declined. As long as new forest frontiers exist, farmers have continued to move into these areas, which have displaced older areas of cultivation, since the costs of production are significantly lower in the new frontiers. In recent years, however, new forest frontiers have declined and most cocoa farmers have been forced to rehabilitate and replant cocoa in open land. This study examines the rational of frontier development; changes in land relations, labour relations and use of technology; and the impact of these factors on different categories of farmers, including women and youth. This is developed through two comparative case studies drawn from the older cocoa frontier of the Eastern Region, and the more recent frontier of Western North Region.
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Patterns of Change in the Commercialisation of Cocoa in Ghana: Forest Frontiers and Technological Transformation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.045.
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The commercialisation of cocoa production in Ghana has a long history dating back to the nineteenth century. The process of commercial development in cocoa is well documented and provides an alternative mode to contemporary models of commercialisation rooted in the adoption of modern technology and integration of farmers into markets. This working paper critically analyses frameworks for agricultural commercialisation in cocoa through intensification based on the uptake of synthetic inputs and hybrid seeds, by placing agricultural development within a broader framework of the historical development of the frontier in Ghana, and the related problems of ecological and economic crises. The study examines access to land, labour and technology, and how the complex interactions of scarcity of access to physical resources and labour influence farmers’ farming strategies and adoption of technology.
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Abasse, Tougiani, Moussa Massaoudou, Habou Ribiou, Soumana Idrissa, and Dan Guimbo Iro. Farmer managed natural regeneration in Niger: the state of knowledge. Tropenbos International, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55515/byiz5081.
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Faced with environmental degradation and strong land pressure, farmers in south-central Niger have intensified their agricultural production systems. Since the 1980s, farmers in the regions of Zinder, Maradi and Tahoua have increased the number of trees and shrubs on their fields, creating new agroforestry parklands over about 5 million hectares. This regreening is not based on tree planting, however, but on farmers protecting and managing natural regeneration of woody species on their crop lands. This has been well documented over the years, but until now, there has not been a thorough review of all of the published peer-referenced as well as grey literature. This report presents the first comprehensive state of knowledge of farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) in Niger. Studies show the scale and dynamics of FMNR as well as its multiple impacts. It has increased crop yields (+31 kg/ha to +350 kg/ha), and that supports family food security even in drought years. FMNR has increased the income of all social categories, even the most vulnerable women, men and youth, through the sale of fuelwood and service wood. The pruning of trees in fields has also reduced the distances travelled by women to collect fuelwood. FMNR increased the availability of fodder from trees to farmers and agropastoralists, with households practising FMNR harvesting 30-45 kg of fodder per day. Economists have not calculated all the multiple impacts in monetary terms, but studies on the costs and benefits all indicate that it is economically rational for farmers to invest their labour in FMNR. The costs are modest (no equipment and little labour), and the benefits are substantial, also helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, while sequestering millions of tonnes carbon. As a consequence of FMNR, tree cover has been sustained without external incentives (e.g. food or cash-for-work), an outcome that distinguishes this farmer-driven practice from large-scale tree planting projects where farmers’ stewardship ended when the external incentives ended. Agroforestry landscapes are thus being created at scale due to decisions made by hundreds of thousands of individual farmers. It is hoped that information in this report that shows the clear benefits of FMNR in Niger will encourage policy makers in Africa’s drylands to invest in the promotion of FMNR. This foundational practice must form the backbone of landscape wide initiatives if the ambitious targets of the Great Green Wall, AFR100 and similar ambitious restoration initiatives are to be achieved. FMNR is a low cost sustainable land use management practice with a considerable potential for scaling, which can and must be adopted and scaled immediately.
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Williamson, Jeffrey. Land, Labor and Globalization in the Pre-Industrial Third World. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7784.
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Mukhamedova, N., and K. Wegerich. Land reforms and feminization of agricultural labor in Sughd province, Tajikistan. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2014.208.
