Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lamb behaviour

Academic literature on the topic 'Lamb behaviour'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lamb behaviour"

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Bickell, S. L., R. Nowak, P. Poindron, D. Ferguson, and D. Blache. "Maternal behaviour at parturition in outdoor conditions differs only moderately between single-bearing ewes selected for their calm or nervous temperament." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7 (2010): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09118.

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Maternal and lamb behaviours play a major role in lamb survival and there is evidence that selection for calm temperament may help improve lamb survival by improving maternal behaviour. However, the apparent better maternal behaviour of calm ewes might be due partly to their lower reactivity to the presence of the human observer rather than to better maternal behaviour per se. The extent to which the selection for temperament influenced the behaviour of the ewe and lamb after parturition with minimal human disturbance was investigated in the present work. Single-bearing multiparous and primiparous ewes were observed to determine any interactions of temperament with maternal experience on ewe and lamb behaviours. Postpartum ewe-lamb interactions under outdoor lambing conditions were captured by continuous video recordings by a remote controlled recording device for up to 2 h postpartum. Calm ewes licked their lambs more and tended to stay longer on the birth site. Nervous lambs stood up earlier and were quicker to start performing exploratory behaviour. However, duration of suckling during the observation period did not differ between the calm and nervous lambs. There were no effects of maternal experience on the behaviour of the lamb and there were no interactions between temperament and maternal experience on the behaviour of the ewe or lamb. Our study indicates that temperament does influence the early postpartum behaviour of ewes and lambs under extensive field conditions.
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GOUGOULIS (Δ.Α. ΓΚΟΥΓΚΟΥΛΗΣ), D. A., Ι. KYRIAZAKIS (Η. ΚΥΡΙΑΖΑΚΗΣ), and G. C. FTHENAKIS (Γ. Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ). "Patterns of maternal behaviour of ewes and sucking behaviour of lambs." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 1 (November 24, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14974.

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In the present article the literature of maternal and sucking behaviour of sheep is reviewed. The article is divided into five sections: (i) Preparation of the ewe - lambing, (ii) Initiation of maternal behaviour - recognition of newborn lambs, (iii) Recognition between ewe and newborn lambs (auditory stimuli and ewe-lamb recognition, visual ewe-lamb recognition, olfactory cues for maternal behaviour, haptic cues in teat seeking by newborn lambs), (iv) Other patterns of ewe - lamb behaviour (other behavioural patterns immediately post-partum, behavioural patterns during lactation) and (v) Neuro-hormonal control of maternal behaviour. In general, studies of maternal and neonatal behavior of sheep contribute to development of management practices, resulting to decreased neonatal mortality, increase of meat production and improvement of animal health and welfare. They also confirm the importance of animal ethology as a veterinary speciality.
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Dwyer, C. M., and A. B. Lawrence. "EFFECTS OF MATERNAL GENOTYPE AND BEHAVIOUR ON THE BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR OFFSPRING IN SHEEP." Behaviour 137, no. 12 (2000): 1629–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502754.

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AbstractSignificant breed differences in grazing, activity, social and other affiliative behaviours are known to exist in sheep. The roles of maternal and offspring genotype in determining the development of breed-specific behavioural differences in lambs were investigated using embryo-transfer. Two breeds of sheep (Suffolk and Scottish Blackface) were chosen as they differ markedly in social and affiliative behaviours. Sixty ewe-lamb pairs (15 each of the four combinations of ewe and lamb) were observed over the first 3 days after lambing, then when the lambs were aged between 2-5 months old and during the first 6 weeks after weaning. Lamb breed was the main factor affecting lamb activity at birth and play behaviour over the first postnatal days, with Blackface lambs being significantly more active than Suffolk lambs. Lamb sucking behaviour during this period, however, was significantly affected by ewe breed with a higher frequency of sucking interactions observed with Suffolk ewes. When out at grass the two breeds of ewe differed in their use of the field, with Blackface ewes using upland areas whilst Suffolk ewes were found almost exclusively in the lowland parts. Ewes also differed in their spatial relationship to their lamb, with Blackface ewes maintaining a closer relationship to their lamb than Suffolk ewes, regardless of lamb breed. Blackface ewes were also more active than Suffolk ewes and were more frequently observed grazing. The breed of their mother significantly influenced the behaviour of the lambs, and their spatial relationships to other sheep, both before and after weaning. Lambs with Blackface mothers were more active than lambs with Suffolk mothers and this difference persisted after weaning. Blackface-reared lambs also had a shorter nearest neighbour distance after weaning, aggregated into smaller subgroups and were significantly more likely to be in upland areas of the field, regardless of lamb breed, than lambs reared by Suffolk ewes. Maternal influence, therefore, plays an important role in shaping the behaviour of their offspring in sheep, although neonatal lamb activity is not affected by maternal behaviour.
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O'Connor, C. E., and A. B. Lawrence. "Relationship between lamb vigour and ewe behaviour at parturition." Animal Science 54, no. 3 (June 1992): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610002081x.

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AbstractMaternal behaviour and lamb vigour are both considered major variables affecting lamb survival, but there are few data to describe their relative importance. To investigate the relationship between lamb vigour and maternal behaviour this study compared the behaviour of pure Scottish Blackface lambs with Mule (Bluefaced Leicester ♀. × Scottish Blackface ♂) lambs, all born indoors. Anecdotal accounts suggested a significant reduction in lamb vigour in Mule lambs, a matter also of significant practical importance given the current incease in Mule numbers. Observations on the grooming behaviour of 32 single or twin-bearing ewes, and on the general activity and udder-seeking behaviour of their lambs were made at parturition. In this study, neither ewe grooming behaviour nor general lamb activity were directly related to lamb sucking success. It was shown that, although Mule lambs had high birth weights and stood as quickly as Blackface lambs, they showed significantly fewer sucking attempts (P < 0·01) and took longer to suck successfully (28 min for Blackface v. 55 min for Mules). The inability of Mule lambs to suck successfully was due to their failure to show proper udder-directed behaviour. These results indicate the importance of considering the behaviour of both ewes and lambs as it would seem that it is not ‘poor’ maternal behaviour but inappropriate lamb behaviour that is a limiting factor in lamb survival in the Mule breed.
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Dwyer, C. M., A. B. Lawrence, and S. C. Bishop. "The effects of selection for lean tissue content on maternal and neonatal lamb behaviours in Scottish Blackface sheep." Animal Science 72, no. 3 (June 2001): 555–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052097.

