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Journal articles on the topic 'Lactose powders'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Liu, Ling, Rikke V. Hedegaard, and Leif H. Skibsted. "Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) are Influenced by Lipids in Milk Powders." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 9 (2013): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13081.

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Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were determined by a polyclonal ELISA method in three milk powders of varying lipid content, during storage in sealed containers at 65°C for up to 20 days. AGEs content correlated with increased water activity (aw), decreased glass transition temperature (Tg), increased lactose crystallisation, and browning in the three milk powders. Formation of stable radicals as detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy correlated with crystallisation of lactose and brown discoloration in the three powders indicating origin from Maillard reactions rather than lipid oxidation. AGEs content was greatest in whole milk powder with highest lipid content, while in butter milk powder formation of secondary lipid oxidation products increased faster as determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.

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2

Lu, Xiang Yun, Lan Chen, Rui Lin Heng, Yun Zhang Cheng, and Umezuruike Linus Opara. "Influence of Mixing Environmental Conditions on Flowability of Lactose Blends." Key Engineering Materials 633 (November 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.3.

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Powder flowability is one of the most important properties affecting the filling and delivering processes of dry powder inhalations. When the powder is exposed to different environmental (temperature, relative humidity (RH)) conditions, the interaction between particulates would influence the flowability of powders. Blends of 83% coarse lactose (D50=126μm) and 17% fine lactose (D50= 7μm) were prepared at three different mixing environments and the effects of temperature and humidity on powder flowability were investigated. Results indicated that mixing under relatively higher temperature and lower RH environmental conditions improved the flowability of lactose blends.

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3

Murphy, Eoin G., Nicolas E. Regost, Yrjö H. Roos, and Mark A. Fenelon. "Powder and Reconstituted Properties of Commercial Infant and Follow-On Formulas." Foods 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010084.

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The physical properties of 15 commercially available infant formulas (IF) and follow-on (FO) formulas were analysed. Powders made with intact milk proteins were classified into two groups; Type I—homogenous mixtures of milk powder particles (n = 6); and Type II—heterogeneous mixtures of milk powder particles and tomahawk-shaped α-lactose monohydrate crystals (n = 6). Powders made using hydrolysed proteins were classified as Type III powders (n = 3). Type II powders exhibited similar flow characteristics to Type I powders despite having significantly (p < 0.05) smaller particle size, lower circularity, and greater elongation. Type III powders exhibited lowest particles size, highest surface free fat, and poorest flow properties (p < 0.05 for all). Upon reconstitution of powders (12.5% w/w), no significant difference (p < 0.05) in apparent viscosity was observed between Type I and II powders. Reconstituted Type III powders had relatively poor stability to separation compared to Type I and II powders, caused by large starch granules and/or poor emulsification by hydrolysed proteins. Overall, this study illustrated the range of physical behaviour and structures present in commercial IF powders. In particular, the effect of dry addition of lactose and the hydrolysis of protein were found to have major effects on physical properties.

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4

Rao, D. R., and C. B. Chawan. "Enzyme technologies for alleviating lactose maldigestion / Tecnologías enzimáticas para aliviar la mala digestion de la lactosa." Food Science and Technology International 3, no. 2 (April 1997): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329700300202.

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Lactose reduction in milk by β-galactosidase prior to consumption is one of the current modali ties of alleviating lactose maldigestion. However, hydrolysis of lactose results in flavour changes in milk: glucose and galactose are between three and four times sweeter than lactose, and many lactose maldigesters do not like the taste of lactose-hydrolysed milk. The addition of exogenous β-galactosidase to meals has been shown to alleviate lactose maldigestion adequately, and so β-galactosidase could be added to milk if the lactose could be protected from the hydrolytic action of the added enzyme. Liposomes, which have recently shown potential as carriers of enzymes, could be good vehicles for the addition of β-galactosidase to milk. β-galactosidase can be successfully encapsulated in liposomes which have been shown to be very stable when suspended in milk stored at refrigeration temperature. Lactose hydrolysis is minimal when liposomal β-galactosidase is added to milk. In vitro digestibility studies have shown that the liposomal β-galactosidase is available for digesting lactose in milk. Stable blends of β-galactosidase and dry milk powders have also been used. Results have shown that up to 95% of the original activity of the fungal lactase was retained in blends of the enzyme and milk powder when stored under nitrogen at 45 °C for 6 months.

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5

Das, Shyamal C., Srinivas Ravindra Babu Behara, Jurgen B. Bulitta, David A. V. Morton, Ian Larson, and Peter J. Stewart. "Powder Strength Distributions for Understanding De-agglomeration of Lactose Powders." Pharmaceutical Research 29, no. 10 (June 14, 2012): 2926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-012-0799-0.

