Academic literature on the topic 'Lactation Physiological aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lactation Physiological aspects"
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Zhelavskyi, M. M. "Immunobiological aspects of cow lactation." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 95 (November 2, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9501.
Full textAbstract:
Lactation of cows is a high-energy metabolic process. It is regulated in the body by the complex physiological mechanisms of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. The purpose of to study changes in the immunobiological reactivity of the body of cows during lactation. Clinical and experimental studies were accomplished at the veterinary clinic and in the specialized laboratory of reproductive animal immunology. For the study, four groups of analogues of experimental animals were formed in which the immunological methods determined the immune status: cows (n = 17) during the early lactation (secretion of colostrum, 3–5th day); second (n = 32) – cows (n = 32) in the mid (3–5th month) lactation; the third (n = 28) – during the late lactation (5–7th day) and the fourth group (n = 28) – during the dry period (12–20th day). Our research has shown that during lactation in the body of cows fluctuations of the studied indicators of cellular and humoral immunity occur. Experimental data that showed that the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the blood of cows of Ukrainian dairy black-billed breed during the initial (3–5 days) period of lactogenesis is the lowest (37.88 ± 1.53%). However, the lowest expression of B-immune cells (16.05 ± 0.74%) was also detected during colostrum secretion. These changes occurred against the background of the decrease in CD3+/СD22+ (2.36 ± 0.11). In particular, at the 3–5th month of lactation, peripheral blood flow contained 53.40 ± 0.83% CD3+, ie 1.40 times more. The number of CD22+ mononuclear cells increased by only 1.14 times (up to 18.31 ± 0.69%). The beginning late lactation and dry period in the number of immunocompetent cells was observed: CD3+ – up to 42.11 ± 1.03%, and CD22+ – up to 22.92 ± 0.89%. All this was accompanied by a corresponding redistribution of the balance (CD3+/СD22+). We have identified certain patterns in the blast transformation ability of T-lymphocytes, which was manifested in the change in the activity of activated immune cells of blood. At the beginning of lactation, the functional capacity of T cells was the lowest (42.47 ± 0.62%). But subsequently with the increase of the lactation curve there was a certain activation of their transformation into blasts (51.11 ± 1.05%). At the beginning of late lactation cows underwent a gradual decrease in the blasttransformation capacity of immunocompetent cells (43.11 ± 0.89%). And which continued to decline gradually during the dry period. Thus, during lactation in the body of cows there are dynamic permanent changes in the system of cellular and humoral immunity. From the beginning of lactogenesis, there is a gradual increase in the increase in the functioning of the mammary gland of cows, and further decrease in the population composition of CD3+ and СD22+, which was also accompanied by changes in the functional activity of immunocompetent cells.
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Luz, G. B., A. S. Maffi, E. G. Xavier, M. N. Correa, B. G. Gasperin, and C. C. Brauner. "Induction of lactation in dairy heifers: milk production, inflammatory and metabolic aspects." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 2 (April 2020): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11246.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic, inflammatory, and hepatic aspects, as well as the milk yield in heifers submitted to protocol for induction of lactation compared to primiparous cows. Sixty Holstein heifers were selected and enrolled into two groups: Control (n= 30), pregnant heifers and Induction heifers (n= 30), non-pregnant femeales, submitted to a lactation induction protocol. Blood samples were collected at: pre-lactation period (weeks -3, -2 and -1) and post-lactation period (weeks 1, 2 and 3), aiming to evaluate glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, paraoxonase-1, albumin, ALT, GGT and cortisol. The protocol efficiently induced lactation in all the heifers, which produced 74.54% of the total production of milk from primiparous cows. In the pre-lactation period, induced animals presented higher concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids than the Control heifers, and the opposite was observed in the post lactation period. In both moments albumin and ALT were lower in the Induction group, and paraoxonase-1 activity and GGT concentrations were higher, compared to the Control. Thus, lactation induction protocol is efficient to initiate milk production in dairy heifers with no considerable changes in energetic, metabolic and hepatic profile when compared to heifers in physiological lactation.