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Morkun, Volodymyr S., Сергій Олексійович Семеріков, Svitlana M. Hryshchenko, and Kateryna I. Slovak. System of competencies for mining engineers. Видавництво “CSITA”, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/719.
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Topicality of the material, highlighted in this article is stipulated by the need to ensure effectiveness of educational process while preparing mining engineers. System of competencies for future mining engineers, taken as basis for high school sectoral standard for Mining 6.050301 update is theoretically substantiated and developed. Sources of state-of-the-art foreign educational system and technologies as well as scientific research results of local teachers have been analyzed, enabling development of new sectoral standard. Switching to new high school competencies-based sectoral standards is the necessary step in high education reforming in Ukraine, while the application of competencies-based approach to high school sectoral standards development facilitates tuning of education towards labour market’s requirements and demands, further development of educational techniques and educational system as a whole. Objective of the article: to project system of competencies and to define components of environmental competencies for mining engineers. Methods: – theoretical: analysis, generalization, systematization of legislative framework, educational standards, Internet - sources in order to distinguish theoretical basis of research, develop system of competencies for future mining engineers. – Empirical – improvement of system of competencies for future mining engineers. Scientific novelty is represented with structured system, consisting of 49 competencies, comprising the core of new sectoral standard for mining engineers preparation; Practical importance of the outcomes is related to developments: separate constituents of high school draft sectoral standard for Mining engineers bachelors’ preparation 6.050301 Mining (system of social & personal, general scientific, tool-based, general professional and special professional competencies. Research outcomes can be used while developing educational qualification profile and training program for Mining bachelors 6.050301 education field, in course of geoinformational technologies review by ecology, land survey and geography bachelors.
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Prysyazhna-Gapchenko, Julia. Еміграційні видання для селян: між фаховістю і політикою. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11720.
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In the article rare editions of magazine type are first probed for peasants which nursed in an environment the Ukrainian emigrants in the first post-war years on territory of the American area of occupation in Germany, and also in the USA. Separately paid regard to mision role of magazines in the association of the nebulized peasants round a desire to apply the obtained previous experience and knowledge on strange land, to present the world the Ukrainian peasantry as labour productive force and also round the idea of fight for independence, joining in with political activity of «old» parties and organizations which actively functioned in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants. Outlined problem of magazines for peasants, and also sil’vetki of separate authors. In the repertoire of the Ukrainian emigrant press professional editions for peasants occupy an insignificant percent. But their appearance and functioning testify to the desire of certain part of wanderers – natives from villages, which got the special trade education, and also conscious group of peasants which tested tortures and humiliations as a result of violent collectivization, to unite the efforts for future effective economic labour in Ukraine, as emigration was at that time examined in their environment as the temporal phenomenon. De autre part, the creators of this periodicals did not hide the purpose of distribution of the purchased knowledges and experience in the countries of migration. Publishers at mediation of magazines formed soil for creation of political party, which would unite the unions of the Ukrainian peasants-emigrants (farmers), which got organized in camps for the moved persons. Soon, in 1948, party of liberal direction – Union of earths of cathedral Ukraine is was created in Ashaffenburzi (Germany) and on convention in New Wales (in 1950) renamed on Peasant party. Greater part of problem of magazines «the Ukrainian owner», «Ukrainian peasant», «Rural owner», was inferior preparation to realization of this emigrant project. A separate place belongs to the magazine «the Ukrainian manager», the release of which, without regard to influences of mel’nikivskogo wing OUN, managed from the first to the last number to dissociate oneself from a policy, save popular scientific status agrarian-economic direction. Even publications the main theme of number is violated in which, for example, criticism of a collective farm system the USSR or analysis of economic problems of socialism, scientific arguments is marked and by the unprejudice of author. Functioning in the environment of emigration of «rural» periodicals is dictated a desire to combine effort peasants for a maintenance and increase of professional level, to send them in the river-bed of fight for liberation from under the burden of persecutors of the Ukrainian village.