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Journal articles on the topic 'Lake Champlain Basin'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Parent, Michel, and Serge Occhietti. "Late Wisconsinan Deglaciation and Champlain Sea Invasion in the St. Lawrence Valley, Québec." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 42, no. 3 (December 18, 2007): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032734ar.

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ABSTRACT Champlain Sea history is directly linked to Late Wisconsinan deglacial episodes. Champlain Sea Phase I (Charlesbourg Phase) began in the Québec area at about 12.4 ka. It represented a western extension of the Goldthwait Sea between remnant Appalachian ice masses and the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Further south, at about the same time, in the Appalachian uplands and piedmont, high-level glacial lakes were impounded by the ice-front during glacial retreat toward NNW: lakes Vermont, Memphrémagog and Mégantic. Lowlands of the Upper St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain valleys were progressively deglaciated and inundated by Lake Iroquois and Lake Vermont. At about 12.1 ka, these two lakes coalesced and formed a single water-body, here referred to as Lake Candona. After the Ulverton-Tingwick Moraine was constructed, this lake extended northeastward onto the Appalachian piedmont where varved sediments containing Candona subtriangulata underlie marine clays. Current data and interpretations bring into question the former concept of the Highland Front Moraine System. The invasion of the main basin, or Champlain Sea Phase II, began around 12 ka. Replacement of Lake Candona by the sea resulted in a fall of about 60 m in water levels. Champlain Sea Phase III began at the end of the Saint-Narcisse episode, at about 10.8 ka. At this time marine waters were able to enter valleys of the Laurentian Highlands where brackish or fresh paramarine basins developed.

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2

Meals, Donald W., and Lenore F. Budd. "LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN NONPOINT SOURCE PHOSPHORUS ASSESSMENT." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34, no. 2 (April 1998): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04132.x.

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3

Howe, Eric A., J. Ellen Marsden, and Wayne Bouffard. "Movement of Sea Lamprey in the Lake Champlain Basin." Journal of Great Lakes Research 32, no. 4 (2006): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[776:moslit]2.0.co;2.

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4

Stickney, Michaela, Colleen Hickey, and Roland Hoerr. "Lake Champlain Basin Program: Working together today for tomorrow." Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 6, no. 3 (September 27, 2001): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1770.2001.00150.x.

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5

Young, Bradley, BJ Allaire, and Stephen Smith. "Achieving Sea Lamprey Control in Lake Champlain." Fishes 6, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010002.

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The control of parasitic sea lamprey in Lake Champlain has been a necessary component of its fishery restoration and recovery goals for 30 years. While adopting the approach of the larger and established sea lamprey control program of the Laurentian Great Lakes, local differences emerged that shifted management focus and effort as the program evolved. Increased investment in lamprey assessment and monitoring revealed under-estimations of population density and distribution in the basin, where insufficient control efforts went unnoticed. As control efforts improved in response to a better understanding of the population, the effects of lamprey on the fishery lessened. A long-term evaluation of fishery responses when lamprey control was started, interrupted, delayed, and enhanced provided evidence of a recurring relationship between the level of control effort applied and the measured suppression of the parasitic sea lamprey population. Changes in levels of control efforts over time showed repeatedly that measurable suppression of the parasitic population required effective control of 80% of the known larval population. Understanding the importance of assessment and monitoring and the relationship between control effort and population suppression has led to recognition that a comprehensive, not incremental, approach is needed to achieve effective control of sea lamprey in Lake Champlain.

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6

Rayburn, John A., Thomas M. Cronin, David A. Franzi, Peter L. K. Knuepfer, and Debra A. Willard. "Timing and duration of North American glacial lake discharges and the Younger Dryas climate reversal." Quaternary Research 75, no. 3 (May 2011): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.02.004.

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AbstractRadiocarbon-dated sediment cores from the Champlain Valley (northeastern USA) contain stratigraphic and micropaleontologic evidence for multiple, high-magnitude, freshwater discharges from North American proglacial lakes to the North Atlantic. Of particular interest are two large, closely spaced outflows that entered the North Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence estuary about 13,200–12,900 cal yr BP, near the beginning of the Younger Dryas cold event. We estimate from varve chronology, sedimentation rates and proglacial lake volumes that the duration of the first outflow was less than 1 yr and its discharge was approximately 0.1 Sv (1 Sverdrup = 106 m3 s−1). The second outflow lasted about a century with a sustained discharge sufficient to keep the Champlain Sea relatively fresh for its duration. According to climate models, both outflows may have had sufficient discharge, duration and timing to affect meridional ocean circulation and climate. In this report we compare the proglacial lake discharge record in the Champlain and St. Lawrence valleys to paleoclimate records from Greenland Ice cores and Cariaco Basin and discuss the two-step nature of the inception of the Younger Dryas.

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7

Meals, D. W. "Water quality response to riparian restoration in an agricultural watershed in Vermont, USA." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0280.

