Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lactation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Lactation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 September 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Lactation"

1

Pine, A. P., N. S. Jessop, and J. D. Oldham. "Effect of Protein Realimentation on Lactational Performance in Rats:." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022261.

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Previous research in our laboratory has shown that lactating rats given low protein diets will readily mobilise approximately 20% of body protein to sustain lactational performance. However in such females lactational performance falls markedly around day 6 of lactation and remains at this low level for the remainder of lactation. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether this decline in lactational performance coincided with the exhaustion of labile protein reserves, and secondly whether such protein depleted females could reestablish effective lactation in mid lactation when given an increased supply of dietary protein.Sixty six multiparous Sprague-Dawley rats were mated individually with a proven male breeder, mating being confirmed through the presence of vaginal plugs, then transferred to solid bottomed plastic cages for the remainder of the experiment.
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Downing, J. A. "An opportunity to revolutionise sow management." Animal Production Science 55, no. 12 (2015): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15270.

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Research in any area of animal production can provide the opportunity to change how the system operates and is managed. The reliance on having to wean lactating sows to re-mate them has limited the commercial options for sow management. The desire to limit lactation length to maximise the litters per sow per year concurrently creates major challenges for such-aged piglets weaned abruptly. These issues are discussed in the review. This management system also fails to recognise that sows have the potential to spontaneously ovulate in lactation even when housed in farrowing crates. Inhibition of luteinising hormone release is the basis of lactational anoestrus with the suckling stimulus providing the strongest afferent signal to this inhibitory system. Any management strategy that reduces this inhibition has the potential to trigger lactational oestrus. In this review, group housing of sows, boar exposure and intermittent suckling are identified as strong stimuli that can promote lactational oestrus. Removing the need to wean sows to mate them offers further opportunities to change the way lactating sows are managed. One option is a two-stage lactation system in which the sows are housed in farrowing crates for the first 10–14 days and then moved to group accommodation for the remainder of lactation. This system provides welfare benefits for the litter in the early stage of lactation and then the benefits of less confinement for the sows in later lactation. Group lactation would also lend itself to the implementation of stimuli to assist the mating of sows in lactation, such as piglet separation and/or boar exposure. It also accommodates the mating of sows that spontaneously ovulate in lactation. Removing the need to wean sows to re-mate them provides the opportunity to increase weaning age and implement a gradual weaning, helping to attenuate the post-weaning growth check and potentially limiting antimicrobial use in weaner pigs.
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COROIAN, Cristian Ovidiu, Vioara MIRESAN, Aurelia COROIAN, Camelia RADUCU, Luisa ANDRONIE, Zamfir MARCHIS, Sorin TERHES, and Mircea Valentin MUNTEAN. "Biochemical and Haematological Blood Parameters at Different Stages of Lactation in Cows." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 74, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:12283.

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The health status of cows is evaluated and depending on haematological and biochemical profile of blood. Nutrition is the main technological factor that can produce profound changes in the metabolic profile in animals (Dhiman et al., 1991; Khaled et al., 1999; Ingvartsen, 2006). Blood parameters analyze can lead to identify if there are errors in nutrition of lactating cows (Payne et al., 1970). The aim of this study was the evaluation of metabolic and biochemical changes that occur during colostrum period and in terms of number of lactations in cows. The biological material was represented by a total of 60 heads of dairy cows from a family farm from Sălaj County, Romania. The cows are all from Holstein breed and presented no clinical signs of any specific pathology. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each cow and analyzed. 10 individuals from each of the six lactations have been randomly selected. Haematological and biochemical parameters showed variations depending on factors analyzed here. In lactation 1 Hb was 7.55±3.05 (g/dl), while in lactation 6 the value was 12.5±2.10 (g/dl). RBC ranged as follows: in lactation 1 - 28.50±2.05 and in lactation 6 - 30.02±2.05. Lymphocytes varied within very wide limits under the influence of lactation: in lactation 1 - 2.8±1.56 and in lactation 6 - 7.55±1.80. The number of lactations and lactation rank have influenced blood biochemical and hematological parameters in dairy cows. Biochemical parameters are influenced by post-partum day, showing the lowest values in the early days of colostral period and the highest in the last few days of the same period.
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Johnson, M. S., S. C. Thomson, and J. R. Speakman. "Limits to sustained energy intake." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 11 (June 1, 2001): 1947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.11.1947.

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SUMMARYTo determine whether mice were limited in their capacity to absorb energy during late lactation, we attempted to increase the energy burden experienced by a group of female mice during late lactation by mating them at the postpartum oestrus, hence combining the energy demands of pregnancy and lactation. These experimental mice were therefore concurrently pregnant and lactating in their first lactation, and were followed through a normal second lactation. In a control group, females also underwent two lactations but sequentially, with the second mating after the first litter had been weaned. Maternal mass and food intake were measured throughout the first lactation, second pregnancy and second lactation. Maternal resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured prior to the first mating and then at the peak of both the first and second lactations. Litter size and litter mass were also measured throughout both lactations. In the first lactation, experimental mice had a lower mass-independent RMR (F1,88=5.15, P=0.026) and raised significantly heavier pups (t=2.77, d.f.=32, P=0.0093) than the control mice. Experimental mice delayed implantation at the start of the second pregnancy. The extent of the delay was positively related to litter size during the first lactation (F1,19=4.58, P=0.046) and negatively related to mean pup mass (F1,19=5.78, P=0.027) in the first lactation. In the second lactation, the experimental mice gave birth to more (t=2.75, d.f.=38, P=0.0092) and lighter (t=−5.01, d.f.=38, P<0.0001) pups than did the controls in their second lactation. Maternal asymptotic daily food intake of control mice in the second lactation was significantly higher (t=−4.39, d.f.=37, P=0.0001) than that of the experimental mice and higher than that of controls during their first lactation. Despite the added burden on the experimental females during their first lactation, there was no increase in their food intake, which suggested that they might be limited by their capacity to absorb energy. However, control females appeared to be capable of increasing their asymptotic food intake beyond the supposed limits estimated previously, suggesting that the previously established limit was not a fixed central limitation on food intake. As RMR increased in parallel with the increase in food intake during the second lactation of control mice, the sustained energy intake remained at around 7.0×RMR.
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Pine, A. P., N. S. Jessop, and J. D. Oldham. "Maternal protein reserves and their influence on lactational performance in rats." British Journal of Nutrition 71, no. 1 (January 1994): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940107.