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6

Takano, Katsura, Kazuo Nishii, Akiko Mukoyama, Yuki Iwadate, Hidehiro Kamiya, and Masayuki Horio. "Binderless granulation of pharmaceutical lactose powders." Powder Technology 122, no. 2-3 (January 2002): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(01)00418-1.

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7

Rodrigues, Larissa, Gustavo Paiva, Hugo M. Lisboa, Matheus Pasquali, Rennan Gusmão, Maria Elita Duarte, Mario Eduardo Cavalcanti-Mata, and Thaisa Abrantes. "Impact of Spray Drying Parameters on Lactose-Free Milk Powder Properties and Composition." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.15886.

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Lactose-free milk powders are an interesting topic, as the industry still struggles with the enhanced stickiness of the material. To better understand this topic, an industrial scale spray-dryer was used to assess the influence of process parameters on the powder properties of lactose-free milk. A simple design of experiments was conducted varying the inlet temperature in combination with the atomization flow rate. The intention was to set different driving forces for drying in combination with the different surfaces are for mass transport. Yield is typically the process bottleneck, but from results, high inlet temperature combined with small droplet size resulted in a 50.73% yield. Powder's moisture contents were between 0.53% and 5%, and water activity between 0.21 and 0.43, being all values within a safety threshold for storage. From bulk and tap density results, all powders revealed to be cohesive with the Hausner ratio above 1.5. Color measurements revealed off white samples, with a tendency to become brown when higher inlet temperatures are used, possibly due to Maillard reactions. Powder particle size ranged from 5.6 to 13.5 mm and revealed extensive agglomeration, possibly due to some protein denaturation at the particle surface. Inlet temperature revealed to be the most influential parameter on all properties.

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8

Miyazaki, Yasunori, Kaoru Miyawaki, Tomonobu Uchino, and Yoshiyuki Kagawa. "Dry Powder Coating using Planetary Centrifugal Mixer." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 3 (September 24, 2015): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3k31n.

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Purpose: Extemporaneous compounding is an important part of pharmacy practice, and should be standardized and sophisticated to ensure the quality of the compounded preparations. Recently, we applied a planetary centrifugal mixer (PCM) to powder blending, which has attracted interest for its small scale and lack of contamination. In this study, we aimed to reveal the feasibility of dry powder coating through ordered mixing of fine particles using PCM. Methods: Cohesive lactose powders (Pharmatose450M) were dry coated with magnesium stearate (MgSt) using from 0.1 to 5%(w/w) content. The operational variables tested were operation time (1-30 min), operation speed (400-1000 rpm), vessel size (24-100 mL), and charging rate in the vessel (20-40%). The processed powders were evaluated for their surface morphology, flowability, and wettability. Furthermore, fine ibuprofen particles were coated with various lubricants, and then the dissolution profiles were examined. The crystallinity of ibuprofen was assessed using FT-IR and PXRD. Results: Lactose powders were successfully coated with MgSt using PCM. When the level of MgSt was over 1%, the surface of the lactose powders was thoroughly covered. Angles of repose were 51° and 41° for unprocessed and processed powders with 1% MgSt, respectively. The contact angle of the water drop on the 1% MgSt sample leached to be 132°, changing to a hydrophobic surface. Investigations under various operational conditions revealed that higher improvement was observed upon higher speed and longer time, and a smaller charging rate in the vessel. Vessel size had no impact. Moreover, improved dissolution of ibuprofen coated with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic lubricants was observed owing to good dispersing behavior. Besides, no alteration of crystallinity was detected. Conclusions: PCM is an effective tool for dry powder coating with low impact stress. The presented method will contribute a great deal to making crushed tablets a functional powder. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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9

Boschini, F., V. Delaval, K. Traina, N. Vandewalle, and G. Lumay. "Linking flowability and granulometry of lactose powders." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 494, no. 1 (October 2015): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.030.

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10

Goulart, Débora Brito. "Principles of lactose crystallization and rheology of milk protein concentrate." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 15 (December 3, 2021): e577101523028. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.23028.

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Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is a commercial designation for dairy ingredients with higher protein and lower lactose content than conventional skim milk powder. Lactose in its amorphous form is found in several spray-dried dairy powders. Amorphous lactose is thermodynamically unstable and can mobilize and crystallize over time under adequate temperature and moisture content. Moisture sorption from the air precedes crystallization, enhancing MPC cohesiveness and caking. This increased humidity results in poor rehydration and dispersibility, lower yield during drying, operation problems, difficulties in handling and storage. Moreover, lactose crystallization in MPC can cause Maillard browning reaction and fat oxidation. To avoid this problem, it is necessary to pre-crystallize lactose as alpha-lactose monohydrate, which is non-hygroscopic, before spray drying. Such a procedure is essential in preventing deterioration of MPC resulting from lactose crystallization or chemical reactions. Additionally, the control of this step is important to obtain specified and reproducible powder, in terms of size and crystallization level. There are various reports on the rheology of milk-based products; however, there is a lack of investigation on concentrated systems. Consequently, the objective of the present work is to review basic concepts of lactose crystallization and rheology of milk protein concentrate.

