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Journal articles on the topic 'Laminated glass beams and panels'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Pelayo, F., and M. López-Aenlle. "Natural frequencies and damping ratios of multi-layered laminated glass beams using a dynamic effective thickness." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636217695479.

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Multi-layered laminated glass panels are those with at least three monolithic glass layers and two viscoelastic interlayers. Multi-layered laminated glass panels are commonly used in floors, roofs and other horizontal glazing accessible to the public where a high level of security is required. Although the glass can be consider as a linear-elastic material, the viscoelastic interlayers determine a non-linear behavior of the laminated structure that must be taken into consideration. In this paper, a dynamic effective thickness is proposed to predict the natural frequencies and damping ratios of multi-layered laminated glass beam-like structures with different boundary conditions and at different temperatures. Furthermore, the presented dynamic effective thickness can be also used to any frequency domain calculations such as displacements and stresses. To validate the proposed model, operational modal analysis was carried out on a multi-layered laminated glass beam to obtain the experimental natural frequencies and damping ratios at 20, 25, 30 and 35℃. Moreover, a finite element model of the beam was also assembly for the sake of comparison. The proposed model predicts the natural frequencies with errors less than 5%, whereas the discrepancies in damping ratios are less than 50%.

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2

Zdražilová, Michaela, Zdeněk Sokol, and Martina Eliášová. "Simple Laminated Glass Panels with Embedded Point Connection under Short-Term Load." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022079.

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Abstract Glass is a very attractive material for contemporary architecture. The trend is to achieve a maximum transparency of structures; therefore it becomes common to use glass as a material for load-bearing structural elements. Glass facades, roofs, beams or columns are widely used in buildings. The problematic part of a glass structure design is the connection between the glass pieces or between the glass elements and substructures from another material (e.g. steel, concrete etc.). The connection must be capable of bearing the stresses performing during the lifetime period and it should be as unobtrusive as possible at the same time. The ongoing research at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague is focused on an embedded laminated point connection for glass structures. Within this research, the real-scale glass panels were tested. The samples consisted of two glass plies bonded with the EVA foil. For the undrilled ply, the float glass was used in all cases. The thermally toughened or the heat strengthened glass was used for the pre-drilled ply. There was one embedded steel countersunk bolt with HDPE liners placed in each corner of the sample. During the experiment, the samples were horizontally placed using the embedded bolts. The load-bearing capacity of the six tested specimens was determined. The load was applied in several loading and unloading cycles until the collapse of the first embedded connection. If the glass panel failed before the connection, the sample was completely unloaded and then the load was gradually increasing until the collapse of the connection. Vertical deflection and the stresses at two different points were measured during the loading cycles. The humidity and the temperature were also monitored. The experiment showed the way of collapse and a short-term load-bearing capacity of a laminated glass panel with four embedded point connections.

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3

Rezaei, Mohsen, Vasileios Karatzas, Christian Berggreen, and Leif A. Carlsson. "The effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties and failure modes of GFRP face sheets and PET foam cored sandwich beams." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 22, no. 4 (June 19, 2018): 1235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636218781995.

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The influence of elevated temperatures on stiffness and strength of composite face sheet and polyethylene terephthalate foam cored sandwich beam has been experimentally investigated. Standard test methods and analytical failure models were used to determine the effect of elevated temperatures. The authors examined E-glass/epoxy cross-ply face laminates, polyethylene terephthalate foam, and sandwich beams consisting of glass/epoxy face laminates and polyethylene terephthalate foam core loaded in four-point flexure. The tensile properties of the face laminate were examined over a temperature range from 25 to 175°C. Compression and shear tests on the face laminate, polyethylene terephthalate foam, and sandwich beams were performed at temperatures up to 100°C. The face laminates exhibited moderate reductions of Young’s modulus and tensile strength, while the compressive strength, shear modulus, and shear strength substantially decreased at elevated temperatures. Similarly, the compressive and shear moduli as well as the compressive strength of the polyethylene terephthalate foam decreased substantially by exposure to a temperature of 100°C. The failure mode of the sandwich panels was observed to be highly dependent on temperature, distinguishing three basic failure modes, viz. core shear failure, indentation failure, and face wrinkling. The failure loads associated to these failure modes were calculated using models available in the literature. The failure loads were found to be consistent with the failure predictions and failure modes.

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4

Angelides, Socrates C., James P. Talbot, and Mauro Overend. "The effects of high strain-rate and in-plane restraint on quasi-statically loaded laminated glass: a theoretical study with applications to blast enhancement." Glass Structures & Engineering 4, no. 3 (September 21, 2019): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-019-00107-4.

