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Journal articles on the topic 'Lac Insect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Wang, Weiwei, Pengfei Liu, Qin Lu, Xiaofei Ling, Jinwen Zhang, Ming-Shun Chen, Hang Chen, and Xiaoming Chen. "Potential Pathways and Genes Involved in Lac Synthesis and Secretion in Kerria chinensis (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) Based on Transcriptomic Analyses." Insects 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120430.

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Lac is a type of natural resin secreted by lac insects and is widely used in the military and other industries because of its excellent adhesion and insulation properties. The main ingredients of lac are lactones and lactides, which are formed from hydroxy fatty acids and sesquiterpene esters. In this study, we measured lac secretion rates by the insect Kerria chinensis at different developmental stages and identified lac secretion-minimum and lac secretion-active stages of the insect. We then analyzed transcriptomes of lac secretion-minimum and lac secretion-active stages of the insect. Based on expression profiles of genes in different stages of the insect, we identified pathways and genes that are potentially involved in lac synthesis and secretion in K. chinensis. Our study lays a foundation for future studies to reveal the molecular mechanisms and pathways of lac synthesis and secretion in this beneficial insect.

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2

Rostaman, Rostaman, and Bambang Sugeng Suryatna. "Evaluasi Produktivitas Kutu Lak, Laccifer lacca Kerr. (Hemiptera: Kerridae) pada Tiga Jenis Tanaman Inang." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.6.2.70.

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Lac insects (Laccifer lacca Kerr) live parasitically on “kosambi” plants, and produce resins that are called lac. Lac are used for electronics, printing, textile, clothing, cosmetics, and food industry. The insects also live on various plants. The goal of this research was to evaluate the population quality of Lac insect that live on three host plants. The best parameter for population quality was biomass or lac production. Three host plants were inoculated by broods. The result showed that “kosambi” was the best host plant for the insect due to higher biomass (i.e lac production) than “kabesak putih” and “kabesak hitam” plants.

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3

Ramani, R., and K. Sharma. "Record of natural infestation of the Indian Lac Insect, Erria Lacca (Kerr) (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) on Acacia Tortilis (Forsskal) Hayne and Calliandra Surinamensis Benth." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-lf2jlk.

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The Indian lac insect Kerria lacca (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) is a beneficial insect, exploited commercially for lac, from which economically important resin, dye and wax are obtained. Natural infestations of this species have been recorded on two hitherto unreported host plants, Acacia tortilis (Forsskal) Hayne and Calliandra surinamensis Benth. Both species belong to Fabaceae, the family which comprises of about one-thirds of reported lac host species. Fairly large populations of the lac insects of good density have been observed on these hosts, indicative of good survival of the lac insect. The plant characteristics have also been discussed for their suitability from lac cultivation stand point.

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4

Ramani, R., K. Sharma, and P. Kumar. "A new record of occurrence of indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) on Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)." Indian Journal of Forestry 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2008-2qh9x6.

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The Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) is an economically important insect, which is cultured widely for its products of commerce. Lac insects have been reported to thrive on more than 400 plant species. Occurrence of K. lacca on Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia), an ornamental plant has been reported for the first time. The infestation level on this plant species is indicative of its potential as an economic host for lac culture for summer crop.

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5

Taskirawati, Ira, F. Gunawan Suratmo, Dudung Darusman, and Noor Farikhah Haneda. "PELUANG INVESTASI USAHA BUDIDAYA KUTU LAK (Laccifer lacca Kerr): STUDI KASUS DI KPH PROBOLINGGO PERUM PERHUTANI UNIT II JAWA TIMUR." PERENNIAL 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v4i1.179.

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Lac insect (Laccifer lacca Kerr) is phytophogus insect, that feed on Kesambi Tree (Schleichera oleosa Merr). During its life cycle, lac insect has been producing secretion in liquid form, known as LAK and having many uses, such as varnish/polish, food cover, drug capsule, cassette ribbon, etc. In 2005, Perum Perhutani has produced 60.547 kg LAK pellets, but has not fulfilled yet market demand. Cultivation technique is still conducted in a very sampling, and easy to be studied. Investment in developing lac insect is also profitable, and promising. There are two choices of management schemes in it cultivate, the first is by infecting lac insect to the host tree when the tree is 15 years old (project I) and the second is by infecting lac insect when the tree is 4 years old (project I). Financially, the Project II is more beneficial than Project I, so that the investment for project II is reasonable to be done. The value of NPV+22.321.052.395, IRR 16.9%, BCR 1.55 and Net B/C 3.71 with discounted payback period for 10 year 8 months. Key words: Laccifer lacca Kerr, Schleichera oleosa Merr, investment opportunity, strategy in developing

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6

Mahdihassan, S. "Lakshadia communis the wild lac-insect." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 53, no. 1-4 (August 26, 2009): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1963.tb02898.x.