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11

McSweeney, David J., Valentyn Maidannyk, Sharon Montgomery, James A. O’Mahony, and Noel A. McCarthy. "The Influence of Composition and Manufacturing Approach on the Physical and Rehydration Properties of Milk Protein Concentrate Powders." Foods 9, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020236.

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This study investigated the physical and rehydration properties of milk protein concentrate (MPC) powders with five different protein contents (i.e., 38.9, 53.7, 63.6, 74.1, and 84.7%, w/w) prepared by recombining the ultrafiltration (UF) retentate and UF permeate of skim milk. Powder density and flowability increased, while the powder particle size decreased with decreasing powder protein content. The amount of non-wetting MPC powder decreased with decreasing protein content, demonstrating greater wettability for lower protein powders. At protein contents >65% (w/w), the dispersibility and solubility of the powders decreased significantly, likely due to the greater hydrophobic interactions between casein proteins and a lower concentration of lactose. Therefore, as the protein content of the MPC powders was decreased, their rehydration properties improved. The results obtained in this study provide novel insights into the relationship between the composition of recombined UF retentate and UF permeate streams on the subsequent powder particle size, density, and rehydration properties, and demonstrate that such powders possess similar properties to those prepared using conventional direct membrane filtration.

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12

Odeniyi, Michael Ayodele, Collins Chidi Onyenaka, and Oludele Adelanwa Itiola. "Powder properties of binary mixtures of chloroquine phosphate with lactose and dicalcium phosphate." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 3 (September 2010): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000300017.

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A study was conducted on the packing and cohesive properties of chloroquine phosphate in binary mixtures with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders. The maximum volume reduction due to packing as expressed by the Kawakita constant, a, and the angle of internal flow, θ, were the assessment parameters. The individual powders were characterized for their particle size and shape using an optical microscope. Binary mixtures of various proportions of chloroquine phosphate with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders were prepared. The bulk and tapped densities, angles of repose and internal flow, as well as compressibility index of the materials were determined using appropriate parameters. The calculated and determined values of maximum volume reduction for the binary mixtures were found to differ significantly (P< 0.05), with the Kawakita plot being more reliable in determining the packing properties. Diluent type was found to influence the flow properties of the mixtures, with dicalcium phosphate giving predictable results while mixtures containing lactose were anomalous with respect to flow. The characterization of the packing and cohesive properties of the binary mixtures of chloroquine with lactose and dicalcium phosphate would be useful in the production of powders, tablets, capsules and other drug delivery systems containing these powders with desirable and predictable flow properties.

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13

Baranova, Anna, Anastasiya Lykina, Daria Antonova, and Olga Smolyanskaya. "Optical Properties of Crystalline Lactose Fluidized with Dilutions of Various Substances in the Terahertz Frequency Range." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010032.

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Lactose is a commonly used component of pharmaceutical medications in tablet form. It was previously shown that lactose changes conformationally after saturation in fluidized beds with active pharmaceutical ingredients obtained by repeated dilution of antibodies to interferon-gamma in combination with an external intensive vibration treatment. Moreover, it was revealed that these solutions are self-organized dispersed systems in which nano-objects are formed. Their biological activity and mechanism of action were previously established as well. The current work was dedicated to investigating the optical properties of fluidized lactose powders in the terahertz frequency range. Spectral analyses of powders of crystalline lactose saturated in fluidized beds with a diluted solution of either glycine buffer, antibodies to interferon-gamma, or water were carried out, intact lactose served as a control. All powders were tableted before testing. In the course of the study, the macroscopic parameters of the tablets were established, at which they had a stable shape and their THz optical properties had no parasitic diffraction losses. These tablets were analyzed using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in the frequency range of 0.2–2.6 THz. The differentiation between the spectra was conducted using a principal component analysis. The differences between intact lactose and the lactose saturated with any of studied solutions were demonstrated. Additionally, lactose saturated with solutions of multiple dilutions of a substance (antibodies or glycine buffer) differed not only from intact lactose, but also from lactose saturated with a diluted solution of water. Moreover, discrimination of lactose formulations saturated with different substances (antibodies or glycine buffer) was also possible. Additionally, intact lactose differed from lactose saturated with diluted water. The methods reported could be useful for the quality control of the medications based on the technology of repeated dilution of an original substance.

