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Journal articles on the topic 'Land and forest policies'
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1
Koh, Jane, Shazali Johari, Ahmad Shuib, May Ling Siow, and Nitanan Koshy Matthew. "Malaysia’s Forest Pledges and The Bornean State of Sarawak: A Policy Perspective." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021385.
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Malaysia deforested 6.3 million hectares since independence; 91% of which occurred before Malaysia pledged, at the Earth Summit in 1992, to maintain a minimum 50% of its terrestrial area under forest cover. However, under economic and population pressure, Sarawak—the largest contributing state to the country’s current forest cover of 54.8%—shows continuing deforestation even after 1992. This paper reviews land use policies underpinned by economic development and environmental protection considerations, land rights issues that complicate land use planning, and legislation that regulates land use change. The objective is to investigate the adequacy of existing policies and legislation in governing forest cover in Sarawak and to recommend improvement measures. If the Sarawak Land Use Policy that allocates seven million hectares for forest is realized, Malaysia’s forest cover would drop to 53%, assuming other states maintain their forests. It is recommended that legislation governing the designation of permanent forest and conversion of forest for other land use to be strengthened, civil society to be enlisted to enhance knowledge level, and carbon credit production to be promoted as alternative land use that keeps forests standing. With these measures, it is hopeful that Malaysia’s aspirations regarding forest cover can be achieved.
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Anputhas, Markandu, Johannus Janmaat, Craig Nichol, and Adam Wei. "If They Come, Where will We Build It? Land-Use Implications of Two Forest Conservation Policies in the Deep Creek Watershed." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070581.
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Research Highlights: Forest conservation policies can drive land-use change to other land-use types. In multifunctional landscapes, forest conservation policies will therefore impact on other functions delivered by the landscape. Finding the best pattern of land use requires considering these interactions. Background and Objectives: Population growth continues to drive the development of land for urban purposes. Consequently, there is a loss of other land uses, such as agriculture and forested lands. Efforts to conserve one type of land use will drive more change onto other land uses. Absent effective collaboration among affected communities and relevant institutional agents, unexpected and undesirable land-use change may occur. Materials and Methods: A CLUE-S (Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small Scales) model was developed for the Deep Creek watershed, a small sub-basin in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. The valley is experiencing among the most rapid population growth of any region in Canada. Land uses were aggregated into one forested land-use type, one urban land-use type, and three agricultural types. Land-use change was simulated for combinations of two forest conservation policies. Changes are categorized by location, land type, and an existing agricultural land policy. Results: Forest conservation policies drive land conversion onto agricultural land and may increase the loss of low elevation forested land. Model results show where the greatest pressure for removing land from agriculture is likely to occur for each scenario. As an important corridor for species movement, the loss of low elevation forest land may have serious impacts on habitat connectivity. Conclusions: Forest conservation policies that do not account for feedbacks can have unintended consequences, such as increasing conversion pressures on other valued land uses. To avoid surprises, land-use planners and policy makers need to consider these interactions. Models such as CLUE-S can help identify these spatial impacts.
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Holland, Margaret B., and David M. Lansing. "Forests in Limbo: Assessing Costa Rica's Forest and Land Reform Policies." Society & Natural Resources 30, no. 6 (December 9, 2016): 738–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2016.1257080.
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Pane, Erina, Adam M. Yanis, and Is Susanto. "Social Forestry: The Balance between Welfare and Ecological Justice." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 31, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.10.
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Poverty and climate change mitigation are connected to each other, so one of the policies adopted by the Indonesian government is managing forests with social forestry schemes. Where social forestry aims at prospering the poor and preserve forests. A balance between the two is needed because it is not only part of forest land, but it also considers justice for the community to get prosperous rights and realize ecological justice. The dynamics of social forestry in Indonesia are characterized by policies and regulations, but in various regions, people have succeeded in increasing their welfare while making forests sustainable. It was concluded that social forestry builds ecological strategic values that guarantee the sustainability of forest functions managed by the community. It can succeed if policies and regulations in Indonesia provide legal certainty over the rights to community-managed forest land.
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Pattilouw, Ibnu R., G. Mardiatmoko, and Ferad Puturuhu. "ANALISIS PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN HUTAN DI IUPHHK-HA PT. GEMA HUTAN LESTARI KABUPATEN BURU PROVINSI MALUKU." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2019.3.2.127.
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The objectives of this study are: identifying land cover, analyzing land cover change, calculating the rate of forest degradation and deforestation, and determining forest management policies. This research was conducted using remote sensing methods and GIS for obtaining land cover change data for several years and conducting mapping. From the research conducted, the results of the classification of forest land cover using Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS imagery in 2013, 2016 and 2018 consisted of forests, shrubs, reeds, swamps, rivers and open land. The highest land cover change that occurred in 2013 up to 2016 covered forests turned into open land amounting to 12261.75 ha. Shrubs into open land also experienced a large change of 12912.25 ha. Forests that have been degraded since 2013-2016 covering an area of 17703.07 ha,
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Sari, Dede Komala, Nurul Qomar, and Muhammad Mardhiansyah. "Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kebakaran Hutan Dan Lahan Di Provinsi Riau; Studi Kasus Di Kabupaten Rokan Hilir." JURNAL ILMU-ILMU KEHUTANAN 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jiik.6.2.8-14.
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Rokan Hilir Regency was the area with the highest number of hotspots in the last nine years in Riau Province. Combating forest and land fires in areas that require effective policies. The purpose of this study was to study forest and land fire prevention policies in Riau Province, especially in Rokan Hilir Regency. The research sample used qualitative research, the informants were selected by snowball sampling. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations and document studies. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Research Results Shows Research Regarding the Determination of Forest and Natural Forest Disaster, Riau Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2019 concerning Technical Guidelines for Combating Forest and Land Fires was only adopted on August 15, 2019. For in Rokan Hilir District there was no Regional Regulation governing the destruction of forests and land. However, the Government of Rokan Hilir Regency issued Rokan Hilir Regent's Regulation No. 41 of 2017 concerning the Implementing Unit of Rokan Hilir District Forest and Land Fire Control, in this Regent Regulation, asking for approval, while in Riau Province Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2019 does not provide a deterrent effect for forest and land burners.
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He, Yifan, Juan Pablo Baldiviezo, Arun Agrawal, Vicente Candaguira, and Ivette Perfecto. "Guardians of the Forests: How Should an Indigenous Community in Eastern Bolivia Defend Their Land and Forests under Increasing Political and Economic Pressures?" Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.sc.946307.
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Many indigenous communities across Latin America depend on forests for livelihood. In eastern Bolivia, indigenous communities face increasing challenges in forest management due to insecure land tenure, lack of capacity, and state policies that favor extractivism and export-oriented agriculture. This case study examines the dilemma of forest management in the Guarayos Indigenous Territory, with a particular focus on the influence of conflictive policies under Evo Morales administration. Using a combination of literature reviews, semi-structured interviews, and land use/land cover analysis, we investigated the drivers behind the challenges that the Guarayos indigenous community is facing in the forest and land governance and explore potential solutions. We found that deforestation within the Guarayos Indigenous Territory from 2000 to 2017 was primarily driven by agricultural commodity production. Despite its promises on protecting nature and the indigenous peoples, the government weakened the Guarayos indigenous people’s governance capacity through failure of forest law enforcement, prioritization of extractivism and export-oriented agriculture, and support for land titling of external entities. We presented these findings through a case narrative featuring the president of Guarayos indigenous government as the decision-maker. This case study provides an illustrative example of the challenges and management strategies in indigenous land and forest governance in the Latin American context. A Spanish version of this case study is available at https://www.learngala.com/cases/bolivia-forests-esp.
