Journal articles on the topic 'Lactation Physiological aspects'
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1
Zhelavskyi, M. M. "Immunobiological aspects of cow lactation." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 95 (November 2, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9501.
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Lactation of cows is a high-energy metabolic process. It is regulated in the body by the complex physiological mechanisms of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. The purpose of to study changes in the immunobiological reactivity of the body of cows during lactation. Clinical and experimental studies were accomplished at the veterinary clinic and in the specialized laboratory of reproductive animal immunology. For the study, four groups of analogues of experimental animals were formed in which the immunological methods determined the immune status: cows (n = 17) during the early lactation (secretion of colostrum, 3–5th day); second (n = 32) – cows (n = 32) in the mid (3–5th month) lactation; the third (n = 28) – during the late lactation (5–7th day) and the fourth group (n = 28) – during the dry period (12–20th day). Our research has shown that during lactation in the body of cows fluctuations of the studied indicators of cellular and humoral immunity occur. Experimental data that showed that the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the blood of cows of Ukrainian dairy black-billed breed during the initial (3–5 days) period of lactogenesis is the lowest (37.88 ± 1.53%). However, the lowest expression of B-immune cells (16.05 ± 0.74%) was also detected during colostrum secretion. These changes occurred against the background of the decrease in CD3+/СD22+ (2.36 ± 0.11). In particular, at the 3–5th month of lactation, peripheral blood flow contained 53.40 ± 0.83% CD3+, ie 1.40 times more. The number of CD22+ mononuclear cells increased by only 1.14 times (up to 18.31 ± 0.69%). The beginning late lactation and dry period in the number of immunocompetent cells was observed: CD3+ – up to 42.11 ± 1.03%, and CD22+ – up to 22.92 ± 0.89%. All this was accompanied by a corresponding redistribution of the balance (CD3+/СD22+). We have identified certain patterns in the blast transformation ability of T-lymphocytes, which was manifested in the change in the activity of activated immune cells of blood. At the beginning of lactation, the functional capacity of T cells was the lowest (42.47 ± 0.62%). But subsequently with the increase of the lactation curve there was a certain activation of their transformation into blasts (51.11 ± 1.05%). At the beginning of late lactation cows underwent a gradual decrease in the blasttransformation capacity of immunocompetent cells (43.11 ± 0.89%). And which continued to decline gradually during the dry period. Thus, during lactation in the body of cows there are dynamic permanent changes in the system of cellular and humoral immunity. From the beginning of lactogenesis, there is a gradual increase in the increase in the functioning of the mammary gland of cows, and further decrease in the population composition of CD3+ and СD22+, which was also accompanied by changes in the functional activity of immunocompetent cells.
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Luz, G. B., A. S. Maffi, E. G. Xavier, M. N. Correa, B. G. Gasperin, and C. C. Brauner. "Induction of lactation in dairy heifers: milk production, inflammatory and metabolic aspects." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 2 (April 2020): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11246.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic, inflammatory, and hepatic aspects, as well as the milk yield in heifers submitted to protocol for induction of lactation compared to primiparous cows. Sixty Holstein heifers were selected and enrolled into two groups: Control (n= 30), pregnant heifers and Induction heifers (n= 30), non-pregnant femeales, submitted to a lactation induction protocol. Blood samples were collected at: pre-lactation period (weeks -3, -2 and -1) and post-lactation period (weeks 1, 2 and 3), aiming to evaluate glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, paraoxonase-1, albumin, ALT, GGT and cortisol. The protocol efficiently induced lactation in all the heifers, which produced 74.54% of the total production of milk from primiparous cows. In the pre-lactation period, induced animals presented higher concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids than the Control heifers, and the opposite was observed in the post lactation period. In both moments albumin and ALT were lower in the Induction group, and paraoxonase-1 activity and GGT concentrations were higher, compared to the Control. Thus, lactation induction protocol is efficient to initiate milk production in dairy heifers with no considerable changes in energetic, metabolic and hepatic profile when compared to heifers in physiological lactation.
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Joksimovic-Todorovic, M., V. Davidovic, and B. Zivkovic. "Physiological aspects of behaviour of sows and piglets during the lactation period." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 2 (2011): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1102285j.
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Maternal ability represents complex interactions between different forms of behaviour and physiological characteristics. Behaviour and metabolic processes are partly under the control of endocrine and nervous systems. Sows are different from other mammals, in that sows bear a large number mature baby, capable immediately to suckling. Post partum anabolic processes become catabolic, giving priority to dairy gland in relation to other tissues. Maximum secretated milk takes place between 2. and 3. week. Sows lost in body mass and it is appeared the change in value of some bloods parameters. Haemotologic analyses have suggested the increase in total number of leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils on the first day postpartum. In the third and fourth week of lactation a statistically significant fall in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes in relation to the first day was observed, along with a significant increase in limphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value decreased during the lactation period. Level of glucose in plasma is low (it is decreasing for more than 50%), while the level of urea is high, due to huge proteins available. It can also be noticed that there is a high mobilisation of body fat an increasing level of NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid). Secretion of milk is under control prolactin and oxytocin. Oxytocin affects on maternal behaviour and prolactin is linked with timing of suck.
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Hasiec, Malgorzata, and Tomasz Misztal. "Adaptive Modifications of Maternal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity during Lactation and Salsolinol as a New Player in this Phenomenon." International Journal of Endocrinology 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3786038.
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Both basal and stress-induced secretory activities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are distinctly modified in lactating females. On the one hand, it aims to meet the physiological demands of the mother, and on the other hand, the appropriate and stable plasma cortisol level is one of the essential factors for the proper offspring development. Specific adaptations of HPA axis activity to lactation have been extensively studied in several animal species and humans, providing interesting data on the HPA axis plasticity mechanism. However, most of the data related to this phenomenon are derived from studies in rats. The purpose of this review is to highlight these adaptations, with a particular emphasis on stress reaction and differences that occur between species. Existing data on breastfeeding women are also included in several aspects. Finally, data from the experiments in sheep are presented, indicating a new regulatory factor of the HPA axis—salsolinol—which typical role was revealed in lactation. It is suggested that this dopamine derivative is involved in both maintaining basal and suppressing stress-induced HPA axis activities in lactating dams.
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Calik-Ksepka, Anna, Monika Stradczuk, Karolina Czarnecka, Monika Grymowicz, and Roman Smolarczyk. "Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031633.
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Lactation is a physiological state of hyperprolactinemia and associated amenorrhea. Despite the fact that exact mechanisms standing behind the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis during lactation are still not clear, a general overview of events leading to amenorrhea may be suggested. Suckling remains the most important stimulus maintaining suppressive effect on ovaries after pregnancy. Breastfeeding is accompanied by high levels of prolactin, which remain higher than normal until the frequency and duration of daily suckling decreases and allows normal menstrual function resumption. Hyperprolactinemia induces the suppression of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons that directly control the pulsatile release of GnRH. Disruption in the pulsatile manner of GnRH secretion results in a strongly decreased frequency of corresponding LH pulses. Inadequate LH secretion and lack of pre-ovulatory surge inhibit the progression of the follicular phase of a menstrual cycle and result in anovulation and amenorrhea. The main consequences of lactational amenorrhea are connected with fertility issues and increased bone turnover. Provided the fulfillment of all the established conditions of its use, the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) efficiently protects against pregnancy. Because of its accessibility and lack of additional associated costs, LAM might be especially beneficial in low-income, developing countries, where modern contraception is hard to obtain. Breastfeeding alone is not equal to the LAM method, and therefore, it is not enough to successfully protect against conception. That is why LAM promotion should primarily focus on conditions under which its use is safe and effective. More studies on larger study groups should be conducted to determine and confirm the impact of behavioral factors, like suckling parameters, on the LAM efficacy. Lactational bone loss is a physiologic mechanism that enables providing a sufficient amount of calcium to the newborn. Despite the decline in bone mass during breastfeeding, it rebuilds after weaning and is not associated with a postmenopausal decrease in BMD and osteoporosis risk. Therefore, it should be a matter of concern only for lactating women with additional risk factors or with low BMD before pregnancy. The review summarizes the effect that breastfeeding exerts on the hypothalamus–pituitary axis as well as fertility and bone turnover aspects of lactational amenorrhea. We discuss the possibility of the use of lactation as contraception, along with this method’s prevalence, efficacy, and influencing factors. We also review the literature on the topic of lactational bone loss: its mechanism, severity, and persistence throughout life.
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McManaman, James L. "Milk lipid secretion: recent biomolecular aspects." BioMolecular Concepts 3, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2012-0025.
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AbstractNeonates of most species depend on milk lipids for calories, fat-soluble vitamins, and bioactive lipid components for growth and development during the postnatal period. To meet neonatal nutrition and development needs, the mammary gland has evolved efficient mechanisms for synthesizing and secreting large quantities of lipid during lactation. Although the biochemical steps involved in milk lipid synthesis are understood, the identities of the genes mediating these steps and the molecular physiology of milk lipid production and secretion have only recently begun to be understood in detail through advances in mouse genetics, gene expression analysis, protein structural properties, and the cell biology of lipid metabolism. This review discusses emerging data about the molecular, cellular, and structural determinants of milk lipid synthesis and secretion within the context of physiological functions.
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Mezzetti, Matteo, Luca Cattaneo, Matilde Maria Passamonti, Vincenzo Lopreiato, Andrea Minuti, and Erminio Trevisi. "The Transition Period Updated: A Review of the New Insights into the Adaptation of Dairy Cows to the New Lactation." Dairy 2, no. 4 (November 3, 2021): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040048.
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Recent research on the transition period (TP) of dairy cows has highlighted the pivotal role of immune function in affecting the severity of metabolic challenges the animals face when approaching calving. This suggests that the immune system may play a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases occurring in early lactation. Several studies have indicated that the roots of immune dysfunctions could sink way before the “classical” TP (e.g., 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving), extending the time frame deemed as “risky” for the development of early lactation disorders at the period around the dry-off. Several distressing events occurring during the TP (i.e., dietary changes, heat stress) can boost the severity of pre-existing immune dysfunctions and metabolic changes that physiologically affect this phase of the lactation cycle, further increasing the likelihood of developing diseases. Based on this background, several operational and nutritional strategies could be adopted to minimize the detrimental effects of immune dysfunctions on the adaptation of dairy cows to the new lactation. A suitable environment (i.e., optimal welfare) and a balanced diet (which guarantees optimal nutrient partitioning to improve immune functions in cow and calf) are key aspects to consider when aiming to minimize TP challenges at the herd level. Furthermore, several prognostic behavioral and physiological indicators could help in identifying subjects that are more likely to undergo a “bad transition”, allowing prompt intervention through specific modulatory treatments. Recent genomic advances in understanding the linkage between metabolic disorders and the genotype of dairy cows suggest that genetic breeding programs aimed at improving dairy cows’ adaptation to the new lactation challenges (i.e., through increasing immune system efficiency or resilience against metabolic disorders) could be expected in the future. Despite these encouraging steps forward in understanding the physiological mechanisms driving metabolic responses of dairy cows during their transition to calving, it is evident that these processes still require further investigation, and that the TP—likely extended from dry-off—continues to be “the final frontier” for research in dairy sciences.