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14

Adi, Handoko, Ian Larson, and Peter Stewart. "Laser diffraction particle sizing of cohesive lactose powders." Powder Technology 179, no. 1-2 (October 2007): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.01.018.

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15

Saw, Horng Yuan, Clive E. Davies, Jim R. Jones, Guillaume Brisson, and Anthony H. J. Paterson. "Cohesion of lactose powders at low consolidation stresses." Advanced Powder Technology 24, no. 4 (July 2013): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2013.05.007.

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16

Takano, Katsura, Kazuo Nishii, and Masayuki Horio. "Binderless granulation of pharmaceutical fine powders with coarse lactose for dry powder inhalation." Powder Technology 131, no. 2-3 (April 2003): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(02)00346-7.

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17

Karhu, M., J. Kuikka, T. Kauppinen, K. Bergström, and M. Vidgren. "Pulmonary deposition of lactose carriers used in inhalation powders." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 196, no. 1 (February 2000): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00450-0.

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18

Lee, Hong-Min, Byung-Man Kwak, Jang-Hyuk Ahn, and Seung-Hwan Jeong. "Development of ESR method for gamma-irradiated lactose powders." Journal of Food Engineering 100, no. 1 (September 2010): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.03.022.

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19

Fäldt, Pia, and Björn Bergenståhl. "The surface composition of spray-dried protein—lactose powders." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 90, no. 2-3 (October 1994): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(94)02914-8.

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20

López-Pablos, Ana L., César C. Leyva-Porras, Macrina B. Silva-Cázares, Francisco E. Longoria-Rodríguez, Sergio A. Pérez-García, Ángel A. Vértiz-Hernández, and María Z. Saavedra-Leos. "Preparation and Characterization of High Purity Anhydrous β-Lactose from α-Lactose Monohydrate at Mild Temperature." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (May 13, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5069063.

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Lactose is a disaccharide of importance in humans dietary, food products, and the pharmaceutical industry. From the existing isomeric forms, β-lactose is rarely found in nature. Thus, in this work, a simple methodology to obtain anhydrous β-lactose (βL) from α-lactose monohydrate (αL·H2O) is presented. The αL·H2O powder was dispersed into a basic alcoholic solution (72 hours), at controlled conditions of temperature (27, 29, 31, and 32°C), without stirring. The slurry was dried at room temperature and characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of βL for the samples prepared at 29 and 32°C. Raman spectroscopy confirmed this result and suggested the occurrence of crystalline βL. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns was employed to identify and quantify the composition of the isomers. The samples prepared at 29 and 31°C showed the formation of pure βL, while those at 27 and 32°C showed the presence of αL·H2O and a mixture of the two isomers, respectively. The morphology of the powders was studied by scanning electron microscopy, observing the formation of irregular shape αL·H2O particles and axe-like βL particles. Clearly, with this methodology, it was possible to obtain pure, crystalline, and anhydrous βL at mild temperature.

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21

Szulc, Karolina, and Andrzej Lenart. "Effect of composition on physical properties of food powders." International Agrophysics 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0084.

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Abstract The paper presents an influence of raw material composition and technological process applied on selected physical properties of food powders. Powdered multi-component nutrients were subjected to the process of mixing, agglomeration, coating, and drying. Wetting liquids ie water and a 15% water lactose solution, were used in agglomeration and coating. The analyzed food powders were characterized by differentiated physical properties, including especially: particle size, bulk density, wettability, and dispersibility. The raw material composition of the studied nutrients exerted a statistically significant influence on their physical properties. Agglomeration as well as coating of food powders caused a significant increase in particle size, decreased bulk density, increased apparent density and porosity, and deterioration in flowability in comparison with non-agglomerated nutrients.

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22

Takashige, Shisei, Hermawan Dwi Ariyanto, Shuji Adachi, and Hidefumi Yoshii. "Flavor Release from Spray-Dried Powders with Various Wall Materials." ChemEngineering 4, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4010001.

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By using the ramping method for humidity at a constant temperature, the release rates of d-limonene were investigated from spray-dried powders with various wall materials, such as maltodextrin (MD) (dextrose equivalent (DE) = 25 and 19), lactose (Lac), and sucrose (Suc). Spray-dried powders, which were sieved to the average powder size of 107–140 µm, contained d-limonene at about 90–97 mg/g-dry powder. d-limonene release profile was measured using a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) system coupled gas chromatography at 30, 40, and 50 °C from 10% to 90% relative humidity (RH). The linear correlation was found between the release start humidity, sRH, of d-limonene release from the powder and the glass transition temperature of wall materials. The release rates for Suc and Lac increased rapidly at certain humidities and became the maximum rates. Then, these rates decreased gradually with increasing RH. This might have been due to the powder aggregation for Suc and to crystallization for Lac. The release behaviors significantly depended on the wall materials.