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AbstractBritish hill sheep are required to give birth to and rear their lambs under harsh extensive conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genetic selection for increased (LEAN) or decreased (FAT) carcass lean content in the Scottish Blackface breed over 7 years had affected the ability of ewes to rear lambs by altering the expression of maternal and neonatal lamb behaviours. The behaviour of 61 ewes (32 LEAN and 29 FAT) and their 119 lambs were recorded at parturition and over the first 8 weeks of life. Overall there were very few effects of selection on the behaviour of the ewes. LEAN ewes were significantly faster than FAT ewes to start grooming their lambs after birth and FAT ewes tended to withdraw more frequently from their lambs than LEAN ewes. There was, however, a highly significant effect of selection line on lamb behaviour. LEAN lambs were significantly quicker than FAT lambs to perform all righting movements (median latency to stand (mins): LEAN = 11·7, FAT = 23·4, P < 0·01), were more likely both to suck (percentage that sucked: LEAN = 81·0%, FAT = 57·1%, P < 0·05), and to play within the first 2 h of birth. The higher rate of sucking in LEAN lambs persisted over the first 3 days after birth (percent observations where lambs were sucking: LEAN = 7·8 (s.e. 0·8), FAT = 5·1 (s.e. 0·6), P < 0·05), when LEAN lambs were also significantly closer to their mothers than FAT lambs. Thereafter, there were no significant effects of ewe or lamb line on behaviours recorded up to 8 weeks after birth. Overall lamb mortality to 8 weeks was 19·3% and was not significantly affected by lamb line. However, lambs that were slow to perform early behaviours had a reduced survival to 8 weeks of age. These data suggest that, although ewe maternal behaviour has not been significantly affected by selection for lean growth, the activity of the neonatal lamb has been affected. Lamb activity was related to lamb survival, even in our indoor lambing conditions. It is likely that the speed with which newborn lambs stand and suck will be even more important for survival under extensive conditions.
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Cho, Andrew Inhyuk, Caroline Lee, and Alison Small. "Attention behaviours but not pain-related behaviours are modified by the presence of a twin in lambs undergoing castration by rubber ring." PeerJ 8 (October 6, 2020): e10081. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10081.

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The social context of social species such as sheep can modify their physiological and behavioural responses to stressors, through social buffering and social facilitation. Social buffering can lead to amelioration of stress, while social facilitation can lead to stress responses in an observer animal in the presence of a conspecific in distress. The current study investigated twin lambs undergoing ring castration, grouped either homogeneously with a castrated lamb (actor), or heterogeneously with a non-castrated lamb (observer) to examine the impact of social grouping on behavioural responses. Each lamb was scored for two classes of behaviour: pain-related behaviours and postures that are putatively related to the response to castration; and attentional behaviours directed at its twin. Thus, each lamb participated in the experiment as an actor exhibiting pain-related behaviours and postures, and as an observer of its twin. When behaviours of lambs were assessed as actors, there was a significant (P < 0.05) effect of castration but no significant effect of social grouping on expression of pain-related behaviours. When behaviours of lambs were assessed as observers, homogeneous grouping of castrated lambs increased attention towards the other twin in comparison to non-castrated lambs grouped homogeneously or lambs grouped heterogeneously (P < 0.01). Non-castrated lambs grouped homogeneously demonstrated significantly lower numbers of head direction changes (P < 0.001) and lower number of ear posture changes (P < 0.05) than heterogeneously grouped or castrated lambs. This study indicates that social attention between twin lambs is not clearly dependent on pain status of the actor lamb. It suggests that in order for the observer lamb to provide significant attention to the actor lamb displaying pain-related behaviour, the observer lamb also needs to be experiencing pain concurrently. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the presence of pain-related behaviours can lead to increased attention to the surrounding environment in non-castrated lambs. Understanding the effect of concurrent experience and varying social context assists us to improve our understanding of results of other experiments on pain-related behavioural responses.
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Holst, PJ, DG Hall, and CJ Allan. "Ewe colostrum and subsequent lamb suckling behaviour." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 6 (1996): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960637.

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Behavioural and colostral data were obtained from 70 parous Border Leicester x Merino ewes (and their lambs) that lambed in 0.25 ha paddocks. Data collected included a colostral sample immediately postpartum, lamb weight and temperature, site of parturition and lamb sucking attempts to 48 h post-partum. Colostrum dry matter percentage was 56.5 for ewes with single lambs and 61.5 for ewes with twins (P<0.05). Colostrum colour and consistency score (1-7) of twin-bearing ewes was 5.5 compared with single-bearing ewes of 6.5 (nearer normal milk). Lamb sucking behaviour suggested the more viscous the colostrum, the more often the lamb attempts to suck (P<0.001) and for a longer period at each attempt (P<0.05). This effect diminished over time so that by 24-48 h there was no difference in behaviour expressed as duration x number of sucking bouts, when normal milk would be expected. Twin lambs had significantly more sucking bouts than single lambs up to 4 h post partum. The consequences of these observations would be more serious for twin lamb survival and may explain why some individual twin lambs often die from starvation.
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Freitas-de-Melo, A., F. Sales, R. Ungerfeld, and V. H. Parraguez. "Melatonin treatment during late gestation of undernourished ewes: lamb body temperature and mother–young behaviours after birth." Animal Production Science 62, no. 2 (2022): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an21016.