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Joksimovic-Todorovic, M., V. Davidovic, and B. Zivkovic. "Physiological aspects of behaviour of sows and piglets during the lactation period." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 2 (2011): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1102285j.
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Maternal ability represents complex interactions between different forms of behaviour and physiological characteristics. Behaviour and metabolic processes are partly under the control of endocrine and nervous systems. Sows are different from other mammals, in that sows bear a large number mature baby, capable immediately to suckling. Post partum anabolic processes become catabolic, giving priority to dairy gland in relation to other tissues. Maximum secretated milk takes place between 2. and 3. week. Sows lost in body mass and it is appeared the change in value of some bloods parameters. Haemotologic analyses have suggested the increase in total number of leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils on the first day postpartum. In the third and fourth week of lactation a statistically significant fall in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes in relation to the first day was observed, along with a significant increase in limphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value decreased during the lactation period. Level of glucose in plasma is low (it is decreasing for more than 50%), while the level of urea is high, due to huge proteins available. It can also be noticed that there is a high mobilisation of body fat an increasing level of NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid). Secretion of milk is under control prolactin and oxytocin. Oxytocin affects on maternal behaviour and prolactin is linked with timing of suck.
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Hasiec, Malgorzata, and Tomasz Misztal. "Adaptive Modifications of Maternal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity during Lactation and Salsolinol as a New Player in this Phenomenon." International Journal of Endocrinology 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3786038.
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Both basal and stress-induced secretory activities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are distinctly modified in lactating females. On the one hand, it aims to meet the physiological demands of the mother, and on the other hand, the appropriate and stable plasma cortisol level is one of the essential factors for the proper offspring development. Specific adaptations of HPA axis activity to lactation have been extensively studied in several animal species and humans, providing interesting data on the HPA axis plasticity mechanism. However, most of the data related to this phenomenon are derived from studies in rats. The purpose of this review is to highlight these adaptations, with a particular emphasis on stress reaction and differences that occur between species. Existing data on breastfeeding women are also included in several aspects. Finally, data from the experiments in sheep are presented, indicating a new regulatory factor of the HPA axis—salsolinol—which typical role was revealed in lactation. It is suggested that this dopamine derivative is involved in both maintaining basal and suppressing stress-induced HPA axis activities in lactating dams.
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Calik-Ksepka, Anna, Monika Stradczuk, Karolina Czarnecka, Monika Grymowicz, and Roman Smolarczyk. "Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031633.
Full textAbstract:
Lactation is a physiological state of hyperprolactinemia and associated amenorrhea. Despite the fact that exact mechanisms standing behind the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis during lactation are still not clear, a general overview of events leading to amenorrhea may be suggested. Suckling remains the most important stimulus maintaining suppressive effect on ovaries after pregnancy. Breastfeeding is accompanied by high levels of prolactin, which remain higher than normal until the frequency and duration of daily suckling decreases and allows normal menstrual function resumption. Hyperprolactinemia induces the suppression of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons that directly control the pulsatile release of GnRH. Disruption in the pulsatile manner of GnRH secretion results in a strongly decreased frequency of corresponding LH pulses. Inadequate LH secretion and lack of pre-ovulatory surge inhibit the progression of the follicular phase of a menstrual cycle and result in anovulation and amenorrhea. The main consequences of lactational amenorrhea are connected with fertility issues and increased bone turnover. Provided the fulfillment of all the established conditions of its use, the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) efficiently protects against pregnancy. Because of its accessibility and lack of additional associated costs, LAM might be especially beneficial in low-income, developing countries, where modern contraception is hard to obtain. Breastfeeding alone is not equal to the LAM method, and therefore, it is not enough to successfully protect against conception. That is why LAM promotion should primarily focus on conditions under which its use is safe and effective. More studies on larger study groups should be conducted to determine and confirm the impact of behavioral factors, like suckling parameters, on the LAM efficacy. Lactational bone loss is a physiologic mechanism that enables providing a sufficient amount of calcium to the newborn. Despite the decline in bone mass during breastfeeding, it rebuilds after weaning and is not associated with a postmenopausal decrease in BMD and osteoporosis risk. Therefore, it should be a matter of concern only for lactating women with additional risk factors or with low BMD before pregnancy. The review summarizes the effect that breastfeeding exerts on the hypothalamus–pituitary axis as well as fertility and bone turnover aspects of lactational amenorrhea. We discuss the possibility of the use of lactation as contraception, along with this method’s prevalence, efficacy, and influencing factors. We also review the literature on the topic of lactational bone loss: its mechanism, severity, and persistence throughout life.