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Achievement of management goals for Lake Champlain (Vermont/New York, USA and Quebec, Canada) will require reduction of agricultural phosphorus loads, the dominant nonpoint source in the Basin. Cost-effective phosphorus reduction strategies need reliable treatment techniques beyond basic cropland and waste management practices. The Lake Champlain Basin Agricultural Watersheds National Monitoring Program (NMP) Project evaluates the effectiveness of livestock exclusion, streambank protection, and riparian restoration practices in reducing concentrations and loads of nutrients, sediment, and bacteria in surface waters. Treatment and control watersheds in northwestern Vermont have been monitored since 1994 according to a paired-watershed design. Monitoring consists of continuous stream discharge recording, flow-proportional sampling for total P, total Kjeldahl N, and total suspended solids, grab sampling for indicator bacterial, and land use/agricultural monitoring. Strong statistical calibration between the control and treatment watersheds has been achieved. Installation of riparian fencing, protected stream crossings, and streambank bioengineering was completed in 1997. Early post-treatment data suggest significant reduction in P concentrations and loads and in bacteria counts in the treated watershed. Monitoring is scheduled to continue through 2000.

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8

Guilbert, Justin, Brian Beckage, Jonathan M. Winter, Radley M. Horton, Timothy Perkins, and Arne Bomblies. "Impacts of Projected Climate Change over the Lake Champlain Basin in Vermont." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 8 (August 2014): 1861–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0338.1.

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AbstractThe Lake Champlain basin is a critical ecological and socioeconomic resource of the northeastern United States and southern Quebec, Canada. While general circulation models (GCMs) provide an overview of climate change in the region, they lack the spatial and temporal resolution necessary to fully anticipate the effects of rising global temperatures associated with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Observed trends in precipitation and temperature were assessed across the Lake Champlain basin to bridge the gap between global climate change and local impacts. Future shifts in precipitation and temperature were evaluated as well as derived indices, including maple syrup production, days above 32.2°C (90°F), and snowfall, relevant to managing the natural and human environments in the region. Four statistically downscaled, bias-corrected GCM simulations were evaluated from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) forced by two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) to sample the uncertainty in future climate simulations. Precipitation is projected to increase by between 9.1 and 12.8 mm yr−1 decade−1 during the twenty-first century while daily temperatures are projected to increase between 0.43° and 0.49°C decade−1. Annual snowfall at six major ski resorts in the region is projected to decrease between 46.9% and 52.4% by the late twenty-first century. In the month of July, the number of days above 32.2°C in Burlington, Vermont, is projected to increase by over 10 days during the twenty-first century.

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9

Normandeau, Alexandre, Patrick Lajeunesse, Annie-Pier Trottier, Antoine G. Poiré, and Reinhard Pienitz. "Sedimentation in isolated glaciomarine embayments during glacio-isostatically induced relative sea level fall (northern Champlain Sea basin)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 10 (October 2017): 1049–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0002.

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The nature of glaciomarine sediments deposited during ice margin retreat can vary according to physiographic setting and relative sea level fluctuations. To understand the effects of these two parameters on sedimentation, we analyzed the sediment records of four lakes located within former isolated glaciomarine embayments of the northern Champlain Sea basin. These lakes were initially inundated by marine water of the Champlain Sea, following deglaciation, and have subsequently experienced basin isolation owing to glacio-isostatic rebound. Three of these lakes reveal a common litho- and acoustic stratigraphic succession, characterized by an IRD-free glaciomarine to marine facies consisting of homogeneous to faintly laminated clayey silts grading into well-laminated silts with rapidly deposited layers. These two units recorded the transitional environment from glaciomarine sedimentation below multiyear shorefast ice to increased terrestrial runoff and rapid glacio-isostatic rebound once the ice margin retreated inland. During ice margin retreat, relative sea level fell concomitantly resulting in the deposition of coarser sediments in marine embayments. Upon the complete retreat of the ice margin, the supply of terrestrial sediments diminished and lake isolation, driven by relative sea level fall, led to higher biogenic content and increased bioturbation. This study provides a framework for sedimentation in isolated glaciomarine embayments which differs from deep-water sedimentation owing to the presence of shorefast sea-ice and their protected location from major ice-stream outlets.

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10

L. T. Ghebremichael, T. L. Veith, and M. C. Watzin. "Determination of Critical Source Areas for Phosphorus Loss: Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont." Transactions of the ASABE 53, no. 5 (2010): 1595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.34898.

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11

Parent, Michel, and Serge Occhietti. "Late Wisconsinan deglaciation and glacial lake development in the Appalachians of southeastern Québec." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 53, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004859ar.