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To determine the contribution of tissue protein reserves to lactational performance, multiparous female Sprague-Dawley rats were mated, caged individually and offered a diet high in protein (215 g crude protein (N × 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM);H) ad lib. until day 12 of gestation. Subsequently half the rats continued to receive diet H while the remainder were offered a diet low in protein (65 g CP/kg DM;L) until parturition. This treatment aimed to produce a difference in carcass protein at parturition. On day 1 of lactation females were allocated to either diet H or a low-protein diet (90 g CP/kg DM; L2) offered until day 13 of lactation, giving four lactation treatment groups HH, HL2, LH and LL2. Groups of females were slaughtered on days 2 and 12 of gestation and days 1 and 13 of lactation and carcass and major organs were analysed. Weight gain of standardized litters was used as an indicator of lactational performance. Maternal carcass protein contents at parturition were 43·5 (SE 1·2) and 38·7 (SE 0·8) g (P < 0·01) for diets H and L respectively. During lactation there was little change in carcass protein content of HH rats while LH rats appeared to replenish their depleted reserves. Food intake or lactational performance did not differ between these two groups. HL2 and LL2 rats lost carcass protein with HL2 rats losing more than LL2 rats (P < 0·05). Intake and lactational performance were reduced compared with that on diet H (P < 0.05) but for the first 6 d of lactation were both greater (P < 0·05) for diet HL2 than for diet LL2. All four groups showed a considerable loss of body fat during lactation which was not affected by diet. The ability of HL2 rats to catabolize more protein and consume more food allowed them to sustain a greater lactationai performance. Previous maternal protein depletion had no influence on lactationai performance as long as an adequate supply of dietary protein was provided.
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Guliński, Piotr, and Ewa Salamończyk. "EVALUATION OF LACTATIONAL EXCRETION OF UREA AND AMMONIA IN DAIRY CATTLE HERDS." ANIMAL SCIENCE AND GENETICS 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.4120.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the lactational unit production of urea and ammonia emissions from cows kept in eastern Poland. The study covered 1089 lactations of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows born between 1992 and 2018 in 15 cattle herds located in the Mazovia and Podlasie voivodships. The amount of urea excreted in urine and nitrogen compounds in cow feces was calculated based on the following regression equations: (y = 15.46 urea concentration in milk (g/L) + 193.4); y = 11.42 urea concentration in milk (g/L) + 41.93); y = 4.05 urea concentration in milk (g/L) + 151.47). Several factors affecting the total production of urea were examined. Four groups of animals were distinguished according to their milk yield from a 305-day lactation (<6000; 6001-8000; 8001-10000; >10000 kg); three groups based on year of birth (1992-2000; 2001-2010; 2011-2018); four age groups (first lactation; second lactation; third lactation; fourth to twelfth lactation); and three groups according to urea content in milk (1-150; 151-250; >250 mg/L). The results of the study showed that the average concentration of urea in cow urine was 78.6 kg and the ammonia emission from a lactating cow was 44.6 kg. The study demonstrated a large variation in the amount of nitrogen compounds excreted in feces and the degree of ammonia emission risk among animals. The main factors differentiating the amount of nitrogen compounds in urine and feces and the level of ammonia emission into the atmosphere included the cow's production level, year of birth, and urea content in milk.
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Kostomakhin, N., O. Voronkova, M. Gabedava, and E. Ermoshyna. "Dynamics of milk productivity of cows of Black-and-White breed by lactations." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2006-05.

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The age of cow use is of big importance for the practice of dairy farming, since earlier culling of cows leads to a lack of milk, and later culling leads to the decrease in genetic progress. The purpose of the researches was to determine the dynamics of milk productivity of cows of Black-and-White breed by lactations. The researches have been carried out in the OJSC Breeding Farm “Oktyabrsky” in the Ferzikovsky district in the Kaluga region, where cattle of Black-and-White breed are bred. The object of researches was the breeding stock of Black-and-White cattle that had been lactating for five lactations. It has been found that the increase in milk yield occurred from I to IV lactation. For example, first-calf heifers had 6154,9 kg of milk yield and were statistically significantly inferior to cows of II lactation by 242,8 kg (P < 0,001) or by 3,9 %. The superiority of cows of III lactation over first-calf heifers in milk yield was 466,2 kg (P < 0,001) or 7,6 %. The maximum differences in milk yield between first-calf heifers and cows IV lactation were 704,8 kg (P < 0,001) or 11,5 %. Cows of V lactation also significantly outperformed of fi rst-calf heifers in milk yield by 381,6 kg (P < 0,01) or 6,2 %, but their milk yield was lower than that of cows during III and IV lactation. It has been revealed in the course of research that cows of all the studied lactations were characterized by sufficiently high milk productivity for cattle of Black-and-White breed. There was the increase in milk yield with the age of animals. The increase in milk yields dynamically occurs till IV lactation, and then their decrease is observed.
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Cui, Jian-Guo, Gang-Bin Tang, De-Hua Wang, and John R. Speakman. "Effects of leptin infusion during peak lactation on food intake, body composition, litter growth, and maternal neuroendocrine status in female Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 300, no. 2 (February 2011): R447—R459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00121.2010.