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Owen, J. B. "Genetic aspects of appetite and feed choice in animals." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 2 (October 1992): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600014052.
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Body composition in wild animals is regulated within a band that encompasses variations due to seasonal food supply and physiological state (e.g. that of the reproducing, lactating female and the growing juvenile). This body composition is characteristic of the genotype and is notable for the avoidance of obesity (Pitts & Bullard 1968). Urgent behavioural responses are also invoked to minimize weight loss. Figure 1 illustrates this homeostasis diagrammatically for the non-lactating, mature animal.In this integrated complex, both food intake (quantity) and diet choice (quality) play a major role in achieving the required balance between food-energy intake and ‘net output’ of energy in its various forms such as activity, growth, lactation and change in body reserves. The development of such a system, through evolution, to achieve optimum reproductive fitness in a given environment, is consistent with the theory of optimal foraging which is characteristic of many animals in the wild. Newman (1991) has used such an approach in modelling diet selection by sheep.Domesticated animals have inherited the complex genome of their progenitors, albeit modified in certain respects through natural and artificial selection, in their new circumstances. Many aspects of the physiology and behaviour of the domesticated animal still relate to the environment in which they evolved. For example Jensen & Redbo (1987) have demonstrated the complex nesting behaviour retained by the modern domestic pig, under free ranging conditions similar to those of its wild progenitor.Two major non-genetic factors have emerged as major influences on the appetite of domesticated animals and man in modern times.
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Weston, RH. "Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 12. Digesta load and chewing activities in relation to lactation and its attendant increase in voluntary roughage consumption." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880671.
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Lactating and non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes were compared with respect to voluntary consumption of a medium quality roughage and various aspects of digestion of the roughage as fed at intakes near ad libitum. The lactating ewes, relative to their control counterparts (i) consumed more roughage, (ii) ate more rapidly, (iii) maintained higher levels of digesta in the rumen, omasum, abomasum, and caecum + proximal colon, (iv) showed no difference in particle size distribution in rumen digesta, (v) exhibited enhanced rumination activities and (vi) on average, cleared a particulate marker more rapidly from the rumen. It was estimated that the lactating ewes had a higher energy deficit than the controls. It was concluded that (i) the greater rate of removal of feed dry matter from the reticula-rumen (mass/time) during lactation was largely attributable to the enhancing effect of the prevailing higher reticulo-rumen digesta load on rumination, digestion and propulsion, (ii) neither capacity to use energy nor physiological capability of the reticula-rumen played a primary limiting role in the regulation of roughage intake, with the control of animals, (iii) the comparative data are consistent with a concept that energy metabolism and digesta load interact in the regulation of roughage intake, and (iv) scope exists for increasing consumption of the roughage by appropriate physiological manipulation of the animal.
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Schellack, G., N. Schellack, and M. Kriel. "Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation: points and principles to consider (a 2015 update)." South African Family Practice 57, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v57i6.4389.
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Pregnancy, childbirth and lactation pose unique challenges in terms of drug therapy. The pregnant mother and her unborn child are exceptionally vulnerable from a physiological, clinical and ethical standpoint. This warrants careful consideration with respect to a number of important aspects, which could firstly influence the decision to opt for drug therapy, and secondly, could influence the specific agent selected for each indication. The US Food and Drug Administration has introduced changes to the content and format of information presented in prescription drug labelling to assist healthcare providers when assessing benefit versus risk, and in the subsequent counselling of pregnant woman and nursing mothers who need to take medication. This change came into effect at the end of June 2015. This article provides an overview of these important aspects.
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Kaskous, Shehadeh, Sabine Farschtschi, and Michael W. Pfaffl. "Physiological Aspects of Milk Somatic Cell Count in Small Ruminants—A Review." Dairy 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy4010002.
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The aim of this review was to focus on the physiological aspects of milk somatic cell count (SCC) in small ruminants (SM). The SCC is an important component naturally present in milk and is generally used as an indicator of milk quality and udder health in milk producing ruminants. SCC contains the following cells: polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), macrophages, lymphocytes, and many milk epithelial (MEC) cells, cell fragments, and cytoplasmic particles/vesicles. PMN (40–80%) represent the major cell type in milk in healthy uninfected goats, whereas the macrophages (45–88%) are the major cell type in sheep’s milk. However, dairy goats and sheep have an apocrine secretory system that produces cytoplasmic cellular particles/vesicles and large numbers of cell fragments, resulting in the physiological SCC limit being exceeded. It is obvious that the SCC level in milk of SM can be affected by various influencing factors, such as milk fraction, breed, stage of lactation, parity, type of birth, milking system, and others. An increase in the SCC above the physiological level not only indicates an udder or general health problem but reduces milk production, changes the milk composition, and hence affects milk processing. Moreover, the milking machine plays an important role in maintaining udder health in SM and stable SCC at physiological levels in the milk obtained. So far, there are no healthy or pathological physiological SCC levels defined in SM milk. Furthermore, a differential cell count (DCC) or even a high resolution DCC (HRDCC), which were recently developed for cattle milk, could also help in SM to gain deeper insight into the immunology of the mammary gland and find biomarkers to assess udder health. In conclusion, SCC is an indication of udder health or exposure of the udder to infectious agents or mechanical stress and should therefore always be considered a warning sign.
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Bollerslev, Jens, Lars Rejnmark, Alexandra Zahn, Ansgar Heck, Natasha M. Appelman-Dijkstra, Luis Cardoso, Fadil M. Hannan, et al. "European expert consensus on practical management of specific aspects of parathyroid disorders in adults and in pregnancy: recommendations of the ESE Educational Program of Parathyroid Disorders (PARAT 2021)." European Journal of Endocrinology 186, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): R33—R63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-1044.
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This European expert consensus statement provides recommendations for the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), chronic hypoparathyroidism in adults (HypoPT), and parathyroid disorders in relation to pregnancy and lactation. Specified areas of interest and unmet needs identified by experts at the second ESE Educational Program of Parathyroid Disorders in 2019 were discussed during two virtual workshops in 2021 and subsequently developed by working groups with interest in the specified areas. PHPT is a common endocrine disease. However, its differential diagnosis of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), the definition and clinical course of normocalcemic PHPT, and the optimal management of its recurrence after surgery represents areas of uncertainty requiring clarifications. HypoPT is an orphan disease characterized by low calcium concentrations due to insufficient PTH secretion, most often secondary to neck surgery. Prevention and prediction of surgical injury to the parathyroid glands are essential to limit the disease-related burden. Long-term treatment modalities including the place for PTH replacement therapy and the optimal biochemical monitoring and imaging surveillance for complications to treatment in chronic HypoPT need to be refined. The physiological changes in calcium metabolism occurring during pregnancy and lactation modify the clinical presentation and management of parathyroid disorders in these periods of life. Modern interdisciplinary approaches to PHPT and HypoPT in pregnant and lactating women and their newborn children are proposed. The recommendations on clinical management presented here will serve as background for further educational material aimed at a broader clinical audience and were developed with the focus on endocrinologists in training.
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Olausson, Hanna, Gail R. Goldberg, M. Ann Laskey, Inez Schoenmakers, Landing M. A. Jarjou, and Ann Prentice. "Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation." Nutrition Research Reviews 25, no. 1 (June 2012): 40–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422411000187.
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Pregnancy and lactation are times of additional demand for Ca. Ca is transferred across the placenta for fetal skeletal mineralisation, and supplied to the mammary gland for secretion into breast milk. In theory, these additional maternal requirements could be met through mobilisation of Ca from the skeleton, increased intestinal Ca absorption efficiency, enhanced renal Ca retention or greater dietary Ca intake. The extent to which any or all of these apply, the underpinning biological mechanisms and the possible consequences for maternal and infant bone health in the short and long term are the focus of the present review. The complexities in the methodological aspects of interpreting the literature in this area are highlighted and the inter-individual variation in the response to pregnancy and lactation is reviewed. In summary, human pregnancy and lactation are associated with changes in Ca and bone metabolism that support the transfer of Ca between mother and child. The changes generally appear to be independent of maternal Ca supply in populations where Ca intakes are close to current recommendations. Evidence suggests that the processes are physiological in humans and that they provide sufficient Ca for fetal growth and breast-milk production, without relying on an increase in dietary Ca intake or compromising long-term maternal bone health. Further research is needed to determine the limitations of the maternal response to the Ca demands of pregnancy and lactation, especially among mothers with marginal and low dietary Ca intake, and to define vitamin D adequacy for reproductive women.
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Hansen, Peter J. "Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1534 (November 27, 2009): 3341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0131.
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Heat stress can have large effects on most aspects of reproductive function in mammals. These include disruptions in spermatogenesis and oocyte development, oocyte maturation, early embryonic development, foetal and placental growth and lactation. These deleterious effects of heat stress are the result of either the hyperthermia associated with heat stress or the physiological adjustments made by the heat-stressed animal to regulate body temperature. Many effects of elevated temperature on gametes and the early embryo involve increased production of reactive oxygen species. Genetic adaptation to heat stress is possible both with respect to regulation of body temperature and cellular resistance to elevated temperature.
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Levay, P. F., M. Viljoen, and H. S. Meij. "Oksitosien: ’n kort oorsig." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 12, no. 3 (July 9, 1993): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v12i3.564.
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Oxytocin is traditionally associated with parturition and lactation. The similarity in oxytocin plasma levels in males and females implies a wider physiological role for the hormone. Oxytocin would now appear to be involved not only in milk ejection, but also in the production of milk. The hormone has further been shown to play a paracrine role in menstruation and to be of importance for normal fertilisation. Several endocrine modulatory as well as neurotransmitter effects have also been reported for oxytocin. The discovery of the role of oxytocin in central nervous system processes such as pain, anxiety, memory and learning has stimuluted a search for possible therapeutic applications of oxytocin in cases such as chronic pain and Alzheimer’s disease. A short review is presented of some of the biochemical and physiological aspects underlying the functions and possible therapeutic applications of oxytocin.
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J.M Bassett. "Maternal: infant interactions and growth in lambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001984x.
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Hormones play a vital role in promoting growth and in re-ordering metabolic priorities among tissues in a wide variety of physiological situations important to animal production. During pregnancy and lactation, however, the hormonal requirements for growth promotion in the developing infant seem diametrically opposed to those necessary within the mother for support of pregnancy and later for the provision of milk to the suckling young. Fetal endocrine autonomy clearly plays an essential role in protecting prenatal development. Despite this, fetal metabolism cannot be isolated altogether from that of the mother because of the need for maintained nutrient transfer to the conceptus. Indeed, hormones secreted by the fetal placenta into the maternal circulation appear to play important roles in manipulating maternal metabolism to favour transfer of metabolic substrates such as glucose to the conceptus. Similarly, alterations in the secretion of growth hormone during lactation have been considered to play an important homeorhetic role favouring transfer of substrate to the mammary gland for milk synthesis. However, many aspects of these adaptive changes remain uncertain.