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Abstract Late Wisconsinan deglaciation in southeastern Québec was preceded by a northward ice-flow reversal that was recorded in the northeastern part of the region. The reversal event was generated by flow convergence toward the St. Lawrence Ice Stream, a northeastward-flowing ice stream which formed in the St. Lawrence estuary prior to 13 000 years BP and lasted until at least 12 400 years BP. In the Bois-Francs uplands, the flow reversal event led to the formation of a semi-detached ice mass that underwent widespread stagnation and downwasting. In the southwestern region, northward retreat of the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet was marked by the formation of a series of discontinuous recessional moraines and by the development of ice-dammed lakes in the main valleys. The level of these lakes fell as progressively lower outlets became ice-free. The main episodes are (1) the Sherbrooke Phase of Glacial Lake Memphremagog, (2) an unnamed transitional lake and (3) Glacial Lake Candona, a large lake which had expanded northeastward from the deglaciated regions of the Upper St. Lawrence (Lake Iroquois) and Ottawa valleys to the Lake Champlain (Glacial Lake Vermont) basin. As recorded by the Danville Varves, Lake Candona lasted about 100 years following deposition of the Ulverton-Tingwick Moraine. Subsequent ice retreat along the Appalachian piedmont led to final drainage of Lake Candona and allowed Champlain Sea waters to invade much of these glaciolacustrine terrains about 12 000 years BP. On the basis of the Danville Varves record, a regional rate of ice retreat of about 200 m·a -1 is inferred. The age of the earliest moraine, the Frontier Moraine, is thus about 12 550 years BP, while the ages of the subsequent Dixville, Cherry River-East-Angus, Mont Ham and Ulverton-Tingwick moraines are estimated at 12 500, 12 325, 12 200 et 12 100 years BP, respectively.

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12

Ishee, Eulaila R., Donald S. Ross, Kerrie M. Garvey, Rebecca R. Bourgault, and Charlotte R. Ford. "Phosphorus Characterization and Contribution from Eroding Streambank Soils of Vermont's Lake Champlain Basin." Journal of Environmental Quality 44, no. 6 (November 2015): 1745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.02.0108.

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13

Eisenhower, Marc D., and Donna L. Parrish. "Double-Crested Cormorant and Fish Interactions in a Shallow Basin of Lake Champlain." Waterbirds 32, no. 3 (September 2009): 388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.032.0303.

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14

Gao, Ning, Amy E. Gildemeister, Kira Krumhansl, Katherine Lafferty, Philip K. Hopke, Eugene Kim, and Richard L. Poirot. "Sources of Fine Particulate Species in Ambient Air over Lake Champlain Basin, VT." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 56, no. 11 (November 2006): 1607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464557.

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15

Richard, Pierre J. H., and Serge Occhietti. "14C chronology for ice retreat and inception of Champlain Sea in the St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada." Quaternary Research 63, no. 3 (May 2005): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.02.003.

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AMS radiocarbon cross-dating of plant debris and marine shells trapped in a lake basin on Mount St. Hilaire (Québec, Canada) provides a direct assessment of a reservoir effect totaling ca. 1800 14C years during the early stage of Champlain Sea. Pollen-based extrapolation of bottommost ages on terrestrial plant macrofossils in sediments of this lake, and of another lake nearby support an estimate of 11,100 ± 100 14C yr B.P. for marine invasion in the Central St. Lawrence River Lowlands. Results indicate a 400–1000 years younger regional chronology of ice retreat, now congruent with the one inferred from the New England varve chronology. This is a summary of a longer paper to be published in French.

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16

Naldrett, Dana L. "The Late Glacial-Early Glaciomarine Transition in the Ottawa Valley: Evidence for a Glacial Lake?" Géographie physique et Quaternaire 42, no. 2 (December 18, 2007): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032723ar.

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ABSTRACT Rhythmites overlying either cross-bedded sand or diamicton are found throughout the Ottawa Valley. Previously thought to be restricted glacial lake sediments, they are now known to be widespread, and represent a large proglacial lake which preceded the Champlain Sea. The rhythmites consist of thin silt and clay laminae which fine upwards and contain slump, flame, shear (ice-contact?) and fluid escape structures. Ice-rafted material is common. The ostracode Candona cf. C. subtriangulata occurs in low numbers and indicates a freshwater body with depth of approximately 200 m. The alternation of silt and clay rhythmite laminae is characteristic of deposition by underflow and overflow currents, respectively. To produce underflows with typical glacial outwash concentrations may require discharge into fresh rather than marine water. This evidence and the widespread occurrence of rhythmites throughout the Ottawa Valley and the Rideau Lakes area suggests a large proglacial lake as the sedimentary basin. The lake is tentatively correlated with the Belleville Phase of Glacial Lake Iroquois and the Ft. Ann Phase of Glacial Lake Vermont. These phases occurred at depths consistent with the requirements for Candona survival. The water body which existed in the Ottawa area is here called Lake Rideau after the type locality where rhythmites were first observed. Generation of such a lake favours the more conventional "window blind" model for déglaciation rather than the calving bay concept.

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17

Meals, D. W., and R. B. Hopkins. "Phosphorus reductions following riparian restoration in two agricultural watersheds in Vermont, USA." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0203.