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Abstract Laminated glass panels are increasingly used to improve the blast resilience of glazed facades, as part of efforts to mitigate the threat posed to buildings and their occupants by terrorist attacks. The blast response of these ductile panels is still only partially understood, with an evident knowledge gap between fundamental behaviour at the material level and observations from full-scale blast tests. To enhance our understanding, and help bridge this gap, this paper adopts a ‘first principles’ approach to investigate the effects of high strain-rate, associated with blast loading, and the in-plane restraint offered by blast-resistant frames. These are studied by developing simplified analytical beam models, for all stages of deformation, that account for the enhanced properties of both the glass and the interlayer at high strain-rates. The increased shear modulus of the interlayer results in a composite bending response of the un-fractured laminated glass. This also enhances the residual post-fracture bending moment capacity, arising from the combined action of the glass fragments in compression and the interlayer in tension, which is considered negligible under low strain-rates. The post-fracture resistance is significantly improved by the introduction of in-plane restraint, due to the membrane action associated with panel stretching under large deflections. This is demonstrated by developing a yield condition that accounts for the relative contributions of bending and membrane action, and applying the upper bound theorem of plasticity, assuming a tearing failure of the interlayer. Future work aims to complete the theoretical framework by including the assessment of plate-action and inertia effects.

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5

Sá, Mário F., Augusto M. Gomes, João R. Correia, and Nuno Silvestre. "Flexural Behavior of Pultruded GFRP Deck Panels with Snap-Fit Connections." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 02 (February 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500190.

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This paper presents experimental, analytical and numerical investigations about the flexural behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) pultruded panels for footbridge decks. The analyzed panels, made of isophthalic polyester and E-glass fibers, comprise a multicellular thin-walled cross-section with panel-to-panel vertical snap-fit connections at their lateral edges. As part of a comprehensive study about the mechanical and structural behavior of this type of footbridge decks, the experimental study presented here addresses: (i) the mechanical characterization of the laminated material, and (ii) the quasi-static flexural behavior of the panels for both service and failure conditions. The experimental data obtained is used to validate and assess the accuracy of three-dimensional shell finite element (FE) models and analytical formulae. Particular focus is given to the serviceability and failure performance of the panels, in terms of their deformability and susceptibility to buckling phenomena, respectively. Regarding the serviceability behavior, the results obtained in this study demonstrate the importance of duly specifying the shear coefficient of the multicellular cross-section on Timoshenko beam theory, in order to obtain accurate deflection predictions. In terms of failure performance, both the flexural tests and the analytical formulae indicate that the local buckling of the compressive flanges seems to have triggered the collapse of the tested panels, thus limiting their load carrying capacity. The geometrically nonlinear FE analyses allowed understanding in further depth the ultimate behavior of the panels, providing further insights about their failure mechanisms.

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6

Santo, Dario, Silvana Mattei, and Chiara Bedon. "Elastic Critical Moment for the Lateral–Torsional Buckling (LTB) Analysis of Structural Glass Beams with Discrete Mechanical Lateral Restraints." Materials 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112492.

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Structural glass beams and fins are largely used in buildings, in the form of primary load-bearing members and bracing systems for roof or facade panels. Several loading and boundary conditions can be efficiently solved by means of bonded composites that involve the use of laminated glass sections. Additionally, the so-obtained glass members are often characterized by high slenderness. To this aim, several literature studies were dedicated to the lateral–torsional buckling (LTB) behavior of laterally unrestrained (LU) glass elements, with the support of full-scale experiments, analytical models, or finite element (FE) numerical investigations. Standardized design recommendations for LU glass members in LTB are available for designers. However, several design issues still require “ad hoc” (and often expensive) calculation studies. In most of the cases, for example, the mechanical interaction between the structural components to verify involves various typologies of joints, including continuous sealant connections, mechanical point fixings, or hybrid solutions. As a result, an accurate estimation of the theoretical LTB critical moment for such a kind of laterally restrained (LR) element represents a first key issue toward the definition and calibration of generalized design recommendations. Careful consideration should be spent for the description of the intrinsic features of materials in use, as well as for a combination of geometrical and mechanical aspects (i.e., geometry, number, position of restraints, etc.). In this paper, the attention is focused on the calculation of the elastic critical buckling moment of LR glass beams in LTB. Existing analytical approaches of the literature (mostly developed for steel constructional members) are briefly recalled. An additional advantage for extended parametric calculations is then taken from finite element (FE) numerical analyses, which are performed via the LTBeam or the ABAQUS software codes. The actual role and the effect of discrete mechanical restraints are, thus, explored for selected configurations of practical interest. Finally, the reliability of simplified calculation approaches is assessed.