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Shi, Yuguang, and Dong Cheng. "Beyond triglyceride synthesis: the dynamic functional roles of MGAT and DGAT enzymes in energy metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 297, no. 1 (July 2009): E10—E18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90949.2008.
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Monoacyglycerol acyltransferases (MGATs) and diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) catalyze two consecutive steps of enzyme reactions in the synthesis of triacylglycerols (TAGs). The metabolic complexity of TAG synthesis is reflected by the presence of multiple isoforms of MGAT and DGAT enzymes that differ in catalytic properties, subcellular localization, tissue distribution, and physiological functions. MGAT and DGAT enzymes play fundamental roles in the metabolism of monoacylglycerol (MAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and triacylglycerol (TAG) that are involved in many aspects of physiological functions, such as intestinal fat absorption, lipoprotein assembly, adipose tissue formation, signal transduction, satiety, and lactation. The recent progress in the phenotypic characterization of mice deficient in MGAT and DGAT enzymes and the development of chemical inhibitors have revealed important roles of these enzymes in the regulation of energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Consequently, selective inhibition of MGAT or DGAT enzymes by synthetic compounds may provide novel treatment for obesity and its related metabolic complications.
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Barnett, J. L., P. H. Hemsworth, G. M. Cronin, E. C. Jongman, and G. D. Hutson. "A review of the welfare issues for sows and piglets in relation to housing." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00057.
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This review of sow welfare addresses all aspects of housing for adult female pigs, including the issue of piglet welfare during lactation. It puts the issue of sow welfare in perspective by briefly outlining different approaches to the scientific assessment of welfare, the ‘feelings, preference, nature, and the functional or homeostasis’ approaches. We believe the last approach currently offers science the best assessment of welfare and is the approach that is utilised in this review. It involves comparing housing or husbandry systems and risks to welfare on the basis of relative changes in biological (behavioural and physiological) responses and corresponding decreases in fitness (growth rate, reproductive performance, or health/injury/immunology). The review discusses the following areas: (i) housing of individually housed pregnant pigs, with subsections on tethers, stalls, reproductive performance, exercise, and new stall designs; conventional, alternative, and outdoor group housing with subsections on aggression, electronic feeding stations, ecoshelters, and other alternative group housing designs; and other issues, such as lameness, culling, straw and other substrates, diet and hunger, quality of stockpeople, and housing around mating including oestrus detection and mating; and (ii) farrowing and lactating pigs with subsections on farrowing crates and alternative farrowing systems, stress around farrowing and during lactation, maternal behaviour and piglet survival, and sow and piglet injury and lameness. Conclusions and recommendations arising from the review include the need for public education to provide an informed consumer base that will result in some consensus on welfare issues among diverse interest groups and the need for industry education that results in better animal welfare and a sustainable industry. Some specific research recommendations include space allowance and the duration of housing for individually housed pigs, welfare issues of breeding sows in ecoshelters, piglet mortality in alternative systems, aggression in conventional and large groups, bedding, and hunger.
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Krichevskaya, O., E. Ilinykh, T. Dubinina, S. Glukhova, A. Demina, and I. Andrianova. "AB0824 Breastfeeding in women with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1538.3–1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.3127.
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BackgroundBreast milk is the natural and most physiological nutrition for a child from the first days of life. The benefits of breastfeeding are numerous, including psychological aspects. However, some women with rheumatic diseases are afraid that their disease or therapy is not compatible with breastfeeding.ObjectivesTo describe frequency, duration and reasons for stopping lactation in women with AS, to compare the activity of AS in women with and without lactation.Methods44 women with confirmed AS (modified New York criteria, 1984) were followed within 1 year after childbirth. Visits were carried out in 1, 6 and 12 months after delivery. The average age of patients was 32,5 ± 5,8 years, the duration of the disease was 149,0 ± 96,3 months. BASDAI at 1, 6 and 12 months after giving birth was: 2,4 [1,4; 4,2]; 2,6 [1,4; 4,4]; 2,7 [1,5; 4,1], respectively. ASDAS-CPR was: 2,0 [1,2; 2,7]; 1,9 [1,4; 2,5]; 1,7[1,3; 2,3], respectively.ResultsLactation was established in 41 women (93,2%), duration – 10 [4; 12] months; in 17 patients (41,5%) lactation persisted for 12 months. Lactation was unreasonably medically suppressed in 3 women in an obstetric unit due to therapy of AS (sulfasalazine – 2, certolizumab pegol – 1); in 1 woman lactation was not established for organizational reasons. Lactation lasted less than 6 months in 16 patients (39%), 13 of them had a natural attenuation of lactation, and in 3 cases, drug-induced suppression of lactation was carried out on the recommendation of pediatricians in connection with onset of AS therapy (adalimumab).During lactation, 51,2%, 74,1% and 88,2% of women received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for 1, 6 and 12 months after delivery, respectively; adherence to NSAID therapy did not differ in women with and without lactation. TNF-α inhibitors (certolizumab pegol) were received by 4 women (7,3%), while the need for iTNF-α was in 13 patients (not received due to medicine unavailability).In women who retained lactation, the severity of back pain was: 3,0 [2,0; 6,0], 3,0 [2,0; 5,0] and 3,0 [2,0; 4,5] according to NRS (numerical rating scale) after 1, 6 and 12 months since delivery, respectively; severity of night pain - 3,0 [2,0; 5,0], 3,0 [2,0; 5,0] and 2,0 [2,0; 4,0] according to NRS, respectively. BASDAI activity at 1, 6 and 12 months after delivery was 2,3 [1,0; 4,2], 2,1 [1,4; 4,1] and 2,2 [1,6; 2,8], respectively. Activity on ASDAScrp was 1,9 [1,2; 2,7], 1,6 [1,4; 2,6] and 1,6 [1,3; 1,7], respectively. CRP level was 3,4 [1,9; 8,2], 4,5 [2,0; 12,5] and 2,0 [0,8; 5,6] mg/l, respectively. The severity of back pain, BASDAI and ASDAS values of CRP did not differ in women with and without lactation.Women with high AS activity (BASDAI≥4) maintained lactation at 1, 6 and 12 months after delivery in 84,6%, 50% and 8,3%, respectively; while patients with low activity did it in 93,6%, 66,7% and 51,6%, respectively (p < 0,05 12 months after delivery).ConclusionThe vast majority of women with AS are set up for lactation. High AS activity becomes a risk factor for termination of lactation more than 6 months after delivery. It is necessary to conduct training for obstetricians-gynecologists and pediatricians on issues related to medicine capabilities during lactation, in order to exclude unjustified cancellation of medicines compatible with breastfeeding.References[1]N. Ikram, A. Eudy, M.E.B. Clowse. Breastfeeding in women with rheumatic diseases. Lupus Sci Med. 2020; 8(1):e000491 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000491Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Hassan, Khasraw M. "The Role of the Amino Acid (Methionine) Protected on the Productivity Performance of the Dairy Cow." Tikrit journal for agricultural sciences 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.2.7.
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One of the most important aspects of livestock is the supply of essential quantities of balanced nutrients manufacture. In several physiological functions of nutrients, concerning organisms, protein has an important role. Ruminants are not wholly protected of amino acids by microflora degradation of animal feed sources and by maintaining proteins from the breakdown in the rumen where both high and medium yielding ruminant amino acids are required, they must be met; therefore, rumen-protected protein (RPP) dietary supplementation, including primarily rumen-protected protein (RPP), methionine (RPMeth), protected from rumen flora, it was necessary. Numerous scientists are attracted in the study of the character of (RPMeth) in a dairy cow about it’s an impact on milk produce, growth rate, N- efficiency, coefficient digestibility, intake of DM. Unluckily, the findings obtained from many RPMeth investigations showed excessive fluctuation results in ruminant nutrition between its helpful and useless influence, specifically during early and late lactation periods. Thus, for ruminants, when they use this review post, farm owners may be careful when they are plan to apply RPMeth to the diet of animals. In summary, supplementation RPMeth also has a positive balanced effect, even with no detrimental effect on the yield of milk, animal productivity and hemato-biochemical parameters, especially during the early lactation when used with a ruminant diet low in crude protein
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Sordillo, Lorraine M., G. A. Contreras, and Stacey L. Aitken. "Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows." Animal Health Research Reviews 10, no. 1 (June 2009): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252309990016.
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AbstractDairy cattle are susceptible to increased incidence and severity of disease during the periparturient period. Increased health disorders have been associated with alterations in bovine immune mechanisms. Many different aspects of the bovine immune system change during the periparturient period, but uncontrolled inflammation is a dominant factor in several economically important disorders such as metritis and mastitis. In human medicine, the metabolic syndrome is known to trigger several key events that can initiate and promote uncontrolled systemic inflammation. Altered lipid metabolism, increased circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and oxidative stress are significant contributing factors to systemic inflammation and the development of inflammatory-based diseases in humans. Dairy cows undergo similar metabolic adaptations during the onset of lactation, and it was postulated that some of these physiological events may negatively impact the magnitude and duration of inflammation. This review will discuss how certain types of fatty acids may promote uncontrolled inflammation either directly or through metabolism into potent lipid mediators. The relationship of increased lipid metabolism and oxidative stress to inflammatory dysfunction will be reviewed as well. Understanding more about the underlying cause of periparturient health disorders may facilitate the design of nutritional regimens that will meet the energy requirements of cows during early lactation and reduce the susceptibility to disease as a function of compromised inflammatory responses.
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Dearden, Laura, and Nina Balthasar. "Sexual Dimorphism in Offspring Glucose-Sensitive Hypothalamic Gene Expression and Physiological Responses to Maternal High-Fat Diet Feeding." Endocrinology 155, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 2144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1131.
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A wealth of animal and human studies demonstrate that early life environment significantly influences adult metabolic balance, however the etiology for offspring metabolic misprogramming remains incompletely understood. Here, we determine the effect of maternal diet per se on offspring sex-specific outcomes in metabolic health and hypothalamic transcriptome regulation in mice. Furthermore, to define developmental periods of maternal diet misprogramming aspects of offspring metabolic balance, we investigated offspring physiological and transcriptomic consequences of maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet feeding during pregnancy and/or lactation. We demonstrate that female offspring of high-fat/high-sugar diet-fed dams are particularly vulnerable to metabolic perturbation with body weight increases due to postnatal processes, whereas in utero effects of the diet ultimately lead to glucose homeostasis dysregulation. Furthermore, glucose- and maternal-diet sensitive gene expression modulation in the paraventricular hypothalamus is strikingly sexually dimorphic. In summary, we uncover female-specific, maternal diet-mediated in utero misprogramming of offspring glucose homeostasis and a striking sexual dimorphism in glucose- and maternal diet-sensitive paraventricular hypothalamus gene expression adjustment. Notably, female offspring metabolic vulnerability to maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet propagates a vicious cycle of obesity and type 2 diabetes in subsequent generations.