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Achievement of management goals for Lake Champlain (Vermont/New York, USA and Quebec, Canada) will require significant reductions of phosphorus (P) loads from agriculture, the dominant diffuse source in the basin. Cost-effective P reduction strategies must be based on reliable treatment techniques beyond basic erosion control and animal waste storage practices. The Lake Champlain Basin Agricultural Watersheds National Monitoring Program (NMP) Project evaluates the effectiveness of low-cost livestock exclusion, streambank protection, and riparian restoration practices in reducing concentrations and loads of diffuse-source pollutants from grazing land at the watershed level. Treatment and control watersheds in northwestern Vermont have been monitored since 1994 according to a paired-watershed design. Monitoring includes continuous stream discharge recording, flow-proportional sampling for total P and other pollutants, and documentation of land use and agricultural management activities. Strong statistical calibration between the control and treatment watersheds has been achieved. Landowner participation in the land treatment program was entirely voluntary and all treatments were 100% cost-shared by the project and cooperators. Installation of riparian fencing, alternative water supplies, protected stream crossings, and streambank bioengineering was completed in 1997 at a cost of less than US$40,000. The paired-watershed design was effective in controlling for the influence of extreme variations in precipitation and streamflow over six years of monitoring. Two years of post-treatment data have documented significant reductions in P concentrations and loads from both treated watersheds. Reductions of ∼20% in mean total P concentration and ∼20–50% in mean total P load have been observed, with greater reductions occurring in the watershed receiving more extensive treatment. The effectiveness of riparian zone restoration in P reduction tended to be lower during periods of very high runoff, especially outside the growing season.

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18

Lewis, C. F. M., and T. W. Anderson. "A younger glacial Lake Iroquois in the Lake Ontario basin, Ontario and New York: re-examination of pollen stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 4 (April 2020): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0076.

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Revision of palynochronologic and radiocarbon age estimates for the termination of glacial Lake Iroquois, mainly based on a currently accepted younger determination of the key Picea–Pinus pollen transition, shows agreement with recently established constraints for this late glacial event in the Lake Ontario basin at 13 000 cal years BP. The date of emergence or isolation of small lake basins reflects the termination of inundation by glacial lake waters. The increasing upward presence of plant detritus and the onset of organic sedimentation marks the isolation level in the sediments of a small lake basin. The upward relative decline and cessation of pollen from trees such as Pinus, Quercus, and other thermophilous hardwoods that were wind transported long distances from southern areas also mark the isolation of inundated small lake basins by the declining water level of Lake Iroquois as local vegetation grew and local pollen overwhelmed long-distance-transported pollen. Re-examination of data in small lake basins north of Lake Ontario using the above criteria shows that the age range for the termination of Lake Iroquois derived from these data overlaps other age constraints. These constraints are based on a varve-estimated duration of post-Iroquois phases before incursion of the Champlain Sea, a newly discovered late ice advance into northern New York State, and the age of a mastodon at Cohoes, New York. The new age (13 000 cal years BP) for Lake Iroquois termination is significantly younger than the previous estimate of 11 800 14C (13 600 cal) years BP.

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19

Spett, Emma J. "Building Resilience in Trans-boundary Social-Ecological Systems: Adaptive Governance in the Lake Champlain Richelieu River Basin." Complexity, Governance & Networks 5, no. 1 (October 24, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/cgn-81.

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Addressing the management of water bodies that cross political, cultural, and ecological boundaries entails working with a level of complexity that requires creative, adaptive management strategies that build resilience throughout the system and allow for increased capacity in the face of disturbance. To characterize the extent to which such complexity can be managed, this paper explores the application of the social-ecological systems framework, proposed by Brian Walker and David Salt, for assessing and managing resilience. Elements of this framework will be utilized with respect to the Lake Champlain Richelieu River Basin, which is a freshwater basin that exists between the United States and Canada, in Vermont, New York, and Quebec. The paper will end with considerations regarding how adaptive management and adaptive governance can be employed as tools to build resilience in this region.

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20

Young, E. O., D. S. Ross, C. Alves, and T. Villars. "Soil and landscape influences on native riparian phosphorus availability in three Lake Champlain Basin stream corridors." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.67.1.1.

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21

Burke, J., M. Hoyer, G. Keeler, and T. Scherbatskoy. "Wet deposition of mercury and ambient mercury concentrations at a site in the Lake Champlain basin." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 80, no. 1-4 (February 1995): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01189685.

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22

Sullivan, S. Mažeika P., Mary C. Watzin, and William S. Keeton. "A riverscape perspective on habitat associations among riverine bird assemblages in the Lake Champlain Basin, USA." Landscape Ecology 22, no. 8 (April 17, 2007): 1169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9097-3.

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23

Huang, Huanping, Jonathan M. Winter, Erich C. Osterberg, Janel Hanrahan, Cindy L. Bruyère, Patrick Clemins, and Brian Beckage. "Simulating precipitation and temperature in the Lake Champlain basin using a regional climate model: limitations and uncertainties." Climate Dynamics 54, no. 1-2 (September 20, 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04987-8.

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24

Ross, Martin, Michel Parent, Beatriz Benjumea, and James Hunter. "The late Quaternary stratigraphic record northwest of Montréal: regional ice-sheet dynamics, ice-stream activity, and early deglacial events." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 461–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-118.