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Salman, Darmawan, Yusran Yusran, and Muhammad Alif K. Sahide. "Integrated Analysis of Forest Policies and Their Impacts on Landscape and Lifescape Dynamics: A Case Study in The Walanae Forest Management Unit, Indonesia." Journal of Landscape Ecology 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2018-0017.
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Abstract In the past few decades, forest policies have caused changes in forest landscape and community lifescape in the study area of Walanae Forest Management Unit (KPH Walanae), South Sulawesi Province. This research aims to analyze forest policy dynamics and their impacts on landscape and lifescape dynamics. We quantify landscape dynamics using land use and land cover change and landscape metrics in interpreting remote sensing results of four data sets obtained in 1990, 2000, 2009, and 2016. Furthermore, we investigate lifescape dynamics using qualitative/quantitative description. We found a rapid land use change in forest landscapes within the past 26 years. A significant change showed that, in 1990–2000, the primary forest that changed into the secondary forest and shrubs has changed into dry land agriculture mix shrubs. The decreased area of the forest brought an increase in economic income for people on one side and large disturbances and forest fragmentation on the other. Various forest policies influenced the forest composition and cover but were insufficiently successful in protecting the natural forest. Results showed that several forest policies that considerably impact the landscape and lifescape conditions include forest land designation, industrial forest plantation, and restoration activities. The policies on establishing KPH and social forest program have not shown the maximum result on the landscape and lifescape improvements and, therefore, must be supported.
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Hossain, Mohammad Ismail, and Shinya Numata. "Effects of Land-Related Policies on Deforestation in a Protected Area: The Case Study of Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh." Conservation 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1030014.
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In protected areas (PAs) in Bangladesh, as policies shift from net deforestation, conservation initiatives and various management plans have been implemented to reduce deforestation and include public participation at multiple levels. However, the interactive effect of land-related policies on deforestation in PAs is poorly understood. In this study, land-use change analysis using geographic information system data was performed to investigate how policies affected land use and land cover change in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS), particularly the National Forest Policy (1979~), National Land Policy (2001~), and Agricultural Land Policy (1999~), using a series of Landsat images captured at different times. Our analyses showed that the total forest area increased in the 1994–2005 period when a plantation program was implemented, and also that many forest areas were replaced with noncommercial agricultural land areas in the 2005–2013 and 2013–2018 periods, when land zoning and co-management programs were implemented under different land-related policies. Commercial and non-commercial agricultural land expansions were the main drivers of deforestation, suggesting that several programs under the different land-related policies could have had synergetic effects on deforestation even in PAs. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the undesirable effects of land-related policies in Pas, and the need to support the community for forest conservation.
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Kelly, Erin Clover, John C. Bliss, and Hannah Gosnell. "The Mazama returns: the politics and possibilities of tribal land reacquisition." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21755.
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After years of policies that undermined tribal sovereignty and land ownership, tribal access to traditional lands has expanded in the U.S., with growing opportunities for tribal land reacquisition. This is occurring within the context of changing rural land use, policies, and tenures, as timber and ranch land owners have divested ownership, resulting in greater land availability. This case study explores, through a political ecology lens, trends connecting rising tribal capacity and power with access to traditional lands, and the connections between politics, economics, race, power, and ecological change. This case provides lessons for indigenous land re-acquisition elsewhere, as indigenous groups globally gain access to political decisionmaking processes and seek to reacquire or rehabilitate their traditional homelands. We explore these trends through the case of the Klamath Tribes in south central Oregon, where the recent breakup of formerly industrial timberland has afforded the Tribes the opportunity to purchase the Mazama Tree Farm, a 36,000 ha part of the former Klamath Reservation. Though the Mazama has not (at the time of publication) been purchased by the Klamath Tribes, they have poised themselves to do so through a series of mechanisms that are driven by increasing tribal capacity, including the capacity to manage forests and to conduct successful negotiations over land and water use.Key words: Tribal capacity, forest restoration, American West, rural restructuring, industrial forest use
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Adi Nugroho, Ignatius, Sambas Basuni, Gita Junaedi, Achmad Ponco Kusumah, Kurniawan Hardjasasmita, Adli Kusumawinata, Djuwita Djuwita, et al. "STRATEGI ON RELEASING NON-PRODUCTIVE OF FOREST CONVERSION AREA FOR TORA PROGRAM IN RIAU PROVINCE." Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan 18, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jakk.2021.18.1.1-16.
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Development process needs lands as natural resources. Unfortunately, availability of land is relatively limited. Therefore, it needs releasing process of forestland to become non forestland. In the process of releasing the forestland, there are some policies which need stakeholders to consider so the minimum required forestland of 30% is fulfilled. Releasing forestland area is possible to undertake on non-productive forest conversion area which is also for the government agrarian reform programs which is called Nawacita. The objective of this research is tooffer answer about the indicative forestland which can be used for development needs, particularly for poor people who live near the forest. The results indicate that non-productive of conversion forest can provide land for development in Riau Province for about 205,847.86 hectares (93.01%) from the total conversion forest area based on agrarian reform program. Permanent forested land which needs to be maintained as forest area is 1,102.42 hectares, because most of the area are still primary forests. For the effectiveness of releasing conversion forest area, socialization programs to inform the community is needed.
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Ango, Tola Gemechu, Kristoffer Hylander, and Lowe Börjeson. "Processes of Forest Cover Change since 1958 in the Coffee-Producing Areas of Southwest Ethiopia." Land 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080278.
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We investigated the spatial relations of ecological and social processes to point at how state policies, population density, migration dynamics, topography, and socio-economic values of ‘forest coffee’ together shaped forest cover changes since 1958 in southwest Ethiopia. We used data from aerial photos, Landsat images, digital elevation models, participatory field mapping, interviews, and population censuses. We analyzed population, land cover, and topographic roughness (slope) data at the ‘sub-district’ level, based on a classification of the 30 lowest administrative units of one district into the coffee forest area (n = 17), and highland forest area (n = 13). For state forest sites (n = 6) of the district, we evaluated land cover and slope data. Forest cover declined by 25% between 1973 and 2010, but the changes varied spatially and temporally. Losses of forest cover were significantly higher in highland areas (74%) as compared to coffee areas (14%) and state forest sites (2%), and lower in areas with steeper slopes both in coffee and highland areas. Both in coffee and highland areas, forest cover also declined during 1958–1973. People moved to and converted forests in relatively low population density areas. Altitudinal migration from coffee areas to highland areas contributed to deforestation displacement due to forest maintenance for shade coffee production in coffee areas and forest conversions for annual crop production in highland areas. The most rapid loss of forest cover occurred during 1973–1985, followed by 2001–2010, which overlapped with the implementations of major land and forest policies that created conditions for more deforestation. Our findings highlight how crop ecology and migration have shaped spatial variations of forest cover change across different altitudinal zones whilst development, land, and forest policies and programs have driven the temporal variations of deforestation. Understanding the mechanisms of deforestation and forest maintenance simultaneously and their linkages is necessary for better biodiversity conservation and forest landscape management.