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23

Li, Long, Yuanwei Li, Zhiying Wu, Jinhui Chen, and Jia Chen. "Spray-Dried Quercetin-Lactose Powders for Oral Tablets with Improved Dissolution Rates and Modified Material Properties." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2365353.

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This study is aimed at using spray drying method to codisperse it with the commonly used drug carrier lactose in different solvents and then pass it through a spray dryer to obtain different samples. The results showed that the dissolution rate and solubility of the samples obtained by dispersion in hot water and 25% ethanol were significantly higher. The water of crystallization peaks of the raw material disappeared at 105-125°C and 130-150°C (DSC). The excipient lactose had a small upward exothermic peak at 177°C and a significant heat absorption peak at 209°C before untreated (XRD). α-Lactose peaks were observed at 12.5°, 19.1°, 19.6°, and 19.9° at 2θ in both samples, and β-lactose peaks were found at 10.5° at 2θ in sample A, but not in sample B (FTIR). The complex sharp peaks of lactose at 1100 cm-1 and quercetin at 1700-1000 cm-1 became moderated (SEM). The sample obtained by spray drying has a slit-type mesoporous structure with an average pore size of about 9.3 nm.

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24

Neveu, Aurélien, Filip Francqui, and Geoffroy Lumay. "Packing dynamics of powders at high temperature." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 12001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124912001.

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In industrial powder processing, precise control of environmental temperature is difficult especially for large production facilities. A better knowledge of powder behavior modification due to temperature variation will help to improve product quality and consistency. From a fundamental point of view, the effect of temperature on powder flow and packing dynamics is still poorly understood. In particular, because temperature modifies the complex interplay between the different forces acting at the contact between the grains. The packing dynamics of a set of different powders (lactose, cacao and dried milk powder) has been investigated with a tapping experiment. After the filling procedure, the sample is heated and the evolution of the density is measured after each tap. We show that the packing dynamics is drastically influenced even for low temperature changes. Slight increase of temperature affects both the packing kinematics and the packing range characterised by the classical Hausner ratio analysis. Finally, the different physical mechanisms that could explain these modifications are discussed. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate the importance of temperature in powder behaviour and strongly motivate further investigations.

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25

Thomas, M. E. C., J. Scher, and S. Desobry. "Lactose/β-Lactoglobulin Interaction During Storage of Model Whey Powders." Journal of Dairy Science 87, no. 5 (May 2004): 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73264-6.

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26

Fernández, Emiliano, Carolina Schebor, and Jorge Chirife. "Glass transition temperature of regular and lactose hydrolyzed milk powders." LWT - Food Science and Technology 36, no. 5 (August 2003): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0023-6438(03)00022-7.

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27

Mahmoudi, S., K. Elserfy, S. Cheng, H. K. Chan, G. Hebbink, and A. Kourmatzis. "Fluidisation characteristics of lactose powders in simple turbulent channel flows." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 103 (May 2019): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.01.012.

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28

Watling, C. P., J. A. Elliott, and R. E. Cameron. "Entrainment of lactose inhalation powders: A study using laser diffraction." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 40, no. 4 (July 2010): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2010.04.009.

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29

Healy, Anne Marie, Maria Inês Amaro, Krzysztof J. Paluch, and Lidia Tajber. "Dry powders for oral inhalation free of lactose carrier particles." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 75 (August 2014): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2014.04.005.

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30

Ibach, Alexander, and Matthias Kind. "Crystallization kinetics of amorphous lactose, whey-permeate and whey powders." Carbohydrate Research 342, no. 10 (July 2007): 1357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2007.03.002.

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31

Gong, Sunland. "Assessing Powder Flow: An Analysis of Starch and Lactose Powders Under Static and Dynamic Conditions." Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research 5, no. 1 (August 13, 2015): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315663.

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32

Olorunsola, Emmanuel O., Grace A. Akpan, and Michael U. Adikwu. "Evaluation of Chitosan-Microcrystalline Cellulose Blends as Direct Compression Excipients." Journal of Drug Delivery 2017 (December 19, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8563858.