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ContextIn extensive grazing sheep systems, pregnant ewes undergo periods of undernutrition because gestation coincides with winter when natural pasture is of lowest quantity and poorest quality. The lamb’s weight and thermoregulatory capacity, and the ewe–lamb bond at birth, may be compromised. Maternal melatonin treatment during gestation may reverse these effects.AimThe aim was to determine the effects of melatonin treatment of single-lambing, undernourished ewes during the last third of gestation on lamb birthweights and body temperatures, and on ewe–lamb interactive behaviour after birth.MethodsAt Day 100 of gestation, 39 single-bearing ewes received a subcutaneous melatonin implant, and 54 ewes served as controls with no implant. Throughout gestation, the ewes remained under extensive conditions grazing on natural pasture. Measurements were made of lamb birthweight, body temperatures (surface temperature by infrared thermography and rectal temperature), and ewe–lamb behaviours during a handling test at 6–17h after lambing.Key resultsThere was no effect of melatonin treatment on lamb birthweight or rectal temperature, or on ewe–lamb interaction behaviours. Hip minimum surface temperature was greater in lambs from melatonin-treated ewes than lambs from control ewes (21.2°C±0.9°C vs 18.8°C±0.8°C; P=0.05), and there was a similar trend for hip mean surface temperature (24.6°C±0.9°C vs 22.3°C±0.7°C; P=0.06). Rump surface temperatures were greater in male than female lambs: maximum (27.9°C±1.2°C vs 22.9°C±1.2°C; P=0.01), minimum (22.2°C±1.5°C vs 16.7°C±1.5°C; P=0.02) and mean (25.4°C±1.3°C vs 20.5°C±1.3°C; P=0.02).ConclusionMelatonin treatment during the last third of ewe pregnancy slightly enhanced the surface temperature of lambs at birth but did not influence ewe–lamb interaction behaviour after birth (i.e. after establishment of the ewe–lamb bond).ImplicationsFurther study in more depth is warranted into the possible effects of maternal supplementation with commercial melatonin implants on lamb development, thermoregulatory capacity, behaviour and survival rates in extensive grazing systems, including the effect on ewe–lamb behaviours immediately after birth for both singletons and twins.
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Fahmy, M. H., and S. Robert. "Ewe and lamb behaviour at parturition in prolific and non-prolific sheep." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-014.

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This study was conducted to investigate ewe and lamb behaviour at parturition in prolific and non-prolific sheep. Observations were taken on 16 Romanov (R), 16 Finnsheep (F) and 13 Suffolk (S) ewes at their first and second parturitions. Time intervals between displaying first signs of uneasiness and first contraction, rupture of foetal membranes bag and first contraction, sighting the first lamb and expulsion of the last lamb, and contact time between ewes and their litters were assessed and correlated with litter size, and litter weight at birth and at weaning. Romanov ewes had the largest litters (3.02), took longer to deliver (120.7 min), and interacted more with their lambs (30.9 min) after lambing. F and S ewes were similar in many behavioural traits despite significant differences in number and weight of lambs delivered. Prolific R and F ewes lambing single and twin lambs delivered them faster than S ewes with similar litter sizes. Duration of lambing was significantly correlated with ewe–lamb contact but only for the two prolific breeds (r = 0.51 and 0.76 for R and F, respectively). Ewe-lamb contact was also correlated with litter size (r = 0.83), litter weight at birth (r = 0.72) and at weaning (r = 0.47) but only in F ewes. For R, F, and S ewes lambing litters of one and two lambs, the average intervals between first sight of a lamb and its expulsion were 9.2, 20.8, and 25.8 min, the intervals between expulsion and standing were 37.0, 18.6, and 19.6 min, and between standing and suckling, 24.2,20.4, and 27.2 min per lamb, respectively. The average contact time between a ewe and each of her lambs was 13.1, 8.8, and 11.0 min, respectively. The corresponding intervals for R and F ewes lambing up to four lambs were 10.3 and 11.1, 43.3 and 21.4, 35.7 and 25.6, and 8.8 and 7.8 min (P > 0.05) per lamb, respectively. The data showed several differences between prolific and non-prolific sheep in behavioural traits at birth. Key words: Maternal behaviour: Lamb behaviour, Romanov, Finnsheep, Prolific sheep
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Freitas-de-Melo, A., R. Ungerfeld, A. Orihuela, M. J. Hötzel, and R. Pérez-Clariget. "Early mother–young relationship and feeding behaviour of lambs are unaffected by low pasture allowance until the beginning of the last third of gestation in single-bearing ewes." Animal Production Science 58, no. 5 (2018): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16157.

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Nutrition during gestation influences ewes’ bodyweight (BW), the bond with their lamb, milk yield and lamb development, and thus feeding behaviour of lambs during postnatal rearing. The aim of this study was to determine if the level of native pasture allowance from before conception until the beginning of the last third of gestation of single-bearing ewes influences the ewe–lamb relationship at birth and the feeding behaviour of lambs during postnatal rearing. A second aim was to determine whether the nutritional treatments affect ewes’ milk yield and their lambs’ bodyweight. Eleven multiparous Corriedale ewes grazed a high pasture allowance [10–12 kg of dry matter (DM)/100 kg of BW/day; HPA treatment], and another 11 grazed a low pasture allowance (5–8 kg of DM/100 kg of BW/day; LPA treatment) for 145 days beginning 40 days before conception. After the end of this treatment all ewes grazed on Festuca arundinacea and received rice bran and crude glycerine until 3 days before birth. Ewes’ BW was recorded monthly before and during gestation. Latency from parturition until the ewe licked her lamb, latency for lamb to stand up and suckle were recorded, and Maternal Behaviour Score was determined 12–24 h after birth. All the variables recorded during postpartum were determined approximately every 30 days. Grazing, ruminating and suckling events of the lambs were recorded from Day 23 until 142 days of age. Milk yield was determined from 32 until 140 days after lambing. Lambs’ BW was recorded from birth until 140 days of age. On Day 41 the BW change tended to be greater in HPA ewes than in LPA ewes, and on Days 79 and 105 it was greater in HPA ewes than LPA ewes (P = 0.006 and P = 0.005 respectively). Treatments did not affect the behaviours at birth of ewes and lambs, milk yield, ruminating and suckling events of lambs, ewes’ and lambs’ BW. The lambs from HPA ewes tended to present a greater frequency of grazing than the LPA lambs. Different levels of native pasture allowances from before conception until the last third of gestation in single-bearing ewes, followed by an increase in nutrient supply, did not affect ewe–lamb behaviours at birth, milk yield, lambs’ growth, and their feeding behaviours during rearing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lamb behaviour"

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Coombs, Tamsin Margaret. "The effect of selection for lean tissue growth on muscle fibre characteristics in lambs, and the implications for welfare." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17069.