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Bianchini, Leonardo, Rosanna Salvia, Giovanni Quaranta, Gianluca Egidi, Luca Salvati, and Alvaro Marucci. "Forest Transition and Metropolitan Transformations in Developed Countries: Interpreting Apparent and Latent Dynamics with Local Regression Models." Land 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010012.
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Metropolitan fringes in Southern Europe preserve, under different territorial contexts, natural habitats, relict woodlands, and mixed agro-forest systems acting as a sink of biodiversity and ecosystem services in ecologically vulnerable landscapes. Clarifying territorial and socioeconomic processes that underlie land-use change in metropolitan regions is relevant for forest conservation policies. At the same time, long-term dynamics of fringe forests in the northern Mediterranean basin have been demonstrated to be rather mixed, with deforestation up to the 1950s and a subsequent recovery more evident in recent decades. The present study makes use of Forest Transition Theory (FTT) to examine spatial processes of forest loss and expansion in metropolitan Rome, Central Italy, through local regressions elaborating two diachronic land-use maps that span more than 80 years (1936–2018) representative of different socioeconomic and ecological conditions. Our study evaluates the turnaround from net forest area loss to net forest area gain, considering together the predictions of the FTT and those of the City Life Cycle (CLC) theory that provides a classical description of the functioning of metropolitan cycles. The empirical findings of our study document a moderate increase in forest cover depending on the forestation of previously abandoned cropland as a consequence of tighter levels of land protection. Natural and human-driven expansion of small and isolated forest nuclei along fringe land was demonstrated to fuel a polycentric expansion of woodlands. The results of a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) reveal the importance of metropolitan growth in long-term forest expansion. Forest–urban dynamics reflect together settlement sprawl and increased forest disturbance. The contemporary expansion of fringe residential settlements and peri-urban forests into relict agricultural landscapes claims for a renewed land management that may reconnect town planning, reducing the intrinsic risks associated with fringe woodlands (e.g., wildfires) with environmental policies preserving the ecological functionality of diversified agro-forest systems.
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van Assen, B. W., D. H. Azahari, K. Obaideen, and H. R. Al Jaghoub. "Beyond the myths about Indonesia’s deforestation: linking oil palm cultivation to forest degradation and sustainable development goals." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 892, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012084.
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Abstract Oil palm cultivation is under scrutiny by various stakeholders, arguing that it is the main cause for Indonesia’s deforestation. This paper highlights the decades of forest degradation before the first land clearing for oil palm within the context of Indonesia’s development policies. Using ‘direct photointerpretation’ of ‘Historical Imagery’, it assesses the forest degradation and deforestation caused by oil palm cultivation in Indonesia, particularly in light of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Forest degradation has direct trade-offs with most of the SDGs, with the most affected SDGs being Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG12) and Life on Land (SDG15). Historical satellite imagery indicates that the first land clearing for the 176 Kha of oil palm estates sampled palm occurred around 1994. In contrast, only half of this area contained (natural) forests in 1984- a decade before the first land clearing. None of the remaining forests were (near) intact natural forests; all were (heavily) degraded and their biodiversity was strongly compromised. This indicates that oil palm cultivation is not linked to the degradation of Indonesia’s natural forests. Regarding SDG12, we found significant positive impacts from both the direct and indirect land-use changes by oil palm. For SDG15, we observed major positive impacts from the direct land-use changes and minor positive impacts from the indirect land-use changes. Hence, we conclude that oil palm cultivation in the sampled estates has positive impacts on Indonesia’s SDGs and Indonesia’s development policies align with its SDGs.
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Hewson, Jennifer, Julie Hanta Razafimanahaka, Timothy Max Wright, Rina Mandimbiniaina, Mark Mulligan, Julia PG Jones, Arnout Van Soesbergen, et al. "Land Change Modelling to Inform Strategic Decisions on Forest Cover and CO2 Emissions in Eastern Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892918000358.
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SummaryDecision-makers need readily accessible tools to understand the potential impacts of alternative policies on forest cover and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to develop effective policies to meet national and international targets for biodiversity conservation, sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Land change modelling can support policy decisions by demonstrating potential impacts of policies on future deforestation and GHG emissions. We modelled land change to explore the potential impacts of expert-informed scenarios on deforestation and GHG emissions, specifically CO2 emissions, in the Ankeniheny–Zahamena Corridor in eastern Madagascar. We considered four scenarios: business as usual; effective conservation of protected areas; investment in infrastructure; and agricultural intensification. Our results highlight that effective forest conservation could deliver substantial emissions reductions, while infrastructure development will likely cause forest loss in new areas. Agricultural intensification could prevent additional forest loss if it reduced the need to clear more land while improving food security. Our study demonstrates how available land change modelling tools and scenario analyses can inform land-use policies, helping countries reconcile economic development with forest conservation and climate change mitigation commitments.
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THIHA, EDWARD L. WEBB, and KIYOSHI HONDA. "Biophysical and policy drivers of landscape change in a central Vietnamese district." Environmental Conservation 34, no. 2 (June 2007): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290700389x.
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Conservation in a dynamic setting requires understanding the factors leading to landscape change. This study integrated traditional remote sensing and geographic information systems analysis techniques with a narrative policy analysis to assess the 1975–2004 land cover changes and their determinants in Nam Dong district (central Vietnam). Total forest cover of Nam Dong remained stable, but there were major transitions within forest and non-forest categories. Recent policy initiatives, particularly forest land allocation, have resulted in short-term benefit maximization through land speculation and illegal logging, while increased awareness of the economic potential of forests and their products have motivated people to access forests more frequently, leading to a highly dynamic landscape and increased barriers to forest conservation. This study suggests that (1) state-sponsored logging needs to be reduced, (2) forest allocation should proceed more rapidly to give farmers better incentive to improve and protect allocated forests, and (3) small-scale industry should increase. Forest conservation policy must be amended. More research is needed to link household land-use choices with policies, and determine how those choices lead to changes in the landscape.
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Alig, Ralph J., Darius M. Adams, and Bruce A. McCarl. "Impacts of Incorporating Land Exchanges Between Forestry and Agriculture in Sector Models." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 30, no. 2 (December 1998): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800008373.
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AbstractThe forest and agriculture sectors are linked by having a portion of their land bases suitable for use in either sector. A substantial part of the southern land base is suitable for either forestry or agriculture use, with most of forestation on U.S. agriculture land in the South. We examine how land exchanges between forestry and agriculture are influenced by specific federal conservation and farm support policies, including changes in the Conservation Reserve Program. Reallocation of land is a significant part of the sectors' responses to the policies, along with intensification of timber management on existing southern forests.
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Zhang, Zhijie, Yuanjie Zhang, Xiao Yu, Liping Lei, Yuqi Chen, and Xudong Guo. "Evaluating Natural Ecological Land Change in Function-Oriented Planning Regions Using the National Land Use Survey Data from 2009 to 2018 in China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030172.