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7

Sandeep, S. H., and C. V. Srinivasa. "Hybrid Sandwich Panels: A Review." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2020-0035.

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AbstractA high specific stiffness, high specific strength, and tailoring the properties for specific application have attracted the attention of the researchers to work in the field of laminated composites and Sandwich structures. Rapid use of these laminated composites and Sandwich structures necessitated the development of new theories that suitable for the bending, buckling and vibration analysis. Many articles were published on free vibration of beams, plates, shells laminated composites and sandwich structures. In this article, a review on free vibration analysis of shear deformable isotropic beams, plates, shells, laminated composites and sandwich structures based on various theories and the exact solution is presented. In addition to this, the literature on finite element modeling of beams, plates, shells laminated composites and sandwich structures based on classical and refined theories is also reviewed. The present article is an attempt to review the available literature, made in the past few decades on free flexural vibration response of Fiber Metal laminated Composites and Sandwich panels using different analytical models, numerical techniques, and experimental methods.

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8

Kubit, Andrzej, Tomasz Trzepieciński, Bogdan Krasowski, Ján Slota, and Emil Spišák. "Strength Analysis of a Rib-Stiffened GLARE-Based Thin-Walled Structure." Materials 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132929.

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This paper presents a new product, a glass laminate aluminium-reinforced epoxy (GLARE)-based thin-walled structure with a stiffener in the form of a longitudinal rib. The stiffening rib in an outer metallic layer of a GLARE-based panel was fabricated by the incremental sheet forming technique and Alclad 2024-T3 aluminium alloy sheets were used as adherends. The strength properties of the adhesive joint between the layers of the fibre metal laminates (FMLs) were determined in a uniaxial tensile test, peel drum test, tensile/shear test and short-beam three-point-bending test. Two variants of FMLs were considered, with an adhesive film and without an adhesive film between the adherends and the epoxy/glass prepreg. The FMLs were tested at three different temperatures that corresponded to those found under real aircraft operating conditions, i.e., −60 °C, room temperature and +80 °C. It was found that the temperatures do not affect the tensile strength and shear strength of the FMLs tested. However, there was a noticeable increase in the stiffness of samples stretched at reduced temperature. An additional adhesive film layer between the adherends and the glass/epoxy prepreg significantly improves the static peeling strength of the joint both at reduced and at elevated temperatures. A clear increase in the critical force at which buckling occurs has been clearly demonstrated in the uniaxial compression test of GLARE-based rib-stiffened panels. In the case of GLARE-based rib-stiffened panels, the critical force averaged 15,370 N, while for the non-embossed variant, it was 11,430 N, which translates into a 34.5% increase in critical force.

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9

Majak, Jüri, Johan Anton, Erko Õunapuu, Fabio Auriemma, Meelis Pohlak, Martin Eerme, and Aleksander Klauson. "Experimental Evaluation and Numerical Modelling Residual Stresses in Glass Panel." MATEC Web of Conferences 253 (2019): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925302003.

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During last decade increased usage of laminated composite glass structures, also annealed and tempered glass can be observed in civil engineering, automobile and space structures, solar panels, etc. Latter trend is caused by high strength properties of laminated glass, also sound and vibration attenuation capabilities. However, heat treatment of glass causes residual stresses, which are not often covered in structural analysis. Current study is focused on experimental evaluation and numerical modelling of residual stresses in glass panels.

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10

Witmer, Ray W., Harvey B. Manbeck, and John J. Janowiak. "Finite-Element Modeling of Red Maple Glued-Laminated T-Beams and Bridge Behavior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1575, no. 1 (January 1997): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1575-08.

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Finite-element modeling methods are presented using an existing finiteelement program to (1) predict the stiffness increase, due to the addition of deck panels, for red maple glued-laminated (glulam) T-beam assemblies relative to beams with no deck panels; and (2) predict the midspan beam deflection for a red maple glulam longitudinal stringer–transverse deck bridge for two loading conditions (one lane loaded and two lanes loaded). The red maple T-beam stiffness increase was determined for T-beams assembled with and without gaps between deck panels. The T-beam stiffness increase was predicted to within 5 percent for T-beams assembled with gaps between deck panels and to within 3 percent for T-beams assembled with no gaps between deck panels. Red maple glulam longitudinal stringer–transverse deck bridge maximum midspan beam deflections were predicted to within 6 percent for one-lane loading and to within 7 percent for two-lane loading.