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During lactation, female small mammals frequently reduce their fat reserves to very low levels. The function of this reduction is unclear, as calculations suggest that the contribution of the withdrawn energy from fat to the total energy balance of lactation is trivial. An alternative hypothesis is that reducing fat leads to a reduction in circulating adipokines, such as leptin, that play a role in stimulating the hyperphagia of lactation. We investigated the role of circulating leptin in lactation by repleting leptin levels using miniosmotic pumps during the last 7 days of lactation in Brandt's voles ( Lasiopodomys brandtii ), a model small wild mammal we have extensively studied in the context of lactation energy demands. Repletion of leptin resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of body mass and food intake in lactating voles. Comparisons to nonreproducing individuals suggests that the reduced leptin in lactation, due to reduced fat stores, may account for ∼16% of the lactational hyperphagia. Reduced leptin in lactation may, in part, cause lactational hyperphagia via stimulatory effects on hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide) and inhibition of the anorexigenic neuropeptide (proopiomelanocortin). These effects were reversed by the experimental repletion of leptin. There was no significant effect of leptin treatment on daily energy expenditure, milk production or pup growth, but leptin repletion did result in a reversal of the suppression of uncoupling protein-1 levels in brown adipose tissue, indicating an additional role for reducing body fat and leptin during peak lacation.
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STEFANON, BRUNO, MONICA COLITTI, GIANFRANCO GABAI, CHRISTOPHER H. KNIGHT, and COLIN J. WILDE. "Mammary apoptosis and lactation persistency in dairy animals." Journal of Dairy Research 69, no. 1 (February 2002): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029901005246.

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The decline in milk yield after peak lactation in dairy animals has long been a biological conundrum for the mammary biologist, as well as a cause of considerable lost income for the dairy farmer. Recent advances in understanding the control of the mammary cell population now offer new insights on the former, and a potential means of alleviating the latter. The weight of evidence now indicates that a change in mammary cell number, the result of an imbalance between cell proliferation and cell removal, is a principal cause of declining production. Further, it suggests that the persistency of lactation, the rate of decline in milk yield with stage of lactation, is strongly influenced by the rate of cell death by apoptosis in the lactating gland. Mammary apoptosis was first demonstrated during tissue involution after lactation, but has now been detected during lactation, in mammary tissue of lactating mice, goats and cattle. Those factors that determine the rate of cell death by apoptosis are as yet poorly characterized, but include the frequency of milking in lactating goats. Initial evidence suggests that nutrition also is likely to influence cell survival after peak lactation, an important factor being the degree of oxidative stress imposed by feed and the tissue's ability to deal with, and prevent damage by, reactive oxygen species. Comparison of cows in calf or not pregnant during declining lactation also indicates a likely influence of reproductive hormones, with oestradiol and progesterone acting to preserve mammary ductal and alveolar integrity during the dry period, while allowing a degree of apoptosis and cell replacement. In each case, the molecular mechanisms controlling mammary cell survival (or otherwise) are as yet poorly defined. On the other hand, more persistent lactations are likely to benefit animal welfare through fewer calvings and by placing less emphasis on maximal production at peak lactation, and modelling of persistent lactation with longer calving intervals indicates their likely economic benefits. In these circumstances, there is considerable incentive to elucidate the determinants of mammary apoptosis, and the factors controlling the dynamic balance between cell proliferation and cell death in the lactating mammary gland.
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Liu, X., R. S. E. Brown, A. E. Herbison, and D. R. Grattan. "Lactational Anovulation in Mice Results From a Selective Loss of Kisspeptin Input to GnRH Neurons." Endocrinology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1621.

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In mammals, lactation is associated with a period of infertility characterized by the loss of pulsatile secretion of GnRH and cessation of ovulatory cycles. Despite the importance of lactational infertility in determining overall fecundity of a species, the mechanisms by which the suckling stimulus suppresses GnRH secretion remain unclear. Because kisspeptin neurons are critical for fertility, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced kisspeptin expression might mediate the lactation-induced suppression of fertility, using mouse models. In the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V), a progressive decrease in RP3V Kiss1 mRNA levels was observed during pregnancy culminating in a 10-fold reduction during lactation compared with diestrous controls. This was associated with approximately 60% reduction in the numbers of kisspeptin-immunoreactive neurons in the RP3V detected during lactation. Similarly, in the arcuate nucleus there was also a significant decrease in Kiss1 mRNA levels during late pregnancy and midlactation, and a notable decrease in kisspeptin fiber density during lactation. The functional characteristics of the RP3V kisspeptin input to GnRH neurons were assessed using electrophysiological approaches in an acute brain slice preparation. Although endogenous RP3V kisspeptin neurons were found to activate GnRH neurons in diestrous mice, this was never observed during lactation. This did not result from an absence of kisspeptin receptors because GnRH neurons responded normally to 100 nM exogenous kisspeptin during lactation. The kisspeptin deficit in lactating mice was selective, because GnRH neurons responded normally to RP3V gamma aminobutryic acid inputs during lactation. These data demonstrate that a selective loss of RP3V kisspeptin inputs to GnRH neurons during lactation is the likely mechanism causing lactational anovulation in the mouse.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lactation"

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Schetzina, Karen E., and J. Ware. "Lactation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5119.

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Office Care of Women covers a wide range of topics which are pertinent to the provision of excellent healthcare. Common gynecologic topics are discussed in depth, as well as non-gynecologic medical conditions which are frequently faced by female patients. This book is designed as a single source reference which covers the majority of topics seen by clinicians as they care for women patients in the office setting. The fifty chapters include topics unique to female patients but also include other health conditions which are affected by the patient's gender. The authors of this book span six specialties and three continents thereby giving the reader a comprehensive source of information to improve the healthcare of women.
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Sorensen, Annette. "Manipulation of lactation persistency to achieve extended lactation in dairy cows." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327578.

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Kagya-Agyemang, James Kwame. "Limits to sustained energy intake during lactation : effects of macronutrient composition." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted, no access until Jan, 3, 2010. Online version available for University member only until Dec. 9, 2010, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25326.

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Proschmann, Undine, Katja Thomas, Tjalf Ziemssen, Sandra Thiel, and Kerstin Hellwig. "Natalizumab during pregnancy and lactation." Sage, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35529.