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This study was aimed at evaluating chitosan-microcrystalline cellulose blends as direct compression excipients. Crab shell chitosan, α-lactose monohydrate, and microcrystalline cellulose powders were characterized. Blends of the microcrystalline cellulose and chitosan in ratios 9 : 1, 4 : 1, 2 : 1, and 1 : 1 as direct compression excipients were made to constitute 60% of metronidazole tablets. Similar tablets containing blends of the microcrystalline cellulose and α-lactose monohydrate as well as those containing pure microcrystalline cellulose were also produced. The compact density, tensile strength, porosity, disintegration time, and dissolution rate of tablets were determined. Chitosan had higher moisture content (7.66%) and higher moisture sorption capacity (1.33%) compared to microcrystalline cellulose and lactose. It also showed better flow properties (Carr’s index of 18.9% and Hausner’s ratio of 1.23). Compact density of tablets increased but tensile strength decreased with increase in the proportion of chitosan in the binary mixtures. In contrast to lactose, the disintegration time increased and the dissolution rate decreased with increase in the proportion of chitosan. This study has shown that chitosan promotes flowability of powder mix and rapid disintegration of tablet. However, incorporation of equal proportions of microcrystalline cellulose and chitosan leads to production of extended-release tablet. Therefore, chitosan promotes tablet disintegration at low concentration and enables extended-release at higher concentration.

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33

Fernandes, Aline, and Tereza Cristina de Andrade LeitÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o Aguiar. "Study on the ue of mannitol as inert homeopathic vehicle." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 6, no. 19 (February 1, 2022): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v6i19.40.

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Homeopathic medicaments are prepared associating the active substance to an inert excipient which becomes an integral part of the remedy. The aim of this research was to analyze the use of mannitol as a homeopathic inert excipient, as a possible substitute to lactose in the preparation of tablets and powder. Research was conducted in homeopathic and manipulation pharmacies in the regions Centro and Icaraí of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, July to September, 2006. The use of mannitol as inert excipient was detected in all manipulation/homeopathic pharmacies of Niterói researched. The main declared reason for the use of mannitol as an option in the preparation of tablets and powders was the solicitation in medical prescriptions for patients with intolerance to lactose or diabetes. There was no report of undesirable effects related to the use of mannitol according to the people interviewed.

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34

Leaper, Mark Christopher. "Measuring the Flow Functions of Pharmaceutical Powders Using the Brookfield Powder Flow Tester and Freeman FT4." Processes 9, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9112032.

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This study examined the feasibility of combining data from different powder flow testers to determine the flow function characteristics of pharmaceutical powders. The Brookfield PFT and Freeman FT4 can measure flow function over different scales of consolidation load but were found to be most complementary with CRM limestone powder and lactose. The brittle behaviour of Easytab particles at higher loads made obtaining repeatable results with the FT4 challenging. By using the method of Wang et al., where the flow function coefficient ffc is plotted against the dimensionless cohesion C* (measured cohesion Ta divided by the initial compaction I), a plot was formed which could be used to predict the behaviour of other systems, which compared well with previous studies.

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35

Cavalli, G., R. Bosi, A. Ghiretti, C. Cottini, A. Benassi, and R. Gaspari. "A shear cell study on oral and inhalation grade lactose powders." Powder Technology 372 (July 2020): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.05.041.

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36

Bronlund, John, and Tony Paterson. "Moisture sorption isotherms for crystalline, amorphous and predominantly crystalline lactose powders." International Dairy Journal 14, no. 3 (March 2004): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-6946(03)00176-6.

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37

Chang, Rachel Yoon Kyung, Martin Wallin, Elizabeth Kutter, Sandra Morales, Warwick Britton, Jian Li, and Hak-Kim Chan. "Storage stability of inhalable phage powders containing lactose at ambient conditions." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 560 (April 2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.050.

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38

Hogan, S. A., and D. J. O’Callaghan. "Moisture sorption and stickiness behaviour of hydrolysed whey protein/lactose powders." Dairy Science & Technology 93, no. 4-5 (May 3, 2013): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13594-013-0129-2.

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39

Lumay, G., K. Traina, F. Boschini, V. Delaval, A. Rescaglio, R. Cloots, and N. Vandewalle. "Effect of relative air humidity on the flowability of lactose powders." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 35 (October 2016): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2016.04.007.

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40

INOTSUME, NOBUO, MOTOHIRO MISHIMA, MASAHIRO NAKANO, YASUSHI KANEKO, and YOSHIMASA MIYAUCHI. "Bioequivalence test of digoxin powders containing a new formula of lactose." Japanese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 14, no. 1 (1988): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs1975.14.66.

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41

MacGregor, S. A., L. B. Newnes, M. Li, J. N. Staniforth, M. J. Tobyn, G. R. Kay, M. D. Horrill, et al. "A preliminary study of size reduction of powders in a single-vessel pharmaceutical processor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 214, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405001517630.