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The Quaternary sediments of previously unstudied buried valleys and sections near Montréal are analyzed and other sites are revisited to further develop the stratigraphic framework of the St. Lawrence Lowland and to establish regional glacial and deglacial models. The southwest-trending buried valleys were investigated by stratigraphic drilling and high-resolution seismic profiling. The Quaternary succession consists, from base to top, of proximal glaciolacustrine sediments, two superposed till sheets (Argenteuil and Oka tills) of inferred Late Wisconsinan age, and Champlain Sea sediments. The glacial sediments of this sequence record an ice advance toward south (Argenteuil Till) followed by an abrupt ice-flow shift toward the southwest (Oka Till). Compositional and geomorphic data indicate that Oka Till is ubiquitous and is associated with a regional set of glacial landforms. The analysis of a regional digital elevation model in combination with published ice-flow indicators shows convergent flow patterns from the OttawaMontréalAdirondack regions toward the Lake Ontario basin. Landforms produced by the inferred ice stream are locally crosscut by southward-trending ice-flow features. Hence southward flow in the upper St. Lawrence Valley seemingly took place in two distinct contexts: (1) during full glacial conditions, as ice margins stood at or near the late glacial maximum limits, and (2) during late deglaciation, as a post-ice stream reequilibration mechanism. Early deglacial events in the study area were also characterized by subglacial meltwater channelling and erosion along the valleys, subaquatic outwash deposition in glacial Lake Candona, and rapid infill of the valleys during the early stages of the ensuing Champlain Sea.

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25

Weller, Christine M., Mary C. Watzin, and Deane Wang. "Role of wetlands in reducing phosphorus loading to surface water in eight watersheds in the Lake Champlain Basin." Environmental Management 20, no. 5 (September 1996): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01204144.

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26

Mohammed, Ibrahim Nourein, Arne Bomblies, and Beverley C. Wemple. "The use of CMIP5 data to simulate climate change impacts on flow regime within the Lake Champlain Basin." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 3 (March 2015): 160–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.01.002.

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27

Galois, Patrick, and Martin Ouellet. "Traumatic Injuries in Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone spinifera) Due to Recreational Activities in the Northern Lake Champlain Basin." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6, no. 2 (2007): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[288:tiiess]2.0.co;2.

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28

Modley, Margaret D. "Aquatic invasive species rapid response planning partnerships in the Lake Champlain basin: Bridging international, political, social, and economic gaps." Water SA 34, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v34i4.183659.

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29

Bitterman, Patrick, and Christopher J. Koliba. "Modeling Alternative Collaborative Governance Network Designs: An Agent-Based Model of Water Governance in the Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 30, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 636–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa013.

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Abstract With the widespread use of collaborative governance mechanisms for mitigating water pollution, an opportunity exists to test alternative institutional designs based on collaborative governance theory using computer simulation models, particularly when there is a clear relationship between governance networks, observable resource allocation decisions, and measurable outcomes. This is especially the case for wicked problems like nonpoint source water pollution where there are compelling questions regarding how best to design policies, allocate funds, and build administrative capacity to meet water quality standards. We present an agent-based model (ABM) of water governance for the Lake Champlain Basin to simulate the impacts of alternative collaborative governance arrangements on the development of suites of water quality projects. The ABM is connected or coupled with land use and phosphorus load accumulation models that are informed by existing hydrologic models, project datasets, and state-set load reduction targets. We find that regionally arranged collaborative governance in water quality project planning and implementation can lead to better water quality outcomes, thereby affirming one of the central premises of collaborative governance regime theory. We also find that externally mandated collaboration, as opposed to voluntary, self-initiated collaboration, can lead to better water quality outcomes, adding to our understanding of which type of collaborative governance arrangement is best suited to the specific contexts of this case. Further, without adequate administrative capacity in the form of human resources located in central network actors to manage project funds, “administrative bottlenecks” may form and money can go unspent. This research demonstrates the efficacy of using simulations of alternative institutional design for theory testing and tuning, and policy prototyping.

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Serrouya, Robert, Anthony Ricciardi, and Fred G. Whoriskey. "Predation on zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) by captive-reared map turtles (Graptemys geographica)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-265.

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The suitability of the Eurasian zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, as prey for the common map turtle, Graptemys geographica, was tested under laboratory conditions. The turtles, which were reared in captivity without contact with molluscs, readily consumed zebra mussels in every feeding trial. Mussels were ingested whole. Repeated exposure to zebra mussels in successive trials did not increase consumption rates (ca. 11 mussels/turtle per day), suggesting that the turtles required little time to recognize and efficiently utilize zebra mussels as prey. The turtles were offered zebra mussels ranging from 4 to 34 mm in length and consumed mussels as large as 32 mm, but mussels larger than 25 mm were consumed at lower rates. Turtles consumed lower numbers of zebra mussels in the presence of an alternative prey, the prosobranch snail Bithynia tentaculata, which is common in map turtle habitats in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River system. Populations of map turtles and zebra mussels are sympatric in the upper St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain, the lower Great Lakes, and the upper Mississippi River basin. Our results suggest that map turtles may forage on zebra mussels in nature, but zebra mussels will be important prey only when preferred or more profitable prey are scarce.