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11

Varghese, Vipitha, Dony Poulose, and Binu M. Issac. "Comparative Study on Structural Performance of Different Laminated Glass Composites and Brick Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.231.

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Laminated glass composites are structural glass members made by assembling thin laminated panels which are connected by structural adhesives called interlayer. Laminated glass composite is a safety and security glass which enables significant improvement in the post-breakage behaviour. The interlayer of laminated glass composites ensures the integrity of the glass by holding it together. In the field of modern and innovative architectural engineering, the applications of laminated glass composites are increasing due to its lighting, aesthetics and architectural advantages. This paper introduces the buckling and vibration characteristics of different laminated glass elements using ANSYS 16.2.

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12

Martens, Kenny, Jan Belis, Robby Caspeele, and Jonas Dispersyn. "Numerical investigation of reinforced laminated glass beams." IABSE Symposium Report 104, no. 27 (May 13, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815815774278.

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13

Galić, Mirela, Gabrijela Grozdanić, Vladimir Divić, and Pavao Marović. "Parametric Analyses of the Influence of Temperature, Load Duration, and Interlayer Thickness on a Laminated Glass Structure Exposed to Out-of-Plane Loading." Crystals 12, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060838.

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One of today’s most-used glass products is a composite made of at least two glass panels connected with a soft polymeric interlayer—laminated glass. The mechanical properties of such elements are influenced by interlayer properties and the type of glass used. In this work, experimental and numerical analyses of laminated glass panels exposed to four-point bending are performed to observe and compare the stresses and displacements caused by different parameters, such as temperature, load duration, the thickness and type of the interlayers, as well as the symmetrical and nonsymmetrical disposition of the glass plates’ thickness. The numerical analysis was verified by four-point bending experimental tests. After validation, a parametric study on these influences was performed. To obtain the relationship between the load duration, temperature, and thickness of the interlayer compared to the maximal displacement (as a measure of flexural stiffness) and tension stress in the bottom glass plate, an analytical polynomial of a sixth total order is proposed. Isosurfaces are created, showing the dependence of stresses and displacements on the specified parameters as well as clearly showing differences in the behavior of laminated glass panels for the same conditions but with different interlayers. Based on the findings of the parametric study, conclusions are derived about the flexural stiffness and stress distribution in two-plate laminated glass with PVB and ionoplast interlayers.

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14

Luna, Patricia, and Caori Patricia Takeuchi. "Experimental Analysis of Frames Made with Glued Laminated Pressed Bamboo Guadua." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.184.

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This article presents the experimental tests results of frames made with glued laminated pressed bamboo guadua under lateral load. The tested frames had two floors with 1.40m of height each one and 2.80m of total height; the width of the frames was 2.10m. Beams and columns had square box cross-section of 0.10m side and 0.015m of wall. Three frames had bracing type K and other threes had panels. The adhesive used for the manufacture of beams, columns and braces was Urea Melamine Formaldehyde and for the elaboration of panels was Polyvinyl Acetate. The frames of glued laminated pressed bamboo guadua had elastoplastic behavior with great ductility.

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15

Inca, Eliana, Chiara Bedon, Sandra Jordão, and Carlos Rebelo. "Seismic Behaviour of Bolted and Bonded Point Fixed Laminated Glass Panels." MATEC Web of Conferences 352 (2021): 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202135200013.

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Laminated glass panels with point fixing restraints are widely used in buildings. Although significant progress has been reached within its production and installation, a lack of standardization, and particularly, their actual load-bearing capacity and performance under seismic events is not well addressed, and is largely affected by the connection detailing and typology. The present research study explores the seismic performance of single laminated glass panels with various point fixing solutions. The characterization involves experimental set ups and numerical models.

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16

Zhang, Xide, Chengyi Zou, and Xiaoqi Yin. "An Experimental Study on Cold-Bending Stress and Its Reverse-Coupling Effect with the Uniform Load on Cold-Bent SGP Laminated Glass." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 10073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110073.

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SentryGlas® Plus (SGP) laminated glass is a novel type of safety glass with high strength and stiffness. On the other hand, cold bending is a novel technique to build curved glass curtain walls, and is advantageous in terms of its greater energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness as well as its simple construction processes. The cold bending of SGP laminated glass could result in broad applications for the material and provide huge economic benefits in the field of glass curtain wall construction. To study cold-bending stress and its reverse-coupling effect with the uniform load in SGP laminated glass panels, single-corner cold-bending tests, uniform load tests, and ultimate capacity tests were conducted on eight pieces of such panels with different cold-bending curvatures and interlayer thicknesses. The results revealed that cold-bending stress in the glass panels under single-corner cold bending demonstrated a saddle-shaped distribution, with the maximum and second-largest cold-bending stresses located near the corner of the short side and the long side adjacent to the cold-bending corner, respectively. The cold-bending stress and coupling stress increased nonlinearly as the cold-bending curvature rose and the interlayer thickness became greater. Moreover, cold-bending curvature was a factor that affected the cold-bending stress and coupling stress more significantly than the interlayer thickness. The ultimate capacity and ultimate deflection of the glass panels decreased as the cold-bending curvature and interlayer thickness grew.