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Młynek, Krzysztof, Agata Danielewicz, and Ilona Strączek. "The Effect of Energy Metabolism up to the Peak of Lactation on the Main Fractions of Fatty Acids in the Milk of Selected Dairy Cow Breeds." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010112.
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During early lactation in dairy cows, metabolic processes are adopted to provide energy and nutrients for the synthesis of milk compounds. High milk production potential includes sudden changes in energy metabolism (negative energy balance (NEB)) that can induce uncontrolled lipomobilization and high blood free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Destabilization of cows’ energy may interfere with endocrine homeostasis, such as the secretion of leptin, a co-regulator of the appetite center. Therefore, it is important to analyze the physiological aspects of the maintenance of energy homeostasis in various dairy breeds. Usually it is crucial for the health of cows, influences the production cycle and lifetime yield, and determines the profitability of production and milk quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the energy metabolism of selected breed groups of cows and its variability in different stages of early lactation. The analysis was performed using data on the following parameters: body condition score (BCS), fatty acid (FA) fractions, basic milk constituents, and serum parameters (BHBA, glucose, and leptin). These results were analyzed in relation to parameters of energy metabolism during the stage up to the peak of lactation. An earlier peak of lactation was shown to be conducive to an increase in the content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and of casein and κ-casein. During the study period, parameters characterizing the maintenance of energy homeostasis were usually lower in the Simmental and Black-and-White Lowland cows. Compared to the group with the highest production, their yield was from 2.8 to 4.7 kg lower, but the milk had a more beneficial fatty acid profile and nutrient content, determining suitability for cheese making. At the same time, they had lower levels of NEFAs and β-hydroxybutyrate in the blood, which indicates less spontaneous lipolysis of fat reserves. Concentrations of the appetite regulator leptin in the blood were correlated negatively (p ≤ 0.05) with the glucose concentration (–0.259) and positively with NEFA (0.416). The level of NEFAs was at the same time positively correlated with the content of saturated fatty acids in the milk (0.282–0.652; p ≤ 0.05). These results contribute to our knowledge of the effect of production intensity on the maintenance of homeostasis up to the peak of lactation in dairy breeds with differing production potential. In practice, this may increase the possibilities of improving milk quality and the profitability of production.
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Młynek, Krzysztof, Agata Danielewicz, and Ilona Strączek. "The Effect of Energy Metabolism up to the Peak of Lactation on the Main Fractions of Fatty Acids in the Milk of Selected Dairy Cow Breeds." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010112.
Full textAbstract:
During early lactation in dairy cows, metabolic processes are adopted to provide energy and nutrients for the synthesis of milk compounds. High milk production potential includes sudden changes in energy metabolism (negative energy balance (NEB)) that can induce uncontrolled lipomobilization and high blood free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Destabilization of cows’ energy may interfere with endocrine homeostasis, such as the secretion of leptin, a co-regulator of the appetite center. Therefore, it is important to analyze the physiological aspects of the maintenance of energy homeostasis in various dairy breeds. Usually it is crucial for the health of cows, influences the production cycle and lifetime yield, and determines the profitability of production and milk quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the energy metabolism of selected breed groups of cows and its variability in different stages of early lactation. The analysis was performed using data on the following parameters: body condition score (BCS), fatty acid (FA) fractions, basic milk constituents, and serum parameters (BHBA, glucose, and leptin). These results were analyzed in relation to parameters of energy metabolism during the stage up to the peak of lactation. An earlier peak of lactation was shown to be conducive to an increase in the content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and of casein and κ-casein. During the study period, parameters characterizing the maintenance of energy homeostasis were usually lower in the Simmental and Black-and-White Lowland cows. Compared to the group with the highest production, their yield was from 2.8 to 4.7 kg lower, but the milk had a more beneficial fatty acid profile and nutrient content, determining suitability for cheese making. At the same time, they had lower levels of NEFAs and β-hydroxybutyrate in the blood, which indicates less spontaneous lipolysis of fat reserves. Concentrations of the appetite regulator leptin in the blood were correlated negatively (p ≤ 0.05) with the glucose concentration (–0.259) and positively with NEFA (0.416). The level of NEFAs was at the same time positively correlated with the content of saturated fatty acids in the milk (0.282–0.652; p ≤ 0.05). These results contribute to our knowledge of the effect of production intensity on the maintenance of homeostasis up to the peak of lactation in dairy breeds with differing production potential. In practice, this may increase the possibilities of improving milk quality and the profitability of production.
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Kovács, Levente, Otto Szenci, Walter Baumgartner, Mátyás Hejel, and László Rózsa. "Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows - physiological background, risk factors and diagnostic methods." Veterinarska stanica 51, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.51.1.1.
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According to the latest studies, the prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is around 20% in early and mid- lactation dairy cows, generating annual losses in the United States of approximately USD 500 million to 1 billion. The diagnosis of SARA is still difficult due to lack of pathognomonic clues and the delayed appearance of certain clinical signs. Therefore, SARA remains neglected or even unrecognized in many dairy herds. SARA is characterized by daily episodes of low ruminal pH, when the pH remains in the range of 5.2 to 6 for a prolonged period due to the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids and insufficient rumen buffering. The causes of SARA are related to high-grain diets, such as feeding excessive amounts of non-structural carbohydrates and highly fermentable forages, and insufficient dietary coarse fibre. SARA is associated with the inflammation of several organs and tissues in dairy cows, and its main long-term health and economic consequences are the fluctuation of feed intake, reduced fibre digestion, depression of milk yield and milk fat content, gastrointestinal damage, diarrhoea, laminitis, liver abscesses, and lameness. The aim of this review is to summarize the information available on the physiological aspects, risk factors, prevalence and possible indicators of SARA in dairy cattle. Basedon the existing literature, rumenocentesis and the use of an oral stomach tube are reliable field techniques to detect SARA. Nowadays, improved field techniques allowing the continuous measurement of reticuloruminal pH are also available for better diagnosis of SARA. Wireless indwelling pH probes may become important tools for the continuous measurement of ruminal pH in the coming years.
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Crozier, Timothy. "General Care of the Pregnant Patient in the Intensive Care Unit." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 38, no. 02 (April 2017): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1600905.
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AbstractPregnant women represent a small subset of all intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and may require intensive care for “obstetric” or “nonobstetric” reasons. Women may be admitted to the ICU at any stage of pregnancy or in the postpartum period. Pregnancy may be discovered at the time of admission to the ICU. Pregnancy impacts on ICU care in a variety of ways and requires a multidisciplinary approach to management. Pregnancy is associated with considerable physiological changes that affect most organ systems, including an expansion in blood volume, an increase in minute ventilation, and an increased risk of thrombosis. The enlarging uterus may be associated with mechanical complications due to compression and displacement of other structures. The growing fetus places considerable demands upon the mother, being reliant on maternal systems for oxygenation, nutrition and disposal of carbon dioxide, and other waste products. This “second patient” must be considered when managing the pregnant woman. Optimal management of the mother usually constitutes best treatment for the fetus. Maternal shock and physiological disturbance, medications, and ionizing radiation from diagnostic imaging may have harmful effects on the unborn child. Delivery of the fetus for either maternal or fetal indications may be necessary and should be planned for, even if considered unlikely to be required. Care of the postpartum woman has its own challenges, including managing lactation and facilitating mother/infant contact. In this article, the general care aspects of ICU treatment of the pregnant woman will be discussed, including monitoring, physiological target setting, and general supportive care.
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Weston, RH. "Some aspects of constraint to forage consumption by ruminants." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960175.
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Various aspects of forage intake regulation are discussed with the objective of providing a basis on which assessments could be made of (i) the scope for forage intake manipulation, and (ii) priority areas for further research. A simple conceptual model of the regulation is presented which permits the linking of rumen function and energy metabolism. It takes cognizance of upper physiological limits for (i) energy disposal, (ii) the clearance of digesta organic matter from the rumen, and (iii) muscular fatigue, as well as a range of dietary and environmental constraints. The transmission to the brain of signals relating to amount of digesta in the rumen and the ruminant's energy deficit are considered to be important in the intake regulation. An alternative conceptual model which recognises the amount of energy in the circulating energy pool, rather than the energy deficit, as the origin of signals relating to energy metabolism, is also discussed. It is considered that over a range of forage qualities neither the rumen digesta load ceiling nor the capacity to use energy limit intake; in this range both the resistance of the forage organic matter to removal from the rumen and the net energy value of the forage act as constraints. A method to calculate forage intake constraint is presented, and theoretical relationships between rumen digesta load, net energy intake, energy deficit and forage intake constraint have been formulated to facilitate interpretation of data obtained in forage intake studies. Forage intake in the reproduction cycle is discussed in the context of an optimum nutritional strategy for ensuring species survival. It is considered that the intake changes at mating and immediately prior to parturition, together with the decrease in rate of nutrient storage in maternal reserve tissues in late pregnancy and the use of these tissue stores in early lactation, are consistent with such a strategy. In this context it is suggested that (i) the relevant reproduction hormones affect intake via modulation of the metabolism of the maternal tissue stores and (ii) this type of regulation and its accompanying production losses need not be necessary in those production systems permitting some control of nutrition.
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Domjan, Michael, Brian Cusato, and Ronald Villarreal. "Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms in the control of social behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00002430.
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The conceptual and investigative tools for the analysis of social behavior can be expanded by integrating biological theory, control systems theory, and Pavlovian conditioning. Biological theory has focused on the costs and benefits of social behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In contrast, control systems theory is concerned with how machines achieve a particular goal or purpose. The accurate operation of a system often requires feed-forward mechanisms that adjust system performance in anticipation of future inputs. Pavlovian conditioning is ideally suited to subserve this function in behavioral systems. Pavlovian mechanisms have been demonstrated in various aspects of sexual behavior, maternal lactation, and infant suckling. Pavlovian conditioning of agonistic behavior has been also reported, and Pavlovian processes may likewise be involved in social play and social grooming. Several further lines of evidence indicate that Pavlovian conditioning can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of social interactions, thereby improving their cost/benefit ratio. We extend Pavlovian concepts beyond the traditional domain of discrete secretory and other physiological reflexes to complex real-world behavioral interactions and apply abstract laboratory analyses of the mechanisms of associative learning to the daily challenges animals face as they interact with one another in their natural environments.
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Lyubimov, Victor E., Dmitry V. Romanov, Yuri A. Tsoi, Bulat G. Ziganshin, and Farit F. Sitdikov. "Results of application of frequency resonance therapy for treatment of cow mastitis." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700254.