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McManaman, James L. "Milk lipid secretion: recent biomolecular aspects." BioMolecular Concepts 3, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2012-0025.
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AbstractNeonates of most species depend on milk lipids for calories, fat-soluble vitamins, and bioactive lipid components for growth and development during the postnatal period. To meet neonatal nutrition and development needs, the mammary gland has evolved efficient mechanisms for synthesizing and secreting large quantities of lipid during lactation. Although the biochemical steps involved in milk lipid synthesis are understood, the identities of the genes mediating these steps and the molecular physiology of milk lipid production and secretion have only recently begun to be understood in detail through advances in mouse genetics, gene expression analysis, protein structural properties, and the cell biology of lipid metabolism. This review discusses emerging data about the molecular, cellular, and structural determinants of milk lipid synthesis and secretion within the context of physiological functions.
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Mezzetti, Matteo, Luca Cattaneo, Matilde Maria Passamonti, Vincenzo Lopreiato, Andrea Minuti, and Erminio Trevisi. "The Transition Period Updated: A Review of the New Insights into the Adaptation of Dairy Cows to the New Lactation." Dairy 2, no. 4 (November 3, 2021): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040048.
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Recent research on the transition period (TP) of dairy cows has highlighted the pivotal role of immune function in affecting the severity of metabolic challenges the animals face when approaching calving. This suggests that the immune system may play a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases occurring in early lactation. Several studies have indicated that the roots of immune dysfunctions could sink way before the “classical” TP (e.g., 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving), extending the time frame deemed as “risky” for the development of early lactation disorders at the period around the dry-off. Several distressing events occurring during the TP (i.e., dietary changes, heat stress) can boost the severity of pre-existing immune dysfunctions and metabolic changes that physiologically affect this phase of the lactation cycle, further increasing the likelihood of developing diseases. Based on this background, several operational and nutritional strategies could be adopted to minimize the detrimental effects of immune dysfunctions on the adaptation of dairy cows to the new lactation. A suitable environment (i.e., optimal welfare) and a balanced diet (which guarantees optimal nutrient partitioning to improve immune functions in cow and calf) are key aspects to consider when aiming to minimize TP challenges at the herd level. Furthermore, several prognostic behavioral and physiological indicators could help in identifying subjects that are more likely to undergo a “bad transition”, allowing prompt intervention through specific modulatory treatments. Recent genomic advances in understanding the linkage between metabolic disorders and the genotype of dairy cows suggest that genetic breeding programs aimed at improving dairy cows’ adaptation to the new lactation challenges (i.e., through increasing immune system efficiency or resilience against metabolic disorders) could be expected in the future. Despite these encouraging steps forward in understanding the physiological mechanisms driving metabolic responses of dairy cows during their transition to calving, it is evident that these processes still require further investigation, and that the TP—likely extended from dry-off—continues to be “the final frontier” for research in dairy sciences.
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Owen, J. B. "Genetic aspects of appetite and feed choice in animals." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 2 (October 1992): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600014052.
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Body composition in wild animals is regulated within a band that encompasses variations due to seasonal food supply and physiological state (e.g. that of the reproducing, lactating female and the growing juvenile). This body composition is characteristic of the genotype and is notable for the avoidance of obesity (Pitts & Bullard 1968). Urgent behavioural responses are also invoked to minimize weight loss. Figure 1 illustrates this homeostasis diagrammatically for the non-lactating, mature animal.In this integrated complex, both food intake (quantity) and diet choice (quality) play a major role in achieving the required balance between food-energy intake and ‘net output’ of energy in its various forms such as activity, growth, lactation and change in body reserves. The development of such a system, through evolution, to achieve optimum reproductive fitness in a given environment, is consistent with the theory of optimal foraging which is characteristic of many animals in the wild. Newman (1991) has used such an approach in modelling diet selection by sheep.Domesticated animals have inherited the complex genome of their progenitors, albeit modified in certain respects through natural and artificial selection, in their new circumstances. Many aspects of the physiology and behaviour of the domesticated animal still relate to the environment in which they evolved. For example Jensen & Redbo (1987) have demonstrated the complex nesting behaviour retained by the modern domestic pig, under free ranging conditions similar to those of its wild progenitor.Two major non-genetic factors have emerged as major influences on the appetite of domesticated animals and man in modern times.