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In the UK annual lamb mortality rates range between 10-30% with the majority of deaths occurring within the first three days of life, however research has shown that lambs that stand and suck quickly are more likely to survive. Modern breeding strategies have led to breeds of sheep, such as the Suffolk, which despite greater lean muscle growth, show slower behavioural development and are less able to thermoregulate in the neonatal period than relatively unselected breeds, such as the Scottish Blackface. The reason for this is unclear however fast growing strains of pigs and cattle have been shown to have a greater proportion of fast-twitch fibres to slow fibres in their muscles, but it is still unknown as to whether these changes in fibre proportions affect muscle function and behaviour. Thus the aim of this project is to investigate whether selection for lean muscle growth in sheep has altered muscle development by affecting the proportions of different fibre types and determine what effect this may have on the animal’s ability to perform certain behaviours, such as neonatal progression to standing and sucking. As muscle fibre development occurs very early in gestation (starting around day 32) it was also hypothesised that there may also be a relationship between muscle fibre characteristics, and foetal behaviour and presentation at birth. A further hypothesis to be addressed was that maternal undernutrition of 75% of requirements for ewe maintenance and foetal growth for the first 90 days of gestation would have a greater negative effect on muscle fibre development in genotypes selected for lean muscle growth. It was found that Suffolk foetuses (genotype selected for lean growth) were significantly less active at days 56 and 77 of gestation than Blackface foetuses (genotype relatively unselected for growth) while nutritionally restricted foetuses were more active at day 56 than control foetuses. A subsequent study found that there was a negative relationship between foetal activity at day 56 and neonatal activity while activity at day 98 of gestation was positively associated with neonatal activity. A relationship was also found between foetal activity and presentation at birth with malpresented lambs being less active as foetuses at day 77 of gestation than normally presented lambs. Suffolk foetuses had lower proportions of slow twitch (SO) fibres and higher proportions of fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibres in the soleus (postural muscle) than Blackface foetuses and SO fibre proportions were positively correlated with foetal activity at days 56 and 77 of gestation while fast twitch (FOG and FO) and transitional (Trans) fibre proportions were negatively correlated with foetal activity at each scanning period. Suffolk lambs showed significantly slower neonatal behavioural development than Blackface lambs and there was an interaction between breed and nutritional treatment with prenatally undernourished Suffolk lambs consistently being less active and prenatally undernourished Blackface lambs being more active than all other groups of lambs. At slaughter at 164 days old, Suffolk lambs had lower proportions of SO fibres and higher proportions of fastglycolytic (FG) fibres in the soleus muscle while also having a lower proportion of FG fibres in the plantaris (muscle involved in movement of the limb) than Blackface lambs. SO fibre proportions in the soleus muscle were found to be positively correlated with total duration standing and walking in the early neonatal period while proportion of FG fibres in the plantaris was negatively correlated with duration of lying laterally following birth. The results from this study indicate that divergent breeding strategies have led to differences in muscle fibre proportions within certain muscles in sheep and also that there may be a relationship between muscle development and both foetal and neonatal lamb behaviour. This research has added to our understanding of the consequences of selection for growth on the function of the animal and it is hoped that it will lead to the development of broader breeding goals which incorporate welfare characteristics.
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Van, der Merwe Melissa. "Asymmetric information, principal-agent behaviour and governance mechanisms in the South African lamb supply chain." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63347.