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Background: Managing medication during pregnancy and lactation in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients needs to balance potential risks to the newborn with the substantial risks of ongoing disease activity. Objective: To evaluate the potential transfer of natalizumab (NAT) into breast milk and into the serum of newborn babies in women who continued NAT treatment during pregnancy and lactation. Methods: Serum samples of 11 mother–infant pairs and mother milk samples of a further 4 women were analyzed for free NAT using a HL60 cell-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assay. Two mother–baby pairs were analyzed for cell-bound NAT, very-late-antigen (VLA)-4 expression, and saturation with NAT on immune cells by FACS analysis. Results: In the majority of the mother–infant serum pairs (6/11) and in all breast milk samples, free NAT was detectable. Cell-bound NAT was measurable in both mother–baby pairs with significant higher levels in babies. VLA-4 expression seems to be higher in newborns. Saturation with NAT was comparable between newborns and mothers. Conclusion: NAT can pass placental barrier before delivery and into breast milk. Measurable NAT on neonatal lymphocytes may have functional impact. Further investigations are needed to clarify safety and risk of NAT exposure during pregnancy and lactation.
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Tate, Kaley Renee. "Evaluating the duration of increased milking frequency during early lactation for increased yield through lactation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96263.

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Increasing the milking frequency of early lactation dairy cows increases their milk yield, both during increased milking and after the cows are returned to a normal twice-daily milking schedule. When milked four times a day (4X) for only the first twenty-one days of lactation, the right udder half produces 3 kg/d more milk than the left half, which is milked only two times a day (2X) over the course of lactation (Hale et al., 2003). Alterations to this increased milking frequency (IMF) approach have been investigated in order to maximize production of the animals and determine the most efficient practice for producers. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate duration of early lactation IMF treatment by increasing milking frequency of early lactation cows for various lengths of time, and subsequently increasing the use of this management practice on Virginia dairy farms. The right udder half of twenty-three primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were milked 4X for 10, 20, or 40 days at the beginning of lactation, and the left udder half 2X for the entire lactation. Udder-half milk yields were measured at various time points throughout lactation and used to calculate the difference between right (4X) and left (2X) udder halves. Overall, treatment did not have a significant effect on milk yield difference throughout the entire lactation; the udder half differences for each group were -0.45 kg, 1.92 kg and 4.62 kg for the 10 d, 20 d and 40 d treatments (P > 0.05). In addition to the IMF portion of the experiment, two different methodologies were used to investigate the possible mechanism of local regulation of milk yield in response to IMF treatment. Milk fatty acid analysis was performed on milk samples obtained from the above experiment. Three different groups of fatty acids were analyzed to detect potential changes in the right udder half (4X) when compared to the left (2X); the three groups were denovo, C16, and preformed fatty acids. There was no significant effect of treatment on fatty acid composition of right and left udder halves for any of the three groups (P > 0.05). The second methodology used to explore a possible mechanism behind increased milk yield following IMF treatment was immunohistochemistry of mammary gland tissue samples obtained after IMF treatment in a previous experiment. The key target investigated was a component of the Hippo signaling pathway, Yes-associated protein (YAP). Intensity of YAP staining in the cytoplasmic area of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and number of YAP-positive stained nuclei located in the MEC were quantified for each of the images obtained. There was no effect of treatment or day on intensity of staining (P > 0.05) with no difference in the intensity of staining between 4X and 2X samples or d 21 and d 60 samples. However, the interaction for treatment x day tended to be significant (P < 0.06), with the d 60 samples tending to have higher intensity of staining than d 21 samples. For YAP-positive nuclei, there was a significant effect of day (P < 0.05), with d 60 samples having significantly more YAP positive nuclei. There was not a significant effect of treatment or treatment x day interaction (P > 0.05) with 2X and 4X samples having the same number of YAP positive nuclei. Results from the first experiment reveal that 40 d of IMF during early lactation is sufficient to produce an increase in milk and component yields throughout lactation. This practice could be implemented on Virginia dairy farms as a way to increase efficiency and milk yield per cow. Results from the second half of this research indicates that further research is needed to investigate the fatty acid content of milk from cows subject to IMF treatment during early lactation. In addition, YAP potentially plays a role in the changes occurring in the mammary gland, with increased intensity of YAP staining and increased number of YAP positive nuclei observed at 60 DIM. Understanding of this protein and its involvement in the mammary gland could lead to identifying a mechanism for which this increase in milk yield and components following IMF is occurring. Further research needs to be done to provide results supporting the current experiment.
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Hilliard, Elizabeth Dianne. "The Association between Workplace Lactation Accommodations and Corporate Lactation Programs and Breastfeeding Duration in Working Women." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10642084.

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Breastfeeding support has increased over the past 2 decades, especially in the workplace. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 provided several protections for working, breastfeeding women. Prior to the passage of this legislation, the North Dakota State Legislature amended SB 2344 to create an Infant Friendly business designation available to any business or organization in the state providing specified lactation accommodations for their employees. While this amendment has been in effect since 2009, and the first cohort of businesses was designated in 2011, there has been no evaluation of this designation to determine effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to examine the difference in breastfeeding continuation rates between women working for Infant Friendly and non-designated businesses, and to identify how intention, self-efficacy, and other worksite factors influence breastfeeding duration. An 85 item online questionnaire was developed and distributed using various sampling methods to working women across the state of North Dakota. T-tests, Analysis of Variance, and forward step-wise regression were used to analyze results. While there was no statistically significant difference in breastfeeding duration between designated and non-designated businesses, there was a 3-month difference in duration between continually designated businesses and those letting their designation lapse. Participants disagreed that breastfeeding education was available from their employers. With regard to intention, women who intended to exclusively breastfeed did so with a four month longer duration than those with other feeding intentions, although the results were not statistically significant. Women who perceived only minor challenges with combining breastfeeding and working, and those with greater self –efficacy for breastfeeding had longer breastfeeding durations as well. While the designation is a starting point for worksite breastfeeding support, it could be more comprehensive. Adding a policy promotion and breastfeeding education component to the designation may improve awareness and use of accommodations, making the designation more impactful. These additions may also aid in increasing breastfeeding intention and self-efficacy among working women, and decrease the perception of barriers.

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Hilliard, Elizabeth. "The Association Between Workplace Lactation Accommodations and Corporate Lactation Programs and Breastfeeding Duration in Working Women." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26719.