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The size reduction performance of a pneumatically driven single-vessel pharmaceutical processor is described. Two materials were considered, namely commercially available granular lactose (CAGL) and high-speed mixer granulator lactose (HSMGL). In both cases there is an initial phase in which the particle diameter is reduced rapidly. The rate at which the size reduction decreases is reduced with time. The final particle diameter was found to be dependent on the material being processed. In the case of CAGL, the minimum size achieved was 150 μm, while in the case of the HSMGL the final particle diameter was 100 μm.

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42

Thiyagarajan, Durairaj, Benedikt Huck, Birgit Nothdurft, Marcus Koch, David Rudolph, Mark Rutschmann, Claus Feldmann, et al. "Spray-dried lactose-leucine microparticles for pulmonary delivery of antimycobacterial nanopharmaceuticals." Drug Delivery and Translational Research 11, no. 4 (June 8, 2021): 1766–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-021-01011-7.

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AbstractPulmonary delivery of nanocarriers for novel antimycobacterial compounds is challenging because the aerodynamic properties of nanomaterials are sub-optimal for such purposes. Here, we report the development of dry powder formulations for nanocarriers containing benzothiazinone 043 (BTZ) or levofloxacin (LVX), respectively. The intricacy is to generate dry powder aerosols with adequate aerodynamic properties while maintaining both nanostructural integrity and compound activity until reaching the deeper lung compartments. Microparticles (MPs) were prepared using vibrating mesh spray drying with lactose and leucine as approved excipients for oral inhalation drug products. MP morphologies and sizes were measured using various biophysical techniques including determination of geometric and aerodynamic mean sizes, X-ray diffraction, and confocal and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. Differences in the nanocarriers’ characteristics influenced the MPs’ sizes and shapes, their aerodynamic properties, and, hence, also the fraction available for lung deposition. Spay-dried powders of a BTZ nanosuspension, BTZ-loaded silica nanoparticles (NPs), and LVX-loaded liposomes showed promising respirable fractions, in contrast to zirconyl hydrogen phosphate nanocontainers. While the colloidal stability of silica NPs was improved after spray drying, MPs encapsulating either BTZ nanosuspensions or LVX-loaded liposomes showed the highest respirable fractions and active pharmaceutical ingredient loads. Importantly, for the BTZ nanosuspension, biocompatibility and in vitro uptake by a macrophage model cell line were improved even further after spray drying. Graphical abstract

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43

Burger, T., J. Fricke, and J. Kuhn. "NIR Radiative Transfer Investigations to Characterise Pharmaceutical Powders and Their Mixtures." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.118.

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A measurement and data evaluation technique to determine quantitatively and separately the scattering and absorption coefficients of disperse media has been applied to pharmaceutical powders and their mixtures. This technique uses a 3-flux approximation of the equation of radiative transfer to evaluate analytically directional-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance data with the boundary conditions adjusted to the experimental set-up in order to derive the scattering and absorption coefficient. The performance of this technique is demonstrated by applying it to a variety of pharmaceutical powders and comparing it to Kubelka–Munk's 2-flux approximation. By applying this technique, more information about the investigated powders (e.g. particle size, degree of agglomeration or chemical composition) compared to diffuse reflectance measurements on optically thick samples can be obtained. From the latter only the ratio of the scattering to the absorption coefficient is determined. Using lactose and ascorbic acid, the effects of varying particle size and particles size distribution on the scattering and absorption coefficients are shown. Additionally this technique has been applied to powder mixtures with different contents of acetylsalicylacid and microcrystalline cellulose to demonstrate the usefullness of this technique for quantitative analysis.

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Negri, L. M., M. S. Chavez, M. A. Taverna, A. L. Cuatrin, and A. C. Rubiolo. "Note: The Effect of Silo Milk Composition Parameters on Heat Stability of Whole Milk Powder." Food Science and Technology International 10, no. 6 (December 2004): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013204049387.

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The aim of this work was to study silo raw milk (SRM) compositional parameters that affect the heat stability of whole milk powder (WMP). Seasonal changes of heat stability from SRM and WMP were also characterised. Silo raw milk samples and the corresponding WMP samples were collected twice a month from a local factory from April 2000 to April 2001. Silo raw milk heat coagulation time (HCT), urea and lactose concentrations were found to contribute to milk powder HCT statistical model (R2 = 0.72). High HCT values during summer and low ones during spring were detected for both SRM and WMP samples. Heat coagulation time values of SRM were always higher than those measured in their powders, due to the effects of processing conditions on heat stability

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BAER, ROBERT J., JOEL L. SOMMERFELDT, and KAREN M. TIESZEN. "Composition of Grade A and Manufacturing Grade Herd Milks in South Dakota." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.9.696.