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The recent addition of Karoo Lamb to South Africa’s repertoire of products with a regional identity attracted extensive publicity. The news headlines that spoke of challenges to protect the geographical name, discrepancies among supply chain stakeholders and the outright opportunism and exploitation of the geographical name made Karoo Lamb a particularly interesting case study to examine. Regrettably, the niche product “Karoo Lamb” has not yet come to its own. In an effort to support the development of this initiative, the thesis sets out to address the central question; “How do we increase farmer participation in differentiated product supply chains, whilst discouraging opportunistic behaviour so that the performance of these chains can be optimised?” The overarching question, mentioned above, is addressed in four independent but related research papers by using the differentiated Karoo Lamb supply chain as a case study. The specific questions considered in these papers are:  What are the claims most vulnerable to opportunistic behaviour?  What drives a farmer’s tendency to behave opportunistically, and how can these drivers be used to prevent opportunistic behaviour?  What factors encourage a farmer to participate in a differentiated supply chain?  What enforcement mechanisms are best suited to prevent the opportunistic behaviour of farmers?  What governance mechanisms are currently employed to govern the supply chain?  Are the governance and enforcement mechanisms properly aligned to guarantee the authenticity of the differentiated product? The thesis employed the principals of agency theory, transaction cost economics, and contract theory to address the practical problems faced by the Karoo Meat of Origin certification scheme. The thesis combined quantitative and qualitative research methods to analyse the data collected from four primary stakeholders involved in the Karoo Lamb supply chain. From the total population of 209 certified Karoo Lamb farmers, 73 farmers were interviewed on their farms in the Karoo region. In addition to the farmers, five abattoirs, two processors and/or packers and five retail outlets were interviewed. Results supported the expectation that a farmer’s decision to invest in the collective reputational capital of a product is shaped by his/her relationship with the abattoir, and the ease with which business is conducted. The easier it is for the farmer to do business with the abattoir the more likely the farmer is to invest in the Karoo Lamb initiative. Other, more personal attributes, such as the farmer’s risk profile, education and his/her network also proved to influence his/her willingness to invest in the collective reputation. The efforts to increase the membership base of Karoo Lamb contributes to the success story of Karoo Lamb. The success of the initiative, however, remains threatened by opportunism. The investigation revealed the “from the Karoo” and “free range” claims as the most vulnerable to opportunistic behaviour specifically during times of droughts. The study further revealed a lack of information exchange between the farmers and abattoirs, specifically regarding droughts, feeding practices and disease treatments, as the leading driver for opportunistic behaviour. An increase in information sharing, within the farmer network, and with the abattoir, is therefore recommended. This is the main strategy to reduce or eradicate the opportunistic behaviour of farmers. In addition to broadening farmer investments in the reputational capital of Karoo Lamb and to preventing the opportunistic behaviour of farmers, the success of the Karoo Lamb initiative also requires an alignment between the enforcement and governance mechanisms. The investigation supported the notion that the State-appointed third party is relatively unsuccessful when it specifically comes to the monitoring of the Karoo farmers for compliance with production standards. Due to the failure of the third party, the thesis made an attempt to explore alternative monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. The results indicate that the majority of the Karoo Lamb stakeholders preferred monitoring and enforcement mechanisms that include more frequent monitoring and stricter prosecution strategies to deal with non-compliant stakeholders. Owing to many years of commodity style operations throughout the supply chain, the correct vehicle for ensuring the proper implementation of the enforcement mechanisms remains a challenge. The assessment of the Karoo Lamb supply chain reveals non-contractual arrangements with qualified partners as being the most frequently utilised governance mechanism. However, this mechanism is not sufficient when the third party fails to monitor and enforce the production standards accurately. Therefore, with a view to ensuring the credibility of Karoo Lamb, a move to toward more hierarchical arrangements, are expected, which would provide a stronger focus on private or mutual enforcement mechanisms. This means that the stakeholders in the supply chain would be jointly responsible for the credibility of the product and therefore jointly responsible for the enforcement of quality and origin standards.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Red Meat Research and Development SA
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
Unrestricted
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Capper, Judith Louise. "The effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation of ewes on neonatal lamb behaviour and performance." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417467.

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Krawczel, Peter Downs. "Effect of duration of transport on indicators of stress in lambs." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4882.

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Recommendations for the transportation of lambs from a European Commission, which required rest stops of 6 or 24 h, every 8 h, were evaluated for efficacy of reducing stress indicators using Rambouillet x Suffolk lambs (17.6 ± 0.5 kg). The lambs were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) transported for 22 h (Continuous; n = 15); 2) transported for 8 h, unloaded and rested for 6 h, transported for 8 h, unloaded and rested for 24 h, transported for 6 h (Rested, n = 15); and 3) Control, which remained in home pasture throughout the study (n = 16). The rest stops were off-trailer; a different pen was used for each; and, a limited amount of grain and ad lib hay and water were provided. Mean temperature in the trailer during the study was 28.4° C with a range of 18.2° C to 39.6° C. Food deprivation in the Continuous lambs was reflected by a decrease in plasma glucose (P < 0.001) and an increase in blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.001), creatinine (P < 0.02) and total bilirubin (P < 0.001) relative to the Rested or the Control lambs. Electrolytes varied within and between all three treatments (P < 0.05), but no distinct pattern indicating dehydration was evident. Serum concentrations of cortisol were greater (P < 0.05) in Continuous lambs than in the Control lambs at 14 h and both the Continuous and Rested lambs had higher concentrations of cortisol (P < 0.05) compared to the Control lambs at 22 h. Plasma IgG antibody response to ovalbumin was suppressed (P < 0.05) in the Continuous and Rested lambs compared to the Control lambs. Lambs in both transported treatments ate grain immediately upon release into the rest pens and drinking occurred following the food consumption. The Continuous lambs lost a greater (P < 0.05) amount of initial BW at the conclusion of transport compared to the Rested lambs and had a lower BW (P < 0.05) than the Rested and Control lambs 8 d after the start of transport. Rest stops improved welfare by reducing physical stress of food deprivation and eliminating BW loss during transport. However, rest stops failed to completely alleviate immunosuppression and 52 h were required to complete the otherwise 22 h long trip. The additional costs of providing the benefits of the rest stops should be examined before these regulations are widely implemented.
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Oppong-Anane, Kwame. "The following (walking) ability of the neonatal lamb." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pho62.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-2970. Investigations presented involve 18 hour to 5 day old South Australian merino lambs. Some twin lambs were available for comparative studies. Examines the relationship between the strength of ewe-lamb bond and the lamb's ability to follow the mother, the energy availability and usage in the lamb, particularly for locomotion, and the metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to locomotion.
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Pent, Gabriel J. "Lamb performance, behavior, and body temperatures in hardwood silvopasture systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76730.