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17

Valarinho, Luís, João R. Correia, Mário Garrido, Mário Sá, and Fernando A. Branco. "Flexural Creep Behavior of Full-Scale Laminated Glass Panels." Journal of Structural Engineering 143, no. 10 (October 2017): 04017139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001841.

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18

Sotayo, Adeayo, Dan F. Bradley, Michael Bather, Marc Oudjene, Imane El-Houjeyri, and Zhongwei Guan. "Development and structural behaviour of adhesive free laminated timber beams and cross laminated panels." Construction and Building Materials 259 (October 2020): 119821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119821.

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19

Liu, Jianhua, Dehu Yu, and Kewei Ding. "Study on the Mechanical Performance of H-Shaped Steel-Concrete Laminated Plate Composite Beams Under Negative Bending Moment." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 14702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214702.

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To make the construction of assembled steel-reinforced truss concrete laminated plate composite structure faster, safer, and more efficient, this paper proposes an H-shaped steel-reinforced truss concrete laminated plate composite structure with new angle connectors embedded in the precast bottom panel. Through experimental studies on the H-shaped steel-concrete laminated plate composite beams with precast bottom panels protruding from the bent-up bars, precast bottom panels with embedded new angle connectors and laminated whole cast slab, the similarities and differences of load-deflection, deflection distribution, interface slip, crack distribution and cross-section strain distribution of three groups of composite beams under negative bending moment were analyzed and compared. Using ABAQUS finite element software, we established a finite element model and found the numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on this, six groups of finite element models were established for parametric analysis to investigate the effect of concrete strength on the flexural load capacity and flexural stiffness of the steel-laminated plate composite beams with embedded angle connectors. The results of the study show that the combined performance of the H-shaped steel-concrete laminated plate composite beams with the new angle connection embedded in the precast bottom panel was better and the flexural stiffness was greater. The slippage of the H-shaped steel-concrete laminated plate composite beams with embedded new angle connectors in the precast bottom panel was less than the slippage of the precast bottom slab bent-up bars protruding and the laminated cast plate, with the maximum slippage being only 1/2 of the precast bottom panel bent-up bars protruding. In the composite structure of H-shaped steel-concrete composite slabs under negative bending moment, shear angle connectors can replace the bent-up bars protruding from the laminated bottom panel to achieve without extending the reinforcement of the laminated bottom panel.

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20

Foraboschi, Paolo. "Behavior and Failure Strength of Laminated Glass Beams." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 133, no. 12 (December 2007): 1290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2007)133:12(1290).

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21

Schulze, Stefan-H., Matthias Pander, Konstantin Naumenko, and Holm Altenbach. "Analysis of laminated glass beams for photovoltaic applications." International Journal of Solids and Structures 49, no. 15-16 (August 2012): 2027–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2012.03.028.

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22

Aşık, Mehmet Zülfü, and Selim Tezcan. "Laminated glass beams: Strength factor and temperature effect." Computers & Structures 84, no. 5-6 (January 2006): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2005.09.025.

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23

Biolzi, Luigi, Sara Cattaneo, and Gianpaolo Rosati. "Progressive damage and fracture of laminated glass beams." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 4 (April 2010): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.09.007.

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24

Schmidt, Jaroslav, Alena Zemanová, Tomáš Janda, Jan Zeman, and Michal Šejnoha. "VARIATIONALLY-BASED EFFECTIVE DYNAMIC THICKNESS FOR LAMINATED GLASS BEAMS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0109.

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Laminated glass, consisting of glass layers connected with transparent foils, has found its applications in civil, automotive, or marine engineering. Due to a high contrast in layer properties, mechanical response of laminated glass structures cannot be predicted using classical laminate theories. On the other hand, engineering applications demand easy-to-use formulas of acceptable accuracy. This contribution addresses such simplified models for free vibrations of laminated glass beams, with the goal to determine their natural frequencies and modal damping properties. Our strategy is to approximate the complex behavior of a laminated structure with that of an equivalent monolithic beam. Its effective thickness is determined by the variational method proposed by Galuppi and Royer-Carfagni for static problems, which we extended for modal analysis. We show that this new approach overcomes inaccuracies of the currently used dynamic effective thickness model by López-Aenlle and Pelayo.

