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Schetzina, Karen E., and J. Ware. "Lactation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5119.
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Office Care of Women covers a wide range of topics which are pertinent to the provision of excellent healthcare. Common gynecologic topics are discussed in depth, as well as non-gynecologic medical conditions which are frequently faced by female patients. This book is designed as a single source reference which covers the majority of topics seen by clinicians as they care for women patients in the office setting. The fifty chapters include topics unique to female patients but also include other health conditions which are affected by the patient's gender. The authors of this book span six specialties and three continents thereby giving the reader a comprehensive source of information to improve the healthcare of women.
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Sorensen, Annette. "Manipulation of lactation persistency to achieve extended lactation in dairy cows." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327578.
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Kagya-Agyemang, James Kwame. "Limits to sustained energy intake during lactation : effects of macronutrient composition." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted, no access until Jan, 3, 2010. Online version available for University member only until Dec. 9, 2010, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25326.
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Proschmann, Undine, Katja Thomas, Tjalf Ziemssen, Sandra Thiel, and Kerstin Hellwig. "Natalizumab during pregnancy and lactation." Sage, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35529.
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Background: Managing medication during pregnancy and lactation in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients needs to balance potential risks to the newborn with the substantial risks of ongoing disease activity.
Objective: To evaluate the potential transfer of natalizumab (NAT) into breast milk and into the serum of newborn babies in women who continued NAT treatment during pregnancy and lactation.
Methods: Serum samples of 11 mother–infant pairs and mother milk samples of a further 4 women were analyzed for free NAT using a HL60 cell-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assay. Two mother–baby pairs were analyzed for cell-bound NAT, very-late-antigen (VLA)-4 expression, and saturation with NAT on immune cells by FACS analysis.
Results: In the majority of the mother–infant serum pairs (6/11) and in all breast milk samples, free NAT was detectable. Cell-bound NAT was measurable in both mother–baby pairs with significant higher levels in babies. VLA-4 expression seems to be higher in newborns. Saturation with NAT was comparable between newborns and mothers.
Conclusion: NAT can pass placental barrier before delivery and into breast milk. Measurable NAT on neonatal lymphocytes may have functional impact. Further investigations are needed to clarify safety and risk of NAT exposure during pregnancy and lactation.
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Tate, Kaley Renee. "Evaluating the duration of increased milking frequency during early lactation for increased yield through lactation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96263.
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Increasing the milking frequency of early lactation dairy cows increases their milk yield, both during increased milking and after the cows are returned to a normal twice-daily milking schedule. When milked four times a day (4X) for only the first twenty-one days of lactation, the right udder half produces 3 kg/d more milk than the left half, which is milked only two times a day (2X) over the course of lactation (Hale et al., 2003). Alterations to this increased milking frequency (IMF) approach have been investigated in order to maximize production of the animals and determine the most efficient practice for producers. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate duration of early lactation IMF treatment by increasing milking frequency of early lactation cows for various lengths of time, and subsequently increasing the use of this management practice on Virginia dairy farms. The right udder half of twenty-three primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were milked 4X for 10, 20, or 40 days at the beginning of lactation, and the left udder half 2X for the entire lactation. Udder-half milk yields were measured at various time points throughout lactation and used to calculate the difference between right (4X) and left (2X) udder halves. Overall, treatment did not have a significant effect on milk yield difference throughout the entire lactation; the udder half differences for each group were -0.45 kg, 1.92 kg and 4.62 kg for the 10 d, 20 d and 40 d treatments (P > 0.05). In addition to the IMF portion of the experiment, two different methodologies were used to investigate the possible mechanism of local regulation of milk yield in response to IMF treatment. Milk fatty acid analysis was performed on milk samples obtained from the above experiment. Three different groups of fatty acids were analyzed to detect potential changes in the right udder half (4X) when compared to the left (2X); the three groups were denovo, C16, and preformed fatty acids. There was no significant effect of treatment on fatty acid composition of right and left udder halves for any of the three groups (P > 0.05). The second methodology used to explore a possible mechanism behind increased milk yield following IMF treatment was immunohistochemistry of mammary gland tissue samples obtained after IMF treatment in a previous experiment. The key target investigated was a component of the Hippo signaling pathway, Yes-associated protein (YAP). Intensity of YAP staining in the cytoplasmic area of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and number of YAP-positive stained nuclei located in the MEC were quantified for each of the images obtained. There was no effect of treatment or day on intensity of staining (P > 0.05) with no difference in the intensity of staining between 4X and 2X samples or d 21 and d 60 samples. However, the interaction for treatment x day tended to be significant (P < 0.06), with the d 60 samples tending to have higher intensity of staining than d 21 samples. For YAP-positive nuclei, there was a significant effect of day (P < 0.05), with d 60 samples having significantly more YAP positive nuclei. There was not a significant effect of treatment or treatment x day interaction (P > 0.05) with 2X and 4X samples having the same number of YAP positive nuclei. Results from the first experiment reveal that 40 d of IMF during early lactation is sufficient to produce an increase in milk and component yields throughout lactation. This practice could be implemented on Virginia dairy farms as a way to increase efficiency and milk yield per cow. Results from the second half of this research indicates that further research is needed to investigate the fatty acid content of milk from cows subject to IMF treatment during early lactation. In addition, YAP potentially plays a role in the changes occurring in the mammary gland, with increased intensity of YAP staining and increased number of YAP positive nuclei observed at 60 DIM. Understanding of this protein and its involvement in the mammary gland could lead to identifying a mechanism for which this increase in milk yield and components following IMF is occurring. Further research needs to be done to provide results supporting the current experiment.MSLFS
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Hilliard, Elizabeth Dianne. "The Association between Workplace Lactation Accommodations and Corporate Lactation Programs and Breastfeeding Duration in Working Women." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10642084.
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Breastfeeding support has increased over the past 2 decades, especially in the workplace. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 provided several protections for working, breastfeeding women. Prior to the passage of this legislation, the North Dakota State Legislature amended SB 2344 to create an Infant Friendly business designation available to any business or organization in the state providing specified lactation accommodations for their employees. While this amendment has been in effect since 2009, and the first cohort of businesses was designated in 2011, there has been no evaluation of this designation to determine effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to examine the difference in breastfeeding continuation rates between women working for Infant Friendly and non-designated businesses, and to identify how intention, self-efficacy, and other worksite factors influence breastfeeding duration. An 85 item online questionnaire was developed and distributed using various sampling methods to working women across the state of North Dakota. T-tests, Analysis of Variance, and forward step-wise regression were used to analyze results. While there was no statistically significant difference in breastfeeding duration between designated and non-designated businesses, there was a 3-month difference in duration between continually designated businesses and those letting their designation lapse. Participants disagreed that breastfeeding education was available from their employers. With regard to intention, women who intended to exclusively breastfeed did so with a four month longer duration than those with other feeding intentions, although the results were not statistically significant. Women who perceived only minor challenges with combining breastfeeding and working, and those with greater self –efficacy for breastfeeding had longer breastfeeding durations as well. While the designation is a starting point for worksite breastfeeding support, it could be more comprehensive. Adding a policy promotion and breastfeeding education component to the designation may improve awareness and use of accommodations, making the designation more impactful. These additions may also aid in increasing breastfeeding intention and self-efficacy among working women, and decrease the perception of barriers.
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Hilliard, Elizabeth. "The Association Between Workplace Lactation Accommodations and Corporate Lactation Programs and Breastfeeding Duration in Working Women." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26719.