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Trees in silvopastures may provide forage-livestock systems with multiple goods and services, including shade, shelter, and browse. Reports of forage and animal productivity from these systems indicate that, in some cases, animal gains are similar or better despite lower forage yield. The relationship between grazing system, body temperature, grazing behavior, and animal performance was explored in this study. Black walnut and honeylocust-based silvopasture systems were compared with open pastures in a randomized complete block design (r = 3) over three summers. Pastures were rotationally stocked with 5-7 lambs depending on forage availability. Lambs were weighed every four weeks. Behavior measures were recorded within a replicate within a week, and these measures were taken sequentially within three experimental periods. Ewe lambs (n = 3) were equipped with a vaginal temperature sensor (3 days) and an audio recording device (1 day) to detect prehension events. Cameras documented lamb behavior every 60 seconds. Forage measurements taken with a rising plate meter indicated greater productivity in the honeylocust silvopasture (5020 ± 30 kg · ha⁻¹ ) compared to the open pasture (4930 ± 30 kg · ha⁻¹ ; P = 0.0281), though forage availability in the black walnut silvopastures (3560 ± 30 kg · ha⁻¹ ) was lower than within the other treatments (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in animal gains between systems (P ≥ 0.4813), though gains were highest in the honeylocust silvopastures (25.6 ± 3.4 kg · period⁻¹ ), followed by the gains of the black walnut silvopastures (22.3 ± 3.4 kg · period⁻¹ ), and the gains of the open pastures (22.2 ± 3.4 kg · period- 1 ). Lambs in silvopastures spent more time lying down than animals in the open pastures (P ≤ 0.01), while lambs in the open spent more than two hours longer each day standing (P < 0.0001). During the hottest part of the day, ewes in the open pasture were 0.4 °C hotter than ewes in the black walnut silvopastures (P ≤ 0.0202). Lambs in the black walnut silvopastures grazed more (488 ± 14 minutes · day⁻¹ ) than lambs in the honeylocust silvopastures (438 ± 15 minutes · day⁻¹ ; P = 0.0192) and the open pastures (417 ± 14 minutes · day⁻¹ ; P = 0.0009), with no difference between the latter two systems (P = 0.3073). There was no difference in daily bites taken (P ≥ 0.7222), though lambs in the silvopastures grazed more frequently than lambs in the open pastures. In one six week winter grazing study, animal performance in the honeylocust silvopastures was compared with the productivity of lambs grazing the open pastures and the black walnut silvopastures. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of these pods on lamb growth when animals grazed stockpiled tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus). Preand post-graze forage mass was estimated with a double sampling technique using a rising plate meter. Treatment pastures were rotationally stocked with three (walnut) or six lambs per experimental unit depending on forage availability. Fescue grab samples were collected every other rotation. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were estimated with a robust equation using NIR spectroscopy. Pre- and post-graze pod mass per hectare was estimated using randomly placed quadrats. Lambs were naïve to pods and did not readily consume the fodder until four weeks into the trial, and the methods for estimating pod intake were not sufficient to detect pod differences in pre- and post-graze pod mass. Forage availability in the honeylocust silvopastures (5130 ± 90 kg · ha⁻¹ ) and open pastures (5050 ± 90 kg · ha⁻¹ ; P=0.7580) was greater (P < 0.0001) than forage availability in the black walnut silvopastures (3790 ± 90 kg · ha⁻¹ ). Treatment had no effect (P = 0.3763) on average daily gains across the six weeks of the study. However, lambs within the honeylocust silvopastures had greater (P = 0.0251) average daily gains in the final period (0.12 ± 0.02 kg · day⁻¹ ) than lambs within the open pastures (0 ± 0.02 kg · day⁻¹ ), and lambs were observed consuming the pods. These data suggest that honeylocust pods may support greater gains of lambs, but that previous exposure and longer study periods in pasture settings may be necessary to see their nutritional benefit when grazing high quality forages.
Ph. D.
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Pullin, Allison Nicole. "The Effect of Environment and Social Dynamics on Lamb Behavior." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492511346580333.

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Lourenço, Jacqueline Areal. "Children consumer behaviour field lab: the Nestum consumer." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10285.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
The goal of this work project is to help Nestum understand its consumers as to better comprehend the needs, tastes and routines of the target consumer, children with ages between 6 and 10. Knowing one's consumers is vital to stay relevant and also understand how to innovate and differentiate in a day and age where private labels are increasingly becoming consumed which has a negative impact on brands such as Nestum. Additionally with the ever more diverse and connected worlds, cultures and habits are being changed which affect how, when and what products are consumed. In conclusion, the main goal of this work project is to understand what children are eating, what are their routines and habits as to help Nestum remain relevant as a brand with a strong cultural attachment in Portugal.
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Aly, Safwan Krishnamurti Ramesh. "A framework for interaction and task decomposition for objects emulating agency behavior /." Pittsburgh, Pa. : Carnegie Mellon University, 2000. http://code.arc.cmu.edu/lab/upload/aly%5Fphd%5Fthesis.0.pdf.

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Rutledge, M. P. "Assessing demand for organic lamb using choice modelling." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1110.

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The worldwide market for organic foods is growing fast, but New Zealand meat producers have been slow to respond. Specifically, New Zealand producers have little or no organic lamb products for export or domestic sale. Part of the reason for this hesitancy to meet demand with supply is that the nature of the demand and consumer willingness to pay for the product is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate New Zealand organic food consumers’ attitudes towards organic food and production methods and to evaluate consumer willingness to pay for an organic lamb product. Data for this study was collected using computer aided personal interviewing (CAPI) in supermarkets and speciality stores in Christchurch and Wellington. The study questioned consumers about their consumption habits, attitudes towards organic food and production methods and presented choice modelling scenarios to test willingness to pay for different attributes of lamb. Factor analysis is used to group the 12 attitudinal questions into three factors which were then placed into a two step cluster analysis to create consumer segments. Choice modelling was then used to measure consumer preferences for the tested attributes of lamb. From the factor and cluster analysis three distinct consumer segments were found and labelled as Committed Organic Seekers, Convenience Organic Consumers and Incidental Organic Consumers. These labels reflect each group’s organic consumption habits and attitudes towards organic food. The choice modelling results show that there is a willingness to pay for organic lamb. The three identified consumer groups state they would pay a premium of 61%, 44% and 26% respectively for organic lamb over standard pasture raised lamb. This paper gives an insight into consumer attitudes and preferences towards a product that could provide a way for New Zealand farmers to increase their returns. It contributes to the body of knowledge about the likely consumer profiles of regular consumers of organic food. There are only a few other studies that have attempted to measure consumer attitudes and willingness to pay for organic meat, however, the author is not aware of any published example of a study that has specifically investigated demand for organic lamb anywhere in the world. The study provides information about stated willingness to pay for five different attributes of lamb; this information should be of value in assisting the industry by showing which product offerings are likely to generate the highest sale price.
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Books on the topic "Lamb behaviour"

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Mike, Couffer, ed. The cats of Lamu. New York: Lyons Press, 1998.

