Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lamellar

Academic literature on the topic 'Lamellar'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Lamellar"

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Zhuravlev, A. V. "Composition, structure and model of the formation of conodont lamellar tissue." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 20, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-2-184-195.

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Research subject. This research was focused on the most common mineralized tissue that composes conodont elements. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of the composition and structure of this tissue and to reconstruct its formation process. Materials and methods. The work was based on a collection of well-preserved conodont elements from the Upper Devonian of the East European Platform and the Upper Devonian – Lower Carboniferous of the east of the Pechora Plate. Oriented and polished thin sections made from some of the elements were studied using light and electron microscopy, as well as a microhardness tester. Energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical (elemental) composition of the lamellar tissue. In addition, the carbon isotope ratio was determined for organic matter. Results. The study showed that the lamellar tissue in conodont elements consists of fluorohydroxylapatite crystallites of various morphology, surrounded by organic matter, which makes up 2–3% of the tissue. Variations in the composition of major elements incorporated in fluorohydroxylapatite of the lamellar tissue are insignificant. Organic matter is represented by a collagen-like protein, likely to be of a non-fibrillar type, with a light carbon isotopic composition (–26.2 ‰ PDB). The lamellar tissue has an average microhardness of 2.6 GPa, the variations of which are due to textural and structural features and the distribution of organic matter. In conodont elements, the lamellar tissue is in contact with other types of tissue. Transitions between tissues are relatively sharp at the borders of the lamellae and gradual within the same lamella. Conclusions. A model was developed, according to which the growth cycle of a conodont element covered the sequential formation of two lamellae preceded by the resorption of one external lamella. In the structures formed by the lamellar tissue, both lamellae consisted of this tissue. The lamellar tissue is of interest as a natural model of an organic-mineral composite based on protein and calcium phosphate.
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Chang, Xia, Xiao Bin Zhang, and Ji Zhang. "Effect of Heat Treatment and Composition on Grain Size and Lamellar Spacing of a Lamellar TiAl Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.774.

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The article presents the results of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) conducted on a Ti–46.5Al–2.5V-1.0Cr–0.3Ni alloy before and after different heat treatments. Heat treatment of the alloy at 1340°C followed by cooling leads to the formation of the fully lamellar microstructure which consists of γ lamellae mostly and of small amount of α2 lamellae. The cooling rate of 50°C/min in alloy tcx1-G produced an optimal microstructure. This cooling rate generated finest lamellae with the smallest individual lamella spacing among the alloys.
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Dey, Sudip, Utpal Rajguru, Dinesh Chandra Pathak, and Umesh C. Goswami. "Analysis of Gill Structure from a Fresh Water Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) Exposed to Bleached Sulfite Pulp Mill Effluents." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 2 (March 23, 2015): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615000045.

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AbstractThe present communication reports toxic effects of bleached sulfite pulp mill effluents in fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) gills, with optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The general adverse effects include dilation of the primary lamellar wall, curling of secondary lamellar terminals, displacement of epithelial cell layers, degeneration of secondary lamella, deposition of mucous, and severe congestion in the gill arch. The significant shortening of secondary lamellae, widening of lamellar tips, and significant decrease in the number of mitochondria in chloride cells as compared to controls are some specific effects of bleached sulfite pulp mill effluents. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated tearing of tissues in gill lamellae and arches. Transmission electron microscopy revealed membrane distortion of mitochondria in chloride cells, loss of uniformity of microvilli in pavement cells, and abnormalities in nuclear shape in different cells of effluent-exposed fish gills. Toxicity of the bleached sulfite pulp mill effluents and its impact on fish are discussed in the light of existing literature. Further, the importance of microscopy in toxicological evaluation of environmental pollutants is emphasized in view of its specific application potential.
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Gao, Ka, Zan Zhang, Junliang Zhao, Dejian Sun, and Fu Wang. "Orientation and Microstructure Evolution of Al-Al2Cu Regular Eutectic Lamellar Bifurcating in an Abruptly Changing Velocity under Directional Solidification." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13041004.

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In an abruptly changing velocity under directional solidification, microstructures and the growth orientation of Al-Al2Cu eutectic lamellar were characterized. The change in solidification rate led to an interfacial instability, which results in a bifurcation of the eutectic lamella into new, refined lamellae. The growth orientation of the eutectic Al2Cu phase was also only in its (001) direction and more strongly oriented to the heat flow direction. The results suggest that the eutectic lamellar Al-Al2Cu bifurcation and the spacing adjustment may be caused by the rate determining lateral diffusion of the solutes after interfacial instability.
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Cui, Ning, Qianqian Wu, Jin Wang, Binjiang Lv, and Fantao Kong. "The Directional Solidification, Microstructural Characterization and Deformation Behavior of β-Solidifying TiAl Alloy." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081203.