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Breastfeeding support has increased over the past 2 decades, especially in the workplace. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 provided several protections for working, breastfeeding women. Prior to the passage of this legislation, the North Dakota State Legislature amended SB 2344 to create an Infant Friendly business designation available to any business or organization in the state providing specified lactation accommodations for their employees. While this amendment has been in effect since 2009, and the first cohort of businesses was designated in 2011, there has been no evaluation of this designation to determine effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to examine the difference in breastfeeding continuation rates between women working for Infant Friendly and non-designated businesses, and to identify how intention, self-efficacy, and other worksite factors influence breastfeeding duration. An 85 item online questionnaire was developed and distributed using various sampling methods to working women across the state of North Dakota. T-tests, Analysis of Variance, and forward step-wise regression were used to analyze results. While there was no statistically significant difference in breastfeeding duration between designated and non - designated businesses, there was a 3-month difference in duration between continually designated businesses and those letting their designation lapse. Participants disagreed that breastfeeding education was available from their employers. With regard to intention, women who intended to exclusively breastfeed did so with a four month longer duration than those with other feeding intentions, although the results were not statistically significant. Women who perceived only minor challenges with combining breastfeeding and working, and those with greater self-efficacy for breastfeeding had longer breastfeeding durations as well. While the designation is a starting point for worksite breastfeeding support, it could be more comprehensive. Adding a policy promotion and breastfeeding education component to the designation may improve awareness and use of accommodations, making the designation more impactful. These additions may also aid in increasing breastfeeding intention and self-efficacy among working women, and decrease the perception of barriers.
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Abdelsayed, Mary. "Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Extended Lactation and Lactation Persistency In Australian Dairy Cattle on Pasture Based Systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13994.

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In the Australian dairy industry, and in particular Victoria, there has been a shift away from seasonally concentrated calving patterns. Reasons for such a shift stem largely from improved feeding of cows with year round feed supplies, and the introduction of new germplasm from North American Holstein Friesian animals into some Australian dairy herds. Such impacts have resulted in an increase in the phenotypic and genetic potential of cows to produce more milk and be milked for longer than the standard 305 days under seasonal calving systems. The increase in high output cows has come at an associated cost with a national decrease in reproductive performance and many highly productive cows being prematurely culled for failing to get in calf. One strategy of interest to the dairy industry is for high-producing cows being mated out of season and then carried over and milked for an extra 6 months (18 month calving interval). In Australia this is regarded as the most optimal and economical method on pasture-based systems. Limited information was available about the potential for genetic improvement of extended lactation under the Australian dairy system, which led to the objectives of this thesis. A very large amount of data with over 158 million test-day records was available to examine the scope for genetic improvement in extended lactation in the Australian dairy industry. A data handling pipeline was developed to assist in analysing and editing large scale industry test day records. Variation in Australian dairy cattle in respect to their lactation curves over an extended lactation was explored and derived traits obtained that were then used in the genetic analysis using mixed model methodology. The Wood model was fitted to milk yield records divided into 8 random subsets of 1 million pure Holstein cows with 20 million test-day records. Two traits of interest, namely persistency and extended lactation, were quantified and relevant descriptive traits derived. Variation among cows in their ability to maintain high production over a longer period of time was evident and a representation of the shape of average lactation curves in Australian dairy cows was presented. Findings showed that milk production during the extended lactation phase (from day 305 to day 610 of lactation) was on average equivalent to 40% of the production of the first 305 days of lactation (standard lactation) with an average milk yield of 8,887 L over the extended lactation. In terms of lactation persistency, 50% of peak production is maintained up to day 305. Estimates of heritability for milk, fat and protein yield under extended lactation (0.09-0.06±0.004) and lactation persistency (0.06-0.1±0.004) were low, while the cows’ repeatability for extended lactation and lactation persistency milk traits (0.20) was higher by comparison. Such findings indicate the potential for early cow performance to be used as an indicator for a cow’s successive lactation performance. Extended lactation and lactation persistency were found to be highly correlated to each other (genetic 0.60-0.98 and phenotypic 0.68-0.93), but not with the other economically important traits of milk, fat and protein yield (-0.05-0.1). This suggests that selection for increased extended lactation will not adversely impact on economically important and highly selected traits, namely cumulative 305 day yields and the Australian Selection Index (ASI). Extended lactation measured as a standardised ratio trait automatically adjusts for high peak yield. Producers selecting on this trait do not favour selecting cows with higher peak yields yet maintaining peak production over another 300 days in milk. In addition, extended lactation can be incorporated with cumulative 305 day milk yields and lactation persistency in a selection index in a designed breeding program. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) were generated for extended lactation and lactation persistency for milk, fat and protein yields, to assist with the selection of cows and bulls. Genetic trends showed no change till early 1990, followed by a steady increase (1genetic SD) in EBVs for extended lactation characteristics in the last 20 years. This increase is potentially a reflection of the increased selection for milk production and introduction of new germplasm from North American Holstein Friesian cattle into Australian herds. The research presented in this thesis will provide the Australian dairy industry with the breeding tools to enable selection of bulls to produce cows that are best suited to extended lactation in pasture-based systems. It has also contributed to the understanding of the genetics of extended lactation and lactation persistency that can be applied to other breeds in the Australian herd, and opened avenues for genomic predictions for these traits.
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Boettcher, Joan. "Interaction of factors related to lactation duration." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074546.

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The national health promotion goals for increasing breastfeeding initiation rates to at least 75% of all mothers and six month breastfeeding continuation rates of at least 50% by the year 2000 do not seem to be obtainable. These goals require new insight into what motivates a new mother to continue to breastfeed. This study identified perceived social support and interpersonal dependency as potential factors associated to lactation duration, based upon the previous breastfeeding experience of the mother. Inexperienced breastfeeding mothers perceived more total support, task support and informational support than mothers with previous breastfeeding experience. This study did not correlate the amount of perceived support to lactation duration. An ancillary finding was that women providing a combination of breast milk and artificial baby milk feeds had a significantly higher lack of social self-confidence than mothers providing breastmilk exclusively.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Al, Jothery Aqeel Handil Tarish. "Lactation and oxidative stress in small mammals." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=215095.