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Weston, RH. "Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 12. Digesta load and chewing activities in relation to lactation and its attendant increase in voluntary roughage consumption." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880671.
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Lactating and non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes were compared with respect to voluntary consumption of a medium quality roughage and various aspects of digestion of the roughage as fed at intakes near ad libitum. The lactating ewes, relative to their control counterparts (i) consumed more roughage, (ii) ate more rapidly, (iii) maintained higher levels of digesta in the rumen, omasum, abomasum, and caecum + proximal colon, (iv) showed no difference in particle size distribution in rumen digesta, (v) exhibited enhanced rumination activities and (vi) on average, cleared a particulate marker more rapidly from the rumen. It was estimated that the lactating ewes had a higher energy deficit than the controls. It was concluded that (i) the greater rate of removal of feed dry matter from the reticula-rumen (mass/time) during lactation was largely attributable to the enhancing effect of the prevailing higher reticulo-rumen digesta load on rumination, digestion and propulsion, (ii) neither capacity to use energy nor physiological capability of the reticula-rumen played a primary limiting role in the regulation of roughage intake, with the control of animals, (iii) the comparative data are consistent with a concept that energy metabolism and digesta load interact in the regulation of roughage intake, and (iv) scope exists for increasing consumption of the roughage by appropriate physiological manipulation of the animal.
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Schellack, G., N. Schellack, and M. Kriel. "Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation: points and principles to consider (a 2015 update)." South African Family Practice 57, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v57i6.4389.
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Pregnancy, childbirth and lactation pose unique challenges in terms of drug therapy. The pregnant mother and her unborn child are exceptionally vulnerable from a physiological, clinical and ethical standpoint. This warrants careful consideration with respect to a number of important aspects, which could firstly influence the decision to opt for drug therapy, and secondly, could influence the specific agent selected for each indication. The US Food and Drug Administration has introduced changes to the content and format of information presented in prescription drug labelling to assist healthcare providers when assessing benefit versus risk, and in the subsequent counselling of pregnant woman and nursing mothers who need to take medication. This change came into effect at the end of June 2015. This article provides an overview of these important aspects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lactation Physiological aspects"
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Courant, Geneviève Thérèse. "The effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on maternal food intake, body weight and body composition, and on lactation performance in rats." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26193.
Full textAbstract:
During pregnancy, body fat stores increase in part to subsidize the high energy cost of lactation. One effect of exercise, on the other hand, is to lower percent body fat. The effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on body fat, and on body composition in general, is not well documented. There is also a paucity of data on the effect of exercise during these physiological states on food intake and body weight. If exercise during pregnancy decreases body fat stores, would lactation performance subsequently be compromised? This study was designed to determine the effect of moderately strenuous aerobic exercise, during rat pregnancy and lactation, on food intake, body weight, body composition and lactation performance. Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into exercised (n=40) and sedentary (n=40) groups. Exercising
rats were trained over three weeks to run on a treadmill at 30 m/min, 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Within each group, two subgroups were then mated and three subgroups remained as virgin age controls (n=8 per subgroup).
Of the mated subgroups, one was terminated within 24 hours of parturition and the other on day 14 of lactation. Subgroups of virgin sedentary and exercising
controls were terminated at times corresponding to each of mating, parturition and day 14 of lactation of mated animals. Carcasses were assayed for fat, water, ash and protein. Ad libitum food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the study, as was the weight gain of pups of lactating dams.