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A β-solidifying Ti–43Al–2Cr–2Mn–0.2Y alloy was directionally solidified by the optical floating zone melting method. The microstructure is mainly characterized by γ/α2 lamellae with specific orientations, which exhibits straight boundaries. The β phase is randomly distributed in the lamellar microstructure, indicating that the β phase cannot be directionally solidified. The directional solidification of γ/α2 lamellae was not affected by the precipitation of the β phase. Hot compression tests show that the deformation behavior of the β-containing lamellar microstructure also exhibits the anisotropic characteristic. The deformation resistance of the lamellae is lowest when the loading axis is aligned 45° to the lamellar interface. Microstructural observation shows that the decomposition of the lamellar microstructure tends to begin around the β phase, which benefits from the promotion of a soft β phase in the deformation. Moreover, the deformation mechanism of the lamellar microstructure was also studied. The bulging of the γ phase boundaries, the decomposition of α2 lamellae and the disappearance of γ/γ interfaces were considered as the main coarsening mechanisms of the lamellar microstructure.
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EFTENE, Alina, Alexandrina MANEA, Irina CALCIU, Anca Rovena LĂCĂTUȘU, Olga VIZITIU, Daniela RĂDUCU, and Sorina DUMITRU. "A SENSITIVE SANDY SOIL UNDER PASTURE AS MICROORGANISM HABITAT PROVIDER." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i1.1365.

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The sandy soils are sensitive ecosystems, being in a precarious equilibrium with the pedolandscape conditions, any changes could bring drastically modifications into the soil environment. The researches had been performed in Suceava Tableland, in Stephan the Great area, on a Luvosol albic-psamic, lamelar. The researches in the paper focused on the upper part of the argic horizon, on Bt1 sub-horizon characteristics at macro- and microscopic scale. In this respect, at the macro-morphological level, the Bt1 sub-horizon is composed of a sequence of thick lamellae (3–5 cm) separated by the inter-lamellar spaces. The granulometric analysis showed that the lamellae had a medium loamy texture, while the inter-lamellar spaces had coarse granulometric composition. At micromorphological level, the image emphasized, in the lamellae, the presence of the clayey±Fe±humiccoating the mineral grains and clogging part of the inter-granular spaces. The results of the microbiological investigation showed a concentration of the microorganisms into the lamellae, while in the inter-lamellar spaces, their development has been scarce. The total counts of bacteria and fungi registered low number (16.81 x 106 viable cells x g-1d.s. and 1.026 x 103cfus x g-1d.s., respectively). Despite of these results, the data of the global indicator of the soil microbiological activity, the soil respiration respectively, attend high level of activity (31.357 mg CO2 x g-1d.s.). The researches pointed out that the sandy soil is a very sensitive environment for the soil life, but the presence of the clayey±Fe lamellae proved to be a hospitable habitat.
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Egorov V. M., Borisov A. K., Marikhin V. A., Myasnikova L. P., Gurieva S. A., and Ivankova E. M. "Estimating the Dimensions of Nanocrystalline Elements of the Polyethylene Structure by Differential Scanning Calorimetry." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 8 (2022): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.08.54623.369.

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A method is proposed for calculating the dimension distribution of nanocrystalline elements of the lamellar and fibrillar morphologies of a polymer. Calorimetric data were used to calculate the distribution of the longitudinal size of these elements in lamellae and microfibrils of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. The calculation results are consistent with the data obtained by the X-ray method.. Keywords: heat capacity, dimension effect, lamella, microfibril, polyethylene.
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Delivopoulos, S. G., and P. Kugrens. "Thylakoid formation from coiled lamellar bodies during carposporogenesis in Faucheocolax attenuata Setch. (Rhodophyta, Rhodymeniales)." Journal of Cell Science 75, no. 1 (April 1, 1985): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.75.1.215.

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Chloroplast development during carposporogenesis in the parasitic red alga Faucheocolax attenuata Setch. was studied by electron microscopy. Proplastids are usually found in the peripheral cytoplasm of young carpospores and are characterized by the presence of portions of a peripheral thylakoid and coiled lamellar bodies that range in size up to 0.5 micron. One type of coiled lamellar body occurs in the peripheral region of the proplastid and is continuous with the peripheral thylakoid, while the other type is found in the central portion of the stroma. These coiled lamellae separate and expand, adding membranes to both thylakoid systems, thereby functioning as thylakoid-forming bodies. As each coiled lamella unravels, it forms an undulated double-membraned structure having the same width as a thylakoid. After substantial expansion, the developing thylakoids begin to straighten and assume a parallel orientation to each other, thus becoming mature thylakoids. Small coiled lamellae often persist in mature carpospore chloroplasts, and are utilized in additional thylakoid formation during carpospore germination.
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Lidyana, Roslan, Tetsuya Ohashi, Yohei Yasuda, Kohsuke Takahashi, and Chikara Suruga. "Finite Element Analyses of Elasto-Plastic Deformation in Pearlite Lamellar and Colony Structures." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.307.

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Elasto-plastic tensile deformations in pearlite lamellar and two-colony structures are studied by finite element analyses to investigate the effects of lamellar thickness ratio and difference of lamellae orientation of two colonies in pearlite microstructure. The results obtained from plastic strain distributions in lamellar and colony structures show that plastic deformation in cementite lamellar stabilized when ferrite lamellar is thicker than cementite lamellar thickness and plastic strain concentrates when the difference between cementite lamellar orientation in two colonies are larger than 45°.
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Malacarne, Bruno Dondoni, Rodrigo Ribeiro Martins, Cahuê Francisco Rosa Paz, João Victor Almeida Alves, Lucas Antunes Dias, Marina Alcantara Cavalcante, Alison Miranda Santos, et al. "Histological comparison of the lamellar tissue of Iberian origin breed horses created in semi-feral conditions or in an intensive system." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): e0286536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286536.