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25

Huang, Xiaokun, Mingzhe Cui, Qiang Liu, and Jianguo Nie. "The Lateral Torsional Buckling Behavior of Laminated Glass Beams." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 07 (July 2020): 2050080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420500807.

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In this paper, the lateral torsional buckling (LTB) behavior of multi-layered long-span laminated glass (LG) beams is investigated through full-scale model test and numerical simulation. In the test program, the LG beams consisting of up to four glass plies and spanning 5000[Formula: see text]mm are constructed and tested. The load-displacement curves and development of strain in glass plies are recorded, based on which the deformation and stress state of buckled LG beams are analyzed, and the strength checking criterion is provided. The test results are also used to determine the shape and amplitude of initial imperfection through statistical analysis and to validate a numerical model based on the finite element method (FEM). Parametric analysis based on the FEM model is then conducted to investigate influential factors on the LTB resistance of LG beams, among which the influence of shape and amplitude of initial imperfection is emphasized. For the LTB design of LG beams, the applicability of existing formula to determine the critical buckling moment through effective stiffnesses is evaluated for multi-layered LG beams with the test and numerical results. Finally, the design buckling curves adopting the Ayrton–Perry formula (APF) are proposed and validated for LG beams categorized with glass type and load duration.

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26

Zdražilová, Michaela, Zdeněk Sokol, and Martina Eliášová. "Tests of Glass Insulating Panels with Embedded Laminated Point Connections." International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.8.14.

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27

Yuan, Ye, P. J. Tan, and Yibing Li. "Dynamic structural response of laminated glass panels to blast loading." Composite Structures 182 (December 2017): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.09.028.

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28

Naumenko, Konstantin, and Victor A. Eremeyev. "A layer-wise theory for laminated glass and photovoltaic panels." Composite Structures 112 (June 2014): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.02.009.

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29

Hidallana-Gamage, H. D., D. P. Thambiratnam, and N. J. Perera. "Failure analysis of laminated glass panels subjected to blast loads." Engineering Failure Analysis 36 (January 2014): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.09.018.

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30

Abade Bertolino, Carlos Augusto, Nilson Tadeu Mascia, Cilmar Donizeti Basaglia, and Bruno Fazendeiro Donadon. "Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Laminated Timber Beams." Key Engineering Materials 668 (October 2015): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.668.100.

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The necessity to restore the design specifications of a determined structure, combined with cost, weight and environmental impact reduction makes the use of high performance composite systems, involving, either synthetic or natural materials, interesting. By applying a layer of fiber reinforcement bonded with the glued laminated timber beam (Glulam) with an appropriate adhesive, a high performance composite system is obtained, resulting on a significant increase of strength and bending stiffness of the structural element that each isolated material did not have before. This paper carried out an analysis of the feasibility of use synthetic and natural fibers as alternative to structural reinforcement to laminated timber beams, made of the reforestation wood species Pinus caribea and Eucalyptus grandis that represent respectively two resistance classes of monocotyledon and dicotyledonous, exposing, through an analytical model. The numerical results obtained from the analysis of the Glulam beams reinforced with glass, carbon, Vectran® and natural fibers such as sisal fibers, are compared among each other considering cost, weight and gain of resistance and stiffness. It is observed that for small lengths (and therefore, small cross sections), the use of Vectran® fiber is not the best option, since an equivalent resistance gain can be obtained by applying a thicker layer of glass fiber, once it possesses a lower cost and a non-significant impact on the final structure's weight. For all the other considered cases, the choice of the Vectran® fiber is very interesting, since on these situations a thicker layer of glass fiber does not provide much cost reduction and is not enough to achieve the desired strength without increasing the structure's weight significantly. Regarding the sisal fiber, it is a material that is easy to find and with a low cost in Brazil, its utilization is interesting when working with low resistance wood species. Although the gain of resistance provided by this fiber as a reinforcement material is fairly low, the desired result can be obtained by increasing the thickness of the reinforcement layer, which still keeps the cost and weight of the reinforced element much smaller than those resulting from the implementation of a thinner layer of glass fiber.

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Al-Qarra, H. H. "Geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis of sandwich panels." Aeronautical Journal 92, no. 919 (November 1988): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000016444.

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Summary A displacement-based versatile and effective finite element analysis of sandwich panels is presented. The analysis is applicable to both small and large deflections. Allowance for the local bending stiffness of the faces is made. The procedure described is readily adapted to arbitrary laminated beams and plates. Selected example problems are given to illustrate the applicability of the formulation.