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During peak lactation female mammals reach a limit in their maximal sustained energy intake (SusEI). The causes of such limits is disputed. In this thesis, I examined the causes of the limits on SusEI at peak lactation, and then explored the consequences of such limits for reproductive performance. Finally I tested a possible physiological mechanism that may underpin the trade-off between reproduction and somatic protection (the oxidative stress theory). To answer these questions, I studied reproductive performance and oxidative stress in two lines of mice previously selected for high and low food intake (MH and ML, respectively). I found that these mice reached a plateau in their food intake around day 13 of lactation. In support of the heat dissipation limits theory, reproductive performance in the MH mice was significantly higher than that of the ML mice. Oxidative damage is expected to be higher among lactating individuals. Moreover, lactating mice with greater reproductive performance are also predicted to experience more oxidative damage. By measuring multiple-markers of oxidative damage and protection in different tissues, I found that lactation resulted in reduced oxidative damage in both brain and serum. Additionally, it did not increase oxidative damage to proteins and DNA in liver. Moreover, multiple measures of oxidative stress in the mammary gland were not significantly different between mice with different reproductive effort. Furthermore, I found that lactating mice with greater reproductive performance (litter size and litter mass) had reduced protein damage in their livers and upregulated protection (HSP70) in their brains. These results were inconsistent with the oxidative stress theory. Finally, I employed a novel approach to assess oxidative stress differences with metabolomics analysis. I found that lactation resulted in significant differences in the metabolome. By focusing on the metabolites that are related to vi oxidative stress, I found that most of these metabolites measured in livers and brains were not affected by lactation which provides more evidence against the oxidative stress theory. My results provide support for the heat dissipation theory as a mechanism explaining the limits on reproductive performance. Moreover it provides comprehensive information against oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs.
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Books on the topic "Lactation"

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1927-, Larson Bruce L., and Anderson Ralph R, eds. Lactation. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985.

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Hamosh, Margit, and Armond S. Goldman, eds. Human Lactation 2. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7207-7.

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Goldman, Armond S., Stephanie A. Atkinson, and Lars Å. Hanson, eds. Human Lactation 3. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0837-7.

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Briggs, Gerald G. Drugs in lactation. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.

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World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. and Consultation on Lactation Management Training (Conference) (1990 : Copenhagen), eds. Lactation management training. Copenhagen: Regional Office for Europe, WHO, 1991.

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United States. Health Resources and Services Administration., ed. Nutrition during lactation. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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Jan, Riordan, and Auerbach Kathleen G, eds. Breastfeeding and human lactation. 2nd ed. Boston: Jones and Barlett, 1998.

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Jan, Riordan, and Auerbach Kathleen G, eds. Breastfeeding and human lactation. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 1993.

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Jan, Riordan, and Wambach Karen, eds. Breastfeeding and human lactation. 4th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009.

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Riordan, Jan. Breastfeeding and human lactation. 3rd ed. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lactation"

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Lange, Ginette. "Lactation." In Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 691–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_231.

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Breckwoldt, M., J. Neulen, and C. Keck. "Lactation." In Comprehensive Human Physiology, 2365–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60946-6_122.

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Grubbs, Brendan. "Lactation Management." In Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 81–85. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444323030.ch20.

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Mukherjee, Joydip, Pradip Kumar Das, and Dipak Banerjee. "Lactation Physiology." In Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, 639–74. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_25.

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Pond, Wilson G., Jerome H. Maner, and Dewey L. Harris. "Reproduction and Lactation." In Pork Production Systems, 143–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3932-2_7.

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van Raaij, Joop Ma, and Lisette CPGM de Groot. "Pregnancy and Lactation." In Nutrition and Metabolism, 102–18. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444327779.ch6.

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Kovacs, Christopher S., and Henry M. Kronenberg. "Pregnancy and Lactation." In Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 156–64. Ames, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118453926.ch20.

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Edmonds, D. Keith. "Puerperium and Lactation." In Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 431–44. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119211457.ch31.

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Piper, Brenda. "Pregnancy and lactation." In Diet and Nutrition, 197–208. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7244-6_10.

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Schlaerth, Katherine. "Breastfeeding and Lactation." In Breast Care, 327–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2144-9_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lactation"

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CIELAVA, Lāsma, Solvita PETROVSKA, Daina JONKUS, and Līga PAURA. "THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BLOODINESS LEVEL ON LATVIAN BROWN COW PRODUCTIVITY." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.038.

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Latvian brown (LB) cow breed is economically most important livestock breed in Latvia. In last 5 years in Latvian farms rapidly increases Holstain black and white cow population, however LB breed cows is more resistant against environment and climate changes than relatively new Holstain breed cows. More resistant is genetic resource LB cows. In study was observed data from Latvian Agriculture data center about Latvian brown (LB) cows with different breed blood admixture. Cows, included in data base was born in time period from 2003–2007 year and closed at least 1 full lactation. The aim of the study was to determine how different amount of Latvian brown cow bloodiness affects cow productivity and longevity. Latvian brown cow milk yield significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) was in first lactation (4826.1 kg), but it increased until fifth lactation (5891.8 kg). Opposite situation was occurred with milk dry matter content, milk fat content significantly higher was in first lactation, but until 5th lactation it decreased by 0.84%, similar situation was occurred with milk protein content. Significantly highest milk yield grouped by dominant breed bloodines was observed in group with Brown Swiss bloodiness (4887.3 ± 26.3 kg; p&lt;0.05), but highest protein content in genetic resources group (4.31 ± 0.02 %). Average lifespan in LB cow population was 2463.0 days (in average 6.7 years or about 5 lactations.
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Petrovic, Milun, Vladan Bogdanovic, Snežana Bogosavljevic-Boskovic, Simeon Rakonjac, Radojica Djokovic, Miloš Ži Petrovic, and Vladimir Doskovic. "UTICAJ ODGAJIVAČKOG PODRUČJA, GODINE ROĐENJA I SEZONE TELENJA NA PROIZVODNJU MLEKA I MLEČNE MASATI U STANDARDNIM LAKTACIJAMA KOD KRAVA SIMENTALSKE RASE." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.211p.