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31

Klaiber, Laura B., Stephen R. Kramer, and Eric O. Young. "Impacts of Tile Drainage on Phosphorus Losses from Edge-of-Field Plots in the Lake Champlain Basin of New York." Water 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020328.

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Quantifying the influence of tile drainage on phosphorus (P) transport risk is important where eutrophication is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare P exports from tile-drained (TD) and undrained (UD) edge-of-field plots in northern New York. Four plots (46 by 23 m) were established with tile drainage and surface runoff collection during 2012–2013. Grass sod was terminated in fall 2013 and corn (Zea mays L.) for silage was grown in 2014 and 2015. Runoff, total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total suspended solids (TSS) exports were measured from April 2014 through June 2015. Mean total runoff was 396% greater for TD, however, surface runoff for TD was reduced by 84% compared to UD. There was no difference in mean cumulative TP export, while SRP and TSS exports were 55% and 158% greater for UD, respectively. A three day rain/snowmelt event resulted in 61% and 84% of cumulative SRP exports for TD and UD, respectively, with over 100% greater TP, SRP and TSS exports for UD. Results indicate that tile drainage substantially reduced surface runoff, TSS and SRP exports while having no impact on TP exports, suggesting tile drains may not increase the overall P export risk.

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32

Howe, Eric A., J. Ellen Marsden, Therese M. Donovan, and Roland H. Lamberson. "A life cycle approach to modeling sea lamprey population dynamics in the Lake Champlain basin to evaluate alternative control strategies." Journal of Great Lakes Research 38 (January 2012): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2011.11.002.

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33

Cianfrani, Christina M., S. Mažeika P. Sullivan, W. Cully Hession, and Mary C. Watzin. "A MULTITAXONOMIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING LOCAL- VERSUS WATERSHED-SCALE INFLUENCES ON STREAM BIOTA IN THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN, VERMONT, USA." River Research and Applications 28, no. 7 (December 2, 2010): 973–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1470.

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34

Ren, Qing, Asim Zia, Donna M. Rizzo, and Nancy Mathews. "Modeling the Influence of Public Risk Perceptions on the Adoption of Green Stormwater Infrastructure: An Application of Bayesian Belief Networks Versus Logistic Regressions on a Statewide Survey of Households in Vermont." Water 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102793.

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There is growing environmental psychology and behavior literature with mixed empirical evidence about the influence of public risk perceptions on the adoption of environmentally friendly “green behaviors”. Adoption of stormwater green infrastructure on residential properties, while costlier in the short term compared to conventional greywater infrastructure, plays an important role in the reduction of nutrient loading from non-point sources into freshwater rivers and lakes. In this study, we use Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) to analyze a 2015 survey dataset (sample size = 472 respondents) about the adoption of green infrastructure (GSI) in Vermont’s residential areas, most of which are located in either the Lake Champlain Basin or Connecticut River Basin. Eight categories of GSI were investigated: roof diversion, permeable pavement, infiltration trenches, green roofs, rain gardens, constructed wetlands, tree boxes, and others. Using both unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms, we used Bayesian Belief Networks to quantify the influence of public risk perceptions on GSI adoption while accounting for a range of demographic and spatial variables. We also compare the effectiveness of the Bayesian Belief Network approach and logistic regression in predicting the pro-environmental behaviors (adoption of GSI). The results show that influencing factors for current adoption differ by the type of GSI. Increased perception of risk from stormwater issues is associated with the adoption of rain gardens and infiltration trenches. Runoff issues are more likely to be considered the governments’ (town, state, and federal agencies) responsibility, whereas lawn erosion is more likely to be considered the residents’ responsibility. When using the same set of variables to predict pro-environmental behaviors (adoption of GSI), the BBN approach produces more accurate predictions compared to logistic regression. The results provide insights for further research on how to encourage residents to take measures for mitigating stormwater issues and stormwater management.

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35

Keeton, William S., Erin M. Copeland, S. Mažeika P. Sullivan, and Mary C. Watzin. "Riparian forest structure and stream geomorphic condition: implications for flood resilience." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 4 (April 2017): 476–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0327.

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Managing riparian corridors for flood resilience requires understanding of linkages between vegetation condition and stream geomorphology. Stream assessment approaches increasingly use channel morphology as an indicator of stream condition, with only cursory examination of riparian vegetation. Our research (i) examines relationships between stream geomorphic condition, as assessed by Rapid Geomorphic Assessment (RGA) scores, and riparian forest structure, and (ii) investigates scale dependencies in the linkages between land cover and stream geomorphology. We sampled vegetation structure and composition and assessed geomorphic condition at 32 stream reaches within the Lake Champlain Basin, USA. RGA scores were modeled as a function of structural attributes using classification and regression trees. Landsat coverages were used to delineate land uses within five nested spatial scales. Generalized linear models (GLM) evaluated relationships between land cover and RGA scores. Standard deviation of basal area partitioned the greatest variability in RGA scores, but dead tree density and basal area (positively) and shrub density (negatively) were also significant predictors. RGA was related to forest and agricultural cover at the two finest scales. Riparian forest structure is highly dynamic in relation to stand development and disturbance history; simple forest cover information does not capture these differences or their influences on stream geomorphic condition.