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Biweekly Grade A and manufacturing grade herd milk samples were collected from April 1, 1985, to March 31, 1986, from 203 herds in the Sioux Falls, SD, area and were analyzed to compare composition. The average herd milk composition was 3.70% fat, 3.24% protein, 4.80% lactose, 0.63% ash, 8.67% solids-not-fat (SNF), and 12.37% total solids (TS). Grade A milk had higher % lactose (4.83 and 4.76), % SNF (8.70 and 8.61), and % TS (12.41 and 12.30) than manufacturing grade milk. These compositional differences between grades were consistent throughout the year. Grade A milk has more value in the production of dried dairy products (nonfat dry milk and whey powders) and ice cream than manufacturing grade milk due to its higher lactose and SNF content. New milk pricing plans for protein and other constituents should consider compositional differences (lactose, SNF and TS) that exist between grade A and manufacturing grade herd milk before implementing them.

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Otsuka, Yuta, Akira Ito, Masaki Takeuchi, Suvra Pal, and Hideji Tanaka. "Predictive evaluation of powder X-ray diffractograms of pharmaceutical formulation powders based on infrared spectroscopy." Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 31, no. 5 (November 13, 2020): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bme-206003.

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BACKGROUND: To ensure quality and stability, monitoring systems are recommended to analyze pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to predict powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of formulation powders through attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-infrared (IR) spectroscopy in a nondestructive manner along with chemometrics. RESULTS: Caffeine anhydrate, acetaminophen, and lactose monohydrate were grinded at six weight ratios. The six sample groups were evaluated using ATR-IR spectroscopy and PXRD analysis. Partial least squares models were constructed to predict the PXRD intensities of the samples from the ATR-IR spectra. The prediction accuracy on the prepared PLS regression models was as high as R2 = 0.993. CONCLUSIONS: Linear relationships were obtained between the prediction data set and reference PXRD intensity at each degree. 2D PLS regression coefficient analysis enabled the analysis of the correlation between PXRD patterns and IR spectra.

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47

Fu, Xiaowei, Deborah Huck, Lisa Makein, Brian Armstrong, Ulf Willen, and Tim Freeman. "Effect of particle shape and size on flow properties of lactose powders." Particuology 10, no. 2 (April 2012): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2011.11.003.

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48

Fitzpatrick, J. J., M. Hodnett, M. Twomey, P. S. M. Cerqueira, J. O'Flynn, and Y. H. Roos. "Glass transition and the flowability and caking of powders containing amorphous lactose." Powder Technology 178, no. 2 (September 2007): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.04.017.

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49

Norwood, Eve-Anne, Stéphane Pezennec, Jennifer Burgain, Valérie Briard-Bion, Pierre Schuck, Thomas Croguennec, Romain Jeantet, and Cécile Le Floch-Fouéré. "Crucial role of remaining lactose in whey protein isolate powders during storage." Journal of Food Engineering 195 (February 2017): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.10.010.

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50

Luo, Qiuhua, Qianying Zhang, and Puxiu Wang. "Hydrochlorothiazide/Losartan Potassium Tablet Prepared by Direct Compression." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 8 (August 21, 2022): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081741.

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Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)/losartan potassium (LOS-K) was used as a model drug to prepare compound tablets through the investigation of the compression and mechanical properties of mixed powders to determine the formulation and preparation factors, followed by D-optimal mixture experimental design to optimize the final parameters. The type and amount of lactose monohydrate (SuperTab®14SD, 19.53–26.91%), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC PH102, 32.86–43.31%), pre-gelatinized starch (Starch-1500, 10.96–15.91%), and magnesium stearate (0.7%) were determined according to the compressive work, stress relaxation curves, and Py value. Then, the compression mechanism of the mixed powder was investigated by the Kawakita equation, Shapiro equation, and Heckel analysis, and the mixed powder was classified as a Class-II powder. The compaction pressure (150–300 MPa) and tableting speed (1200–2400 Tab/h) were recommended. A D-optimal mixture experimental design was utilized to select the optimal formulation (No 1, 26.027% lactose monohydrate, 32.811% MCC PH102, and 15.462% pregelatinized starch) according to the drug dissolution rate, using Hyzaar® tablets as a control. Following oral administration in beagle dogs, there were no significant differences in bioavailability between the No. 1 tablet and the Hyzaar® tablet in HCTZ, losartan carboxylic acid (E-3174), and LOS-K (F < F0.05). Thus, formulation and preparation factors were determined according to the combination of the compression and mechanical properties of the mixed powder and quality of tablets, which was demonstrated to be a feasible method in direct powder compression.

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