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The physiological aspects of the implementation of the cow milk transfer reflex during machine milking are the result of exposure to the threshold force of a given value of a variable vacuum and simultaneous mechanical irritation by the teat rubber of the udder of the cow udder system. This effect leads to the discovery of sphincters with the subsequent release of the hormone oxytocin by the pituitary gland and the milk accumulation from the alveolar udder tissue. Signal environmental factors (sounds of a vacuum pump, milking machines, feeder) cause reactions in cows not only by irritation but also by frequency. It has been established that exposure to a high-frequency electromagnetic field destroys most of the common causative agents of mastitis-staphylococci, streptococci. For the treatment of mastitis, stimulation of lactation and the reflex of milk flow in cows, it is promising to apply the effect of a high frequency electromagnetic field modulated by radio frequencies, which contribute to the conversion of electromagnetic field energy into energy of nerve impulses and chemical reactions of mitochondrial cellular mechanisms of udder alveolar tissue cells. The use of alternating sets of specific frequencies of a modulating electromagnetic field of high frequency allows the alternation of “killer” frequencies for microbes with stimulating secretion of alveolar cells of the udder and with frequencies that act anti-inflammatory. It is essential to determine the frequencies that create protective inhibition from exposure to extreme irritations of milking factors (increased vacuum, durable worn nipple rubber). With prolonged exposure to an electromagnetic field, such frequencies a repeating conditioned stimulus of a weak strength, which precede and accompany the impact of the milking machine, and stimulate the activity of the nerve centers of the milk yield reflex in cows, creating a dominant lactation.
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Wilson, M. E. "Primiparous rhesus monkey mothers are more sensitive to the nursing-induced inhibition of LH and ovarian steroid secretion." Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 3 (September 1992): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1340493.
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ABSTRACT The duration of lactational infertility is prolonged significantly in adolescent, primiparous rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) mothers compared with adult, multiparous mothers. The present study examined the hypothesis that this parity/age difference in lactational infertility is due to a difference in the physiological responsiveness to nursing behaviour between adolescent and fully adult mothers and is not a consequence of differences in nursing behaviour, per se. At 22 weeks postpartum, mother–infant pairs were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: primiparous, nursing restricted (PR; n=9); primiparous, nursing unrestricted (PU; n= 11); multiparous, nursing restricted (MR; n= 12); and multiparous, nursing unrestricted (MU; n=8). Nursing was restricted for a 2-week period by mothers wearing a primate vest which prevented suckling behaviour but allowed infants to interact with their mothers. Nursing restriction resulted in a significant increase in serum oestradiol concentrations in both PR and MR mothers. Although nursing bout frequencies and durations were similar between PU and MU mothers, serum oestradiol also rose in MU mothers but remained suppressed in PU mothers. Once the nursing manipulation period ended and all mothers were allowed to nurse ad libitum, serum oestradiol concentrations continued to rise in all but the PU mothers. This brief interruption of nursing at 22 weeks postpartum advanced the subsequent timing of the first postpartum ovulation in MR and PR mothers relative to that of PU mothers. Again, despite similarities in nursing behaviour, the occurrence of first ovulation was also advanced in MU mothers compared with PU mothers. Just prior to the first postpartum ovulation, females were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups to determine the effects of nursing behaviour on the hormonal parameters of the luteal phase: primiparous, nursing restricted (PRL; n = 9); primiparous, nursing unrestricted (PUL; n = 11); multiparous, nursing restricted (MRL; n =10); and multiparous, nursing unrestricted (MUL; n=10). Nursing restriction significantly elevated serum progesterone concentrations in PRL females compared with other mothers. Serum concentrations of oestradiol were higher in PRL, MRL and MUL mothers relative to PUL females. Again, this difference in oestradiol between PUL and MUL mothers occurred despite similarities in nursing behaviour. These data suggest that parity/age differences in the period of lactational infertility are not due to differences in nursing behaviour but rather to an increased sensitivity to the inhibitory aspects of the suckling stimulus in adolescent primiparous mothers. Furthermore, the lack of a difference in the reproductive parameters measured between nursing restricted and unrestricted multiparous mothers suggests that these females may become refractory to the inhibitory aspects of the suckling stimulus as lactation progresses. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 493–503
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Adams, N. R., and S. M. Liu. "Principles of nutrient partitioning for wool, growth and reproduction: implications for nematode parasitism." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 12 (2003): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03007.
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The capacity of sheep to withstand and repel intestinal parasites is a neglected component of effective parasite control. The immune response is strongly influenced by the nutritional status of the sheep. However, we are unable take advantage of this to develop effective control programs because we have neither an adequate understanding nor appropriate quantitative data on the impacts of protein and energy on sheep nutrition. This paper reviews some aspects of current knowledge about the impact on immune responsiveness of nutrient flows within the animal as well as hormonal partitioning mechanisms, and assesses research needs in this area. The availability of nutrients to the immune response in the gut is determined by the supply of nutrients to the sheep from both feed intake and body reserves, and the demands of other physiological processes such as growth, wool growth, pregnancy or lactation. Hormones coordinate nutrient flow among these processes. Breakdowns in immunity appear most severe when animals are faced with a demand for growth or lactation, but no single partitioning mechanism can explain all the observations in the field. Therefore, it is unrealistic to seek to establish a hierarchy of partitioning priorities. Protein appears to have a greater impact on immune responsiveness to parasites than energy. However, energy affects the availability of amino acids through a number of mechanisms including protein deposition and mobilisation, so protein supply cannot be considered in isolation. It is appealing to believe that specific limiting nutrients such as sulfur amino acids might explain the relationship between susceptibility to parasites and wool growth, but the experimental evidence for this view is still inconclusive. Rather, it appears that the total flow of nutrients from feed intake and body reserves is more important than specific partitioning mechanisms, or specific limiting nutrients. The potential conflict between role of the gut as a source of mobilisable protein reserves, and the need for protein in the gut to develop local immune responses, need to be explored experimentally. Practical applications of nutritional knowledge are likely to come through improved timing of management procedures rather than better supplements, which are rarely economic. The conclusions outline a number of research questions that must be answered before we can develop programs that integrate immune competence with drenching and other procedures in a holistic way.
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Mariana, Elmy, Cece Sumantri, Dewi Apri Astuti, Anneke Anggraeni, and Asep Gunawan. "Mikroklimat, Termoregulasi dan Produktivitas Sapi Perah Friesians Holstein pada Ketinggian Tempat Berbeda." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 6, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v6i1.5617.
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ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ketinggian tempat terhadap kondisi mikroklimat,termoregulasi dan produktivitas sapi Friesian-Holstein (FH). Penelitian dilakukan pada tiga lokasi dengan ketinggian berbeda, yaituPodok Ranggon (97mdpl), Ciawi (576mdpl), dan Lembang (1241mdpl). Sebanyak 63 sapi FH dalam kondisi laktasi normal digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Aspek lingkungan meliputi suhu udara, kelembaban relatif dan Temperature-Humidity Index di dicatat setiap 2 jam dari pukul 08.00 sampai 16.00 WIB. Parameter termoregulasi yang diamati terdiri atas suhu kulit (Ts),suhu rektal (Tr), suhu tubuh (Tb), denyut jantung (Hr),laju pernapasan (Rr), dan Heat Tolerance Coeficient (HTC).Berdasarkan nilai Ta, Rr dan THI, dataran rendah memberikan dampak cekaman panas sedang, dataran sedangdan tinggi memberikan dampak cekaman panas ringan pada sapi perah. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sapi dataran rendah memiliki Nilai HTC, Tr, Ts dan Tb tertinggi (P<0,05) dan Hr yang terendah (P<0,05). Produksi susu di ketiga lokasi penelitian berbeda nyata (P<0,05), dengan produksi susu tertinggi di dataran tinggi (13,1±3,52 kg),dataran sedang (11,3±4,73 kg) dan dataran rendah (7,0±3,36 kg). Secara umum sapi FH di dataran rendah, sedang dan tinggi tercekam panas akibat kondisi lingkungan yang berada pada kondisi di luar zona nyamanselama musim kemarau, akan tetapi mampu beradaptasi terhadap kondisi tersebut. Kata kunci: ketinggian tempat, produktivitas, sapi perah, cekaman panas, termoregulasiABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to determine altitude effect on microclimate, thermoregulation and productivity of Friesian Holstein. Research was conducted in different altitudes, i.e.: Pondok Ranggon (97m asl), Ciawi (576m asl), and Lembang (1241 m asl). A total of 63 FH cows in normal lactation were used in this study. Microclimate aspects observation includes environmental temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH) and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) were recorded every 2 hours from 08.00 to 16.00. The physiological responses measurements consisted of skin temperature (Ts), rectal temperature (Tr), body temperature (Tb), heart rate (Hr), respiratory rate (Rr) and Heat Tolerance Coeficient (HTC). Lowland environmental provide moderate heat stress, while the medium and highland impacts with mild stress. The results showed that lowland cows have highest HTC, Tr, Ts and Tb (P<0.05) and lowest Hr (P<0.05). Milk production in the different altitude was significantly different (P<0.05), with the highest milk yields in the highlands (13.1±3.52 kg), medium (11.3±4.73 kg) and lowland (7.0±3.36 kg). In general, HF dairy cows in low-, medium- and highland are exposed to climatic stress during dry season conditions, although they have the ability to adapt physiologically and cope with environmental stress. Keyworlds: altitude, dairy cattle, heat stress, productivity, physiological responses
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Díaz, Hernando Flórez, Manuel Bernardo Alvarez Rico, and Astrid Gutiérrez De Gerardino. "Efecto de la gestación, parto y lactancia en la función hemática y hepática de vacas Holstein en condiciones tropicales." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 3, no. 1 (July 31, 1999): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol3_num1_art:175.