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Breastfeeding support has increased over the past 2 decades, especially in the workplace. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 provided several protections for working, breastfeeding women. Prior to the passage of this legislation, the North Dakota State Legislature amended SB 2344 to create an Infant Friendly business designation available to any business or organization in the state providing specified lactation accommodations for their employees. While this amendment has been in effect since 2009, and the first cohort of businesses was designated in 2011, there has been no evaluation of this designation to determine effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to examine the difference in breastfeeding continuation rates between women working for Infant Friendly and non-designated businesses, and to identify how intention, self-efficacy, and other worksite factors influence breastfeeding duration. An 85 item online questionnaire was developed and distributed using various sampling methods to working women across the state of North Dakota. T-tests, Analysis of Variance, and forward step-wise regression were used to analyze results. While there was no statistically significant difference in breastfeeding duration between designated and non - designated businesses, there was a 3-month difference in duration between continually designated businesses and those letting their designation lapse. Participants disagreed that breastfeeding education was available from their employers. With regard to intention, women who intended to exclusively breastfeed did so with a four month longer duration than those with other feeding intentions, although the results were not statistically significant. Women who perceived only minor challenges with combining breastfeeding and working, and those with greater self-efficacy for breastfeeding had longer breastfeeding durations as well. While the designation is a starting point for worksite breastfeeding support, it could be more comprehensive. Adding a policy promotion and breastfeeding education component to the designation may improve awareness and use of accommodations, making the designation more impactful. These additions may also aid in increasing breastfeeding intention and self-efficacy among working women, and decrease the perception of barriers.
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Abdelsayed, Mary. "Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Extended Lactation and Lactation Persistency In Australian Dairy Cattle on Pasture Based Systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13994.
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In the Australian dairy industry, and in particular Victoria, there has been a shift away from seasonally concentrated calving patterns. Reasons for such a shift stem largely from improved feeding of cows with year round feed supplies, and the introduction of new germplasm from North American Holstein Friesian animals into some Australian dairy herds. Such impacts have resulted in an increase in the phenotypic and genetic potential of cows to produce more milk and be milked for longer than the standard 305 days under seasonal calving systems. The increase in high output cows has come at an associated cost with a national decrease in reproductive performance and many highly productive cows being prematurely culled for failing to get in calf. One strategy of interest to the dairy industry is for high-producing cows being mated out of season and then carried over and milked for an extra 6 months (18 month calving interval). In Australia this is regarded as the most optimal and economical method on pasture-based systems. Limited information was available about the potential for genetic improvement of extended lactation under the Australian dairy system, which led to the objectives of this thesis. A very large amount of data with over 158 million test-day records was available to examine the scope for genetic improvement in extended lactation in the Australian dairy industry. A data handling pipeline was developed to assist in analysing and editing large scale industry test day records. Variation in Australian dairy cattle in respect to their lactation curves over an extended lactation was explored and derived traits obtained that were then used in the genetic analysis using mixed model methodology. The Wood model was fitted to milk yield records divided into 8 random subsets of 1 million pure Holstein cows with 20 million test-day records. Two traits of interest, namely persistency and extended lactation, were quantified and relevant descriptive traits derived. Variation among cows in their ability to maintain high production over a longer period of time was evident and a representation of the shape of average lactation curves in Australian dairy cows was presented. Findings showed that milk production during the extended lactation phase (from day 305 to day 610 of lactation) was on average equivalent to 40% of the production of the first 305 days of lactation (standard lactation) with an average milk yield of 8,887 L over the extended lactation. In terms of lactation persistency, 50% of peak production is maintained up to day 305. Estimates of heritability for milk, fat and protein yield under extended lactation (0.09-0.06±0.004) and lactation persistency (0.06-0.1±0.004) were low, while the cows’ repeatability for extended lactation and lactation persistency milk traits (0.20) was higher by comparison. Such findings indicate the potential for early cow performance to be used as an indicator for a cow’s successive lactation performance. Extended lactation and lactation persistency were found to be highly correlated to each other (genetic 0.60-0.98 and phenotypic 0.68-0.93), but not with the other economically important traits of milk, fat and protein yield (-0.05-0.1). This suggests that selection for increased extended lactation will not adversely impact on economically important and highly selected traits, namely cumulative 305 day yields and the Australian Selection Index (ASI). Extended lactation measured as a standardised ratio trait automatically adjusts for high peak yield. Producers selecting on this trait do not favour selecting cows with higher peak yields yet maintaining peak production over another 300 days in milk. In addition, extended lactation can be incorporated with cumulative 305 day milk yields and lactation persistency in a selection index in a designed breeding program. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) were generated for extended lactation and lactation persistency for milk, fat and protein yields, to assist with the selection of cows and bulls. Genetic trends showed no change till early 1990, followed by a steady increase (1genetic SD) in EBVs for extended lactation characteristics in the last 20 years. This increase is potentially a reflection of the increased selection for milk production and introduction of new germplasm from North American Holstein Friesian cattle into Australian herds. The research presented in this thesis will provide the Australian dairy industry with the breeding tools to enable selection of bulls to produce cows that are best suited to extended lactation in pasture-based systems. It has also contributed to the understanding of the genetics of extended lactation and lactation persistency that can be applied to other breeds in the Australian herd, and opened avenues for genomic predictions for these traits.
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Boettcher, Joan. "Interaction of factors related to lactation duration." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074546.
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The national health promotion goals for increasing breastfeeding initiation rates to at least 75% of all mothers and six month breastfeeding continuation rates of at least 50% by the year 2000 do not seem to be obtainable. These goals require new insight into what motivates a new mother to continue to breastfeed. This study identified perceived social support and interpersonal dependency as potential factors associated to lactation duration, based upon the previous breastfeeding experience of the mother. Inexperienced breastfeeding mothers perceived more total support, task support and informational support than mothers with previous breastfeeding experience. This study did not correlate the amount of perceived support to lactation duration. An ancillary finding was that women providing a combination of breast milk and artificial baby milk feeds had a significantly higher lack of social self-confidence than mothers providing breastmilk exclusively.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Al, Jothery Aqeel Handil Tarish. "Lactation and oxidative stress in small mammals." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=215095.
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During peak lactation female mammals reach a limit in their maximal sustained energy intake (SusEI). The causes of such limits is disputed. In this thesis, I examined the causes of the limits on SusEI at peak lactation, and then explored the consequences of such limits for reproductive performance. Finally I tested a possible physiological mechanism that may underpin the trade-off between reproduction and somatic protection (the oxidative stress theory). To answer these questions, I studied reproductive performance and oxidative stress in two lines of mice previously selected for high and low food intake (MH and ML, respectively). I found that these mice reached a plateau in their food intake around day 13 of lactation. In support of the heat dissipation limits theory, reproductive performance in the MH mice was significantly higher than that of the ML mice. Oxidative damage is expected to be higher among lactating individuals. Moreover, lactating mice with greater reproductive performance are also predicted to experience more oxidative damage. By measuring multiple-markers of oxidative damage and protection in different tissues, I found that lactation resulted in reduced oxidative damage in both brain and serum. Additionally, it did not increase oxidative damage to proteins and DNA in liver. Moreover, multiple measures of oxidative stress in the mammary gland were not significantly different between mice with different reproductive effort. Furthermore, I found that lactating mice with greater reproductive performance (litter size and litter mass) had reduced protein damage in their livers and upregulated protection (HSP70) in their brains. These results were inconsistent with the oxidative stress theory. Finally, I employed a novel approach to assess oxidative stress differences with metabolomics analysis. I found that lactation resulted in significant differences in the metabolome. By focusing on the metabolites that are related to vi oxidative stress, I found that most of these metabolites measured in livers and brains were not affected by lactation which provides more evidence against the oxidative stress theory. My results provide support for the heat dissipation theory as a mechanism explaining the limits on reproductive performance. Moreover it provides comprehensive information against oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs.