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The natural ecological lands, such as forest land, grassland, wetland, etc., constitute the most important factor for maintaining and preserving the earth’s ecosystem, which must be well concerned in the regional function-oriented planning for the sustainability of human economic development. We analyzed and evaluated the change of natural ecological land in the function-oriented planning regions where we applied the major function-oriented zones introduced as a new concept in China. Using the land-use data from 2009 to 2018 that were produced by the National Land Use Survey, we re-classified natural ecological land types into the forest, grassland, wetland, and bare land, and then addressed the changes of natural ecological land types from 2009 to 2018 in the major function-oriented zones. As a result, the area of natural ecological lands generally tended to decrease from 2009 to 2018, while the decreasing trend of natural ecological land areas was controlled after 2015 with the implementation of governmental policies for environment protection and eco-logical projects. Especially, the decrease of forest land area significantly tended to be zero in 2018 in optimal development zones. The decreased areas of natural ecological lands were mostly converted from artificial land from 2008 to 2019. On the other side, the forest lands mostly changed from cropland and grassland in key development zones, agricultural production zones, and key ecological function zones, due to the fact that grassland conversed in afforestation during this period. The evaluation of natural ecological land changes, which could be implemented by using the annual updates of national land-use data in China, is significant to support the government’s spatial regulation design, to reshape the planned regions, and make policies for environmental restoration and protection management.
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Yin, Le, Erfu Dai, Guopan Xie, and Baolei Zhang. "Effects of Land-Use Intensity and Land Management Policies on Evolution of Regional Land System: A Case Study in the Hengduan Mountain Region." Land 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050528.
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In the last few decades, land use/land cover (LULC) has changed significantly under the influence of local planning and policy implementation, and this has had a profound impact on the regional ecological environment. By taking the Hengduan Mountain region as the study area, this study considered the demands of various commodities and services and applied the CLUMondo model to predict the trajectory of change in the land system for the years 2010–2030. The results indicate that the forest system expands significantly in this time, while the grassland and cropland systems are projected to develop intensively under the three scenarios. The high demand for livestock products is the main cause of the intensification of the grassland system under the TREND scenario, the demand for forests leads to the expansion of the forest land system under the FOREST scenario, and the significant intensification of the cropland system under the CONSERVATION scenario is closely related to an increase in the area of ecological land. The results of this study can provide a scientific reference for the optimal management of land systems in other mountainous areas.
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Thamrin, Husni. "PENDEKATAN SOSIO-ECO-RELIGIO-CULTURE DALAM MENANGGULANGI KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.1.p.102-108.
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This paper aims: 1. To analyze the factors that cause forest and land fires that often occur throughout the year 2. To analyze the impact of forest and land fires using the Socio-Eco-Religio-Culture approach 3. To provide solutions to the impact of forest and land fires using the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture approach. The method used is Qualitative Research using Grounded Theory. The results showed: 1. The causes of forest fires also occurred due to several factors, including the existence of investors and communities who cleared land for oil palm, rubber and other plantations by burning forests, extreme weather, peat areas, weak governance from the government, ignorance of local wisdom, indecisive law enforcement agencies. 2. The most severe impact felt by many parties as a result of these fires is smoke haze pollution that disturbs various aspects of life. The disruption of human activities due to forest fires can also affect productivity and income. 3. In making development policies to prevent forest fires, the anthropocentric perspective that exploits many ecological, economic, social, religious and cultural values must be changed to the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture perspective. It is necessary to reform law enforcement in the management of deep forest fires and create a legal umbrella for preventing and overcoming forest and land outbreaks. It is necessary to socialize the values of the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture to policy makers, students from an early age to higher education for forest fire prevention. It is necessary to implement a socio-eco-religio-culture approach in making policies to control forest and land fires.
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Kurnianti, Diyah Novita, Ernan Rustiadi, and Dwi Putro Tejo Baskoro. "Land Use Projection for Spatial Plan Consistency in Jabodetabek." Indonesian Journal of Geography 47, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.9249.
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Land use changes in Greater Jakarta area are very dynamic because of the need for settlements and converting agricultural land. It indicates land use inconsistency regard to spatial plan that can cause land damage in the future. Land use which has potential inconsistency in the future are requires for land use control in this region. This study uses spatial analysis to look at the potential inconsistencies by comparing land use projection in the future in two scenarios that is with and without control by policies. Policies in this study are land suitability and forest allocation. The result shows that land use consistency with policies raise until 97,4 % but only 93.9 % without control by policies. Areas that could potentially have inconsistency in the future are Bogor, Bekasi, Tangerang and Jakarta North City for area which is directed as forest and buffer zones of cultivation.
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Rout, Naresh. "Tribal Land Conflicts and State Forestry in Odisha: A Historical Study." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 2, no. 2 (April 25, 2015): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12423.
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The history of human existence and civilizations are intertwined with forests and trees. Forests are crucial for the goods and services they provide, which people all over the world depend on. Strategies to enhance the contributions of the world’s forests to social development, livelihoods and poverty eradication are vital at a time when unsustainable practices and economic crises continue to threaten healthy forests and the people who depend upon them. The survival of tribal communities critically depends on land and forest resources. For historical and ecological reasons, most tribal people inhabit the forest and highly inaccessible regions of the state. These communities practise various customary land tenure systems, which have often been modified by state policies and legislation. The clan-based land tenure system was based on customary rights over land, trees and forest. The land use and tenure systems vary from tribe to tribe, as reflected in the practice and terraced cultivation. The relationship between tribal people and forest resources has been symbiotic in nature. The life-way processes of Odisha’s tribal people are reflected in their economy, religion, polity and social institutions, which cannot be understood without understanding various aspects of the forest surrounding them.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12423 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-2: 143-147
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Carlson, Matthew, Jing Chen, Stewart Elgie, Chris Henschel, Álvaro Montenegro, Nigel Roulet, Neal Scott, Charles Tarnocai, and Jeff Wells. "Maintaining the role of Canada’s forests and peatlands in climate regulation." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86434-4.
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Canada’s forest and peatland ecosystems are globally significant carbon stores, whose management will be influenced by climate change mitigation policies such as offset systems. To be effective, these policies must be grounded in objective information on the relationships between land use, ecosystem carbon dynamics, and climate. Here, we present the outcomes of a workshop where forest, peatland, and climate experts were tasked with identifying management actions required to maintain the role of Canada’s forest and peatland ecosystems in climate regulation. Reflecting the desire to maintain the carbon storage roles of these ecosystems, a diverse set of management actions is proposed, incorporating conservation, forest management, and forest products. Key words: forests, peatlands, carbon, Canada, climate change, management, forest products, conservation
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RASUL, GOLAM. "Political ecology of the degradation of forest commons in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh." Environmental Conservation 34, no. 2 (June 2007): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907003888.
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Indigenous people have widely been blamed for degrading South Asia's montane forest resources through the practice of shifting cultivation, yet some studies have revealed that indigenous people used forests in a sustainable way for centuries until external intervention. The history of external intervention in the forests of South Asia is more than two centuries old. The process of degradation of forest resources requires understanding of the political and social processes that condition access, control and management of the land and resources involved. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh, a part of the Himalayan region, underwent essentially the same socio-political and historical processes as many other countries in the region and had very similar experiences in forest management. By examination of policies and associated effects on CHT forest over the past two centuries, this paper reveals that the process of forest degradation in the CHT started during the British colonial period with the nationalization of forests, establishment of reserve forests (RFs), management of forests by government agencies and weakening of traditional institutions. The process of degradation was accelerated by: privatization of forest land for the promotion of sedentary agriculture, horticulture and rubber plantation; the construction of a hydraulic dam on the Karnafuli River; the settlement of lowland people; and the constant conflict between indigenous people and the Forest Department. The degradation of CHT forests is not only the result of traditional agricultural practices, but also of many other factors including inappropriate policies and programmes.
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Getzner, Michael, Jürgen Meyerhoff, and Felix Schläpfer. "Willingness to Pay for Nature Conservation Policies in State-Owned Forests: An Austrian Case Study." Forests 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090537.