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Keeton, William S. "Evaluation of Tree Seedling Mortality and Protective Strategies in Riparian Forest Restoration." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.3.117.

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Abstract Riparian forest restoration can be severely constrained by tree seedling mortality. I evaluated the effects of tree shelters and planting density on herbivory and seedling mortality at a restoration site in the Lake Champlain Basin of Vermont. Eighteen experimental units were established along a 5th-order stream and planted with bare-root seedlings of seven species associated with northern hardwood floodplain forests. Two treatments were applied in a factorial design: shelters versus no shelters and high versus low planting density. Mortality and herbivory data were collected over three growing seasons. Survivorship declined to 56.4% after three growing seasons and varied significantly by species. Planting density, presence/absence of shelters, and their interaction had significant effects on survival, browse, or girdling intensity when tested for all species combined. Browse rates were high (44%), whereas girdling rates were low (3.4%). Both browse (P < 0.001) and girdling (P = 0.022) contributed to seedling mortality. High rates of deer browse on seedlings in shelters were due, in part, to the short height (60 cm) of the shelters, suggesting a need for taller shelters. A large portion (39%) of dead seedlings were neither browsed nor girdled, signaling the importance of other mortality agents. An adaptive approach is recommended to compensate for high seedling mortality and the limited effectiveness of protective devices.

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Guercio, Lara D. "The Struggle Between Man and Nature—Agriculture, Nonpoint Source Pollution, and Clean Water: How to Implement the State of Vermont's Phosphorous TMDL Within the Lake Champlain Basin." Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 12, no. 2 (2011): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/vermjenvilaw.12.2.455.

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38

Stickney, Michaela. "Building bridges, fording streams, reaching agreement in the Lake Champlain basin: Alternatives to legislation and regulation rooted in citizen and science-based approaches to inspire watershed protection." Water SA 34, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v34i4.183658.

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39

Diehl, Rebecca M., Jesse D. Gourevitch, Stephanie Drago, and Beverley C. Wemple. "Improving flood hazard datasets using a low-complexity, probabilistic floodplain mapping approach." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e0248683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248683.

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As runoff patterns shift with a changing climate, it is critical to effectively communicate current and future flood risks, yet existing flood hazard maps are insufficient. Modifying, extending, or updating flood inundation extents is difficult, especially over large scales, because traditional floodplain mapping approaches are data and resource intensive. Low-complexity floodplain mapping techniques are promising alternatives, but their simplistic representation of process falls short of capturing inundation patterns in all situations or settings. To address these needs and deficiencies, we formalize and extend the functionality of the Height Above Nearest Drainage (i.e., HAND) floodplain mapping approach into the probHAND model by incorporating an uncertainty analysis. With publicly available datasets, the probHAND model can produce probabilistic floodplain maps for large areas relatively rapidly. We describe the modeling approach and then provide an example application in the Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont, USA. Uncertainties translate to on-the-ground changes to inundated areas, or floodplain widths, in the study area by an average of 40%. We found that the spatial extent of probable inundation captured the distribution of observed and modeled flood extents well, suggesting that low-complexity models may be sufficient for representing inundation extents in support of flood risk and conservation mapping applications, especially when uncertainties in parameter inputs and process simplifications are accounted for. To improve the accuracy of flood hazard datasets, we recommend investing limited resources in accurate topographic datasets and improved flood frequency analyses. Such investments will have the greatest impact on decreasing model output variability, therefore increasing the certainty of flood inundation extents.

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Zia, Asim, Arne Bomblies, Andrew W. Schroth, Christopher Koliba, Peter D. F. Isles, Yushiou Tsai, Ibrahim N. Mohammed, et al. "Coupled impacts of climate and land use change across a river–lake continuum: insights from an integrated assessment model of Lake Champlain’s Missisquoi Basin, 2000–2040." Environmental Research Letters 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 114026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114026.

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41

Chiapella, Ariana, Bianca Possamai, J. Ellen Marsden, Martin J. Kainz, and Jason D. Stockwell. "Contrasting energy pathways suggest differing susceptibility of pelagic fishes to an invasive ecosystem engineer in a large lake system." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (January 12, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.1061636.