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Hahn, Jennifer Anne. "New evidence for lactation aggression in humans." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527709.
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Varvel, Hallie Johnson. "Tryptophan Supplementation During Lactation on Sow Productivity." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2551.
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The objective of this study was to examine the potential effects of supplementing excess crystalline tryptophan (trp) in the lactation diets of sows. Sixty-one sows of varying parity were fed either a control diet (0.26% trp) or a treatment diet with an extra two grams of tryptophan (0.30% trp). Over the 28 day lactation period utilized by the production site, sow and litter performance were recorded. Sow performance was measured by backfat loss, blood urea nitrogen, milk composition, return to estrus, wean to estrus interval, and conception rate. Litter performance was measured as average weaning weight, number weaned, and pre-wean mortality. The control and treatment groups were further subdivided by parity for statistical analysis. Sows of parity one and two were classified as primiparous, while sows of parity three or more were classified as multiparous. There were no significant differences (P≤0.05) between the control and treatment diets even with regards to parity groups. There was one trend (0.05
0.10) in which treatment multiparous sows had higher litter weaning weight (P=0.055) than the control multiparous sows. In summary, these results indicate that increasing the tryptophan level in this lactation diet by two grams did not significantly influence sow or litter performance.
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Kenna, Twila M. "Gluconeogenesis in the liver of growing and lactating ruminants: the influence of ration composition and stage of lactation." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71147.
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Thirty six: Holstein bull calves were assigned to a 3X3 factorial design with ration physical forms of chopped hay (CH), ground hay (GR) and all concentrate (CONC) and rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) of 30, 45 and 60%. Metabolic body weight, liver weight and blood glucose were greatest in CONC-fed calves. Neither dry matter nor ash content of liver tissue was affected by either physical form or RDN. Within physical form, protein content was highest and fat lowest in livers of CH-fed caIves. Within RDN, livers of calves feel 30% RDN rations had lowest protein and highest fat content. RDN percent had no effect on carbon dioxide production. Livers from CONC-fed calves produced significantly· (P<.05) more carbon dioxide from [1⁻¹⁴C}propionate and [U⁻¹⁴C}lactate.Glucose production from propionate and lactate was greatest for CONC-fed and 60% RDN-fed calves, although significant only from lactate within physical form. Interaction between ration physical form and RDN makes interpretation of propionate data difficult. In 30% RDN-fed calves both lactate and propionate metabolism was similar for GR- and CONC-fed animals. At 45 and 60% RDN rations, CONC- and CH-fed calves had similar gluconeogenic rates from propionate but glucose from lactate was significantly greater in livers of CONC-fed calves compared to GR- and CH-feet animals.
Ten lactating and five dry Holstein cows were liver biopsied at various stages of lactation (30,60,90,120,180 days postpartum and dry) and when fed two rations, control ( 18% CF) or high concentrate (HI CONC, 10.5% CF). Lactating cows at 30 and 60 days and dry cows were fed the control ration. After 60 days half the cows remained on the control ration and half the lactating cows were changed to the HI CONC ration. Milk fat percent was depressed in cows fed HI CONC ration. Milk fat percent was depressed in cows fed HI COCC ration. HI CONC cows consumed more dry matter and due to the higher energy content reached a positive energy balance before control cows. Rumen fluid volatile fatty acid production was not affected by stage of Lactation or ration fed. Both plasma glucose and plasma insulin nonsignificantly increased as lactation progressed. Liver tissue protein did not change over lactation but increased when HI CONC ration was fed. Stage of lactation affected (P<.0002) propionate metabolism to carbon dioxide with higher production at 120 days compared to 180 days. By ration, HI CONC cows' livers produced more carbon dioxide than control cows’ livers. Feeding the HI CONC ration significantly increased labelled glucose production. Increased production of both labeled carbon dioxide and glucose by liver from cows fed HI CONC ration was nonsignificant when based on liver protein content. Carbon dioxide/glucose ratio was similar for lactating (>60 days) and dry cows. Cows early in lactation (30 days) had significantly lower carbon dioxide/glucose ratios, indicating a higher glucose production.
Ration and stage of lactation are important factors in ruminant metabolism.. Gluconeogenesis, a pathway especially important in ruminants, is affected by both factors. In calves and cows, concentrate rations increased glucose production. Ration RDN, studied in calves, affected lactate metabolism to glucose. The liver of lactating cows showed a greater response (increase in glucose production) to stage of lactation than ration fed demonstrating the importance of energy balance on ruminant metabolism.Ph. D.
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Neal, Kathryn. "Nutrient Utilization, Lactational Performance, and Profitability of Dairy Cows by Feeding Protein Supplements in High-Forage Lactation Diets." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2124.
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Due to the increasing cost of soybean meal and concerns of excess N being excreted into the environment, new protein supplements have been developed. Two products that have shown potential in increasing N utilization efficiency are slow release urea (SRU; Optigen) and ruminal escape protein derived from yeast (YMP; DEMP). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feeding these 2 supplements in high-forage [(54% of total dietary dry matter (DM)] dairy diets on nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, lactational performance of dairy cows, and their impacts on income-over feed costs. Twelve multiparous dairy cows were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. Treatments included: 1) control, 2) SRU-supplemented total mixed ration (TMR, SRUT), 3) YMP-supplemented TMR (YMPT), and 4) SRU and YMP-supplemented TMR (SYT). The control consisted only of a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal (SBMCM) in a 50:50 ratio. The SRU and the YMP were supplemented at 0.49% and 1.15% DM, respectively. The experiment consisted of 4 periods lasting 28 d each (21 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling). Cows fed YMPT and SYT had decreased intake of DM, and all supplemented treatments had lower crude protein intake compared to those fed the control. Milk yield tended to have the greatest increase in YMPT compared with the control (41.1 vs. 39.7 kg/d) as well as a tendency for increased milk fat and protein yields. Feed efficiencies based on yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk increased at 10-16% due to protein supplementation. Cows fed with protein supplements partitioned less energy toward body weight gain, but tended to partition more energy toward milk production. Efficiency of use of feed N to milk N increased by feeding SRUT and YMPT, and milk N-to-manure N ratio increased in YMPT. Cows fed SRUT or YMPT tended to improve income-over feed costs. Overall results from this experiment indicate that replacing SBMCM with SRU and YMP in high-forage dairy diets can be a good approach to enhance dairy profitability through improved nutrient utilization efficiencies by lactating dairy cows.
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Villard, L. F. "Vitamin A status in human pregnancy and lactation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354692.
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Jewell, Tracy Michelle. "Artificial Induction of Lactation in Nonbreeder Dairy Cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33721.