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Although the external conformation of wild horse hooves has been proposed as an ideal model for domesticated modern horses, histological signs of laminitis have been reported among them. With the hypothesis that the lamellar tissue of horses of Iberian origin raised in semi-feral is healthier than those raised in an intensive management system (stall confinement and high-calorie diet intake), the objective was to compare their lamellar tissues. Lamellar tissue samples were taken from the forelimb hoof of eight domesticated Mangalarga Marchador (MM) horses and from six semi-feral Marajoara (MJ) and Puruca (MP) horses. Primary epidermal lamella (PEL) and secondary epidermal lamella (SEL) were measured (length and width) in several regions, and their shapes were morphologically classified into different types. Breed groups were compared using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey or Dunn tests (P<0.05). Early signs of laminitis such as abnormal keratinization of the abaxial primary dermal lamella, tapered tips of the axial PELs, pointed tips of the SEL, nuclei condensation, and abnormal spatial orientation of the secondary epidermal basal cells (SELBC), were seen only in MM horses. MP horses had a greater interface of epidermis/dermis contact than MJ horses and more rounded nuclei in the round SELBC than MM horses. In agreement with the study hypothesis, semi-feral MJ and MP horses’ lamellae were classified as healthier than MM horses, which showed early signs of endocrinopathic laminitis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lamellar"

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Seigenfuse, Matthew David. "Lamellar / Woven database." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/94139.

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Kinesiology
M.S.
INTRODUCTION: Pubertal growth is an important time during development for bone accrual and attainment of peak bone mass. Suboptimal bone gain has been observed in females with reproductive abnormalities such as primary and secondary amenorrhea and these conditions are very prevalent in female athletes. Amenorrhea is associated with decreased estradiol levels. Previous research has shown that in prepubertal animals a low estrogen environment significantly decreased mechanical strength, but there was no significant loss in bone area and actually an increase in moment of inertia. The decrease in mechanical properties may be related to the microstructure of the bone. Two types of bone are involved in growth-- woven bone, which is added for structural support in the short term, and lamellar bone , which is highly organized and has a greater contribution to overall strength. We will test the hypotheses that suppressed estradiol will result in bones with no change in cortical area and decreased strength properties but will have a larger composition of non lamellar bone as opposed to lamellar bone. PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to determine the relative amounts of woven and lamellar tissue in a bone and the relationship with the bone's mechanical strength in two models of low estrogen-- pre- and post-pubertal onset. METHODS: Fifty-Five female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: a control group (n=14) and three experimental groups injected with gonadotropin releasing-hormone antagonist (GnRH-a)-- the Dose 1 group was injected with 1.25 mg/kg/dose daily (n=14), the Dose 2 was injected with 2.5 mg/kg/dose daily (n=14), and the Dose 3 group was injected with 5.0 mg/kg/dose, 5 days per week (n=13). All groups were sacrificed at Day 49. Additionally, twenty-nine Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups. The baseline day 65 group (BL 65) was sacrificed on day 65 (n=9). There was an aged match control group that was sacrificed on day 90 (n=12). Finally, there was an AMEN experiment group injected with 2.5 mg/kg/dose daily that was sacrificed on day 90 (n=9). All experimental groups for both protocols received injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonists (GnRH-a) (Zentaris GmbH) intraperitoneally. Left femora were mechanically tested under 3-point bending. The right femora were dehydrated, embedded in polymethylmethacrylate, cut and ground to 100 µm thickness. Bones were analyzed under polarized light using Stereo Investigator Software (MBF Bioscience, VT). The proportion of the cortex with primary lamellar vs. non-lamellar/other primary tissue type was measured and expressed as percent of the total cortical bone area. Outcome measures included lamellar endocortical area, lamellar periosteal area, cortical area, endocortical area, % lamellar area and % non-lamellar area. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease (p<.05) in the distribution of lamellar versus non-lamellar cortical tissue type in the experimental group in the model of delayed puberty. Additionally, the pre-pubertal bones had a lower percentage of lamellar periosteal and endocortical area. The post-pubertal group showed no significant differences between the control and experimental group in any of the outcome measures. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in relative bone distribution throughout the femoral cortex. Relative decreases in lamellar tissue distribution, especially on the periosteal surface, will result in decreased mechanical strength due to increased percentage of woven bone in pre-pubertal models.
Temple University--Theses
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Mohamed, Bragheeth Mohamed Abd El-Naby. "Lamellar corneal refractive surgery." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403907.

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Hill, Patricia Grace. "Properties of lamellar metal thiophosphates." Thesis, Kingston University, 1999. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20630/.

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Castiglione, Andrea. "Liquid crystalline macromolecular architectures based on regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) as backbone and calamitic mesogens as side-groups : towards ambipolar materials." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066693.