MANOVA showed the effect of activity to be significant
on food intake at week three of training and during the pregnancy period (p<0.00l) and at week one (p<0.0l) and two (p<0.05) of lactation. The effect of activity was highly significant (p<0.00l) on body weight from week three of training and throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods, as well as on the percent fat, water and ash of the rat carcasses. Post hoc multimean comparisons
(Scheffe) at the p<0.05 level revealed that exercise resulted in a significant increase in the food intake of virgin rats, and nonsignificant increases in the food intake of pregnant and lactating rats. Body weights of virgin, pregnant and lactating exercising rats were significantly greater than their respective sedentary controls. Despite their heavier body weights and greater food intake, the estimated carcass energy content of exercising animals was lower than that of sedentary animals. This finding was reflected in the carcass composition whereby exercising rats, whether virgin, pregnant or lactating, contained consistently less fat and more water than sedentary controls. At parturition, pregnant animals contained significantly less fat, more water and more ash than sedentary pregnant
controls. After 14 days of lactation, there were no significant differences in carcass composition between
exercising and sedentary dams. However, lactating rats, whether exercising or sedentary, catabolized approximately 50 percent of the body fat present at parturition. Pup weight gains were not significantly different between exercising and sedentary dams.
From these findings it was concluded that the effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on food intake, body weight and body composition was comparable
to its effect in non-gravid rats. Moderately strenuous exercise during pregnancy prevented the increase
in body fat deposition normally present at this time. Despite these depleted fat stores, the energy supplied by the mobilization of the remaining fat and the increase in food intake was adequate to support normal pup growth.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Vitelli, Carol A. "Comparison of heart rate to lactate as related to performance of competitive male swimmers." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445247.
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Twelve competitive male swimmers were studied for a comparison of lactate/velocity profiles to heart rate/velocity profiles during a season of swim training. Lactate concentration (mM) and post-exercise heart rate (sum of three) after a 200-yard submaximal swim (approximately 90% of maximal attainable velocity) and a maximal swim were determined three times during the season: at the beginning (T1), after two months of training (T2) and after four months of training (T3). Both profiles demonstrated a significant rightward shift at T2 and a smaller, further shift at T3. Both lactate and heart rate significantly decreased at an absolute and relative exercise intensity in response to training. It is concluded that either parameter can be useful in monitoring training progress and for determining optimal training intensities. Because of the expense and difficulty of blood lactate measurements, heart rate/ velocity profiles can provide a practical and non-invasive alternative to blood lactate testing.
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Deresz, Fermino. "Effect of different cooling systems on concentrations of certain hormones and free fatty acids at varying times during lactation of Holstein cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184260.
Full textAbstract:
In experiment 1, fourteen cows were blocked for milk yields and balanced for days in lactation. Treatments were: (1) Air conditioning (AC), five cows; (2) Evaporative cooling (EC), four cows; and (3) Conventional shade (S), five cows. Sequential samples were taken for 8 h at 12 min intervals starting at 2200 and then at hourly intervals for 13 h. Serum was assayed for insulin, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and cortisol using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay procedure. Free fatty acids (FFA) were determined in serum by an enzymatic method. In experiment 2, ten cows were blocked for milk yields and days in lactation. Treatments were: (1) Evaporative cooling (EC), five cows; and (2) conventional shade (S), five cows. Blood was drawn at 60 and 90 d of lactation. Blood sampling, hormone and FFA assays were carried out as in experiment 1. Sequential samples were taken for 8 h at 12 min intervals starting at 2300 and then at hourly intervals from 1030 to 1830. In experiment 1, insulin was depressed (P <.05) treatment effects for T3 in either experiment. There were significant treatment differences (P <.05) in respiration rates and body temperatures in experiment 1. Shade were higher than AC or EC cows. These studies demonstrated that summer heat stress depressed insulin and increased FFA with variable effects on T4 and cortisol but no effect on T3.
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Martin, Kelly L. "Parathyroid hormone and calcium interactions in the periparturient mare." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-064008/.
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Turner, Anita L. "A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for lactational transfer of Na¹³¹I." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17069.
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Higginbotham, Gerald Ernest. "Influence of protein level and degradability on performance of lactating cows during hot and cool environmental temperatures." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184265.