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Thirty-four cows (26 Holsteins and 8 Jerseys) were subjected to an estrous synchronization protocol administering 2 PGF2Æ Ã injections 11 d apart prior to beginning the lactation-induction protocol. Artificial induction of lactation yielded a 92% success rate for Holstein cows with success defined as achieving >9 kg milk/d, and a 88% success rate for Jersey cows with success defined as achieving > 5 kg milk/d. Mean accumulated milk yield for induced cows at 150 DIM was 65% of mean yield for nontreated cows. Mean peak milk yield for lactation- induced Holsteins and Jerseys was 32 kg/d and 20 kg/d, respectively. Mean serum and milk progesterone concentrations for samples collected during the first 6 d of lactation were not different between lactation-induced and nontreated cows. However, mean serum estradiol concentrations for induced cows were higher (P <0.05) in samples collected 3 and 5 DIM. Lactation-induced cows exhibited an increase in serum alpha-lactalbumin concentrations 2 d prior to initiation of milking, reaching values of ~260 ng/ml. Mean days-to-first service was greatly reduced in cows induced into lactation compared to nontreated cows, while mean services per conception was similar between induced and nontreated cows. Mean days to conception was lower for induced cows than for nontreated cows. By 150 DIM, pregnancy rate of induced cows was 70%, whereas nontreated cows averaged 56% pregnancy rate.Master of Science
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Barnes, Larisa A. J. "Complementary medicine product use in pregnancy and lactation." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23246.
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Use of complementary medicine products (CMPs) e.g. dietary supplements and herbal medicines, in pregnancy and lactation is common. This was investigated using systematic reviews, qualitative research, and quantitative survey research, with a specific focus on women’s information-seeking behaviours, CMPs information sources, and types of information sought. Factors that influenced women’s decision-making, including health literacy, were also examined. Results show that establishing the safety and benefits of CMP use were central to women’s decision-making. Participants had good health literacy skills. They aimed to promote and maintain the health of their babies and themselves, making their decisions in line with the concept of maternal health literacy. They sought information widely but were discerning when evaluating the information collated. Women’s most trusted sources of CMPs information were health care practitioners, government and hospital information, and published research.
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Tantasuparuk, Wichai. "Sow reproductive performance in Thailand : effects of climate, breed, parity, lactation length, weight loss during lactation and weaning-to-service interval /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5938-9.pdf.
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Grisenti, Tyson George. "Lactational Performance and Energy Partitioning of Dairy Cows Supplemented with N-Acetyl-L-Methionine During Mid to Late Lactation." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6906.
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The N-acetyl-L-methionine (NALM) molecule is a methionine (Met) derivative produced via acetylation of the L-Met α-amino group with an N-acetyl group. This molecule has been shown to be bioavailable and capable of fulfilling the dietary requirement for Met in animals and humans. The current experiment was conducted to test a hypothesis that lactating dairy cows fed with NALM would increase milk production by increasing N and energy utilization efficiencies in a dose dependent manner. Eight multiparous Holstein cows that were mid lactation (124 ± 13 days-in-milk) with similar milk production were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design for 84 d. A developmental NALM product from CJ CheilJedang (Seoul, South Korea) was used as the supplemental source of rumen-protected Met in the present study. Four dietary treatments included 0 g (control), 15 g, 30 g, and 45 g/d/cow of NALM supplementation. Supplementing NALM significantly increased dry matter intake (linear effect; P < 0.01), while milk yield tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.07). A linear decrease in milk fat concentration was seen due to supplementation of NALM in relation to the control ration (P = 0.02). However, milk fat yield was similar across treatments. A trend toward an increase in milk protein yield was observed between the control ration and the ration supplemented with 45 g of NALM (1.18 vs. 1.21 kg/d; P = 0.10). There were no differences in energy-corrected or 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields in response to treatments. It is likely that the supplementation of NALM to mid to late lactating dairy cows may have shifted nutrient and energy utilization toward tissue gain and lactation, which resulted in a decrease in feed efficiency for lactation (P = 0.02). Overall results from the present study suggest that supplementing NALM to mid to late lactating cows can increase milk yield in a dose dependent manner with a shift of net energy partitioning toward milk production and body weight gain. In addition, supplementing NALM increased milk nitrogen (N) output without affecting urinary N excretion.
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Alhojaily, Sameer M. "The Effect of Lactation and Energy Status on Gene Expression in the Main Reproductive Tissues of Lactating Dairy Cattle." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7588.
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Modern high-yielding dairy cows are currently producing far more milk than their ancestors due to a prolonged and intensive genetic selection for milk production trait accompanied by the revolutionary improvement in technology, management, and nutrition. On the other hand, a noticeable decline in fertility and reproductive performance was undeniably consistent with the increase in milk yield. This decline in fertility and reproductive performance are recognized worldwide and well documented in several studies. Dairy cows typically experience a period of energy deficit during the first few months of lactation due to the rapid increase in milk production and limited feed intake. This shortage of energy requirements results in loss of body fat which is associated with the disturbance of the normal levels of certain hormones and metabolites. The significant increase in milk yield has increased the severity and duration of the energy deficit which has an adverse effect on the main reproductive cells and tissues that profoundly contribute to fertility. These include the egg from the ovary, the early embryo, and the internal lining of the uterus. Fertilization of a healthy egg results in the development of an embryo with an excellent quality that can survive through the multiple stages of gestation, especially during the first two weeks of gestation when many embryos die. The embryos in the early stages are the most susceptible to the disturbance in their environment. Energy deficit was shown to negatively impact the egg and embryo quality and make the uterus lining suboptimal to support early embryo development. Understanding the mechanisms by which energy deficit influences the main reproductive tissues will help in developing profound strategies to improve fertility in dairy cows.
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Yeo, Joon-Mo. "Effects of amino acid nutrition on milk production responses of the dairy cow to more frequent milking." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248134.
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Pushpakumara, Pupulewatte Gedera Anil. "Metabolic and nutritional regulation of fertility in the dairy cow." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251790.
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Vance, Gillian Helen Sarah. "Early life exposure to a dietary allergen : characteristics, and consequences for allergic sensitisation and disease." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269644.
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Gaboury, Chantal Linda. "Facteurs motivant le changement de tétines chez le veau (Bos taurus)." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
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Simyan, Jean François Alfred. "Lactation et allaitement sous le rapport physiologique et social thèse présentée et soutenue à la Faculté de médecine de Paris le 6 avril 1837 /." Paris : BIUM, 2003. http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/cote?TPAR1837x094.
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Da, Costa Teresa Helena. "Aspects of the regulation and lactation in the rat." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386729.
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Boyle, Alastair Robert. "Managing first lactation heifers to maximise welfare and productivity." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.554344.
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Regrouping in commercial dairy herds often involves integrating new animals into an established group. This can be particularly stressful for first-lactation dairy heifers when integrated with the main dairy herd after calving as they are often subject to high levels of aggression and bullying. This, in turn, can have a negative effect on production performance. The aim of the research within this thesis was to identify the effect of different re grouping regimes on the welfare and productivity of first lactation" heifers when introduced to a group containing older cows. Experiment 1 examined the effects of introducing heifers to an established group after evening rather than morning milking, and found welfare benefits (in terms of reduced received aggression) in this approach. Experiment 2 determined the effects of mixing heifers with non-lactating cows during the pre-calving period on welfare and performance in the post-calving period. This study showed that these animals were subject to less aggression in the post calving period than those not mixed with older cows prior to calving. Experiments 3 and 4 examined the impact of giving heifers different levels of 'recovery' period after calving before integrating with an established group. Both keeping heifers in a separate heifer group for two weeks after calving, and even just extending the time period in a straw-calving pen, led to improvements in welfare. No effect on stress hormone levels or on productivity were shown in any of the studies. In all studies heifers lay for relatively short periods (i.e. less than 6 hours) during the first 24 hours after introduction to cubicle accommodation if this occurred relatively soon after calving. Lying time was increased if heifers were allowed to stay in straw pens during this period. It is suggested that future research should determine if pain causes reduced lying behaviour in freshly-calved heifers in cubicle accommodation.