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López-Aenlle, M., and F. Pelayo. "Dynamic effective thickness in laminated-glass beams and plates." Composites Part B: Engineering 67 (December 2014): 332–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.07.018.

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Brodniansky, Ján, Ľuboš Balcierák, Martin Magura, and Ján Brodniansky. "Static and dynamic measurements on glass panes – experimental analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 352 (2021): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202135200007.

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The paper presents testing of glass panels, static test and dynamic test by hard body impact. Pendulum test is presented. Test procedure is described as well as tested samples and their material characteristics. The glass type of tested samples were laminated and float glass, as well as the age of the glass samples were different.

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Zhang, Wei, Wen Yong Tang, Ying Chao Pu, and Sheng Kun Zhang. "Ultimate Strength Analysis of Ship Hulls of Continuous Basalt Fiber Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.736.

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Based on effective composite material failure criteria and property limited degradation model, axial compressive ultimate strength of composite laminated stiffened panels are analyzed by nonlinear laminated degenerated 3D finite element analysis, which is based on incremental continuum-based updated Lagrangian formulation. Comparison between analytical solutions and test results in this article indicates that this article provides an effective and practical method to evaluate the axial compressive ultimate strength of composite laminated stiffened panels. Using this method, ultimate strength of hull girders made of continuous basalt fiber composite materials are analyzed . Comparing the results，it can be seen that the ship hull in basalt fiber composite materials has equivalent longitudinal ultimate strength to S-2 glass fiber composite materials, basalt fiber composite material could replace the S-2 glass fiber composite materials used in shipbuilding engineering. The gist for building ship with basalt fiber composite materials was provided by this paper.

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Mircea, Andreea-Terezia. "Investigation of the prestressed beams and glass-window panels at a shopping centre." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 10008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928910008.

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In today’s rapidly changing demands of commercial buildings, designers, manufacturers, contractors, and installers face the necessity to advance their methods, to improve techniques, and generally to stay competitive under all constraints of time, budget, codes and client desires. Building with precast concrete elements provides quick and cost-efficient production, along with flexible, independent interior design. The show-window of the investigated commercial building is divided into several glass panels. Having only upper and lower grip, the glass window panels with very tall heights, are subject to deformation. In order to resist, panels are provided with U-shaped profiles or/ and perimeter rails. The critical points are the glass panels’ support, so the ceiling and floor fastenings have to be very solid, as well as qualitatively superior designed and executed. This paper aims to highlight some relevant aspects regarding the investigation of the metal fixing system designed to connect show-window panels to prestressed concrete ceiling beams at a commercial building.

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Biswal, M., S. K. Sahu, and A. V. Asha. "Dynamic Stability of Woven Fiber Laminated Composite Shallow Shells in Hygrothermal Environment." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 17, no. 08 (October 2017): 1750084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455417500845.

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The dynamic stability of bidirectional woven fiber laminated glass/epoxy composite shallow shells subjected to harmonic in-plane loading in hygrothermal environment is considered. An eight-noded isoparametric shell element with five degrees of freedom is used in the analysis. In the present finite element formulation, a composite doubly curved shell model based on first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used for the dynamic stability analysis of shell panels subjected to hygrothermal loading. A program is developed using MATLAB for the parametric study on the dynamic stability of shell panels under the hygrothermal field. The effects of various parameters like static load factor, curvature, shallowness, temperature, moisture, stacking sequence and boundary conditions on the dynamic instability regions of woven fiber glass/epoxy shell panels are investigated. The location of dynamic instability regions is shown to affect significantly due to presence of the hygrothermal field.

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Inca 1, Eliana, Sandra Jordão 2, Chiara Bedon 3, Afonso Mesquita 4, and Carlos Rebelo 5. "Numerical Analysis of Laminated Glass Panels with Articulared Bolted Point Fixings." ce/papers 5, no. 2 (April 2022): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1709.

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38

Slivanský, M. "Experimental verification of the resistance of glass beams." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-012-0003-x.

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Experimental verification of the resistance of glass beamsExperimental research at the Department of Steel and Timber Structures at SUT in Bratislava focused on the verification of the behavior of modern glass structures. Four types of glass beams were tested - laminated beams made of annealed (ANG) and fully tempered glass (FTG) in interactions with or without steel elements (as reinforcement). The results of the experimental research were also compared with theoretical models using FEM calculations.

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Pešek, Ondřej, and Jindřich Melcher. "Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Laminated Structural Glass Beams. Experimental Study." Procedia Engineering 190 (2017): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.309.