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One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows in mid-lactation were offered diets varying in protein level and degradability at two locations during hot and moderate weather. Treatments were: (1) High protein (19%), high degradability (65%); (2) High protein (19%), medium degradability (40%); (3) Medium protein (15.5%), high degradability (65%); (4) Medium protein (15.5%), medium degradability (40%). Diets were individually fed during hot weather at the University of Arizona Dairy Farm and contained 38.4% alfalfa hay, 12.4% cottonseed hulls, 9.8% whole cottonseed, and 39.4% concentrate (dry matter). Diets were group fed during moderate weather at the Brigham Young University Dairy Farm, Provo, Ut, and contained 31.3% corn silage, 14% alfalfa haylage, 9.4% whole cottonseed and 45.3% concentrate (dry matter). Average daily ambient temperatures were 35.1°C for hot and 26.8°C for moderate weather locations. Fat-corrected milk (3.5%, 2 x milkings) and milk persistency were lower for treatment 1 than other treatments. For the respective treatments during hot weather means were: 23.4, 26.6, 28.5, 28.4 kg/d; 83.2, 91.2, 90.9, 90.3%; and for moderate weather means were: (3 x milkings): 34.7, 31.8, 32.2, 32.4 kg/d; 97.0, 93.4, 92.1, 90.3%. Dry matter intakes during hot weather were 21.5, 21.9, 23.3, and 23.1 kg/d. Respiration rate and rectal temperature during hot weather were: 90.1, 87.9, 90.9, 94.7 counts/min; 39.0, 39.3, 39.3, 39.5°C and for moderate weather: 61.2, 58.2, 55.5, 67.4 counts/min; 38.8, 38.6, 38.7, 38.8°C. Serum T₃,T₄ and cortisol were generally unaffected by treatment, but were depressed during hot weather. Serum glucose was not significantly affected by treatments at either environmental locations. Animals consumed more water with highly degradable protein diets at each location along with consuming more water during thermal stress. These data show that 3.5% fat-corrected milk and milk persistency are significantly affected (P <.01; P <.025) by rations high in protein of high degradability during heat stress.
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Moore, Michelle L. (Michelle Lyn). "Effects of selenium supplementation on plasma and milk of lactating women of habitually low selenium status." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26556.
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Twenty-one women, lifelong residents of Xichang County, Sichuan
Province, China, an area of very low soil selenium (Se), received tablets
containing either 100 μg Se daily as Se-enriched yeast (+Se) or no additional Se
(-Se), throughout the last trimester of pregnancy and the first three months of
lactation. Diet was analyzed using diet recalls and proximate analysis of mixed
diet samples. Milk and plasma samples were analyzed for Se content,
glutathione peroxidase activity, and fatty acid profile and plasma alone was
analyzed for vitamin E content and lipid peroxidation. At parturition and three
months after delivery, milk and plasma Se levels and plasma GPx activities were
significantly higher in the +Se women than the -Se women. Milk GPx activity did
not change significantly with supplementation. Plasma vitamin E was not
different between the treatment groups at either time. Plasma lipid peroxidation
levels (TBARS) were significantly higher in the supplemented women at both
time points. Fatty acid profiles at delivery and three months after delivery were similar in both plasma and milk between the two groups. The data suggest that
this level and length of supplementation, when given to pregnant women of very
low Se status, are not adequate to influence the fatty acids in milk.Graduation date: 2000
Books on the topic "Lactation Physiological aspects"
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Rodwell, Williams Sue, ed. Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1993.
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1945-, Vermeersch Joyce, and Williams Sue Rodwell, eds. Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Pub., 1985.
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Rodwell, Williams Sue, ed. Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation. 4th ed. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Pub., 1989.
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Rodwell, Williams Sue, ed. Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation. 6th ed. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark, 1997.
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Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation: An implementation guide. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1992.
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International Conference on the Effects of Human Milk on the Recipient Infant (1986 Konstanz, Germany). Human lactation 3: The effects of human milk on the recipient infant. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.
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1951-, Lawrence Robert M., ed. Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999.
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Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994.
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Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1989.
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Cook, Paddy Shannon. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs may harm the unborn. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Lactation Physiological aspects"
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Ojeda, Sergio R. "The Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus." In Textbook of Endocrine Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199744121.003.0008.