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Très récemment, le potentiel des semi-conducteur organiques (OSC) ambipolaires à attiré l'attention par de nombreuses applications technologiques. Dans le domaine de la microélectronique organique, l'un des obstacles majeurs pour le développent des OSC est le design de systèmes capables de transporter à la fois les électrons et les trous. Les matériaux semi-conducteurs ambipolaires ordonnés, peuvent répondre à cette problématique. Dans ce contexte nous avons développé la synthèse et la caractérisation d'une architecture macromoléculaire originale, fondée sur l'association d'un polymère semi-conducteur régiorégulier d'une part, avec des molécules ?-conjuguées cristal liquides ayant la propriété de s'auto-organiser spontanément d'autre part. Afin d'améliorer les propriétés mésomorphes et électroniques de ce système macromoléculaire, une gamme de composés différant par (i) la nature chimique du groupement pendant et (ii) le dégrée de polymérisation moyen du polymère à été synthétisée. La présence d'une mesophase a été confirmée pour chacun de ces composés par diffraction des rayons X et une mesophase de type lamello-lamellaire, présentant une alternance de couches électron-donneur ou électron-accepter à également pu être mis en évidence
Very recently ambipolar organic semi-conductors (OSC) have gaining attention for their potential use in numerous technologically relevant applications. Representative technological examples are the area of organic microelectronics where patterning of p- and n-channel semiconductors is one of the major hurdles for the implantation of OSC in organic complementary logic circuit. To achieve this objective, well-ordered ambipolar semiconducting materials are needed. In this work we investigated the self-organization and the electronic properties of a series of side chain liquid crystal (SCLC) semiconducting polymers where: (i) the backbone is a π-conjugated polymer and (ii) the side-groups are π-conjugated calamitic mesogens. We present our results on the design, synthesis, and structural characterization of this new liquid crystal regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) polymer family post-functionalized with side-on calamitic moieties. The parameters of these materials are: (i) the chemical nature of the side-group moieties and (ii) the degree of polymerization. As a result we will show that this strategy leads to the supramolecular self-assembly of this SCLC semiconducting polymer in a peculiar lamello-lamellar mesophase, where the two different lamellas present two different electronic properties, such as electron donor and electron acceptor behaviors
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Poulos, Andreas-Stavros. "Lyotropic lamellar phases doped with polyoxometalates." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112357.

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Les systèmes hybrides organiques-inorganiques sont actuellement l'objet d'une grande attention parce qu'ils peuvent combiner les propriétés électroniques des matériaux inorganiques avec les propriétés d'autoassemblage des molécules organiques. Nous avons formulé un tel système, en associant des nanoparticules de polyoxométallates (POMs) avec une phase lamellaire Iyotrope. La diffusion de rayons X et la microscopie en lumière polarisée ont démontré que ce système hybride, très chargé en POMs, est un nanocomposite de structure lamellaire cristal-liquide (La), avec des propriétés viscoélastiques proches de celles des gels. L'interprétation des données de rayons X suggère fortement que les POMs sont localisés près des groupements -OH terminaux du tensio-actif, dans la couche aqueuse. De plus, le système présente du photochromisme réversible, associé à la photoréduction de l'anion polyoxométallate. D'un point de vue plus fondamental, ces matériaux hybrides peuvent servir comme modèles pour étudier les propriétés statiques et dynamiques des nanoparticules confinées dans des phases lamellaires. Ainsi, la diffusion de rayons X a été utilisée pour étudier l'effet du confinement sur le potentiel d'interaction entre les particules. En outre, nous avons mesuré les coefficients de diffusion des particules, en utilisant la RMN en gradient de champ. Nous avons démontré que le coefficient de diffusion est très réduit dans la phase, ce qui confirme la forte interaction entre les particules et la bicouche. Finalement, des expériences simples ont permis l'étude des propriétés rhéologiques du système
Organic-inorganic hybrid systems have recently attracted a lot of attention. They can potentially combine the electronic properties of inorganic materials with the self-assembly properties of organic molecules. We have developed such a hybrid system, in which polyoxometallate nanoparticles (POMs) are inserted between the bilayers of a Iyotropic lamellar phase. X-ray scattering and polarized light microscopy demonstrate that these hybrid materials, highly loaded with POMs, are nanocomposites of liquid-crystalline lamellar structure (La), with viscoelastic properties reminiscent of those of gels. The interpretation of X-ray scattering data strongly suggests that the POMs are located close to the terminal -OH groups of the nonionic surfactants, within the aqueous sublayers. Moreover, these materials exhibit a reversible photochromism associated to the photoreduction of the polyoxometallate anion. From a more fundamental point ofview, these hybrid materials can serve as models for the study ofboth static and dynamic properties of nanoparticles confined within soft lamellar structures. X-ray scattering was used to study the effect of confinement on the interparticle interaction potential. Furthermore, pulsed-field gradient NMR was used to measure the translational diffusion coefficients of the POMs as a function of the inter-bilayer distance. It was demonstrated that the dynamics of the particles are significantly slowed down, and, thus, that they strongly interact with the bilayer. Finally, sorne simple experiments were done to determine the rheological behaviour of the system in question
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Ha, Yung-Hoon Sam 1975. "Hierarchical layered-silicate-- lamellar triblock copolymer nanocomposites." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29969.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, February 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
The fundamental role of the layered-silicates in a styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) as a function of layered-silicate dispersion during deformation was investigated. Predominantly immiscible composites of mixed morphology provided the initial proof that dramatic alteration of the SBS deformation behavior exists, but a clear understanding of the nature of reinforcement was precluded due to the fiber symmetric orientation of the SBS and the mixed clay morphologies. Following the theory of Vaia and Giannelis, use of a more hydrophobic organically modified clay resulted in an intercalated morphology with a near single crystalline texture of the SBS due to roll-casting. Significant heterogeneous deformation was observed at ambient conditions as well as at elevated temperature as verified through Cohen's affine deformation model in combination with Kratky's scattering pattern model. The intercalated morphology shows little or modest mechanical property enhancements at all temperatures studied. Exfoliated nanocomposite was produced by functionalization of the clay surfaces with polystyrene, altering the enthalpic interactions. Entropic interactions were also controlled by varying the molecular weight of the surfactant and the grafting density and shows remarkable agreement with the theory proposed by Balazs et al. Due to the increase surface volume ratio of the clay, a flipping transition of the block copolymer morphology was observed during roll-casting producing a near single crystalline parallel/parallel clay/BCP orientation. The modulus was relatively unaffected whereas the toughness increased significantly due to an earlier onset of strain hardening.
by Yung-Hoon Sam Ha.
Ph.D.
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Buchanan, Mark. "Dynamics of interfaces in surfactant lamellar phases." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13235.