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7

Bashir, Nawaz Haider, Huanhuan Chen, Shahzad Munir, Weiwei Wang, Hang Chen, Yong-Kang Sima, and Jiandong An. "Unraveling the Role of Lac Insects in Providing Natural Industrial Products." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121117.

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In the current era, products made from organic materials enjoy a privileged position because of their inherent safety. The eco-friendly properties of natural lac resins have increased their demand in many industries. It is secreted by sucking insects (Hemiptera, Kerriidae) and comprises three major components, viz., resin, dye, and wax. Lac insects are generally bivoltine in nature and are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions with complex multi-trophic habitats. Because of their sedentary habits, lac insects are more vulnerable to predators, parasitoids, squirrels, and rats, leading to a more than 50% reduction in production yield. To increase lac production, advanced-level molecular research is required to figure out the mechanism behind lac synthesis and secretion to improve lac yield and quality. The present review highlights metamorphosis, sexual dimorphism, multi-trophic habitat, host plants, and natural enemies of lac insects, lac composition, and applications, emphasizing the role of microbes, potential lac genes, and lac synthesis mechanisms in enhancing lac quality and production. The information provided here might be useful for lac researchers and for stakeholders aiming to make their products more eco-friendly.

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8

Lokeshwari, R. K., and T. Shantibala. "A Review on the Fascinating World of Insect Resources: Reason for Thoughts." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/207570.

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Insect resources are vast and diverse due to their enormous diversity. The exploitation and utilization of insect resources is broadly classified into four different categories. The first category is the insects of industrial resources. This level includes the utilization of silk worm, honeybee, lac insect, dye insect, and aesthetic insect. The second category is the utilization of insects for edible and therapeutic purposes. Insects are high in protein and many are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. The third category is the use of insects in forensic investigation. By analyzing the stages of succession of insects at first, rough estimation of the postmortem intervals can be done. The fourth category is the insects of ecological importance. Many insect species act as potential predators and parasites of destructive pests of insect order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera. Insects are also used as bioindicator to assess the cumulative effects of environmental stressors such as pollutants. Despites these fascinating benefits, insect resources are often neglected in India due to lack of proper documentation, less expertise, and advance enterprises in these fields. Hence, the paper reviews the different fascinating facets of insect resources in order to explore and utilize it in a sustainable way with reference to Indian region.

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9

Bashir, Nawaz Haider, Weiwei Wang, Xiaofei Ling, Jinwen Zhang, Qin Lu, Rui He, and Hang Chen. "Characterization of Potential Molecular Markers in Lac Insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) Responsible for Lac Production." Insects 13, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060545.

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Kerria lacca (Kerr) is an important lac insect extensively used in industrial products in the form of resin, wax and dye. The scarce knowledge on molecular markers for K. lacca is a barrier in elucidating genetic information. Our study identified a total of 16,921 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 6231 insertions and deletions (InDels)—of which, intergenic variation accounted for 41.22% and 56.30%, and exonic variation accounted for 39.10% and 17.46%, of SNPs and InDels, respectively. Observation of SNPs suggested that nucleotide substitution frequency and transition to transversion (Ts/Tv) ratio were highest at the late adult stage, 3.97, compared to at the other stages, with a genome-wide Ts/Tv ratio of 2.95. The maximum number of SNPs, 2853 (16.86%), was identified in chromosome 8, while the lowest, 1126 (6.65%), was identified in chromosome 7. The maximum and minimum numbers of InDels were located on chromosome 1 and 7, with 834 (13.38%) and 519 (8.33%), respectively. Annotation showed that highest numbers of exonic and intergenic SNPs were present at the late adult stage, whereas the maximum number of InDels was found at the larval stage. On the basis of gene function, 47 gene variations were screened and 23 candidate genes were identified in associations with lac production. Concluding work will enhance knowledge on molecular markers to facilitate an increase in lac production in K. lacca as well as other lac insects.

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10

Bhatnagar, Pratibha, Balram Lodhi, Ramdeen Bhalavi, and Sunil Prajapati. "Record of lac insect occurrence in Maharashtra." Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2022.v10.i1c.8935.