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Alamer, Mohammed. "Manipulation of ruminant lactation using photoperiodic and endocrine treatment." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3912/.
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This thesis examines some aspects of milk yield manipulation utilizing some factors that can effect the function of the mammary gland. In the first part of study, the effect of photoperiod on lactation performance in the goats was studied, and particularly to investigate if this response can be potentiated by prior exposure to short periods of short days elicited by melatonin treatment. Long light did not produce clear stimulatory effect on milk yield, but a small response was seen in autumn and only in goats that were not treated by melatonin. Repeated short cycles of melatonin did not sensitize lactating goats to subsequent long light effect to milk yield regardless of stage of lactation or commencement time of year. Indeed, this treatment might produce a detrimental effect on milk yield when applied in early lactation. The second part of the study was to determine the maximum metabolic capacity of cows from different genetic merit. We adopted a multiple galactopoietic stimuli, increasing milking frequency, bovine somatotropin and thyroxine, applied in additive stepwise fashion at peak yield to cows from high and low genetic merit. This approach was successfully drove the cows into what we believe their maximum metabolic capacity. Milk yield was increased in an additive fashion at each stimulus. The increase in milk yield capacity was associated with mammary growth which was detected during the maximum stimuli. There was no significant difference in the response to the galactopoietic stimuli between cows from different genetic merit which did not suggest that high genetic merit cows are milking closer to their maximum capacity and, therefore, at greater risk of collapse of metabolic control than low genetic merit cows.
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Brown, Joanna R. "Investigation of factors influencing lactation persistency in the goat." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296957.
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Gondal, K. Z. "Analysis of the lactation curve of Pakistani dairy buffaloes." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356147.
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Scantlebury, David Michael. "Energetics of lactation in the domestic dog Canis familiaris." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245974.
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The energetics of lactation in domestic dogs was investigated. Two breeds were chosen of different masses, Labrador Retrievers (30kg) and Miniature Schnauzers (6kg). Labradors had larger litter sizes and invested more energy relative to adult weight during lactation. This was shown in a number of ways. During peak lactation they had relatively higher metabolised energy intakes, higher energy expenditures, higher ratios of litter metabolic mass to maternal metabolic mass and produced relatively more milk. In addition Labradors utilised body reserves, an investment the Schnauzers didn't make. Schnauzers, however, invested relatively more energy per pup, which was reflected by their relatively larger offspring energy expenditures. Offspring of both breeds increased significantly in mass over the experimental period of peak lactation, although the Labrador pups were significantly leaner and contained less fat in proportion to body mass than the Schnauzer pups. The gradient of the scaling relationship between litter size and body mass across different breeds of dog was significantly steeper and tighter than the interspecific scaling relationship calculated between different species of Canid of similar mass range. This is consistent with the more recent theories on the evolution of life histories, that interspecific allometric variation is an epiphenomenon of intraspecific variation. This suggests that physical constraints associated with size in dogs may limit offspring investment and milk production. The differences in energy investment during lactation between the two breeds might be explained by variations in their ability to sustain high energy expenditures. Central limitations to maximum metabolisable energy intake and energy expenditure might be important in determining reproductive output in the Labradors. Hence milk energy output might be limited by the ability of the alimentary system to acquire nutrients. In contrast, peripheral limitations might limit Schnauzers' ability to allocate energy to offspring. Hence milk production might be limited by mammary output capacity. A three dimensional model relating energy expenditure and fitness to body mass was produced. This advanced a number of predictions. For instance, it is predicted that the observed FMR/RMR ratio would be greater in larger animals. Second, that maximal sustained metabolic rate would be more likely to be limited peripherally in small mammals. Thus maximum energy intake required for single activities, such as lactation or thermoregulation, could represent peripheral limitations in small mammals but central limitations in large mammals.
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Dunphy, Andrea Maria. "Hepatic adrenergic mechanisms and the metabolic control of lactation." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306862.
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Walters, Anneke H. "Analysis of early lactation reproductive characteristics in Holstein cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9859.
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Ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicular aspiration was used to obtain oocytes from cows to study follicular development and oocyte morphology. Follicular aspiration was conducted once during wk 1 to 12 postpartum on 120 lactating cows with 6 groups, separated by biweekly intervals. Approximately one half of the aspirated cows at each session were from the early groups (wk 1-2, 3-4, or 5-6) and the other half from the later groups (wk 7-8, 9-10, or 11-12). On the day of aspiration the number of follicles on each ovary, and their sizes, small (2-5 mm), medium (6-10 mm) and large (≥ 11 mm), were recorded. The collected oocytes were morphologically classified into 4 grades, with 4 = excellent, 3 = good, 2 = fair, and 1 = poor. Blood samples from the jugular vein and follicular fluid samples from the largest follicle were collected in order to perform hormone and metabolite assays. Environmental data were obtained from the local airport. There was a significant (P < .01) quadratic days pre- and postpartum by parity interaction for BCS. Body condition score for older cattle was the lowest at 90 d prior to calving and changed the least amount over time, while youngest cattle had the highest initial BCS at d 90 prior to calving and had the greatest change in BCS over time. Body condition score was the highest during summer calving season (3.3 ± .06) compared to BCS during winter calving season (2.6 ± .06). But the loss in BCS was greater for cows that calved in summer (-0.53 ± .06) compared to cows that calved in winter (-0.07 ± .08). Increased serum NEFA concentrations with simultaneous decreases in serum insulin concentrations for younger cattle implied a more negative EB status than for older cattle. The total number of follicles and total number of oocytes retrieved was significantly (P < .001) affected by a linear days postpartum by parity interaction with younger cattle having linear increases compared to decreases in the total number of follicles for older cattle. Oocyte quality score was affected by the quadratic days postpartum by parity interaction (P < .01) and calving season (P < .01). Younger cattle had higher initial quality scores compared to older cattle, but older cattle had higher quality oocytes towards the end of the 12 wk period compared with younger cattle. Younger cattle had higher E2 and IGF-I concentrations in follicular fluid associated with a higher number of total follicles and number of oocytes, compared to older cattle. However, oocyte quality of younger cattle seemed to be reduced and oocytes were less competent than for older cattle. Cattle in 3rd and greater lactation showed very little change in BCS and hormone and metabolite measures during early lactation, with no apparent decrease in oocyte quality, despite the aging effect on follicle numbers. This study demonstrated that conditions related to early lactation have a negative effect on oocyte quality and endocrine measures of dairy cattle and that animals of different ages are differentially affected.Master of Science
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Jerry, Wei. "Genome-wide studies of lactation performance in mouse models." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28903.
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Genetic factors have been shown to significantly influence the profitability of dairy cattle. In Australia, a number of production traits such as milk protein yield, fat yield and milk yield and non—production traits such survival, disease resistance and fertility have been identified as key factors contributing to the Australia Profit Ranking (APR) index, which is an established indicator to evaluate dairy cattle profitability for the farmer and ultimately for the Australian dairy industry. The studies described in this thesis explore mouse models as a means to examine the underlying genetic basis of lactation performance traits.