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The hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of surfactant molecules enable them to organise in large structures when dissolved in water. Under certain conditions they can organise in bilayers forming the lamellar phase. The equilibrium properties of this phase have been well studied. In this study we observe the dynamic and kinetic behaviour during the swelling and dissolution of the lamellar phase. We have performed penetration scan experiments under different thermodynamic conditions using video microscopy. When the lamellar phase is insoluble in water classic myelin instabilities are observed. These instabilities have been studied with microscopy and in some cases we use tracer particles to follow fluid flow in between the myelins. We report qualitative features of the myelin growth as well as provide some quantification of the swelling process. Specifically, we determine an effective diffusion coefficient for the swelling lamellar phase. In the case of a soluble lamellar phase myelin instabilities are not observed. Also, we report instabilities observed at the liquid surfactant/lamellar interface. These instabilities appear to create multilayer vesicles which move into the liquid surfactant. We have found these to be attached to the surface of a wedge of lamellar phase that moves along the surface of the cell into the liquid surfactant phase. Also, we have conducted contact experiments using a presheared lamellar phase the so called “onion” texture. The onion phase does not form myelins as in the normal case. Instead the onions dissolve into an isotropic (“sponge”) phase. During the onion dissolution a small stable core remains. If the sample is observed over a more extended period the onions are observed to coalesce. These features were investigated at different temperatures.
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Bogahawatta, Vimarsha. "CO2 Adsorption on Polyethylenimine-Impregnated Lamellar Silica." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41557.

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The increasingly stringent environmental regulations worldwide demand the use of efficient methods for air purification. Moreover, the alarming effect of greenhouse gases on the world climate requires the removal and sequestration of large quantities of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). This work is contributed towards the development of efficient, amine-containing, lamellar structured silica adsorbents for CO2 removal. Seven different materials were prepared by impregnation of various amounts of PEI, over as synthesized, or partially extracted or calcined lamellar silica. Materials were characterized by powder XRD and SEM. CO2 adsorption capacity was measured by thermogravimetry. The effects of PEI loading, temperature, CO2 partial pressure and surface alkyl chains were investigated. PEI seems to be dispersed better in a consistent surface alkyl chain network, leading to enhanced CO2 uptake. VB-13, the material with 50 wt% of PEI, recorded the highest CO2 uptake at 75 °C, in the presence of both 15% CO2/N2 and 100% CO2 with values of 3.02 and 3.50 mmol/g respectively. The optimum temperature for CO2 uptake was found to be 75 °C for samples with high PEI loading. Moreover, higher uptake was recorded in the presence of 100% CO2 versus 15% CO2/N2 for all temperatures. Another objective of this study was to investigate the effect of humidity on the CO2 adsorption process. In that case use of the column-breakthrough technique coupled with mass spectrometry to discriminate between CO2 and water was considered. Complete understanding of the technique and the different effects of moisture on CO2 adsorption over amine-containing materials, namely promotion of CO2 uptake and stabilization of the adsorbent, were achieved, based on a thorough scrutiny of the literature. Nonetheless, because of the Covid-19 pandemic and several technical issues, some experiments could not be undertaken.
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Theodorou, Antri. "Mixed surfactant lamellar phases : studies under shear." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/mixed-surfactant-lamellar-phases-studies-under-shear(4ac8336d-5747-4f45-8735-cdd8613e16e3).html.