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11

Mahdihassan, S. "The Four Stages of the Female Lac Insect." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 40, no. 3 (August 26, 2009): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1957.tb00869.x.

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12

MAHDIHASSAN, S. "Waxes of the lac insect and their glands." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 48, no. 1-4 (August 26, 2009): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1961.tb03817.x.

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13

S, Muthukumar, Sajeev T. V., Vandana bharathi, Mohanasundaram A, Sharma KK, Thamilarasi K, and Vaibhav lohot. "Studies on the pests of the lac insect host plant Flemingia semialata and Flemingia macrophylla in Kerala." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2023): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2023.v08.i01.006.

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The present study attempted to record the insect pests of lac insect host plants in Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur. Hand picking and swiping methods were used to collect the insects for identification. From the observation 26 species of pest insects belonging to 4 orders and 19 families were recorded. It was found that all major parts of Flemingia were heavily infested but significant damage was caused by the defoliators, mostly heterocera. Out of the 26 insect pests, 15 have been recorded as foliage feeders, 9 as sapsuckers, 1 as pod borer and 1 stem borer. During rearing, 3 species of parasites were found, belonging to three families that were collected and identified. Insects belong to the order Lepidoptera were profoundly seen on Flemingia. They cause severe damage to the plant. Hypena rectivittalis belonging to the family Noctuidae was found as a major pest and bag worm Psychids was found to be the minor pest. The study reveals that the most serious sapsuckers belong to the order Hemiptera and majority of them are beetles and bugs. During the months of April-May Iceryasp and white flies (Trialeurodes vaporarium) cause heavy damage in Flemingia. The study thus concludes that the major pests belong to the order Lepidoptera (42%) followed by order Hemiptera (41%). Most Lepidopterans are defoliators and Hemipterans are sapsuckers.

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14

Herbert Tran, Erin E., and Heidi Goodrich-Blair. "CpxRA Contributes to Xenorhabdus nematophila Virulence through Regulation of lrhA and Modulation of Insect Immunity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (April 17, 2009): 3998–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02657-08.

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ABSTRACT The gammaproteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a blood pathogen of insects that requires the CpxRA signal transduction system for full virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007). We show here that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has altered localization, growth, and immune suppressive activities relative to its wild-type parent during infection of Manduca sexta insects. In contrast to wild-type X. nematophila, which were recovered throughout infection, ΔcpxR1 cells did not accumulate in hemolymph until after insect death. In vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled bacteria within live insects showed that ΔcpxR1 displayed delayed accumulation and also occasionally were present in isolated nodes rather than systemically throughout the insect as was wild-type X. nematophila. In addition, in contrast to its wild-type parent, the ΔcpxR1 mutant elicited transcription of an insect antimicrobial peptide, cecropin. Relative to phosphate-buffered saline-injected insects, cecropin transcript was induced 21-fold more in insects injected with ΔcpxR1 and 2-fold more in insects injected with wild-type X. nematophila. These data suggest that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has a defect in immune suppression or has an increased propensity to activate M. sexta immunity. CpxR regulates, directly or indirectly, genes known or predicted to be involved in virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007), including lrhA, encoding a transcription factor necessary for X. nematophila virulence, motility, and lipase production (G. R. Richards et al., J. Bacteriol. 190:4870-4879, 2008). CpxR positively regulates lrhA transcript, and we have shown that altered regulation of lrhA in the ΔcpxR1 mutant causes this strain's virulence defect. The ΔcpxR1 mutant expressing lrhA from a constitutive lac promoter showed wild-type virulence in M. sexta. These data suggest that CpxR contributes to X. nematophila virulence through the regulation of lrhA, immune suppression, and growth in Insecta.

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15

JAISWAL, A. K., and J. P. SINGH. "Response of novel insecticides in enhancing the productivity of lac on Flemingia semialata." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 4 (July 10, 2020): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i4.102151.

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The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of some selected new insecticides in enhancing the lac productivity by containing the incidence of lac insect predators on Flemingia semialata during 2014-15, 2015- 16 and 2016-17 at the Research Farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Application of emamectin benzoate on kusmi-winter lac crop showed 4.57-157.14, 27.28- 322.73 and 69.56- 339.12% increase in sticklac yield for one, two and three sprays, respectively, at different concentrations. Two spray of emamectin benzoate (25-30 and 38-40 days of inoculation) at 0.0025% caused 322.73% increase in sticklac yield over control. Similarly, application of chlorantraniliprole increased the yield to the tune of 5.56-61.33, 10.76-248.10 and 22.0-333.33%, respectively, for one, two and three sprays (25-30, 38-40 and 60-65 days of inoculation). Three sprays of 0.01% chlorantraniliprole results 333.33% increase in yield over control. The visible impact of novaluron on sticklac yield is not manifested. Earlier these insecticides have been evaluated for their response on population of lac associated insect fauna but this is first evaluation study for assessing their impact on sticklac productivity.