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Stephanie, Boey, ed. Little lamb to the rescue. Bolton, Ont: Fenn Pub. Co., 2004.

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Tip Lewis and his lamp. Crockett, Ky: Rod and Staff Publishers, 1987.

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Pansy. Tip Lewis and his lamp. Crockett, Ky: Rod and Staff Publishers, 1987.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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McNatt, J. Dobbin. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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Bde thaṅ lam sgron: Jian kang sheng huo zhi nan. Lhasa: Bod-ljoṅs mi dmaṅs dpe skrun khaṅ, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lamb behaviour"

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Broom, Donald M. "Juvenile and play behaviour." In Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 225–34. 6th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0021.

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Abstract In this chapter the play behavioural aspects of young animals such as calves, lambs, piglets, foals, chicks, and other young poultry species are discussed as well as behavioural changes during weaning and puberty.
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Chan, Ho Fai, David A. Savage, and Benno Torgler. "Sport as a behavioural economics lab." In Behavioural Sports Economics, 11–51. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003080824-3.

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Salterio, Steven E., Pujawati Mariestha, and (Estha) Gondowijoyo. "‘Moving beyond the lab’." In The Routledge Companion to Behavioural Accounting Research, 149–74. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315710129-12.

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Chaudhary, Roopal, Anchal Garg, and Madhulika Bhadauria. "Predictive Analytics for LAMA and Absconding Behaviour of Patient." In Smart Computing and Informatics, 645–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5547-8_66.

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Kirchhof, Paula Johanna. "The Marionette Question: What Is Yet to Be Answered about the Ethics of Online Behaviour Change?" In Digital Ethics Lab Yearbook, 35–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80083-3_4.

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Klinkert, A., and M. Gerken. "Changes in suckling behaviour during lactation in llamas (Lama glama)." In Fibre production in South American camelids and other fibre animals, 231. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-727-1_30.

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Dannenberg, Astrid, and Carlo Gallier. "The choice of institutions to promote cooperation in the lab." In Behavioural Economics and the Environment, 208–23. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003172741-12.

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Cihon, Traci M., April Becker, Daniele Ortu, and Sigrid S. Glenn. "Multiple Perspectives on Establishing a Research Lab in Culturo-Behavior Science." In Behavior Science Perspectives on Culture and Community, 93–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45421-0_5.

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Düsterloh, Uwe, Svetlana Lerche, and Nachinzorig Saruulbayar. "Crushed salt compaction - a new approach for lab test analysis, physical modeling and numerical simulation." In The Mechanical Behavior of Salt X, 314–27. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003295808-30.

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Düsterloh, Uwe, Svetlana Lerche, and Nachinzorig Saruulbayar. "Crushed salt compaction - a new approach for lab test analysis, physical modelling and numerical simulation Part 1: Development and validation." In The Mechanical Behavior of Salt X, 301–13. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003295808-29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lamb behaviour"

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Yelve, Nitesh P., Mira Mitra, and P. M. Mujumdar. "Nonlinear effect of debonding of wafer type piezoelectric actuator on the behaviour of Lamb wave." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Tribikram Kundu. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2036167.

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Deán, J. Luis, Cristina Trillo, Ángel F. Doval, and José L. Fernández. "Video visualization of the dispersive behaviour of Rayleigh and Lamb wavetrains by double-pulsed TV holography." In Eighth International Conference on Vibration Measurements by Laser Techniques: Advances and Applications. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.803003.

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Wijarnprecha, Khakhanang, Philipp Fuhrmann, Christopher Gregson, Matt Sillick, Sopark Sonwai, and Derick Rousseau. "Temperature-dependent Microstructure and Rheology of Fat in Adipose Tissue in Pork, Beef and Lamb." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/urjw5726.

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Matching the texture of fat in plant-based meat alternatives requires an in-depth understanding of the structure and rheology of animal adipose tissue which, to-date, remains under-studied. We investigated the temperature-dependent microstructure and thermal properties of adipose tissue from pork, beef and lamb. Microstructural characterisation via electron, confocal and light microscopy showed that the back fats were structurally similar and consisted of fat dispersed in discrete units within a protein matrix akin to a closed cell foam. Differential scanning calorimetry showed distinct fat melting profiles in each of the tissues, which were ascribed to differences in fatty acid profile. Fat crystal organisation, melting and re-solidification signatures unique to each adipose tissue were found via X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The dynamic rheological behaviour of the back fats was characterised via frequency and amplitude sweeps as well as texture analysis via puncture tests. At 20 °C, prior to heating, the small and large deformation properties of adipose tissue were dominated by the solid fat phase in the adipose cells. Upon heating to 80 °C, with the fat phase molten, the protein network underpinning the structure of the back fats conferred elastic behaviour to the tissues, and the now-molten oil partly leaked from the adipocytes into the surrounding interstitial space. Upon re-cooling, a bicontinuous network of fat crystals and protein contributed to back fat rheology. Large deformation rheology revealed animal species-specific differences in back fat rheology. Overall, we found that the temperature-dependent microstructure of adipose fat was intricately linked to the fat phase melting behaviour, and importantly, to its protein matrix at elevated temperatures. Such understanding is necessary to provide the required insights to effectively replicate the functionality of adipose tissue using plant-based materials.
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Oppenheim, I. J., D. W. Greve, and N. L. Tyson. "Lamb wave behavior in bridge girder geometries." In Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Masayoshi Tomizuka, Chung-Bang Yun, and Victor Giurgiutiu. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.643219.

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Albergaria, Matheus. "Every Book You Take: Evaluating Compliance Behavior In An Information Commons." In Behavioral Science Lab Seminars. ,: Even3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/bels2021.354821.