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'Structured liquid' detergent products have received much attention as a means of providing liquid detergent compositions with special rheological and other properties. These include the ability to suspend particles and storage stability at ambient temperatures. The challenge is to prevent separation of the product into two or more layers (which requires a high viscosity) while controlling the rheology to allow a sufficient ease of pouring acceptable to the consumer. Liquid laundry detergent compositions are generally formulated with a variety of active ingredients, typically one or more anionic surfactants, often in combination with a nonionic surfactant and detergent builder materials such as electrolytes. The microstructure of these 'liquids' (determined by the product formulation, process conditions and procedures) strongly influences the macroscopic properties such as rheology. In this work, the microstructure, rheology and aging of a range of model structured liquid have been studied. The model systems are complex aqueous mixtures of sodium alkylbenzene sulphate (LAS), sodium alkyl ether sulphate (SLES) and primary alcohol ethoxylate (NEODOL 25-7). The dependence of the phase microstructure on sample composition was investigated by added different amount of electrolyte (tri-sodium citrate, TSC) in the model system. The physical appearance of these systems varied from transparent to milky depending on the concentration of the electrolyte. All were viscous 'gels'. Optical microscopy and SAXS have been used to elucidate the basic microstructure, its variation with electrolyte concentration and temperature on the angstrom to micrometer length scale. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR) spectroscopy on 2H2O-enriched samples has been used to provide information about the phase behaviour of the liquid crystalline systems. Changes in spectral line shape and water quadrupole splittings are presented and discussed as a function of sample composition, temperature and aging process. The shear-alignment process of the lamellar microstructure has been examined including Linkam optical shear cell, AR 2000 rheometer and 2H Rheo-NMR. A variety of rheological patterns including simple stress sweeps and oscillatory rheology have been investigated and provided information about the effect of shear, shear time and nature of deformation of the model structured liquids. In this context, the relaxation kinetics of the shear-induced structures has been investigated using 2H Rheo-NMR spectroscopy.
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Castiglione, Andrea. "Liquid crystalline macromolecular architectures based on regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) as backbone and calamitic mesogens as side-groups : towards ambipolar materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066693.

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Très récemment, le potentiel des semi-conducteur organiques (OSC) ambipolaires à attiré l'attention par de nombreuses applications technologiques. Dans le domaine de la microélectronique organique, l'un des obstacles majeurs pour le développent des OSC est le design de systèmes capables de transporter à la fois les électrons et les trous. Les matériaux semi-conducteurs ambipolaires ordonnés, peuvent répondre à cette problématique. Dans ce contexte nous avons développé la synthèse et la caractérisation d'une architecture macromoléculaire originale, fondée sur l'association d'un polymère semi-conducteur régiorégulier d'une part, avec des molécules ?-conjuguées cristal liquides ayant la propriété de s'auto-organiser spontanément d'autre part. Afin d'améliorer les propriétés mésomorphes et électroniques de ce système macromoléculaire, une gamme de composés différant par (i) la nature chimique du groupement pendant et (ii) le dégrée de polymérisation moyen du polymère à été synthétisée. La présence d'une mesophase a été confirmée pour chacun de ces composés par diffraction des rayons X et une mesophase de type lamello-lamellaire, présentant une alternance de couches électron-donneur ou électron-accepter à également pu être mis en évidence
Very recently ambipolar organic semi-conductors (OSC) have gaining attention for their potential use in numerous technologically relevant applications. Representative technological examples are the area of organic microelectronics where patterning of p- and n-channel semiconductors is one of the major hurdles for the implantation of OSC in organic complementary logic circuit. To achieve this objective, well-ordered ambipolar semiconducting materials are needed. In this work we investigated the self-organization and the electronic properties of a series of side chain liquid crystal (SCLC) semiconducting polymers where: (i) the backbone is a π-conjugated polymer and (ii) the side-groups are π-conjugated calamitic mesogens. We present our results on the design, synthesis, and structural characterization of this new liquid crystal regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) polymer family post-functionalized with side-on calamitic moieties. The parameters of these materials are: (i) the chemical nature of the side-group moieties and (ii) the degree of polymerization. As a result we will show that this strategy leads to the supramolecular self-assembly of this SCLC semiconducting polymer in a peculiar lamello-lamellar mesophase, where the two different lamellas present two different electronic properties, such as electron donor and electron acceptor behaviors
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Books on the topic "Lamellar"

1

MD, John Thomas, ed. Lamellar corneal surgery. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2008.

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Casebeer, J. Charles. Lamellar refractive surgery. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc., 1996.

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1955-, Rozakis George W., ed. Refractive lamellar keratoplasty. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc., 1994.

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Jacob, Soosan. Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25348-6.

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Vajpayee, Rasik B., Namrata Sharma, and Vishal Jhanji. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: Different strokes. New Delhi: Jaypee - Highlights Medical Publishers, 2012.

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Atlas of microkeratome assisted lamellar keratoplasty. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc., 2007.

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Drits, Victor A., and Cyril Tchoubar. X-Ray Diffraction by Disordered Lamellar Structures. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74802-8.

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Crofts, Paul Daniel. The creep behaviour of lamellar based TiA1 alloys. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.

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Herrouin, Francoise. Creep of a fully lamellar [gamma]-Tial alloy. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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Halford, Timothy Paul. Fatigue and fracture of a high strength, fully lamellar y-Tial based alloy. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lamellar"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "lamellar." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 309. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_5788.

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Merali, Farhan I. "Lamellar Keratoplasty." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_783-1.

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Malinconico, Mario. "Lamellar Copolymers." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1083–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_2212.

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Merali, Farhan I. "Lamellar Keratoplasty." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1021–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_783.