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Zemanová, A., J. Zeman, and M. Šejnoha. "Numerical model of elastic laminated glass beams under finite strain." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 2014): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2014.03.005.

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Biolzi, Luigi, Sara Cattaneo, Maurizio Orlando, Lorenzo Ruggero Piscitelli, and Paolo Spinelli. "Post-failure behavior of laminated glass beams using different interlayers." Composite Structures 202 (October 2018): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.009.

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42

Baraldi, Daniele. "A simple mixed finite element model for laminated glass beams." Composite Structures 194 (June 2018): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.028.

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Huang, Xiaokun, Gang Liu, Qiang Liu, and Stephen J. Bennison. "The flexural performance of laminated glass beams under elevated temperature." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 52, no. 3 (November 10, 2014): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.52.3.603.

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Aşık, Mehmet Zülfü, and Selim Tezcan. "A mathematical model for the behavior of laminated glass beams." Computers & Structures 83, no. 21-22 (August 2005): 1742–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2005.02.020.

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45

López-Aenlle, M., F. Pelayo, G. Ismael, M. A. García Prieto, A. Martín Rodríguez, and A. Fernández-Canteli. "Buckling of laminated-glass beams using the effective-thickness concept." Composite Structures 137 (March 2016): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.11.014.

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Zemanová, Alena, Jan Zeman, and Michal Šejnoha. "Comparison of viscoelastic finite element models for laminated glass beams." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 131-132 (October 2017): 380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.05.035.

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47

Jordão, Sandra, Marco Pinho, João Pedro Martin, Aldina Santiago, and Luís Costa Neves. "Behaviour of laminated glass beams reinforced with pre-stressed cables." Steel Construction 7, no. 3 (September 2014): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201410027.

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Chen, Suwen, Chen-Guang Zhu, Guo-Qiang Li, and Yong Lu. "Blast test and numerical simulation of point-supported glazing." Advances in Structural Engineering 19, no. 12 (July 28, 2016): 1841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216649387.

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The blast resistance of point-supported laminated glass curtain wall has been investigated by means of field blast tests and numerical simulation. Nine site blast tests were carried out, considering two types of glass thickness and six TNT charges ranging from 0.4 to 30 kg. The overpressure and displacement time histories were measured and the failure modes were observed. The overpressure obtained from the measurement panel exhibited a typical pattern of near-field blast with a steep increase followed by a rapid decay within a few milliseconds. The displacement response of the laminated glass panels increased with the increase in the TNT charge almost linearly in the smaller tests (scaled distance ranging 4.5–7 m/kg1/3), which was in line with the increase in the blast impulse in these tests. The failure mode of the point-supported laminated glass panels was featured by tearing off of the polyvinyl butyral layer around the support area, while the glass shards still adhered to the polyvinyl butyral interlayer. Nonlinear dynamic finite element simulation agrees reasonably well with the results from the blast tests. Severe stress concentration has been predicted to occur at the rim of the support holes, leading to initiation of failure at these supports, and this also agrees with the failure mode observed from the blast test. Finally, parametric studies are carried out to investigate the influence of TNT charge weight and the geometric parameters of the panel on the blast response of the glass curtain wall.

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49

Sukhanova, Olha Ihorivna, and Oleksiy Oleksandrovych Larin. "Analysis of dynamics of laminated glass composite panels with different glass curvature under impact loading." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Dynamics and Strength of Machines, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-9130.2020.1.217466.

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Antolinc, David, Vlatka Rajčić, and Roko Žarnić. "ANALYSIS OF HYSTERETIC RESPONSE OF GLASS INFILLED WOODEN FRAMES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.899265.

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The idea of the present study is to determine the performance of timber-glass hybrid shear wall exposed to monotone and cyclic horizontal in-plane load at the level of story height which is simulation of situation during earthquake or wind load. Fourteen quasi-static in-plane racking tests of shear wall specimens have been conducted where the specimens are composed of laminated timber frame and heat strengthened laminated glass panels, which are adhesive less, connected to wooden frame with friction only. For the evaluation of the experimental results the software (HYSPA+) was developed which is giving the information on normalised stiffness degradation and equivalent viscous damping coefficient based on the in-plane hysteresis response. The results are showing that described structural components are ductile with relatively high potential for dissipating of induced energy due to friction connection of glass panel and wooden frame. Observed damages were concentrated in timber frame joints, while glass panels remained entirely undamaged. In continuation of development of glass infilled wooden frames the configuration of frame joints will be modified to achieve its higher load bearing capacity and lower deformability.

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