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Tsukamoto, Susumu, Isao Kawaguchi, Goro Arakane, and Hiroshi Honda. "Keyhole behavior in high power laser welding." In LAMP 2002: International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing, edited by Isamu Miyamoto, Kojiro F. Kobayashi, Koji Sugioka, Reinhart Poprawe, and Henry Helvajian. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.497891.

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Batista Adelino, Rogerio, and Leonardo Fernando Cruz Basso. "Risk Seeking Behavior In Anticipation To Volatility Mean Reversal: A Case Study Using Bitcoin And Skew." In Behavioral Science Lab Seminars. ,: Even3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/bels2021.354865.

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Nakata, Yoshiki, Agung B. Hartanto, Mitsuhisa Kawakami, Tatsuo Okada, and Mitsuo Maeda. "Behavior of zinc oxide nanoparticles in pulsed-laser deposition." In LAMP 2002: International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing, edited by Isamu Miyamoto, Kojiro F. Kobayashi, Koji Sugioka, Reinhart Poprawe, and Henry Helvajian. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.486590.

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"[Cover art]." In 2008 ECSIS Symposium on Learning and Adaptive Behaviors for Robotic Systems. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lab-rs.2008.31.

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Di Prodi, Paolo, Bernd Porr, and Florentin Worgotter. "Adaptive Communication Promotes Sub-system Formation in a Multi Agent System with Limited Resources." In 2008 ECSIS Symposium on Learning and Adaptive Behaviors for Robotic Systems. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lab-rs.2008.19.

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Reports on the topic "Lamb behaviour"

1

Díaz, Julia A. Calderón, Joseph D. Stock, and Kenneth J. Stalder. Pictorial Depiction of the Lying-down Behavior of Lame and Non-lame Multiparous Gestating Sows. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1337.

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Filiz-Ozbay, Emel, Jonathan Guryan, Kyle Hyndman, Melissa Schettini Kearney, and Erkut Ozbay. Do Lottery Payments Induce Savings Behavior: Evidence from the Lab. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19130.

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McNatt, J. D. Rate- and duration-of-load behavior of lab-made structural flakeboards. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-252.

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Volk, C. H., and R. P. Frueholz. The Role of Long Term Lamp Fluctuations in the Random Walk of Frequency Behavior of the Rubidium Frequency Standard. A Case Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada155338.

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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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Harari, Ally R., Russell A. Jurenka, Ada Rafaeli, and Victoria Soroker. Evolution of resistance to mating disruption in the pink bollworm moth evidence and possible mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598165.bard.

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t The pink bollworm, Pectinophoragossypiellais a key pest of cotton world-wide. In Israel mating disruption sex pheromone is used in all cotton fields and recent repeated outbreaks of the pest populations has suggested a change in the population sex pheromone characteristics. The research goals were to (1) determine the change in pheromone characteristic of PBW females after long experience to Mating Disruption (MD), (2) to test the male’s antennae response (EAG) to pheromone characteristics of laboratory, naive females, and of field collected, MD experienced females, (3) to analyse the biosynthetic pathway for possible enzyme variations, (4) to determine the male behavioural response to the pheromone blend involved in the resistance to MD. The experiments revealed that (1) MD experienced females produced pheromone blend with higher ZZ ratio than lab reared (MD naive females) that typically produced ZZ:EE ratio of 1:1. (2) Male’s origin did not affect its response to pheromone characteristics of lab or field females. (3) A transcriptome study demonstrated many gene-encode enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, but some of the transcripts were produced in differing levels in the MD resistant populations. (4) Male origin (field or lab) influenced males’ choice of mate with strong preference to females sharing the same origin. However, when MD was applied, males of both populations were more attracted to females originated form failed MD treated fields. We conclude that in MD failed fields a change in the population mean of the ratio of the pheromone components had occurred. Males in these fields had changed their search “image” accordingly while keeping the wide range of response to all pheromone characteristics. The change in the pheromone blend is due to different level of pheromone related enzyme production.
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Zhang, Renduo, and David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.

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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. Therefore, determination of scale-dependent and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties provides the essential information for quantifying water flow and chemical transport through the subsurface, which are the key processes for detection of potential agricultural/industrial contaminants, reduction of agricultural chemical movement, improvement of soil and water quality, and increase of agricultural productivity. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales at large fields; 2. to develop scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties; and 3. to determine spatial variability and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties as a function of measurement scales. The US investigators conducted field and lab experiments to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales. Based on the field and lab experiments, a well-structured database of soil physical and hydraulic properties was developed. The database was used to study scale-dependency, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. An improved method was developed for calculating hydraulic properties based on infiltration data from the disc infiltrometer. Compared with the other methods, the proposed method provided more accurate and stable estimations of the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic capillary length, using infiltration data collected atshort experiment periods. We also developed scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties using the fractal and geostatistical characterization. The research effort of the Israeli research team concentrates on tasks along the second objective. The main accomplishment of this effort is that we succeed to derive first-order, upscaled (block effective) conductivity tensor, K'ᵢⱼ, and time-dependent dispersion tensor, D'ᵢⱼ, i,j=1,2,3, for steady-state flow in three-dimensional, partially saturated, heterogeneous formations, for length-scales comparable with those of the formation heterogeneity. Numerical simulations designed to test the applicability of the upscaling methodology to more general situations involving complex, transient flow regimes originating from periodic rain/irrigation events and water uptake by plant roots suggested that even in this complicated case, the upscaling methodology essentially compensated for the loss of sub-grid-scale variations of the velocity field caused by coarse discretization of the flow domain. These results have significant implications with respect to the development of field-scale solute transport models capable of simulating complex real-world scenarios in the subsurface, and, in turn, are essential for the assessment of the threat posed by contamination from agricultural and/or industrial sources.
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8

In Conversation... Professor Lucy Bowes on early life stress. ACAMH, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.9324.

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Professor Lucy Bowes, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, and Head of the oRANGE Lab, discusses her research on early life stress in relation to psychological and behavioural development, the impact of bullying in adolescents, together with exciting developments with virtual reality.
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