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Shwayder, Tor, Samantha L. Schneider, Devika Icecreamwala, and Marla N. Jahnke. "Lamellar Ichthyosis." In Longitudinal Observation of Pediatric Dermatology Patients, 29–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98101-7_5.

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Malinconico, Mario. "Lamellar Copolymers." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_2212-1.

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Rouxel, J. "Lamellar Oxides." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 318–23. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145326.ch172.

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Leung, Alexander K. C., William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, et al. "Lamellar Ichthyosis." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 1138–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1015.

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Hafeez, Asif, and Zakariya Zubair. "Lamellar Membranes." In Advanced Functional Polymers, 23–48. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0787-8_3.

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Xu, Jian-Jun. "Lamellar Eutectic Growth." In Springer Series in Synergetics, 503–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52663-8_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lamellar"

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Nerurkar, Nandan K., Sounok Sen, Emily E. Wible, Jeffrey B. Stambough, Dawn M. Elliott, and Robert L. Mauck. "Mesenchymal Stem Cell Seeded Nanofibrous Laminates Mimic the Multi-Scale Form and Function of the Annulus Fibrosus." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206812.

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The annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc is a multi-lamellar fibrocartilage that, together with the nucleus pulposus, confers mechanical support and flexibility to the spine. Function of the AF is predicated on a high degree of structural organization over multiple length scales: aligned collagen fibers reside within each lamella, and the direction of alignment alternates between adjacent lamellae from +30° to −30° with respect to the transverse axis of the spine. Electrospinning permits fabrication of scaffolds consisting of aligned arrays of nanofibers, and has proven effective for directing the alignment of both cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition [1–3]. We recently employed electrospinning to engineer the primary functional unit of the AF, a single lamella [4]. However, it remains a challenge to engineer a multi-lamellar tissue that replicates the cross-ply fiber architecture of the native AF. Moreover, relatively few studies have considered functional properties of engineered AF, and, when measured, tensile properties of these constructs have been inferior to native AF [4]. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded onto aligned nanofibrous scaffolds organized into bi-lamellar constructs with opposing or parallel fiber orientations, and their functional maturation was evaluated with time. Additionally, we determined a novel role for inter-lamellar ECM in reinforcing the tensile response of bilayers, and confirmed this mechanism by testing acellular bilayers with controllable interface properties.
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Schlögl, S. M., E. A. Werner, and F. D. Fischer. "Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Lamellar TiAl-Intermetallics." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0160.

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Abstract TiAl-intermetallics with a fully lamellar microstructure seem to be potential candidates for industrial applications. In this paper a micromechanical study is presented focussing on the room temperature plastic flow behavior of polycrystalline lamellar intermetallics under uniaxial loading conditions. In this course plastic flow of single lamellar grains is analyzed by a crystal plasticity approach which takes into account crystallographic slip and deformation twinning. The dependence of the flow behavior on the angle between the lamellae and the loading direction reveals the highly anisotropic nature of the crystals. Then plastic flow in various lamellar polycrystals is modelled. The highest ductility (low work hardenability and high elongation to fracture) is predicted for microstructures containing grains of low strength arranged in continuous grain clusters.
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Li, C. J., Y. He, and A. Ohmori. "Characterization of Structure of Thermally Sprayed Coating." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0717.

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Abstract The structure of a thermally sprayed coating is generally of lamellar structure. There is generally porosity in the coating. The examination shows that the relationship between properties and porosity for conventionally processed porous materials is difficult to be applied to thermally sprayed coating because of complex pore networks. The lamellar structure of the coating and the bonding at the interfaces between lamellae often determine the properties of coating. It is generally difficult to evaluate quantitatively the structure of a thermally sprayed coating because of complicated pore networks in the coating. With the filling of the material different from the composition of the coating into the pores the structure of the coating including nonbonded interface area and also generally referred pores can be visualized. According to the distribution of filler in the coating the structure of a coating can be quantitatively evaluated using structural parameters such as lamellar thickness, lamellar bonding ratio, the width of interface gap and so on. The structural parameters necessary to describe the lamellar structure of thermal sprayed coatings and a method based on the pore filling and analysis of the distribution of filled materials are proposed.
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Yang, H., H. G. Wang, and X. P. Cao. "Thermal Shock Resistance of Thick Graded Nanostructured Zirconia-NiCoCrAlY Composite Coatings by Plasma Spraying." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p0499.

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Abstract Thick Nanostructured PSZ- NiCoCrAlY graded TBCs were got by air plasma spraying. The results reveal the morphology and phase transformation of TBCs by means of SEM and XRD. The plasma spray process results in a characteristic layered structure consisting of lamellae, unmelted nano-particles and an inter-lamellar porosity. The test results of thermal shock show that the graded coatings have different failure behavior, which caused by thermal stress, radial cracks penetrating and substrate oxidation. The failure mode was the spallation of top coat due to thermal stress. The improved strain tolerance of the top coat was benefited from the high coating porosity, the segmentation cracking, the fine-splat size and the unmelted nanoparticles. It has been found that the lamella consists of nanoscale columnar grains parallel to the spraying direction.
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Yavaribajestani, Yasaman, and Simon Schleicher. "Bio-Inspired Lamellar Structures." In ACADIA 2019: Ubiquity and Autonomy. ACADIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2019.122.