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The hypothalamic-pituitary complex represents the core of the neuroendocrine system. The hypothalamus is composed of a diversity of neurosecretory cells arranged in groups, which secrete their products either into the portal blood system that connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis (see later) or directly into the general circulation after storage in the neurohypophysis (see Chapter 6). Because of the nature of their actions, the hypothalamic hormones are classified as releasing or inhibiting hormones. The hypothalamic hormones delivered to the portal blood system are transported to the adenohypophysis, where they stimulate or inhibit the synthesis and secretion of different trophic hormones. In turn, these hormones regulate gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal function, in addition to lactation, bodily growth, and somatic development. No attempt will be made in this chapter to cover the actions of the different pituitary trophic hormones on their target glands, because they are discussed in detail in other chapters. An exception to this is growth hormone (GH). Although Chapter 11 considers several aspects of the control and actions of GH, a broader discussion of its physiological actions will be presented here because GH is the only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have a clear-cut target gland. The pituitary gland has two parts: the neurohypophysis, of neural origin (see Chapter 6), and the adenohypophysis, of ectodermal origin. In embryonic development, an evagination from the roof of the pharynx pushes dorsally to reach a ventrally directed evagination from the base of the diencephalon. The dorsally projecting evagination, known as Rathke’s pouch , forms the adenohypophysis, whereas the ventrally directed evagination of neural tissue forms the neurohypophysis. The neurohypophysis has three parts: the median eminence, the infundibular stem, and the neural lobe itself. The median eminence represents the intrahypothalamic portion and lies just ventral to the floor of the third ventricle protruding slightly in the midline. The main part of the neurohypophysis, the neural lobe, is connected to the median eminence by the infundibular stem.
Reports on the topic "Lactation Physiological aspects"
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Sukenik, Assaf, Paul Roessler, and John Ohlrogge. Biochemical and Physiological Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Unicellular Algae with Special Emphasis on W-3 Very Long Chain Lipids. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604932.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Various unicellular algae produce omega-3 (w3) very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), which are rarely found in higher plants. In this research and other studies from our laboratories, it has been demonstrated that the marine unicellular alga Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) can be used as a reliable and high quality source for the w3 VLC-PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This alga is widely used in mariculture systems as the primary component of the artificial food chain in fish larvae production, mainly due to its high EPA content. Furthermore, w3 fatty acids are essential for humans as dietary supplements and may have therapeutic benefits. The goal of this research proposal was to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms which regulate the synthesis and accumulation of glycerolipids enriched with w3 VLC-PUFA in Nannochloropsis. The results of our studies demonstrate various aspects of lipid synthesis and its regulation in the alga: 1. Variations in lipid class composition imposed by various environmental conditions were determined with special emphasis on the relative abundance of the molecular species of triacylglycerol (TAG) and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG). 2. The relationships between the cellular content of major glycerolipids (TAG and MGDG) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis were studied. The results suggested the importance of UDP-galactose diacylglycerol galactosyl (UDGT) in regulation of the cellular level of MGDG. In a current effort we have purified UDGT several hundredfold from Nannochloropsis. It is our aim to purify this enzyme to near homogeneity and to produce antibodies against this enzyme in order to provide the tools for elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate this enzyme and carbon allocation into galactolipids. 3. Our in vitro and in vivo labeling studies indicated the possibility that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are associated with desaturation of the structural lipids, whereas shorter chain saturated fatty acids are more likely to be incorporated into TAG. 4. Isolation of several putative mutants of Nannochloropsis which appear to have different lipid and fatty acid compositions than the wild type; a mutant of a special importance that is devoid of EPA was fully characterized. In addition, we could demonstrate the feasibility of Nannochloropsis biomass production for aquaculture and human health: 1) We demonstrated in semi-industrial scale the feasibility of mass production of Nannochloropsis biomass in collaboration with the algae plant NBT in Eilat; 2) Nutritional studies verified the importance algal w3 fatty acids for the development of rats and demonstrated that Nannochloropsis biomass fed to pregnant and lactating rats can benefit their offspring.