An advanced in silico mapping approach for genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of the genomic regions/QTL responsible for the variation in mouse lactation performance and fecundity was carried out using inbred strain mouse single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information. In Chapter 2, reproductive performance including lactation performance of 11 laboratory inbred strains was carefully assessed. Significant divergence of each reproductive associated phenotype was identified amongst strains. 191 QTL intervals with 292 genes underlying the regions associated with lactation performance were identified. Analysis of the expression patterns of these genes during mammary gland development and lactation revealed that most of the genes could be clustered into distinct patterns. This analysis, which may reflect co-expression patterns consistent with coordinated biological and cellular processes, provides a basis for lactation performance candidate genes or pathways. Within one chromosomal region, Neol a gene which underlies the Neogql QTL on mouse chromosome 9, was identified as a lactation candidate gene for further analysis.
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Millican, P. E. "Protein metabolism in the mouse during pregnancy and lactation." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372725.
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Veloso, Rita de Cassia Noronha. "Manutenção da lactação em mães de recem-nascido pre-termo : um desafio." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308267.
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Orientador: Antonieta Keiko Kakuda ShimoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T10:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veloso_RitadeCassiaNoronha_M.pdf: 3427525 bytes, checksum: 43c6285db43228f135db262c96550d7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Este estudo foi desenvolvido pela necessidade de conhecermos melhor a mulher-mãe que, logo após o parto, além de ter seu filho levado para a Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal (UTIN) por ter nascido prematuramente e precisar de cuidados especiais, tem a responsabilidade de suprir suas necessidades nutricionais. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa e que tem como objetivo desvelar os fatores que influenciam o processo de manutenção da lactação em mães de recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT) internado na UTIN de um hospital filantrópico do Estado de São Paulo, identificando as barreiras e fatores facilitadores para a manutenção da lactação e sua rede de apoio social. Os atores sociais de nossa pesquisa foram mães de RNPT internados na UTIN do hospital em estudo, as quais foram previamente orientadas pelos profissionais do Banco de Leite sobre como proceder para estimular e manter a lactação. A amostra foi definida por saturação de dados e a coleta foi realizada no Banco de Leite Humano (BLH) e na UTIN, utilizando-se dos seguintes instrumentos: a) entrevista semi-estruturada; b) observação participante; c) diário de campo. A análise dos dados foi realizada através do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Nas entrevistas realizadas com as dezenove mulheres-mães, observamos que os principais problemas encontrados para manter a lactação foram a dificuldade no manejo da ordenha, mesmo com a bomba tira-leite; dor nos mamilos ao retirar o leite; dificuldade para levar o leite ao BLH; desconhecimento quanto à freqüência da retirada do leite; desconhecimento da importância do leite materno; estresse, ansiedade, tristeza causada por não ter o bebê em seus braços; falta de apoio dos profissionais e da família. Os fatores que facilitam a produção láctea foram abordados, podendo-se citar, entre eles, a possibilidade de permanência das mães na UTIN, assim como estas obterem informações sobre o estado de saúde de seu bebê; o apoio dos profissionais do BLH; a realização da ordenha com bomba tira leite; a mulher ser encorajada pelo marido; fazer o método canguru e ter conhecimento sobre como ordenhar a mama e sobre o processo de produção láctea. Em relação à rede de apoio, pode-se concluir que o marido ou companheiro é o principal incentivador e quem ajuda nos afazeres de casa. Assim, concluímos que o profissional de saúde tem um importante papel no incentivo ao aleitamento, exercendo a sua paciência, sabendo ouvir sem pré-julgamentos, revendo normas que dificultam a proximidade entre mãe e filho e utilizando o seu conhecimento para apoiar a mulher-mãe que, muitas vezes, não tem a quem recorrer e precisa de uma palavra de incentivo
Abstract: This study was developed in order to understand and know better the mother-woman, who right after the childbirth, not only has her son taken to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) for having been born prematurely and consequently needs special cares, but also has to supply her nutritional needs. This is a descriptive exploratory study, with a qualitative approach which is aimed to unveiling the factors that influence the breastfeeding maintenance process in mothers of pre-term newly born (PTNB), who stay in the NICU of a philanthropic hospital in Sao Paulo state, by identifying the obstacles and the factors that cooperate for breastfeeding maintenance and her social net support. The social partakers of our research were PTNB mothers in the NICU of the hospital in study, who were previously guided by Human Milk Bank (HMB) professionals about how to act for stimulating and keeping the breastfeeding on. The sample was defined by data saturation and the collection was done at the Milk Bank (MB) and NICU making use of the following tools: a) Semi-structured interview; b) Partakers¿ observation; c) Field diary. The data analysis was carried out through the Colletive Speech. In the interviews put into practice with the nineteen mother-women, we realized that the main existing problems in keeping the breastfeeding were: difficulty in drawing the milk from the breast, even making use of a nursing milk pump; pain on the nipples when removing the milk; difficulty in taking the milk to MB; lack of knowledge of how often the milk should be removed and its importance; stress; anxiety; sadness for not having the baby in their arms and lack of support from professionals and family. The factors that cooperate for breastfeeding maintenance were the possibility of having the mothers together with the babies in the NCTI and keeping them informed about their babies¿ health; more support from MB professionals; the use of a nursing milk pump; more encouragement by the husband/partner; the kangaroo method and more knowledge of how to draw the milk and of the breastfeeding process. As the net support, we concluded that the husband/partner is the most important person to motivate the mothers and help with household chores. Thus we came to the conclusion that health professionals have an important role in encouraging their patients to breastfeed, working with their patience, listening to them without pre-judgment, reviewing rules that make it difficult for the mothers to be near their babies and making use of their vast knowledge to support the mother-woman, who, very often, doesn¿t have someone to run to and needs a comfort word
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestre em Enfermagem
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Keon, Brigitte H. "Fatty acid synthase is a major polypeptide constituent of cytosolic lipoprotein and is associated with components of the milk lipid secretory pathway." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05042006-164523/.
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Courant, Geneviève Thérèse. "The effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on maternal food intake, body weight and body composition, and on lactation performance in rats." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26193.
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During pregnancy, body fat stores increase in part to subsidize the high energy cost of lactation. One effect of exercise, on the other hand, is to lower percent body fat. The effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on body fat, and on body composition in general, is not well documented. There is also a paucity of data on the effect of exercise during these physiological states on food intake and body weight. If exercise during pregnancy decreases body fat stores, would lactation performance subsequently be compromised? This study was designed to determine the effect of moderately strenuous aerobic exercise, during rat pregnancy and lactation, on food intake, body weight, body composition and lactation performance. Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into exercised (n=40) and sedentary (n=40) groups. Exercising
rats were trained over three weeks to run on a treadmill at 30 m/min, 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Within each group, two subgroups were then mated and three subgroups remained as virgin age controls (n=8 per subgroup).
Of the mated subgroups, one was terminated within 24 hours of parturition and the other on day 14 of lactation. Subgroups of virgin sedentary and exercising
controls were terminated at times corresponding to each of mating, parturition and day 14 of lactation of mated animals. Carcasses were assayed for fat, water, ash and protein. Ad libitum food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the study, as was the weight gain of pups of lactating dams.
MANOVA showed the effect of activity to be significant
on food intake at week three of training and during the pregnancy period (p<0.00l) and at week one (p<0.0l) and two (p<0.05) of lactation. The effect of activity was highly significant (p<0.00l) on body weight from week three of training and throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods, as well as on the percent fat, water and ash of the rat carcasses. Post hoc multimean comparisons
(Scheffe) at the p<0.05 level revealed that exercise resulted in a significant increase in the food intake of virgin rats, and nonsignificant increases in the food intake of pregnant and lactating rats. Body weights of virgin, pregnant and lactating exercising rats were significantly greater than their respective sedentary controls. Despite their heavier body weights and greater food intake, the estimated carcass energy content of exercising animals was lower than that of sedentary animals. This finding was reflected in the carcass composition whereby exercising rats, whether virgin, pregnant or lactating, contained consistently less fat and more water than sedentary controls. At parturition, pregnant animals contained significantly less fat, more water and more ash than sedentary pregnant
controls. After 14 days of lactation, there were no significant differences in carcass composition between
exercising and sedentary dams. However, lactating rats, whether exercising or sedentary, catabolized approximately 50 percent of the body fat present at parturition. Pup weight gains were not significantly different between exercising and sedentary dams.