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Okada, Yotaro, Ryosuke Yamagata, Hirotoyo Nakashima, and Masao Takeyama. "Deformation Behavior of Advanced γ-TiAl Based Alloys by In-Situ SEM Observation and Digital Image Correlation Technique." In AM-EPRI 2019, edited by J. Shingledecker and M. Takeyama. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2019p1380.

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Abstract Tensile deformation behavior of γ-TiAl based alloys consisting of α2-Ti3Al/γ lamellar colonies, β-Ti grains, and γ grains were investigated by in-situ scanning electron microscopy and digital image correlation technique, in order to identify the role of each microstructure constituents in deformation. The alloy with nearly lamellar microstructure, in which the volume fraction of β/γ duplex (VDP) is 10%, shows elongation of only 0.14%, whereas the alloy with nearly globular β/γ duplex microstructure with VDP of 94% shows elongation of 0.49%. In α2/γ lamellar microstructure, obvious strain localization occurs along lamellae and develops at specific regions with loading. In the case of β/γ duplex microstructure, strain localization is observed in γ grains and in β phase regions near the β/γ phase boundary, although no obvious deformation is observed in the β grains. β/γ phase boundaries enhances room temperature ductility of TiAl alloys by inducing multiple slip in γ phase and deformation of β phase.
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Labus, K. M., A. H. Hsieh, and C. M. Puttlitz. "Lamellar and Interlamellar Shear Compared Across Regions of the Annulus Fibrosus." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14309.

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Computational models of the intervertebral disc commonly use continuum descriptions that treat the annulus fibrosus as a single material rather than discretely modeling the lamellae and interlamellar interactions [1,2]. However, modeling the mechanics of individual lamellae and the interlamellar region can aid in the understanding of degenerative disc disease and its treatment. Previous work has demonstrated that fibrous connections between lamellae as well as bridges spanning across layers exist, but the mechanical contributions of these structures have largely remained uncharacterized [3]. Studying interlamellar shear mechanics may provide insights into the structure-function relationships of the annulus. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical shear in the interlamellar and lamellar regions, model the stress-stretch relationships of these areas utilizing a hyperelastic strain energy function, and compare the shear properties across multiple locations of the intervertebral disc.
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Wang, A. "Highly birefringent lamellar core fiber." In 31st European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC 2005). IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20050418.

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WEI, JUNCHENG. "EXISTENCE AND STABILITY OF LAMELLAR AND WRIGGLED LAMELLAR SOLUTIONS IN THE DIBLOCK COPOLYMER PROBLEM." In Differential Equations & Asymptotic Theory in Mathematical Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702395_0012.

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Gupta, Surendra Kumar, and Patricia Iglesias Victoria. "Atomic Force Microscopy of Annealed Plain Carbon Steels." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50972.

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Microstructure of annealed plain carbon steels is examined using optical microscopy. When the inter-lamellar spacing in pearlite is small, optical microscope at 1000X is unable to resolve the ferrite and cementite lamellae. In hyper-eutectoid steels, cementite in pearlite appears as darker phase whereas the pro-eutectoid cementite appears as a lighter phase. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of etched steels is able to resolve ferrite and cementite lamellae in pearlite at similar magnifications. Both cementite in pearlite as well as pro-eutectoid cementite appear as raised areas (hills) in AFM images. Interlamellar spacing in pearlite increases with increasing hardenability of steel.
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Reports on the topic "Lamellar"

1

Chiang, Fu-Pen. Experimental Micromechanics Study of Lamellar TiA1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada464768.

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Hsiung, L., and C. Briant. Segregation of Tungsten to Interfaces in Lamellar TiAl. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15014150.

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Ravichandran, K. S. Fatigue of Lamellar Polycrystals in Gamma Titanium Aluminides. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389266.

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Duke, Joseph R., Robert B. Funchess, and Frank D. Blum. Molecular Motions of the Head Group of SHBS in Lamellar Liquid Crystals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada243499.

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Wang, J. N., A. J. Schwartz, T. G. Nieh, C. T. Liu, V. K. Sikka, and D. Clemens. Creep of a fine-grained, fully-lamellar, two-phase TiAl alloy at 760{degree}C. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46701.

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Hackenberg, Robert E., Megan G. Emigh, Ann M. Kelly, Pallas A. Papin, Robert T. Forsyth, Tim J. Tucker, and Kester D. Clarke. The Surprising Occurrence of Non-Steady-State Growth of Divergent Lamellar Decomposition Products in Uranium-Niobium Alloys: A Preliminary Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1052805.

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van Breugel, Bram, Esther Meinen, Johan Steenhuizen, Esteban J. Baeza, Cecilia Stanghellini, and Silke Hemming. Vertical lamellae highly diffusive for light:effect on growth of young tomato plants ina climate chamber. Bleiswijk: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/563067.

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García Victoria, Nieves, Esteban Baeza Romero, Geert Franken, Silke Hemming, and Gert Vletter. Effect of high scattering lamellae on growthand photosynthesis of young tomato plants : smart materials crop experiments. Bleiswijk: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/564877.

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Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.
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