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Species invasions can lead to ecological regime shifts by altering food web structure and changing nutrient cycling. Stable isotopes are a powerful tool to understand the potential and realized impacts of invasive species on food webs, especially when used in tandem with other dietary tracers. An invasion by one of the most notorious freshwater invaders in North America, the quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis), is imminent in Lake Champlain, United States. An invasion by this filter feeder has the potential to drastically alter energy pathways and destabilize pelagic fisheries via bottom-up impacts. However, the extent and magnitude of these impacts depend on the current food web structure of the mid-trophic pelagic food web, which was previously not well described. We used Bayesian stable isotope mixing models informed by stomach content analysis to identify which energy pathways are currently most important to mid-trophic level fishes. We determined that in the Main Lake basin, the spring phytoplankton bloom and deep chlorophyll layer – the resources most vulnerable to quagga mussels – provide a disproportionate amount of support to the pelagic food web via zooplankton and the migrating macroinvertebrate Mysis. The food web in the Northeast Arm of Lake Champlain is supported by epilimnetic phytoplankton, which is more protected from the filtration effects of quagga mussels than the deep chlorophyll layer. However, the Northeast Arm will likely not provide a high-quality foraging refuge to coldwater pelagic fish due to unfavorable oxythermal conditions. The mid-trophic food web of Lake Champlain—and consequently piscivores who rely on these prey—may be vulnerable to the impending quagga mussel invasion if migratory Mysis are not able to shift their diet to benthic resources.

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Young, Eric O., and Donald S. Ross. "Phosphorus Mobilization in Flooded Riparian Soils From the Lake Champlain Basin, VT, USA." Frontiers in Environmental Science 6 (October 18, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00120.

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43

Occhietti, Serge. "The Saint-Narcisse morainic complex and early Younger Dryas events on the southeastern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet." 61, no. 2-3 (February 3, 2010): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038987ar.

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Abstract The Saint-Narcisse morainic complex extends over 750 km along the southern margin of the Laurentian Highlands in Québec, north of the St. Lawrence Valley, between the Ottawa and Saguenay Rivers. To the east, the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin was located in the present St. Lawrence Estuary. To the west, the morainic complex is extended 235 km west of the Ottawa River to the Algonquin Highlands, in Ontario. The general outline of the morainic complex comprises large lobes and reentrants, related to major topographic features. In the lower Saint-Maurice River area, the moraine is composed of reworked clay and till and proximal glaciomarine deposits (Yamachiche Diamicton) and melt-out till and ice-marginal outwash (Charette Drift). The Saint-Narcisse Event can be subdivided in several phases: local readvance in low areas, main phase at the origin of the Saint-Narcisse Moraine s.s., melting-out of the marginal ice with compressive structures and large proglacial outwash features, and slow retreat with secondary ridges. The accuracy of the chronological data is limited by several factors: and a floating chronology is proposed. Two landmarks constrain the age and range of duration of the main Saint-Narcisse phase. The main ridge deposition occured after the onset, ca. 12.9 cal ka, of Champlain Sea in the St. Lawrence Valley, and a rapid ice retreat on the southern edge of the Laurentians. It ended before the drawdowm, in the Lake Huron basin, of Glacial Lake Algonquin ca. 12.5 cal ka. The Saint-Narcisse Event is related to the early cold phase of Younger Dryas, as evidenced by other YD ice readvances in Maine, Nova Scotia, and ice cover on the Gaspé Peninsula. It corresponds to a positive change of the budget of the Laurentide Ice Sheet as a result of climate forcing. After a slow ice front retreat during about 900-700 yr, the final phase of YD is marked by the Mars-Batiscan Moraine, located 17 to 70 km north of the Saint-Narcisse Moraine.

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Ryan, Benjamin E. K., Trisha Shrum, and Asim Zia. "Assessing Farmer Incentives for Transitioning Toward Sustainable Agriculture and Provisioning of Clean Water." Frontiers in Water 4 (July 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.918035.

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Farms are a major source of water pollution in the form of nutrient run off that cause harmful algal blooms and anoxia, both signs of deteriorating water quality. Current policies that incentivize the adoption of nutrient management practices (NMPs) are insufficient, especially as climate change increases the frequency and intensity of flooding. To evaluate the incentives of current policy designs, we implemented a conjoint analysis on survey data collected in the Missisquoi and Lamoille watersheds of Lake Champlain Basin in three waves (2013, 2015, 2020). Using panel and cross-sectional observations over the three waves, we investigate farmers' willingness to accept (WTA) payment for NMPs that improve soil health and reduce nutrient runoff. We identified farmers' WTA for the adoption of three NMPs, cover cropping, conservation tillage, and buffer strips. The approach quantifies gaps between the incentives offered by the current federal conservation programs and payments preferred by farmers as well as the relative importance of NMP attributes. The influence of the payments decreased over the course of the three survey waves, suggesting the characteristics of NMPs are driving farmers' preferences for them. Our analysis shows farmers WTA is 1.13–6 times higher than what existing incentive programs offer. The incentive gaps between WTA and the cheapest of NMPs offered by EQIP are $55.61 for tillage, $103.60 for cover crop and $37.62 for buffers. Designing policy instruments to reduce this gap, the federal programs and policies will be more effective at scaling up the adoption of NMPs by farmers as a tool for sustainable watershed management.

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