From these findings it was concluded that the effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on food intake, body weight and body composition was comparable
to its effect in non-gravid rats. Moderately strenuous exercise during pregnancy prevented the increase
in body fat deposition normally present at this time. Despite these depleted fat stores, the energy supplied by the mobilization of the remaining fat and the increase in food intake was adequate to support normal pup growth.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
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Anwar, Muhammad. "An analysis of factors affecting the efficiency of dairy systems in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289207.
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Jiang, Qiubo. "Influence of reproductive stage and ovarian steroid treatment on the milk-ejection reflex." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361101.
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Wiertzema, Ashley Rae. "Nature’s Best: An Analysis of a Lactation Education Needs Assessment." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26545.
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This thesis explores the perceptions of nurses regarding the importance of breastfeeding, the need for lactation education, and the barriers that may be preventing nurses from obtaining lactation education. Nurses working in Minnesota, North Dakota, or South Dakota were the focus. Secondary data from a lactation education needs assessment was used to explore the perceptions and barriers in these states. It was determined that 290 surveys were useable. The Health Belief Model was used to explore the relationship between the nurse's characteristics, perceived breastfeeding importance, perceived need for lactation education, likelihood to take action to obtain lactation education, and perceived barriers to lactation education. Findings from this study indicate that several characteristics of nurses were significantly related to nurses' perceptions of breastfeeding and the need for lactation education. Among several findings, work setting and the level of nursing education were significantly related to nurses' perceptions of the importance of breastfeeding.
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Луцковська, М. В., Тетяна Володимирівна Бабар, Татьяна Владимировна Бабарь, and Tetiana Volodymyrivna Babar. "Ведення лактації при інтраамніальному інфікуванні." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32890.
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Лактація - це складний процес, підготовка до якого починається з ранніх термінів вагітності, тому характер лактаційної функції нерозривно пов’язаний з особливостями перебігу вагітності і пологового акту, а також з ранніми післяпологовими ускладненнями.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32890
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Wiertzema, Ashley Rae. "Nature?s Best: An Analysis of a Lactation Education Needs Assessment." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26545.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the perceptions of nurses regarding the importance of breastfeeding, the need for lactation education, and the barriers that may be preventing nurses from obtaining lactation education. Nurses working in Minnesota, North Dakota, or South Dakota were the focus. Secondary data from a lactation education needs assessment was used to explore the perceptions and barriers in these states. It was determined that 290 surveys were useable. The Health Belief Model was used to explore the relationship between the nurse's characteristics, perceived breastfeeding importance, perceived need for lactation education, likelihood to take action to obtain lactation education, and perceived barriers to lactation education. Findings from this study indicate that several characteristics of nurses were significantly related to nurses' perceptions of breastfeeding and the need for lactation education. Among several findings, work setting and the level of nursing education were significantly related to nurses' perceptions of the importance of breastfeeding.
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Higgins, Erinn E. "The Effect of Exercise on Lactating Sow Performance." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34537.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of light, daily exercise on body condition score (BCS), soundness (SS), injury (IS), lesions (LS) weaning wt (WW), and back fat (BF) of lactating sows housed in farrowing crates. A total of 24 sows were used in four trials. Body weight (BW), BF, BCS, SS, IS, and LS were recorded at placement into the farrowing barn and again at weaning. A scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) was used for BCS, SS, and IS. Prior to farrowing, sows were grouped by BW and parity, and assigned to control (no exercise) or experimental (exercise) groups. After farrowing, the exercise sows (n=3) were removed from their crates for 1h/d for 17-19 d and encouraged to exercise; the control sows (n=3) remained in crates 24h/d. Saliva samples were collected 30 min prior to exercise and at 30 and 60 min after exercise for cortisol analysis. Piglets were weaned between 18 and 26 days of age. No difference was found between treatments for sow WW, BCS, IS, average daily feed intake, weaning litter wt, day 7 wt/d of age or piglet survivability. Exercise sows were leaner, sounder, and had more lesions at weaning than control sows (P<0.05). Exercise sows also had higher levels of salivary cortisol on average than control sows (P<0.05). These results indicate that increased movement of sows during lactation led to a decrease in back fat and an increase in soundness, with no affect on piglets.Master of Science
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Mgbeahuruike, Anthony Christian. "Faecal characteristics and production of dairy cows in early lactation /." Skara : Dept. of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200762.pdf.
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Politis, Ioannis D. "Changes of plasmin and plasminogen activators in lactation and ovulation." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74285.
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The role of plasmin and plasminogen activators (PA) in bovine lactation and porcine ovulation has been examined. There is no difference in the activation pattern of plasminogen to plasmin throughout the whole range of somatic cell counts (SCC) and from third to ninth month in lactation. The ratio of (plasminogen + plasmin)/plasmin, which serves as an index of the activation process, was 7.27 during early (first and second month) and 4.23 during late lactation (tenth month) and both values are different (p $<$ 0.01) from all the other ratios throughout the whole range of SCC and from third to ninth month in lactation suggesting limited and increased activation of plasminogen to plasmin during early and late lactation, respectively. Macrophages produce but they do not secrete urokinase-PA, suggesting a minor role in influencing milk plasmin. Somatotropin administration resulted in a suppression of milk plasmin in vivo. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the most likely mediator of the effects of somatotropin on the bovine mammary gland, inhibited the induction of tissue-PA (t-PA) production which is observed when mammary epithelial cells are cultured in the absence of IGF-1. Plasmin and t-PA increased while PA inhibitor-1 decreased in porcine granulosa, theca interna cells and follicular fluid just prior to the time of expected ovulation suggesting a role for plasmin in follicle rupture.
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Hughes, J. I. "The effect of nematode parasitism on lactation in the ewe." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383975.
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Arnould, John Peter Yves. "The energetics of lactation in Antarctic fur seals (Artocephalus gazella)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282680.
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The use of hydrogen isotope dilution to measure total body water (TBW) and body composition in fur seals was validated by comparison with whole-carcass chemical analysis. Adult females had proportionately lower TBW and higher gross energy contents than pups. Pups had higher TBW to lean body mass ratios than adults indicating they had not yet reached chemical maturity. At all ages, there were significant differences in body composition between pup sexes. Whereas female pups were generally lighter than males, for any given mass they had significantly higher body lipid reserves. The amount of milk energy consumed by pups during the 1-2 day maternal attendance periods ranged from 49 - 68 MJ and increased steadily with age before decreasing significantly in the last 30 - 40 days before weaning. There were no significant differences in milk consumption between male or female pups. The amount consumed during these attendance periods was positively related to the duration of maternal absence such that daily energy consumption (on average 8.3 MJ) was independent of maternal foraging trip duration. Because pups must fast during the long maternal absences, the majority of the resources transferred to the pup are used for maintenance instead of growth. Analysis of the relationship between foraging behaviour and energy expenditure indicated that females undertaking short foraging trips had higher dive rates but lower metabolic rates than females making longer trips. However, females making longer trips gained more mass such that the energetic efficiency with which they gained mass was independent of foraging trip duration or diving behaviour. The total energetic cost of milk production and metabolism during the lactation period are estimated at 940 MJ and 2161 MJ, respectively. The total food energy consumed by individual adult female Antarctic fur seals at South Georgia during the lactation period is estimated at 3710 MJ.