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The Austrian Federal Forests (ÖBf), the Republic of Austria’s state-owned company, manages 15% of the Austrian forests; about 50% of the land is devoted to nature conservation. This paper presents the results of a representative survey of Austrian households ascertaining the acceptance of, preferences regarding, and willingness to pay for three different management scenarios. One program would increase commercial forestry, while two other programs would significantly enhance biodiversity conservation. The majority of respondents considers it an important task of state-owned forests to enhance biodiversity conservation. The study reveals that the preferences of the respondents are very heterogeneous. For instance, in addition to socio-economic characteristics, the willingness to pay for nature conservation depends on personal experiences and perceptions (e.g., whether respondents feel anxious in forests), political views (e.g., the acceptance of strict legal protection of natural resources), and opinions on forest policy issues (e.g., preferences regarding privatization of public land). The study places special emphasis on the thorough description and presentation of the scenarios to the respondents and is one of the first European studies to elicit opinions on forest policies regarding public land in an environmental valuation framework.
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Gayle, W. B. "What Does the Forest User Require from the Forest Manager." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61154-2.
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The forest users' needs can be stated simply: "A continuous and sustained supply of wood at a constant real cost".Forest manufacturing is highly capital intensive. A pulp mill costing $500 million needs five 65-million-dollar sawmills and five 35-million-dollar logging operations to supply the necessary volume of chips. The total costs $1 billion and $150 million per year must be put back into the business. To obtain the money, there must be not only a secure forest tenure, but for Crown lands, an incentive for wood users to make a solid commitment to forest management.The logger needs a year-round operation with relatively consistent timber types and topography. The sawmiller needs wood of consistent size and quality at an economical hauling distance from the mill. Mills will go under if hauling distances increase year by year, hence the need for total regeneration and rehabilitation of the backlog of NSR Land. The pulp mills require raw material of consistent quality to sell pulp on the open market.Threats to these requirements are lack of regeneration of denuded lands, ever decreasing annual allowable cuts with increased haul distances, and withdrawal of forest land from production.The solution is to provide incentives for the user to manage the forests under contract with the owner. Then there will be long-term management — a time frame not compatible with the fiscal policies of politicians and hence governments. Key words: forest management, forest industry, financial requirements, forest economics.
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Nugraha, L. M., B. Winarno, S. Fahmi, and S. Lestari. "Opportunities and challenges of urban green open space for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Bogor, West Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012013.
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Abstract Urban green open space area is one of the strategies to deal with climate change mitigation and adaptation issues. As one of the relevant exemplifications of the “Urban Forest” concept and sustainable urban development, legal control of urban green open space is necessary to support the effort. This study examines urban green open space policies, practices, opportunities, and challenges in Bogor city regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation. Furthermore, local regulations, including legal issues, key players, and their roles in urban forest management were also discussed. A desk study with descriptive exploratory was implemented in this paper. The results showed that there are challenges in the implementation of urban green open space area policies into urban forest practices. The land size allocation for urban forests in Bogor, West Java, is still not by the existing policies as their land size is far less than 30%. Moreover, most local regulations have relatively paid little attention to private property policy. Local governments can enact local regulations for technical guidelines in short-term strategy as local regulations are expected to support the regional level of urban forests and green open space development. Multi stakeholders’ cooperation and community engagement are potential initiatives for urban forest development at the local government level for climate change resilience.
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Soe, Khaing Thandar, and Youn Yeo-Chang. "Livelihood Dependency on Non-Timber Forest Products: Implications for REDD+." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050427.
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Deforestation and forest degradation are occurring continuously and posing serious threats to forests and people worldwide. In Myanmar, poor regulation and unsustainable extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is affecting millions of hectares of natural forests; overexploitation of forest resources is one of the main drivers of forest degradation. Although evidence shows that the extraction of NTFPs results in forest degradation, there have been few studies on what drives rural people to depend on NTFPs and how to address these drivers in terms of policies and measures. Policies and measures are nationally enacted policies and actions that countries undertake to address the causes of deforestation and forest degradation. This study identifies which factors determine the dependence on NTFPs in forest-dependent communities. From these factors, we derived policy implications for the main causes of overexploitation of NTFPs to provide suggestions for developing policies and measures in the design of national Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) strategies. Focusing on the Taungoo District as a case of dependence on NTFPs by local communities, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative data collection procedure based on interviewing households in the local communities. NTFPs contributed the most to total household income and the main types of NTFPs exploited were charcoal making and bamboo selling. Households with lower education level, less agricultural land, less income from off-farm activities, lived under the poverty line or used only charcoal were more dependent on NTFPs in the study areas. Poverty and fuelwood usage were factors affecting NTFPs dependence for landowners while rice insufficiency, off-farm income and fuelwood usage most affected the NTFPs dependence for landless people. The results suggested that national strategies for REDD+ should take into account local features such as income opportunities and land tenure in order to make local people cooperate with the government to avoid deforestation and forest degradation.
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Cook, B. A. "Forest property taxation in New Brunswick: A comment." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68335-3.
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Non-industrial private forest (NIPF) land comprises approximately one-third of the forested area of New Brunswick. Harvesting activity on NIPFs has been facilitated through the establishment of forest marketing boards for primary products and legislation which requires that NIPF land be the principal source of supply for Crown licensees. Management activity on NIPFs has been encouraged through a policy of grant assistance and technical aid. The property tax structure does not necessarily reinforce these policies. Here, theoretical considerations of forest property tax structure are introduced and an examination of forest property taxation of New Brunswick NIPF lands is undertaken.
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RUDEL, THOMAS K. "Have tropical deforestation's changing dynamics created conservation opportunities? A historical analysis." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 2 (August 27, 2014): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000228.
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SUMMARYDuring the past century, humans converted extensive areas of tropical forest into cultivated lands. Three distinct processes, each predominant during a different historical period, have driven the destruction of the forests. This review describes each of these deforestation dynamics: natural resource degrading poverty traps that predominated during the colonial era, new land settlement schemes that prevailed for two decades after decolonization, and finally, financialized, large enterprise dynamics that have predominated during the past quarter century. Each dynamic has, over time, given rise to different opportunities for conservation. Peasants emigrated from the sites of the poverty traps, and regrowth began to cover these degraded landscapes. Smallholders in the new land settlement areas became better acquainted with tropical tree species and allowed some trees to recolonize their fields, creating silvopastoral and agroforested landscapes. The heads of large enterprises relied on credit to clear land, so government regulators found that they could curb corporate-led deforestation by restricting access to credit when landowners failed to comply with laws against forest clearing. These links between deforestation's dynamics during past eras and conservation policies during the present era illustrate how a historical understanding of tropical deforestation can provide the basis for effective conservation policies.
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Golec, P. J., and M. K. Luckert. "Would harmonizing public land forest policies, Criteria and Indicators, and certification improve progress towards Sustainable Forest Management?: A case study in Alberta, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84410-3.