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The analysis of impact that breeding area, year of birth, calving season and interaction between breeding area and calving season have on milk and milk fat production in full lactations was performed in 241 Simmental cows, with 897 lactations born in period from 1998 to 2007 and distributed into three breeding areas (Čačak, Zlatibor and Rudno). According to applied model, analysis of the influence of paragenetic factors, imapct of breeding area and interaction of breeding area and calving season on the production of milk and milk fat in full lactation was very significant (P<0.01). The year of birth did not significantly impact (P>0.05) the production of milk and milk fat, while the calving season significantly impacted (P<0.05) the production of milk and insignificantly (P>0.05) the production of milk fat in full lactation. Coefficients of determination were very significant (P<0.01) and ranged from 0.431 (43.1%) in milk fat production to 0.500 (50%) in milk production.
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Buryakov, Nikolay, Maria Buryakova, and Irina Hardik. "OPTIMIZATION OF CICATRICIAL DIGESTION OF COWS WHEN USING THE "FIBRASE"." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-138-144.

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The species composition and number of microflora, the total amount and diet of volatile fatty acids in the rumen content of experimental animals at the beginning of lactation were studied and the feasibility of using the feed additive "FIBRASE" in feeding lactating cows was determined.
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Kreismane, Dzidra, Elita Aplocina, Kaspars Naglis-Liepa, Laima Berzina, Olga Frolova, and Arnis Lenerts. "Diet optimization for dairy cows to reduce ammonia emissions." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.005.

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Feeding livestock a balanced diet with a differentiated crude protein (CP) content, depending on the lactation phase can reduce nitrogen emissions from livestock excrement and urine. A higher content of non-starch polysaccharides in livestock diets improves feed absorption in the livestock body and, consequently, nitrogen is emitted more from protein present in livestock manure than from urea acid present in livestock urine. The aim of the study is to calculate the ammonia emission reduction potential in Latvia by optimizing the feeding of dairy cows and ensuring life longevity, as well as provide justification for ammonia emission reduction in dairy farms. Calculations made by using the NorFor Model for optimization of dairy cow (Bos primigenius f. taurus) diets revealed that compared with lowyielding cows, a higher CP content diet fed to high-yielding cows at the beginning of lactation increased the amount of nitrogen (N) in their excrement and urine by 90–180 g d-1. Reducing the CP content in the cow diet by an average of 10 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) during mid-lactation resulted in the same trend. Reducing the CP content in the cow diet during late lactation and the dry period by another 20–30 g kg-1 of DM, N emissions from excrement and urine significantly decreased. Increasing the lifespan of dairy cows also means reducing ammonia emissions from the farm. By increasing the number of lactations per cow on dairy farm, it is possible to reduce the number of heifers per cow. The total reduction of ammonia emissions in Latvia was calculated based on a long-term projection of a decrease of 0.1 heifer per dairy cow. Ammonia emissions could be reduced by 0.051 kt by decreasing the number of heifers by 12.54 thou. at the planned increase in the lifespan of dairy cows by 2030.
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Madeda, Hilda Mziri, Patricia Mbogoh, and Evalyne Ngirigacha. "Association of Nutritional Status, Feeding Patterns, and their Covariates among Lactating Adolescents 15-19 Years Attending Kilifi County Hospital, Kenya." In 3rd International Nutrition and Dietetics Scientific Conference. KENYA NUTRITIONISTS AND DIETICIANS INSTITUTE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57039/jnd-conf-abt-2023-m.i.y.c.n.h.p-36.

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Adolescent birth rate per 1000 adolescents aged 15-19 is a global phenomenon that translates to greater proportion in early pregnancy and lactation in this group. The prevalence of pre-mature pregnancy in Kenya is at 31.1%. This cohort is at a high risk of nutritional status when they become pregnant due to competition of nutrients. 69.2% of households in Kilifi County consume food at a borderline putting them at risk of malnutrition. The objective of this study was to investigate association of nutritional status, feeding patterns, and their covariates among lactating adolescents aged 15-19. The research approach was both qualitative and quantitative. Respondents attending kilifi hospital, able to provide consent and residing in kilifi were selected for inclusion. Interviews were used to collect data on lactating adolescents’, breast feeding practices and anthropometry to determine their nutritional status. The 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaires aided in obtaining data on nutrients and energy requirements. Data Analysis was done using Nutri-servey and Excel to analyzed all food items consumed, SPSS determined feeding patterns, lactation practices while Logistic Regression explained association between independent and dependent variables. The study findings indicate most adolescent lactating mothers have normal body eight. They may have had stunted growth because height had a Mean of 160 cm below global expected height of 163cm for women aged 18. Insufficient dietary intake and feeding patterns greatly influenced growth. Dietary intake was not uniform due to no monitoring or enough education on nutritional requirements. Essential nutrients missed out in the dietary management of adolescent lactating mothers that impacted on low exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Majority of the respondents did not carry out exclusively breastfeeding. Dietary patterns like snacking, low consumption of fruits and faulty dieting, were most likely the cause for low EB patterns. Key words: Lactating adolescent mothers, nutritional status, feeding patterns, lactating practices, Covariat
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English, Faith, and Devon Greyson. ""You still have that fear": Policy constraints on informed decision making about legalized cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.46.