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Daido, Sayaka. "MR Imaging of Uterine Morphology and Dynamic Changes During Lactation." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217991.
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Nabwire, Florence. "HIV, antiretroviral therapy, pregnancy, lactation and bone health in Uganda." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278673.
Full textAbstract:
Globally, ~17 million women and ~2.1 million children are living with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 70% of HIV-infected (HIV+) persons. Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV (MTCT) during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding, is the main route of HIV infection in children. The World Health Organisation recommends lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV+ pregnant and breastfeeding mothers to prevent MTCT, and breastfeeding for ≥24 months for optimal child health in resource limited settings (Option B+ strategy). Initiation of ART in HIV+ adults is associated with a 2-6% decrease in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) regardless of ART regimen, but data are limited in pregnant and lactating women. Tenofovir, a preferred first-line drug in Option B+ ART regimen, is associated with 1-2% greater decreases in aBMD. Pregnancy and lactation are associated with physiological changes in maternal bone mineral density, but most evidence shows that this is recovered after cessation of breastfeeding. The hypothesis of this thesis is that ART may accentuate the normal process of bone mobilisation during pregnancy and lactation, leading to bone loss that is not recovered in the mother and/or compromised infant growth and bone mineral accretion. The primary objective of this research was to investigate if HIV+ women experience greater reductions in bone mineral compared to HIV-uninfected (HIV-) counterparts. Two groups of pregnant women, 95 HIV+ on ART (Tenofovir-Lamivudine-Efavirenz, previously ART naïve) and 96 HIV- were followed prospectively in Kampala, Uganda. Data were collected at 36 wks gestation (PG36), 2 (PP2) and 14 wks postpartum (PP14). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone phenotype (aBMD, bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and size-adjusted BMC (SA-BMC, adjusted for height or length, weight and BA) of the whole body (WB) and lumbar spine (LS) in mother-baby pairs, and total hip (TH) in mothers. The primary outcome was the difference between groups in % change (± SE) in maternal LS aBMD between PP2 and PP14. Secondary outcomes included changes in maternal markers of bone formation (P1NP and BAP) and resorption (CTX), serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), plasma and urine concentrations of creatinine (Cr), calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4) and magnesium (Mg), urine mineral:creatinine ratios, TmCa/GFR and TMP/GFR, respectively), breastmilk mineral composition (Ca, P, Na, K and Na/K ratio); and infant growth Z-scores and bone mineral. Statistical models were adjusted for potential confounders. Median maternal age was 24.5 (IQR 21.1, 26.9) yrs. Mean gestation was 40.9±1.8 wks and not significantly different between groups. All women were breastfeeding at PP2 and PP14. More HIV+ women reported exclusive breastfeeding (PP2: 82.9% v 58.7%, p=0.0008; PP14: 86.7% v 66.2%, p=0.002). Body weight was 4-5% lower in HIV+ women. By PP14, mean duration of ART was 29.3±5.1 wks, adherence was > 95%, and the median CD4 count was 403 (IQR 290-528) cells/mm3. Maternal aBMD decreased between PP2 and PP14 at all skeletal sites in both groups as expected in lactation. Reductions in LS aBMD were not significantly different between groups (-1.8±0.4% vs -2.5±0.4%, p=0.3). However, HIV+ women had a significantly greater reduction in TH aBMD which persisted after adjustment for body size (-3.7±0.3% vs -2.7±0.3%, p=0.04). Median serum 25(OH)D was 67.4 nmol/L (IQR 54.8, 83.7) at PG36 and 57.6 nmol/L (48.7, 70.1) at PP14 with no significant difference between groups. Changes in 25(OH)D and PTH from PG36 to PP14 were not significantly different between groups (25(OH)D: -13.9±4.1% vs -11.1±3.1%; PTH: +60.0±6.4% vs +57.6±6.4%; both p > 0.05). However, HIV+ women had 33-35% greater plasma PTH concentrations at both PG36 and PP14. Bone formation and resorption markers increased in both groups between PG36 and PP14. HIV+ women had greater increases (CTX: +74.6±5.9% vs +56.2±5.9%; P1NP: +100.3±5.0% vs +72.6±5.0%; BAP: +67.2±3.6% vs +57.1±3.6%, all p < 0.05). They also had a greater decrease in plasma Ca (-6.6±0.5% vs-3.8±0.5%, p≤0.0001) and greater increase in plasma phosphate (+14.4±2.0% vs +7.7±2.0%, p=0.02). Changes in plasma Cr and Mg, TmP/GFR and urine mineral:creatinine ratios were not significantly different between the groups. However, at both PG36 and PP14, HIV+ had significantly lower mean plasma Ca (PG36: -1.0±0.5%; PP14: -4.1±0.6%) and TmP/GFR (PG36: -11.4±3.1%; PP14: -7.2±3.0%) but higher PTH (PG36: +33.0±7.0%; PP14: +35.3±7.6%) compared to HIV- women (all p < 0.05). Mean breastmilk Ca decreased between PP2 and PP14, and the changes were not different between the groups (-19.9±3.0% vs -24.2±3.1%, p=0.3). There were no significant changes in breastmilk phosphorus (P) in both groups, but HIV+ women had significantly higher concentrations (PP2: +9.7±3.8%, p=0.01; PP14:+9.6±3.5 %, p=0.007). Breastmilk P was significantly correlated with maternal plasma [CTX] in a separate ANCOVA model (β = +0.13±0.04% per 1% increase in CTX, p=0.0003). Mean breastmilk Na, K concentrations and Na/K decreased between PP2 and PP14 in both groups. However, HIV+ women had a smaller decrease in breastmilk Na (-44.3±8.9% vs -72.6±9.0%, p=0.03). They also had a trend towards smaller reduction in Na/K ratio (-22.2±9.3% vs -46.6.6±9.5%, p=0.07). Babies born to HIV+ mothers (HIV-exposed infants, HEI) had significantly lower gains in weight +53.0±1.4% vs +57.5±1.4%, p=0.02) compared to HIV-unexposed infants (HUI), and also lower weight-for-age (-0.47±0.16, p=0.003) and length-for-age (-0.53±0.18, p=0.005) Z-scores at PP14. HEI had a slower gain in WB BMC (+51.2±1.9% vs +57.3±1.9%, p=0.02), but the difference was not significant after adjustment for body size (-6.0±3.5% vs -7.6±3.8%, p=0.2); showing that the bone mineral accretion was appropriate for achieved infant size. In contrast, HEI had a greater increase in LS BMC (+29.5±1.7% vs +24.4±1.7%, p=0.03), a difference which remained after size-adjustment (+9.4±5.8% vs +4.3±6.2%, p=0.02). This is the first study to compare changes in maternal aBMD and bone metabolism between HIV+ mothers on Option B+ ART and HIV- counterparts. The results show a greater reduction in TH aBMD in Ugandan HIV+ women on Option-B+ ART compared to HIV- in the first three months of lactation, consistent with their greater increases in bone turnover markers, lower TmP/GFR and plasma phosphate, and higher breastmilk phosphorus concentration. Also, HEI have slower growth and whole body bone mineral accretion compared to HUI. It is important to determine if these changes are temporary or have long-term consequences for the bone health of the mother and child.