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<p>En condiciones tropicales, los bovinos especializados en producción de leche presentan cambios en su fisiología ocasionados por el ambiente y los sistemas de manejo. La alteración de diversas funciones afecta la capacidad de expresión del potencial genético de producción. Esta investigación se realizó en la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, ubicada a 2547 msnm, temperatura media 13 <sup>0</sup>C, humedad relativa 80 % y precipitación pluvial 685 mm año. El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar los cambios en la función hemática y hepática de vacas lecheras en los períodos de gestación, parto y lactancia en una zona tropical de altura. Se estudiaron 40 vacas Holstein Friesian, en el quinto, sexto, séptimo y octavo mes de gestación, el día del parto y las semanas 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 y 16 de lactancia. Los resultados mostraron que en la gestación se presentan cambios significativos del hematocrito (HTO), hemoglobina (HB), volumen corpuscular medio (VCM) y hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM) (P<.o5), como respuesta fisiológica al crecimiento fetal. Las vacas durante la gestación y la lactancia, mostraron mayor peso y concentración de hemoglobina en el eritrocito al reportado en la literatura, lo que puede indicar un mecanismo especial de adaptación a las bajas tensiones de oxígeno atmosférico de la zona de estudió. EI día del parto se produjo aumento significativo del HTO, HB, HCM y aspartato aminotransferasa (ASAT) y disminución significativa de la Proteína Total (PT) y globulinas (GLOB) (P<.o5), modificaciones normales atribuidas al proceso de estrés del parto y a la pérdida de proteínas para la formación de calostro. Al parto e inicio de la lactancia se encontró aumento significativo de la actividad de la ASAT (P<.o5), situación relacionada con infiltración de grasa en el hígado. Las vacas de primer parto presentaron la concentración más baja de PT, albúmina (ALB), GLOB y urea y el mayor valor de VCM y HCM (P<.o5) indicando diferencias en el estado metabólico de animales jóvenes. La información presentada describe ajustes y cambios metabólicos importantes en la gestación, parto y lactancia de vacas lecheras en la Sabana de Bogotá. Así mismo, se encontró alteración de la función hepática, lo que puede comprometer el estado de salud de la vaca en el posparto.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Gestation, calvian and lactation effect on the hematic and hepatic function of Holstein cows in tropical conditions.</strong></p><p>Specialized dairy cattle under tropical conditions present changes on physiology caused by environmental and handling aspects. These alterations of different functions affect the capacity to express genetic potential of production. The research was carried out at savanna of Bogotá, Colombia. Located at 2547 m above sea level, annual mean temperature 13 <sup>0</sup>C, relative humidity 80 % and annual precipitation685 mm. The study's main objective was to characterize the changes in hematic and hepatic functions of dairy cows during pregnancy, calving and lactation periods and under tropical highland conditions. Forty Holstein Friesian cows were included during their fifth, sixth, seventh and eight months of pregnancy day of calving and weeks 1,2,3, 4,8, 12, and 16 of lactation period. The results showed that hematocrit (HT), hemoglobin (HB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscle hemoglobin (MCH), presented significant changes (P <.o5) due to physiological fetal growth. During pregnancy and lactation, weight and concentration of hemoglobin of eritrocites were higher than the values reported by literature, which could indicate a special mechanism of adaptation to the low concentration of atmospheric oxygen in the site of the study. On calving day, a significant increase of HT, HB, MCH, an aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and a significant decrease of total protein (TP) and globulins (GLOB) were observed (P<.o5). This can be ascribed to the calving stress and to proteins use for production of colostrum. At birth and at the beginning of lactation significant increases of ASAT were found (P <.o5), a change related to fatty degeneration in liver. Primiparous cows presented the lowest concentrations of TR albumin (ALB), GLOB and urea, as the highest levels of MCV and MCH (p <.o5) pointing out different metabolic status in young animals. The present information describes changes and metabolic adjustments for pregnancy, calving and lactation, of dairy cows. In this way a change in liver functioning that compromises health status of Postpartum cows was detected.</p>
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Милькевич, I. Milkevich, Гусейнов, A. Guseynov, Гусейнов, and T. Guseynov. "Anatomical and physiological aspects of lactostasis." Journal of New Medical Technologies 21, no. 3 (September 5, 2014): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5923.
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Lactose is a consequence of dysfunction of the mammary glands in women with breastfeeding between production and secretion of milk, resulting in stagnation of milk. The purpose is to study predisposing anatomical and physiological factors in the de-velopment of lactose associated with narrowing of the ducts and hypofunction lobular-ductal system of the breast in women with breastfeeding. The research has included a study of the status of the lactating breast in 42 women with breastfeeding. The 1st group consisted of 27 women with lactose. Control (the 2nd) group consisted of 15 women with breastfeeding without lactose. The study has shown that the development of the stagnation of milk is caused by a range of predisposing and contributing factors, among which the most important are the anatomical and physiological reasons: the restriction and paresis of the milk ducts, dyscoordination of the lobular-ductal system. The leading cause of stagnation of milk is an anatomical narrowing and the tortuous course of the milky threads with physiological dysfunction of the ductal system of the lactating breast. A main factor in the development of the pathological process is fibrocystic breast disease, which is characterized by morphological and functional changes in the mammary glands in the form of diffuse or focal changes of the connective tissue, mainly ductectasia. These changes under effects of other factors on a certain area of the lactating mammary glands lead either to morpho-functional narrowing, the violation of the ducts, either individual or combined physiological hypofunctions of up to paresis. Appeared first sections of the stagnation of milk, swelling of the breast increase the compression duct and obstruct the outflow of milk, leading to clinically significant pathological process of the lactose, the resolution of which requires consideration of all the above clinical and pathogenetic data with a complex of therapeutic measures.
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Paciência, Filipa M. D., Idrissa S. Chuma, Iddi F. Lipende, Sascha Knauf, and Dietmar Zinner. "Female post-copulatory behavior in a group of olive baboons (Papio anubis) infected by Treponema pallidum." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): e0261894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261894.
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Pathogens exert a profound and pervasive cost on various aspects of primate sociality and reproduction. In olive baboons (Papio anubis) at Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania, genital skin ulcers, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue, are associated with increased female mating avoidance and altered male mating patterns at a pre-copulatory and copulatory level. Beyond this, mating is also comprised of post-copulatory interactions among sexual partners (i.e., copulation calls, darting [post-copulatory sprint away from the male], and post-copulatory grooming). In baboons, female post-copulatory behavior is hypothesized to incite male-male competition, promote subsequent copulations, and/or strengthen the bonds between the mating pairs. Due to a higher reproductive burden (i.e. pregnancy, lactation, infant rearing), females should avoid proceptive behavior after mating to decrease further exposure to potential pathogens. To investigate whether the presence of genital skin ulcers has an impact at the post-copulatory level, we analyzed 517 copulation events of 33 cycling females and 29 males with and without genital skin ulcers. The occurrence of female post-copulatory behaviors was not altered by genital skin ulcerations in males. Similar to other baboon populations, females in our study group were more likely to utter copulation calls after an ejaculatory copulation. The likelihood of darting was higher after ejaculatory copulations and with the presence of copulation calls. Post-copulatory grooming (i.e., occurring within 15 seconds after a copulation) was not frequently observed. Our results indicate that despite the presence of conspicuous signs of disease, female post-copulatory behavior was not affected by the genital health status of the males. This indicates that in our study group, infection cues caused by T. pallidum subsp. pertenue play a major role before and during mating, but not after mating. The post-copulatory behavior of females is most likely affected by physiological or evolutionary constraints other than sexually transmitted infections.
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Orr, Teri J., and Virginia Hayssen. "The Female Snark Is Still a Boojum: Looking toward the Future of Studying Female Reproductive Biology." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 782–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa091.
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Synopsis Philosophical truths are hidden in Lewis Carroll’s nonsense poems, such as “The hunting of the snark.” When the poem is used as a scientific allegory, a snark stands for the pursuit of scientific truth, while a boojum is a spurious discovery. In the study of female biology, boojums have been the result of the use of cultural stereotypes to frame hypotheses and methodologies. Although female reproduction is key for the continuation of sexually reproducing species, not only have females been understudied in many regards, but also data have commonly been interpreted in the context of now-outdated social mores. Spurious discoveries, boojums, are the result. In this article, we highlight specific gaps in our knowledge of female reproductive biology and provide a jumping-off point for future research. We discuss the promise of emerging methodologies (e.g., micro-CT scanning, high-throughput sequencing, proteomics, big-data analysis, CRISPR-Cas9, and viral vector technology) that can yield insights into previously cryptic processes and features. For example, in mice, deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing via chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing is already unveiling how epigenetics lead to sex differences in brain development. Similarly, new explorations, including microbiome research, are rapidly debunking dogmas such as the notion of the “sterile womb.” Finally, we highlight how understanding female reproductive biology is well suited to the National Science Foundation’s big idea, “Predicting Rules of Life.” Studies of female reproductive biology will enable scholars to (1) traverse levels of biological organization from reproductive proteins at the molecular level, through anatomical details of the ovum and female reproductive tract, into physiological aspects of whole-organism performance, leading to behaviors associated with mating and maternal care, and eventually reaching population structure and ecology; (2) discover generalizable rules such as the co-evolution of maternal-offspring phenotypes in gestation and lactation; and (3) predict the impacts of changes to reproductive timing when the reliability of environmental cues becomes unpredictable. Studies in these key areas relative to female reproduction are sure to further our understanding across a range of diverse taxa.
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Koletzko, B., P. J. Aggett, J. G. Bindels, P. Bung, P. Ferré, A. Gil, M. J. Lentze, M. Roberfroid, and S. Strobel. "Growth, development and differentiation: a functional food science approach." British Journal of Nutrition 80, S1 (August 1998): S5—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980104.
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AbstractFew other aspects of food supply and metabolism are of greater biological importance than the feeding of mothers during pregnancy and lactation, and of their infants and young children. Nutritional factors during early development not only have short-term effects on growth, body composition and body functions but also exert long-term effects on health, disease and mortality risks in adulthood, as well as development of neural functions and behaviour, a phenomenon called ‘metabolic programming’. The interaction of nutrients and gene expression may form the basis of many of these programming effects and needs to be investigated in more detail. The relation between availability of food ingredients and cell and tissue differentiation and its possible uses for promoting health and development requires further exploration. The course of pregnancy, childbirth and lactation as well as human milk composition and the short- and long-term outcome of the child are influenced by the intake of foods and particularly micronutrients, e.g. polyunsaturated fatty acids, Fe, Zn and I. Folic acid supplementation from before conception through the first weeks of pregnancy can markedly reduce the occurrence of severe embryonic malformations; other potential benefits of modulating nutrient supply on maternal and child health should be further evaluated. The evaluation of dietary effects on child growth requires epidemiological and field studies as well as evaluation of specific cell and tissue growth. Novel substrates, growth factors and conditionally essential nutrients (e.g. growth factors, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids) may be potentially useful as ingredients in functional foods and need to be assessed carefully. Intestinal growth, maturation, and adaptation as well as long-term function may be influenced by food ingredients such as oligosaccharides, gangliosides, high-molecular-mass glycoproteins, bile salt-activated lipase, pre- and probiotics. There are indications for some beneficial effects of functional foods on the developing immune response, for example induced by antioxidant vitamins, trace elements, fatty acids, arginine, nucleotides, and altered antigen contents in infant foods. Peak bone mass at the end of adolescence can be increased by dietary means, which is expected to be of long-term importance for the prevention of osteoporosis at older ages. Future studies should be directed to the combined effects of Ca and other constituents of growing bone, such as P, Mg and Zn, as well as vitamins D and K, and the trace elements F and B. Pregnancy and the first postnatal months are critical time periods for the growth and development of the human nervous system, processes for which adequate substrate supplies are essential. Early diet seems to have long-term effects on sensory and cognitive abilities as well as behaviour. The potential beneficial effects of a balanced supply of nutrients such as I, Fe, Zn and polyunsaturated fatty acids should be further evaluated. Possible long-term effects of early exposure to tastes and flavours on later food choice preferences may have a major impact on public health and need to be further elucidated. The use of biotechnology and recombinant techniques may offer the opportunity to include various bioactive substances in special dietary products, such as human milk proteins, peptides, growth factors, which may have beneficial physiological effects, particularly in infancy and early childhood.
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PRIVALO, O. E., M. G. CHABAEV, R. V. NEKRASOV, V. V. ANSIMOV, I. P. ZADNEPRYANSKY, S. P. BUGAEV, and M. V. ISUPOVA. "МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ ПРИ ОЦЕНКЕ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ОБМЕНА ЭНЕРГИИ В ОРГАНИЗМЕ МОЛОЧНОГО СКОТА." Molochnoe i miasnoe skotovodstvo, no. 6 (October 23, 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33943/mms.2019.6.39675.