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Background: Cannabis is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy in the United States and use during pregnancy is increasing along with greater legal and social acceptance. Methods: We conducted a qualitative content analysis of 23 in-depth interviews with pregnant and lactating people in Massachusetts, a state that legalized cannabis for adult use in 2016. Our aim was to explore how policy constrains or facilitates people’s ability to make informed decisions about cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation. Our analysis was conducted using an ecosocial approach, recognizing that the implementation and interpretation of cannabis policy can be understood at multiple levels, which interact with each other and shape the health and experiences of individuals. Additionally, this analysis was informed by a harm reduction approach in which we acknowledge the complexity surrounding cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation, while attempting to identify ways to reduce potentially harmful consequences. Results: Findings revealed that, despite the legal status of cannabis, there continues to be a lack of clarity for pregnant and lactating people regarding the legal implications of cannabis use. Inconsistent state and institutional policies about drug testing of mothers and newborns leave a cloud of fear hanging over the experiences of cannabis users and inhibit their ability to obtain expert advice from healthcare providers. Conclusion: Decision makers in public and institutional policy should work to clarify and update policies regarding substance use during pregnancy following legalization of a new substance, and ensure that pregnant and lactating people are afforded the same legal protections as the general population.
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Cincović, Marko, Jože Starič, Jožica Ježek, Mira Majkić, Sandra Nikolić, Bojan Blond, Nemanja Obradović, and Dražen Kovačević. "Complete blood count in cows in the peripartal period and the relationship to the indicators of metabolic stress." In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24006c.

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Lactation and metabolic rearrangement significantly influence hematological parameters. The red bloodline of early lactation cows is characterized by hypochromic changes in erythrocytes and a reduced number of erythrocytes. The reduced concentration of hemoglobin is linked to milk production, since a higher hemoglobin concentration was found in heifers (which are not naturally lactating). The number of neutrophils was the highest in the first week after parturition, while the number of lymphocytes was the lowest in the same period, so the neutrophil:lymphocyte index was the highest in this period. The number of eosinophils increased slightly during the experimental period, while the number of monocytes was the highest in the first week and then decreased. Such changes in the differential white line occur as a consequence of the action of acute stress and a sudden jump in the concentration of cortisol, which has shown its effect on immune cells. In white cattle, NEFA as an indicator of metabolic stress leads to a drop in the total number of leukocytes, and cows classified according to the NEFA and cortisol criteria show an increased percentage of neutrophils, a decreased percentage of lymphocytes, an increased N:L ratio, a decreased percentage of eosinophils and an increased percentage of monocytes. The influence of cortisol on the parameters of the blood count only exists in the first week because the concentration of cortisol rises sharply and then sharply decreases in the first few days after calving, while the concentration of NEFA rises slightly and is often persistent in the first weeks of lactation, which indicates a negative energy balance . In the study of the influence of metabolic stress indicators on the value of the parameters of the blood count, it was found that the classification of cows according to the values of NEFA and cortisol gives significant differences in the red and white bloodlines, which confirms the importance of peripartum metabolic stress caused by parturition and lactation in the response of the blood count in cows.
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Kiandee, Miraen, and Caroline Parkin. "Breast Imaging In Pregnancy And Lactation." In Radiopaedia 2024 Virtual Conference. Radiopaedia.org, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53347/rposter-2426.

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Davidovic, Vesna, Bojan Stojanovic, Predrag Perisic, Slavica Aleksic, Ivana Bozickovic, and Renata Relic. "ISPITIVANJE VREDNOSTI POKAZATELJA ENERGETSKOG I PROTEINSKOG STATUSA MLEČNIH KRAVA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.259d.

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The aim of this study was to examine the values of energy and protein status indicators of Holstein Frisian dairy cows in different production periods (20 days before calving, 30th and 90th day of lactation period). The study included 76 clinical healthy cows, which were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted (n = 38) of pregnant heifers (or cows in first lactation after calving), and the second group (n = 38) consisted of cows calved multiple times (cows from second to fourth lactation). The results indicate that average concentration of glucose, albumins and urea at both groups in all phases of investigation are not significantly different in tested specimens (p>0.05). β-hydroxybutyrate concentration (BHBA) at pregnant individuals in late pregnancy period was statistically lower than 30th and 90th day of lactation, with p<0.05 at first and p<0.01 at second group. Lower values of total proteins at both groups were recorded 20 days before calving relative to lactation period, with statistical signifikante at p<0.01 for the first and p<0.05 for the second group. Heifers’ blood globulin concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) relative to values determined after calving, during lactation period. Multiparous cows before calving also had lower average values of globulin, but differences were not significant.
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Jia, Lili Lily, Louise Brough, and Janet L. Weber. "Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast-Based Supplement on Human Milk Oligosaccharide Concentration and Mothers’ Perception of Breast Milk Supply: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial." In More Than Milk Lactation Science Symposium. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084016.

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Reports on the topic "Lactation"

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Hardie, Lydia C., and Diane M. Spurlock. Relationship between Early Lactation BCS and Mid-Lactation Feed Efficiency in Dairy Cattle. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1286.

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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, Michael R. Murphy, Zeev Schmilovitch, Jan E. Novakofski, Uri M. Peiper, et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.

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The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.
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Hardie, Lydia C., Kara Maxwell, and Diane Spurlock. Relationship between Mid-First Lactation Feed Efficiency and Late First and Early Second Lactation Body Condition Score. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-367.

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Honeyman, Mark S., and Randy Breach. Combining Crated Farrowing with Bedded Group Lactation. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1006.

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Honeyman, Mark S., and Dave Breach. Combining Crated Farrowing with Bedded Group Lactation. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-787.

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Tazhibayev, Shamil, Toregeldy Sharmanov, Ayan Ergalieva, Oksana Dolmatova, Orynkul Mukasheva, Aina Seidakhmetova, and Raikhan Kushenova. Promotion of lactation amenorrhea method intervention trial, Kazakhstan. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1176.

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Wells, Stephanie, Nikki Ferwerda, and Leo L. Timms. Evaluation of Mare Milk Composition / Quality during Lactation. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-7.

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Harryman, Kelly, Alyssa Meyers, Nicole S. Ferwerda, and Leo L. Timms. Evaluation of Mare’s Milk Composition and Quality during Lactation. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-957.

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Russell, Tanya. Does Lactation Mitigate Triple Negative/Basal Breast Cancer Progression? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada580133.

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Russell, Tanya. Does Lactation Mitigate Triple Negative/Basal Breast Cancer Progression. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada594430.

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