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As the concept of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) has evolved, governments and other stakeholders have pursued three important frameworks for defining and pursuing SFM: public land forest policies, Criteria and Indicators and certification. In Canada, these three approaches frequently operate simultaneously as policy frameworks for private firms managing forests on public lands. Harmonization of these three frameworks could create potential benefits by simplifying a complicated array of sometimes conflicting forest management standards. But there are also potential costs of harmonization that could arise out of the diverse conditions that embody SFM. The diversity of social values and ecological conditions associated with forests creates difficulties in designing processes that are representative of stakeholders' interests. Moreover, this variety poses challenges to designing standards that are sufficiently flexible to address local conditions, yet useful in contributing to SFM planning and reporting at regional, provincial and national scales. Within this context, we suggest that the diversity inherent in SFM will continue to be accommodated by multiple management frameworks, unless a single framework arises that shows itself capable of being trusted by stakeholders and of being sufficiently flexible to accommodate various definitions of Sustainable Forest Management. Key words: Sustainable Forest Management, forest certification, Criteria and Indicators, public forest policy, harmonization of Sustainable Forest Management frameworks, case study, Canada, Alberta
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Thalen, D. C. P., and A. C. Smiet. "Quantified 'Land-use policy options' in forest land evaluation for watershed management." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 33, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v33i2.16855.
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A forest land evaluation was made in the upper Kali Konto watershed in E. Java (Indonesia). The suitability of 155 Land Mapping Units for each of 13 Land Utilization Types was rated by standard procedures developed for rural land evaluation. A new concept of quantified 'land-use policy option' was introduced, being a theoretical combination of LUTs showing quantitatively, for the area as a whole, the consequences of a particular policy. The options are quantified by further specification of the LUTs in terms of one or more forest management models. The policies themselves comprise not only extremes such as 'conservation', 'population [needs]' or 'financial return' but also 'integrated' policies. In this case it is shown that an integrated land-use pattern could be developed to guarantee conservation of resources while largely meeting the demands of the local population for fuelwood and light timber and also yielding direct monetary benefits. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Johnston, Mark H., and Susan C. Calp. "Forest Land Use Planning in Alberta." Forestry Chronicle 62, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc62470-5.
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Forest land use planning in Alberta takes place within the provincial Integrated Resource Planning system. The Alberta Forest Service is a major participant in this system as it is the primary resource management agency for Alberta's forested land. Several provincial land use policies direct forest-related land use, including the White and Green Areas, established in 1948, and the Eastern Slopes Policy adopted in 1977. More detailed and site specific resource management is guided through subregional and local planning. In total, these planning mechanisms provide for the comprehensive and integrated management of Alberta's forested land. Key words: Forest land use planning, integrated planning, planning in Alberta, resource management.
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Ardiyanto, Syaifullah Yophi, and Tengku Arif Hidayat. "Pola Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Pembakaran Hutan dan Lahan." PAMPAS: Journal of Criminal Law 1, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pampas.v1i3.10544.
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Riau Province as one of the provinces in Indonesia with quite complex environmental problems, especially the problem of forest destruction and peat ecosystems, the impact of which is one of the largest contributors to the forest and land fire disaster that occurred in Indonesia. Forest and land fires continue every year, but law enforcement against perpetrators of forest and land fires. Law enforcement against perpetrators of forest and land burning is very important considering that one of the causes of forest and land destruction is the occurrence of fires or burning of forests and land before the use of the forest and land. This is important considering that one of the requirements for realizing Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) really depends on the conditions of policies, laws and institutions, all of which are included in Good Forestry Governance. The main cause of poor forest management is the failure of policies, laws and institutions. Weak forestry institutions cannot enforce laws and regulations related to forestry. Abstrak Provinsi Riau sebagai salah satu provinsi di Indonesia dengan persoalan lingkungan hidup yang cukup kompleks, khususnya persoalan kerusakan hutan dan ekosistem gambut yang dampaknya sebagai salah satu provinsi penyumbang terbesar bencana kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang terjadi di Indonesia. Kebakaran hutan dan lahan setiap tahun terus saja terjadi, namun penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku pembakaran hutan dan lahan. Penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku pembakaran hutan dan lahan menjadi hal yang sangat penting mengingat salah satu penyebab kerusakan hutan dan lahan adalah terjadinya kebakaran atau dibakarnya hutan dan lahan sebelum hutan dan lahan tersebut digunakan. Hal ini menjadi penting mengingat salah satu syarat mewujudkan Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) sangat tergantung pada kondisi kebijakan, hukum dan institusi, yang semuanya itu tercakup dalam Good Forestry Governance. Penyebab utama manajemen hutan yang buruk adalah tidak berjalannya kebijakan, hukum dan kelembagaan. Lembaga kehutanan yang lemah tidak bisa menegakkan hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait kehutanan.
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TAKASAKI, YOSHITO. "Dynamic household models of forest clearing under distinct land and labor market institutions: can agricultural policies reduce tropical deforestation?" Environment and Development Economics 12, no. 3 (June 2007): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07003567.
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This paper develops four agricultural household models of forest clearing – as both an input for current production and an investment in future production – over two periods under distinct land and labor market institutions. Five different effects of policies on farmers' forest clearing decisions are identified. Careful comparison of their relative magnitudes reveals (potential) pro-forest policies under distinct market conditions. In Latin American countries, poor early settlers are often bid off their cleared land after or without cultivation by wealthy large holders. With this ‘sell-out effect,’ price transfer and technological transfer for soil management targeting poor colonists and policy reforms eliminating land price distortions are recommended to arrest deforestation. On the other hand, especially in places where land transaction opportunities are nil like Sub-Saharan African countries, policies promoting non-agricultural activities among poor farmers are needed.
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Cano, W., A. Van de Rijt, W. de Jong, and P. Pacheco. "Public innovation and changes in communal access to timber in the northern Bolivian Amazon." International Forestry Review 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 432–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827906816.
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The paper assesses the effects of public innovation initiated by demands from communities in the northern Bolivian Amazon to revise forest regulations and policies. Bolivia enacted wide-reaching land and forest reforms in the mid-1990s, but these reforms were insufficient to tackle competing claims on forests and exclusion of local forest users from benefiting from timber production. Pressures by forest communities resulted in significant adjustments in regulations and policies, and the main driver was social pressure from communities as well as their representatives. The adjustments have allowed communal local practices, which were previously illegal, to become legal. They have allowed communities access to timber markets, improve incomes, and enhanced compliance with timber regulations.
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Feder, Gershon, Tongroj Onchan, and Yongyuth Chalamwong. "Land Policies and Farm Performance in Thailand's Forest Reserve Areas." Economic Development and Cultural Change 36, no. 3 (April 1988): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451671.
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Mahmood, Rezaul, Roger A. Pielke, and Clive A. McAlpine. "Climate-Relevant Land Use and Land Cover Change Policies." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00221.1.
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Abstract Both observational and modeling studies clearly demonstrate that land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) play an important biogeophysical and biogeochemical role in the climate system from the landscape to regional and even continental scales. Without comprehensively considering these impacts, an adequate response to the threats posed by human intervention into the climate system will not be adequate. Public policy plays an important role in shaping local- to national-scale land-use practices. An array of national policies has been developed to influence the nature and spatial extent of LULCC. Observational evidence suggests that these policies, in addition to international trade treaties and protocols, have direct effects on LULCC and thus the climate system. However, these policies, agreements, and protocols fail to adequately recognize these impacts. To make these more effective and thus to minimize climatic impacts, we propose several recommendations: 1) translating international treaties and protocols into national policies and actions to ensure positive climate outcomes; 2) updating international protocols to reflect advancement in climate–LULCC science; 3) continuing to invest in the measurements, databases, reporting, and verification activities associated with LULCC and LULCC-relevant climate monitoring; and 4) reshaping Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+ (REDD+) to fully account for the multiscale biogeophysical and biogeochemical impacts of LULCC on the climate system.