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В условиях промышленного комплекса, крупногруппового беспривязного содержания молочного скота изучены с помощью математического моделирования особенности баланса энергии у коров в зависимости от суточного удоя, дней лактации и их физиологического состояния. Исходной информацией для построения моделей в виде производственных функций служили данные, снимаемые с головного компьютера информационной технологии управления стадом, позволившие получить модель, адекватно описывающую уровень потребления сухого вещества и поступление обменной энергии (ОЭ) для каждого животного, входящего в состав технологической группы. Использование величин поступления ОЭ с потребленным кормом и энергетической ценности суточного удоя в чистой энергии (ЧЭУДОЯ) позволило определить величину баланса чистой энергии (ЧЭбаланс) в организме, оценить потребность коровы в чистой энергии, при достигнутом суточном удое, и степень ее удовлетворения за счет конверсии ОЭ, поступающей с потребленным кормом.MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY EXCHANGE IN DAIRY CATTLE ORGANISMSВ условиях промышленного комплекса, крупногруппового беспривязного содержания молочного скота изучены с помощью математического моделирования особенности баланса энергии у коров в зависимости от суточного удоя, дней лактации и их физиологического состояния. Исходной информацией для построения моделей в виде производственных функций служили данные, снимаемые с головного компьютера информационной технологии управления стадом, позволившие получить модель, адекватно описывающую уровень потребления сухого вещества и поступление обменной энергии (ОЭ) для каждого животного, входящего в состав технологической группы. Использование величин поступления ОЭ с потребленным кормом и энергетической ценности суточного удоя в чистой энергии (ЧЭУДОЯ) позволило определить величину баланса чистой энергии (ЧЭбаланс) в организме, оценить потребность коровы в чистой энергии, при достигнутом суточном удое, и степень ее удовлетворения за счет конверсии ОЭ, поступающей с потребленным кормом.Special aspects of energy balance in cows depending on daily milk yield, lactation days, and their physiological state were researched under the conditions of an industrial complex of large group loose keeping of dairy cattle using mathematical modeling. Data obtained from the main computer of the information technology of flock management was used as the source information for model creation. It allowed creating a model which adequately describes the level of dry substance use and exchanged energy (EE) emergence for each animal which is part of the technological group. The use of values of EE emergence with feed consumed and the energy value of daily milk yield in net energy (NEyield) allowed determining the value of net energy balance (NEbalance) in the body, to assess the level on which the cow needs net energy with net milk yield achieved, and the level of its satisfaction due to the conversion of EE coming with feed consumed.
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Speakman, John R. "The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1490 (August 8, 2007): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2145.
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Life-history trade-offs between components of fitness arise because reproduction entails both gains and costs. Costs of reproduction can be divided into ecological and physiological costs. The latter have been rarely studied yet are probably a dominant component of the effect. A deeper understanding of life-history evolution will only come about once these physiological costs are better understood. Physiological costs may be direct or indirect. Direct costs include the energy and nutrient demands of the reproductive event, and the morphological changes that are necessary to facilitate achieving these demands. Indirect costs may be optional ‘compensatory costs’ whereby the animal chooses to reduce investment in some other aspect of its physiology to maximize the input of resource to reproduction. Such costs may be distinguished from consequential costs that are an inescapable consequence of the reproductive event. In small mammals, the direct costs of reproduction involve increased energy, protein and calcium demands during pregnancy, but most particularly during lactation. Organ remodelling is necessary to achieve the high demands of lactation and involves growth of the alimentary tract and associated organs such as the liver and pancreas. Compensatory indirect costs include reductions in thermogenesis, immune function and physical activity. Obligatory consequential costs include hyperthermia, bone loss, disruption of sleep patterns and oxidative stress. This is unlikely to be a complete list. Our knowledge of these physiological costs is currently at best described as rudimentary. For some, we do not even know whether they are compensatory or obligatory. For almost all of them, we have no idea of exact mechanisms or how these costs translate into fitness trade-offs.
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Ariadna María, Angarita Navarro, Lilia Solanyi Marín Morales, and Nayiber Cárdenas Tunjano. "USO DE LA AROMATERAPIA DURANTE EL POSPARTO: REVISIÓN DE LA LITERARURA USE OF AROMATHERAPY DURING POSTPARTUM: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." Enfermería Investiga 7, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31243/ei.uta.v7i2.1613.2022.
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Introducción: El puerperio es el periodo, donde ocurren cambios fisiológicos en la mujer que ha pasado por un parto, donde los órganos y hormonas regresan a su estado normal antes del embarazo; mientras que en las mamas hay un acentuado desarrollo que perdura durante el periodo de lactancia. Se puede presentar varias molestias orgánicas como dolores relacionados con el parto bien sea por la rafia quirúrgica, episiorrafia en el parto vaginal y entuertos. Así también afectaciones emocionales y psicológicas como parte del proceso de adopción del rol materno, algunas madres desarrollan ansiedad, depresión, fatiga, angustia, e incertidumbre, desencadenando así alteraciones en la relación madre e hijo, que a su vez podría perjudicar la lactancia materna. Objetivo: Conocer el manejo de la aromaterapia en el puerperio mediante la revisión de literatura científica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión documental descriptiva, a través de la búsqueda en base de datos: EBSCO, NCBI, Scopus, Pubmed, Proquest y Elsevier, utilizando operadores booleanos AND y OR con los siguientes descriptores: aromaterapia, dolor, cesárea, herida quirúrgica, lactancia materna, fatiga, depresión posparto, estrés psicológico y ansiedad. Resultados: El uso de aromaterapia de preferencia con aceite de esencial de lavanda, por medio de la inhalación, masajes, acupresión e inmersión, generan bienestar en la mujer puérpera, algunos ayudan a mejorar aspectos relacionados con el dolor posparto, produce efectos positivos para contrarrestar la ansiedad y depresión posparto y mejorar la vivencia de la lactancia materna. Conclusión: Se encontró una amplia gama de aceites esenciales utilizados durante el posparto, evidenciándose beneficios tanto orgánicos como psicológicos, que conllevan al bienestar del binomio madre- hija Palabras Clave: Aromaterapia, dolor, cesárea, herida quirúrgica, lactancia materna, fatiga, depresión posparto, estrés psicológico y ansiedad. ABSTRACT Introduction: The puerperium is the period, where physiological changes occur in women who have gone through childbirth, where the organs and hormones return to their normal state before pregnancy; while in the breasts there is an accentuated development that lasts during the lactation period. Several organic discomforts can occur, such as pain related to childbirth, either due to surgical raffia, episiorrhaphy in vaginal delivery, and injuries. As well as emotional and psychological affectations as part of the process of adopting the maternal role, some mothers develop anxiety, depression, fatigue, anguish, and uncertainty, thus triggering alterations in the mother-child relationship, which in turn could harm breastfeeding. Objective: To know the management of aromatherapy in the puerperium through the review of scientific literature. Methods: A descriptive documentary review was carried out, through the database search: EBSCO, NCBI, Scopus, Pubmed, Proquest and Elsevier, using AND and OR Boolean operators with the following descriptors: aromatherapy, pain, cesarean section, surgical wound, breastfeeding, fatigue, postpartum depression, psychological stress and anxiety. Results: The use of aromatherapy, preferably with lavender essential oil, through inhalation, massage, acupressure and immersion, generates well-being in postpartum women, some help to improve aspects related to postpartum pain, produces positive effects to counteract anxiety and postpartum depression and improve the experience of breastfeeding. Conclusion: A wide range of essential oils used during the postpartum period was found, showing both organic and psychological benefits, which lead to the well-being of the mother-daughter binomial. Keywords: Aromatherapy, pain, cesarean section, surgical wound, breastfeeding, fatigue, postpartum depression, psychological stress and anxiety.
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Danfær, Allan, Vilhelm Tetens, and Niels Agergaard. "Review and an experimental study on the physiological and quantitative aspects of gluconeogenesis in lactating ruminants." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 111, no. 2 (June 1995): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(94)00242-m.
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Rosetta, L. "Aetiological approach of female reproductive physiology in lactational amenorrhoea." Journal of Biosocial Science 24, no. 3 (July 1992): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000019866.
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There is a wide range of duration of post-partum amenorrhoea and resumption of ovulation between individuals, within an individual or between populations. Several extraneous variables, such as parity, mother's age, sex of the breast-fed baby, socioeconomic status and cultural level of the family, can be controlled; then the remaining variables will probably explain a part of the total variability in post-partum amenorrhoea duration but say nothing about the physiological process. In attempting to question physiological aspects of the return of fertility several observational studies have tended to favour one of the different factors which are supposed to play a major role in the regulation and have compared different levels of it, such as body composition of the mother (Frisch & McArthur, 1974), breast-feeding pattern (Jones, 1989) or the life style of the women. Life style can be related to women's physical activity in normal life (Ellison, 1991), the difference between urban and rural life (Carael, 1981) or the environment (Laurenson et al., 1985). Prolactin as a possible mediator of the central regulation has been carefully considered (Lunn, Austin & Whitehead, 1984; Howie et al., 1982). These studies were mainly observational rather than experimental, supplementing mothers during the lactating period or during the pregnancy. If this information is added to what is known of other animal species (Loudon, 1987) or animal experimentation (Plant et al., 1989; Williams et al., 1990a; Williams et al., 1990b), the combination of several of the main factors believed to have a major role in the human species can be clarified and the aetiology of the resumption of fertility in nursing women investigated.
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English, P. R. "Pig housing and the environment — future perspectives." BSAP Occasional Publication 11 (January 1987): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001853.
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AbstractIn relation to desirable future developments in the provision of suitable climatic conditions and accommodation for the pig, consideration has been given to the established physiological and behavioural requirements and the extent to which current systems fail to cater for these needs. Suggestions are made for improving the provisions for pigs at various stages of the production process including breeding, pregnancy, parturition and early lactation, weaning and in the growing-finishing period. In formulating future perspectives for accommodating pigs at all stages of the production process, an attempt has been made to maintain an appropriate balance between the objectives of catering more effectively for the requirements of the pig, acceptability from the welfare aspect of both pigs and stockmen, ease of management and cost-effectiveness.
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Kirkpatrick, J. F., J. C. McCarthy, D. F. Gudermuth, S. E. Shideler, and B. L. Lasley. "An assessment of the reproductive biology of Yellowstone bison (Bison bison) subpopulations using noncapture methods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-002.
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Five parameters of reproductive biology (number of live calves, rates of tending lactating and nonlactating cows, and age-specific calving and pregnancy rates) were measured for the Mary Mountain (≈2500) and Northern Range (≈600) herds of bison (Bison bison) in Yellowstone National Park between 1990 and 1993. Three physiological events (ovulation, pregnancy, fetal loss) affecting reproductive success were measured using urinary or fecal steroid analysis. Adult Mary Mountain cows had significantly fewer pregnancies and calves than the Northern Range cows. Approximately 85% of cows tended by bulls, 76% of detected ovulations, and 78% of detected fall pregnancies were among nonlactating cows. Greater than 80% of all pregnancies occurred in cows ≥4 years old in both herds. However, 100% of all pregnancies among lactating cows occurred in cows ≥5 years old in both herds. In the Mary Mountain subpopulation, only 5% of all pregnancies were among cows <4 years old, while 14.2% of all pregnancies in the Northern Range herd occurred in cows in the same age group. These data indicate that (i) the number of live calves and the pregnancy rate are significantly reduced among lactating cows, (ii) reproductive failure among lactating cows is primarily caused by ovulation failure, (iii) lactating cows that successfully reproduce are exclusively animals ≥5 years old, and (iv) the results of urinary or fecal steroid analysis are consistent with behavioral and demographic data and can be used to evaluate specific aspects of reproductive physiology among free-ranging ungulates.
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Rudloff, Silvia, Gottfried Pohlentz, Christian Borsch, Michael J. Lentze, and Clemens Kunz. "Urinary excretion ofin vivo13C-labelled milk oligosaccharides in breastfed infants." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 7 (September 5, 2011): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511004016.
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Recent observations indicate that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are involved in a variety of physiological processes in infants. Their metabolic fate, however, is virtually unknown. We investigated metabolic aspects in infants after endogenous13C-labelling of HMO. An oral bolus of natural and13C-labelled galactose (Gal; 23 g Gal+4 g13C-Gal) was given to ten lactating women. Aliquots of milk at each nursing as well as breath samples from the mothers and urine from their infants were collected over 36 h. The13C-enrichment of HMO and their renal excretion was determined by isotope ratio-MS; characterisation was achieved by fast atom bombardment-MS. After the Gal bolus was given, an immediate13C-enrichment in milk and in infants' urine was observed which lasted 36 h. Mass spectrometric analysis of13C-enriched urinary fractions confirmed the excretion of a variety of neutral and acidic HMO without metabolic modification of their structures. Components with glucose split off at the reducing end were also detectable. Quantitative data regarding the infants' intake of lacto-N-tetraose and its monofucosylated derivative lacto-N-fucopentaose II ranged from 50 to 160 mg with each suckling, respectively; renal excretion of both components varied between 1 and 3 mg/d. Since the intake of individual HMO by the infants was in the range of several hundred mg per suckling, i.e. several g/d, and some of these components were excreted in mg amounts as intact HMO with the infants' urine, not only local but also systemic effects might be expected.
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Langley, Simon C., and Alan A. Jackson. "Increased Systolic Blood Pressure in Adult Rats Induced by Fetal Exposure to Maternal Low Protein Diets." Clinical Science 86, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0860217.
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1. Possible associations between maternal nutrition in pregnancy and non-communicable diseases of adulthood were assessed using a rat model. Rats were habituated to diets containing a range of protein levels (18, 12, 9 and 6% by weight), over a 14 day period, before mating. The low protein diets were maintained throughout pregnancy. Lactating mothers and their offspring were transferred to a standard chow diet (20% protein). 2. Pregnant rats demonstrated a graded response to the diets, with those fed 9 and 6% protein tending to consume less energy and gain less weight than 18% protein fed controls. Litter size and newborn death rates were not significantly altered by the low protein diets. 3. Offspring of 12 and 9% protein fed dams were grossly normal, gaining weight at a similar rate to those born to 18% protein fed control rats. Offspring of the 6% protein fed dams were smaller than pups from all other groups, over a 21 week period. 4. At 9 weeks of age, systolic blood pressure was determined in the offspring. All offspring from the three low protein groups were found to have significantly elevated blood pressure (15–22 mmHg) relative to the control group. An inverse relationship between maternal protein intake and the systolic blood pressure of the offspring was observed. Blood pressure remained elevated in the offspring of the 9 and 6% protein fed dams until 21 weeks of age. The observed hypertension was associated with increased pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the low protein groups. 5. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that poor maternal nutrition in pregnancy may irreversibly impair aspects of physiological and biochemical function in the fetus. This has potential adverse consequences for the later health of the offspring.
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Wilson, Abbey E., Sarah A. Michaud, Angela M. Jackson, Gordon Stenhouse, Cameron J. R. McClelland, Nicholas C. Coops, and David M. Janz. "Protein biomarkers in serum as a conservation tool to assess reproduction: a case study on brown bears (Ursus arctos)." Conservation Physiology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab091.
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Abstract Monitoring the reproductive characteristics of a species can complement existing conservation strategies by understanding the mechanisms underlying demography. However, methodology to determine important aspects of female reproductive biology is often absent in monitoring programs for large mammals. Protein biomarkers may be a useful tool to detect physiological changes that are indicative of reproductive state. This study aimed to identify protein biomarkers of reproductive status in serum collected from free-ranging female brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, Canada, from 2001 to 2018. We hypothesized that the expression of proteins related to reproduction in addition to energetics and stress can be used to answer specific management-focused questions: (i) identify when a female is pregnant, (ii) detect if a female is lactating, (iii) determine age of sexual maturity (i.e. primiparity) and (iv) assess female fertility (i.e. reproduction rate). Furthermore, we investigated if silver spoon effects (favourable early life conditions provide fitness benefits through adulthood) could be determined using protein expression. A target panel of 19 proteins with established relationships to physiological function was measured by peptide-based analysis using liquid chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry and their differential expression was evaluated using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We found biomarkers of pregnancy (apolipoprotein B-100 and afamin), lactation (apolipoprotein B-100 and alpha-2-macroglobulin) and sexual maturity (corticosteroid-binding globulin), but there were no statistically significant relationships with protein expression and fertility. The expression of proteins related to reproduction (afamin) and energetics (vitamin-D binding protein) was associated with the nutritional quality of the individual’s present habitat rather than their early life habitat. This study highlights potential biomarkers of reproductive status and provides additional methods for monitoring physiological function in wildlife to inform conservation.
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Walter, Michael H., Harald Abele, and Claudia F. Plappert. "The Role of Oxytocin and the Effect of Stress During Childbirth: Neurobiological Basics and Implications for Mother and Child." Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 (October 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.742236.
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The neuropeptide oxytocin acts as a hormone and a neuromodulator, influencing a multitude of human social behaviors, including reproduction. During childbirth and the postpartum period, it plays a key role in regulating and controlling processes that ensure a safe birth and the health of mother and child. Especially the onset of labor, the progress of labor and initial breastfeeding are mediated by oxytocin. In the maternal brain it controls the initiation of the mother–infant bond and the mother’s emotional responses towards her child. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of oxytocin during the different aspects and mechanisms of human childbirth, combining research from human and animal studies. Physiological and psychological stress during childbirth and lactation can have negative effects on the progress of labor, breastfeeding and bonding. We discuss how maternity caregivers can support the positive effects of oxytocin and minimize the effects of stress. Furthermore, we highlight aspects of the basic neurobiological principles and connections where further research is needed to improve our understanding of the regulation and the effects of oxytocin to support maternal and infant health.
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Shuert, Courtney R., Patrick P. Pomeroy, and Sean D. Twiss. "Coping styles in capital breeders modulate behavioural trade-offs in time allocation: assessing fine-scale activity budgets in lactating grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) using accelerometry and heart rate variability." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 74, no. 1 (December 26, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2783-8.
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Abstract Balancing time allocation among competing behaviours is an essential part of energy management for all animals. However, trade-offs in time allocation may vary according to the sex of the individual, their age, and even underlying physiology. During reproduction, higher energetic demands and constrained internal resources place greater demand on optimizing these trade-offs insofar that small adjustments in time-activity may lead to substantial effects on an individual’s limited energy budget. The most extreme case is found in animals that undergo capital breeding, where individuals fast for the duration of each reproductive episode. We investigated potential underlying drivers of time-activity and describe aspects of trade-offs in time-activity in a wild, capital breeding pinniped, the grey seal Halichoerus grypus, during the lactation period. For the first time, we were able to access full 24-h activity budgets across the core duration of lactation as well as characterize how aspects of stress-coping styles influence time allocation through the use of animal-borne accelerometers and heart rate monitors in situ. We found that there was a distinct trade-off in time activity between time spent Resting and Alert (vigilance). This trade-off varied with the pup’s development, date, and maternal stress-coping style as indicated by a measure of heart rate variability, rMSSD. In contrast, time spent Presenting/Nursing did not vary across the duration of lactation given the variables tested. We suggest that while mothers balance time spent conserving resources (Resting) against time expending energy (Alert), they are also influenced by the inherent physiological drivers of stress-coping styles. Significance statement How animals apportion their time among different behaviours is key to their success. These trade-offs should be finely balanced to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure. Here, we examine how grey seal mothers balance their activity patterns during the short, but energetically demanding, period of pup-rearing. Animal-borne accelerometers provided a uniquely detailed and continuous record of activity during pup-rearing for 38 mothers. We also used heart rate monitors to provide measures of each individual’s stress-coping style. We found that mothers balance time Resting against remaining Alert while time Presenting/Nursing was largely independent of all factors measured. Stress-coping styles were found to drive the balancing and variation of all behaviours. This novel indication that differences in personality-like traits may drive whole activity budgets should be considered when assessing trade-offs in time allocation across a much wider variety of species.
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Yu, Jinyue, Jonathan Wells, Zhuang Wei, and Mary Fewtrell. "Effects of relaxation therapy on maternal psychological state, infant growth and gut microbiome: protocol for a randomised controlled trial investigating mother-infant signalling during lactation following late preterm and early term delivery." International Breastfeeding Journal 14, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0246-5.
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Abstract Background Breastfeeding is of great importance for infant health both short and long term, especially for those born preterm. Apart from the socio-economic and cultural factors which may influence a mother’s decision on breastfeeding, lactation performance is also influenced by maternal physiological and psychological condition, as well as infant behavioural factors. The aim of this project is to investigate physiological, psychological and anthropological aspects of ‘signalling’ between mother and infant during lactation in a stressful situation, following late preterm delivery, using an experimental approach. Method A single blind parallel randomised controlled trial will be conducted in Chinese primiparous mothers who deliver a infant (34 0/7–37 6/7) weeks and plan to exclusively breastfeed. Mothers will be recruited from four local community clinics attached to Beijing Children Hospital. Two home visits will be arranged at one week and eight weeks postpartum. Participants will be randomly assigned to either intervention arm or control (no intervention) before the first home visit. Mothers from the intervention group will be asked to listen to an audio recording with relaxation meditation daily during breastfeeding. Maternal stress and anxiety will be measured at one week and eight week postpartum using Chinese version of Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Infant weight and length gain (as SD scores) from one to eight week will be measured using anthropometry. Milk volume will be measured using 48-h test-weighing method. Breast milk samples and mother and infant’s stool samples will be collected to measure macronutrient and microbiome content. Anthropometric measurements (weight, length and head circumference) will be performed during all home visits. Discussion Primary outcomes of this study will be the effect of the intervention on maternal psychological state, and infant growth. Other outcomes will include the effect of the intervention on milk production, infant behaviours, and the microbiome composition in breastmilk and maternal and infant’s gut. Results of this study will provide greater understanding about maternal-infant factors which influence the success of breastfeeding, and which may then be useful targets for future interventions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03674632. Registered 14 September 2018.