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Trædal, Leif Tore, and Arild Angelsen. "Policies Drive Sub-National Forest Transitions in Vietnam." Forests 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101038.
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Vietnam has seemingly been able to shortcut the forest transition (FT) by quickly moving to the reforestation phase. Provincial-level forest cover and socio-economic trends are, however, not necessarily compatible with a standard FT framework. This article compares forest cover change and associated policy reforms in two provinces. Bac Kan is one of the poorest provinces in Vietnam, and has, after years of deforestation and forest degradation, expanded its forest cover during the past two decades. In contrast, Lam Dong province has higher GDP and population density, but has had high deforestation linked to expansion of perennial crops. This is contrary to what could be expected from a conventional FT hypothesis. Land use dynamics in Vietnam is heavily driven by its historical heritage related to the independence from French rule and heavy state-control and collectivization, and its more recent shift to “market-led socialism” (doi moi), involving export promotion, decentralization and land tenure reforms. The Vietnam experience shows that policies can trump the typical FT patterns linked to general development trends and structural changes, and that the typical FT-trajectory is not unavoidable. Yet, these policies have not primarily been guided by forest concerns, but should be viewed as a side effect of the doi moi policies pursuing economic growth and of the devolution of rights and decision-making.
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Alegria, Cristina, and Maria Canavarro Teixeira. "An overview of maritime pine private non-industrial forest in the centre of Portugal: A 19-year case study." Folia Forestalia Polonica 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2016-0023.
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Abstract Portuguese national policies for forests were developed considering related themes such as climate change, forest health, fire and the protective functions of forests. In Portugal, maritime pine forest is mainly private non-industrial and its area is in decline. Therefore, the aim of this study was two-fold: first, to assess maritime pine forest characteristics over a 19-year period; second, to analyse forest cover change over that period. In the end, the implementation of state policies was explored. A study area highly forested by continuous areas of naturally regenerated maritime pine in the centre of Portugal was used. To assess maritime pine forest characteristics, two sets of inventory data collected in previous studies (1991-1996 and 2007-2010) were used. To analyse forest cover change, the official land cover maps for 1990 and 2007 were used. This study findings highlighted that study area’s trends over the past years were the following: first, the decrease of maritime pine forest areas and its management decline (stands less stable, under-stocked, with large amounts of small-diameter poles and enlarged tree size variability); second, the increase of scrubland areas; third, the increase of eucalyptus afforestation with no regard for protection areas; and fourth, the absence of native oaks or introduction of other broadleaves as recommended by the state policies. Therefore, it is argued that there is a need for effective field monitoring actions with regard to the implementation of state policies. Additionally, selective incentives are key to mobilise private non-industrial forest to achieve the goals of state forest policies.
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Adesina, Adekunle John, and Jiangang Zhu. "SYNOPTIC REVIEW OF FORESTRY AND FOREST PRODUCTS TRADE AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA." Mercator 21, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2022.e21005.
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Aims to valuate Africa's forestry and forest products, namely Wood Forest Products (WFPs) and Non-wood Forest Products (NWFPs) in the sixteen (16) West African countries.The study identified a systematic assessment of the most common forest products (wood and non-wood forest products) considering the available data on the national forest reserves of the selected countries in West Africa. The study also revealed the need for biodiversity conservation of the available forest reserves to help mitigate the impact of global warming targeting the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 13- Climate Action. This is focused on integrating climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning signs into the national policies, improving forest planning and management education, awareness-raising, and institutional capacity within the sub-region. Keywords: Forestry; Forest Management; Forest Products; Land-Use; West Africa.
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Kanashiro Uehara, Thiago, Florie Chazarin, Louise Nakagawa, Ariane Favareto, Tamara Tobias, Arilson Favareto, Rigobert Minani, et al. "‘Glocalizing’ land-use and forest governance in the tropics: examining research partnerships and international forest policies affecting Brazil, DRC and Indonesia." F1000Research 12 (February 2, 2023): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130219.1.
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Background: International and market forces are key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, with transnational and market-based solutions in land-use and forest governance often missing economic, distributive, and environmental targets. Methods: This paper tackles both the framing and effectiveness of transnational initiatives affecting forest lands and peoples in the Global South, and the quality of relationships between institutions in the Global North and the Global South. Through more equitable research partnerships, this paper draws lessons from case studies in Indonesia (legality verification system in different forest property regimes), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (lifting of a moratorium on new logging concession), and Brazil (FSC in the Amazon region and the Amazon Fund). Results: International partnerships have privileged market-based instruments and commodity exchange between Global South and Global North countries, and the benefits of such mechanisms are unevenly distributed. Complementary and alternative policy instruments are discussed for each geography. Conclusions: Glocalizing land-use and forest governance implies in advancing equitable research partnerships between institutions in the Global South and Global North, and strengthening a community of practice for critical enquiry and engagement in partnerships for sustainable development. Land-use, climate and forest governance mechanisms must redress power dynamics, and partnership models, and commit to improving well-being and sustainable livelihood outcomes.
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Zhang, Jia-Qi, Christos Mammides, and Richard T. Corlett. "Reasons for the Survival of Tropical Forest Fragments in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China." Forests 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020159.
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Research Highlights: The reasons for persistence of forest fragments in human-dominated landscapes have rarely been examined, despite their importance in biodiversity and ecosystem services. We determined these reasons for forest fragments on collective land in Xishuangbanna prefecture, southwest China. Background and Objectives: Reconciling economic development with biodiversity conservation has been a major challenge in China’s small tropical land area, where local realities have often been in conflict with national policies. In Xishuangbanna, much of China’s most biodiverse forest area has been replaced by cash crops in recent decades, but numerous small forest fragments remain on collective land. Our objective was to find out why these fragments have not been cleared. Methods: We used a combination of semi-structured interviews with 600 households in 69 villages representing nine ethnic groups and information from key informants. Results: Overall, 64% of individual households retained forest fragments on the land allocated to them, and 93% of villages retained larger areas managed as a collective forest. Most (71%) interviewees said that fragments on their own land were on sites of low agricultural value and were retained as fuelwood sources. They were also often (33%) underplanted with crops and supplied other forest products. All interviewees attributed the retention of collective forests to policy restrictions on clearance, with most (96%) mentioning cultural and religious uses and many recognizing environmental benefits. Most were also used as sources of wild edible plants (61%) and other forest products. Many said these collective forests had shrunk over time, particularly in areas suitable for profitable cultivation. Conclusions: China’s new ecological redline policy will protect most larger patches of forest in Xishuangbanna, but the smaller fragments on land allocated to individual households are also of conservation value, particularly in areas with no other forest. Some form of compensation scheme is needed to encourage their continued retention.
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Kleiman, R. E., and D. L. Erickson. "Landscape Change in an Agricultural Watershed: The Effect of Parcelization on Riparian Forest Cover." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 23, no. 1 (February 1996): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b230025.
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In this research we address factors contributing to landscape change in a midwestern (USA) watershed. Specifically, the relationship between the parcelization of agricultural land (ownership subdivisions) and changes in amounts of riparian forest cover are explored. The study area is the River Raisin Watershed in southeastern Michigan, which is typical of rural watersheds in the lower Great Lakes region. Two townships within the watershed were sampled from data spanning a 20-year time period. Using land-use and land-cover data for 1968, 1978, and 1988, combined with ownership records for the same years, we determined a relationship between rates of parcelization and changes in forest cover. These findings indicate that increasing trends in riparian forest area follow increases in land parcelization at the township scale. For these two townships, agricultural decline and land-use diversification seem positively related to larger areas and widths of riparian forests. As the number of acres being farmed and the number of farms have decreased, the land has been divided into more and smaller lots and the forests along rivers like the Raisin and its tributaries have increased in area. There are several possible factors at the township and farm scale which may influence this landscape phenomenon, including land-use policies, governmental programs, agricultural mechanization, and agricultural economics.
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Chen, He, Zhenzhong Zeng, Jie Wu, Liqing Peng, Venkataraman Lakshmi, Hong Yang, and Junguo Liu. "Large Uncertainty on Forest Area Change in the Early 21st Century among Widely Used Global Land Cover Datasets." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2020): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213502.
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Forests play an important role in the Earth’s system. Understanding the states and changes in global forests is vital for ecological assessments and forest policy guidance. However, there is no consensus on how global forests have changed based on current datasets. In this study, five global land cover datasets and Global Forest Resources Assessments (FRA) were assessed to reveal uncertainties in the global forest changes in the early 21st century. These datasets displayed substantial divergences in total area, spatial distribution, latitudinal profile, and annual area change from 2001 to 2012. These datasets also display completely divergent conclusions on forest area changes for different countries. Among the datasets, total forest area changes range from an increase of 1.7 × 106 km2 to a decrease of 1.6 × 106 km2. All the datasets show deforestation in the tropics. The accuracies of the datasets in detecting forest cover changes were evaluated by a global land cover validation dataset. The spatial patterns of accuracies are inconsistent among the datasets. This study calls for the development of a more accurate database to support forest policies and to contribute to global actions against climate change.
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Le Page, Yannick, Douglas Morton, Corinne Hartin, Ben Bond-Lamberty, José Miguel Cardoso Pereira, George Hurtt, and Ghassem Asrar. "Synergy between land use and climate change increases future fire risk in Amazon forests." Earth System Dynamics 8, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 1237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-1237-2017.
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Abstract. Tropical forests have been a permanent feature of the Amazon basin for at least 55 million years, yet climate change and land use threaten the forest's future over the next century. Understory forest fires, which are common under the current climate in frontier forests, may accelerate Amazon forest losses from climate-driven dieback and deforestation. Far from land use frontiers, scarce fire ignitions and high moisture levels preclude significant burning, yet projected climate and land use changes may increase fire activity in these remote regions. Here, we used a fire model specifically parameterized for Amazon understory fires to examine the interactions between anthropogenic activities and climate under current and projected conditions. In a scenario of low mitigation efforts with substantial land use expansion and climate change – Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 – projected understory fires increase in frequency and duration, burning 4–28 times more forest in 2080–2100 than during 1990–2010. In contrast, active climate mitigation and land use contraction in RCP4.5 constrain the projected increase in fire activity to 0.9–5.4 times contemporary burned area. Importantly, if climate mitigation is not successful, land use contraction alone is very effective under low to moderate climate change, but does little to reduce fire activity under the most severe climate projections. These results underscore the potential for a fire-driven transformation of Amazon forests if recent regional policies for forest conservation are not paired with global efforts to mitigate climate change.
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Nguyen, H. T. T., Q. T. N. Chau, A. T. Pham, H. T. Phan, P. T. X. Tran, H. T. Cao, T. Q. Le, and D. T. H. Nguyen. "LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGES USING MULTI-TEMPORAL SATELLITE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VI-3/W1-2020 (November 17, 2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-3-w1-2020-83-2020.
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Abstract. Producing the map of land use land cover change (LULCC) at the local extent is fundamental for a variety of applications such as vegetation, forest covers, soil degradation, and global warming. Understanding the directions and spread trend of LULCC plays significant role in obtaining useful data for the local authorities in making land-use policies under the context of climate change. Dak Nong is located in the Central Highlands of Vietnam having the largest tropical forest. Over the past decades, the natural forest in the region has significantly declined due to the pressure of population growth and social-economic development. The current study analyzed the LULCC in the province over the four periods: 2005–2018, 2005–2010, 2010–2015, and 2015–2018. Information from Landsat satellite imagery captured in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 was utilized to create the LULC maps and detect the land-use changes. The Random Forest (RF) was employed to categorize the images into nine different LULC classes. The study showed that classification accuracy was achieved from 72.49% to 84.55% with a kappa coefficient of 0.69 to 0.81. The findings revealed a significant decrease in the natural forest over time from 53.1% to 42.7%, 36.8%, and 34.6% in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018, respectively. Meanwhile, the other types of LULC showed an increase in the area over the periods, especially croplands. It was noticeable that the continuous decrease in the forest area over the years has put pressure on the natural environmental resources and generated the risk of climate change.
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Armson, K. A. "The Mandate: Policies and Planning." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61128-2.
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Policies are general plans of action. Yet they are incomplete if only partially implemented or not implemented at all. When so-called policies exist merely as statements of intent they are not policies.The development of policies respecting forests and wildlife in Canada reflects many factors. To a very large degree such development represents the perceptions by a society or segments of it concerning the subject matter of the policy. These perceptions are derived from a broad background—cultural, social, economic, political, historical and institutional. The degree to which these perceptions reflect an objective knowledge and understanding of the resources in question or a consensus as to the objectives of the policy are critical.Of particular concern to this meeting are the institutional and professional factors that impinge on the development of policies for forests and wildlife. It is argued that the major impediments to more effective management of forests and wildlife in Canadian jurisdictions are institutional and educational in origin and therefore capable of much greater correction by the professional and scientific community than heretofore acknowledged. Key words: land use planning, forest management policy.
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Phung Dang, Thi Kim. "Forestry Policy and Legitimacy: The Case of Forest Devolution in Vietnam." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 6 (August 21, 2020): 848–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620935424.
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Although forest devolution has become a key strategy of forestry reforms to mobilise local resources for sustainable forest management, there is growing concern about the legitimacy of this strategy. There have been escalating disputes between forestry agencies and local people as to who receives the rights to forests. Examining the policy of forest land allocation in Vietnam helps us to understand this legitimacy issue. Research findings from three case studies show trade-offs between the two policies’ goals, environmental protection and livelihood improvement, due to locals’ low awareness of the intrinsic values of forests and their lack of knowledge regarding the policy.
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Börner, Jan, Dario Schulz, Sven Wunder, and Alexander Pfaff. "The Effectiveness of Forest Conservation Policies and Programs." Annual Review of Resource Economics 12, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-025703.
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The world's forests provide valuable contributions to people but continue to be threatened by agricultural expansion and other land uses. Counterfactual-based methods are increasingly used to evaluate forest conservation initiatives. This review synthesizes recent studies quantifying the impacts of such policies and programs. Extending past reviews focused on instrument choice, design, and implementation, our theory of change explicitly acknowledges context. Screening over 60,000 abstracts yielded 136 comparable normalized effect sizes (Cohen's d). Comparing across instrument categories, evaluation methods, and contexts suggests not only a lack of “silver bullets” in the conservation toolbox, but that effectiveness is also moderate on average. Yet context is critical. Many interventions in our sample were implemented in “bullet-proof” contexts of low pressure on natural resources. This greatly limits their potential impacts and suggests the need to invest further not only in understanding but also in better aligning conservation with local and global development goals.