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16

Yamada, Sadaji, Naoki Noda, Eiichi Mikami, Junko Hayakawa, and Masuo Yamada. "Analysis of Natural Coloring Matters in Food. III. Applications of Methylation with Diazomethane for the Detection of Lac Color." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.1.48.

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Abstract A new method has been proposed for detection of lac color in food. Lac color is a natural color additive derived from a secretion of the insect Coccus Laccae (Laccifer lacca Kerr). It is extracted from food with methanolic oxalic acid and eluted from a column of Amberlite XAD-2 with the same solvent. The fraction containing the lac color is treated with diazomethane to produce 2 reddish-orange markers. The marker species in the reaction mixture are detected by both thinlayer chromatography and reverse-phase liquid chromatography.

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17

Ghosh, Jyotirmoy, V. D. Lohot, V. Singhal, S. Ghosal, and K. K. Sharma. "Pigeonpea-Lac insect interaction: Effect of lac culture on grain yield and biochemical parameters in pigeonpea." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 74, no. 4s (2014): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2014.00904.3.

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18

Bhandari, Bishnu Prasad, and Zhiqiang Cheng. "Lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata (Hemiptera: Keriidae), in Hawaii's urban landscape: Hosts and management." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 01 (October 16, 2017): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174275841700025x.

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AbstractThe lobate lac scale,Paratachardina pseudolobataKondo & Gullan, is a recent insect invader to Hawaii that was first found in October 2012 on Oahu, Hawaii. It infests young branches of woody plants (usually less than 2 cm in diameter), forming a mass that appears as a dark crust, resulting in an unhealthy appearance, defoliation of leaves, and death of some plant species. This insect has infested many native and non-native plant species on Oahu, and the number of infested plant species is increasing. Our recent survey results, reported in this article, revealed 28 new host plant species in addition to 83 host species that we had reported previously, making 111 host plant species in Oahu's urban landscape. Efficacy and longevity of preventive treatment using the systemic insecticides imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate, delivered through trunk injection, against lobate lac scale on Chinese banyan,Ficus microcarpa, and curative treatment using imidacloprid on weeping banyan,Ficus benjamina, were evaluated. Forty-five Chinese banyans and 10 weeping banyans were included in this study. Our findings suggest that imidacloprid delivered via trunk injection is effective in preventing lobate lac scale infestation for at least 22 months post-treatment, and also in reducing lobate lac scale infestation curatively for at least 20 months post-treatment. This study provides an update on lobate lac scale's host species in Hawaii's urban landscape, and an effective preventive and curative management strategy against this pest.

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19

Pal, Govind, M. Bhagat, and A. Bhattacharya. "Yield gap and constraints in adoption of improved lac cultivation technology in Jharkhand." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-71tu5x.

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This paper is based on the analysis of survey data of 500 lac growers in Ranchi and West Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand during two years (2002-2004). On the basis of survey data analysis, the yield gaps were observed to be 38.0, 49.3 and 19.1 per cent of the potential farm yield on the major lac host plants Palas (Butea monosperma), Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) and Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) respectively. The lower yield gap in case of lac cultivation on Kusum as compared to palas and ber can be attributed to higher realized yield of lac on Kusum. Lac growers could not adopt improved techniques of lac cultivation because of their poor condition. About 87.5% lac growers have adopted Phunki removal, 62.5% have adopted pruning of lac hosts, 42.0% have adopted bundling of broodlac and tagging on plant and 28.0% have adopted selection of good quality broodlac techniques. The adoption of coupe system of lac cultivation, spray of insecticide and use of synthetic net was below 10%. The major constraints faced by the lac growers (more than 50%) in lac cultivation have been identified to be shortage of funds for purchase of input, non-availability of improved inputs in local market, theft of lac, lack of scientific knowledge on lac cultivation, insect mortality due to environmental factors, operational difficulty due to host height, lack of demonstration on farmer’s field, long distance of market and lack of grading facility in the market.

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20

Bhatnagar, Pratibha, Balram Lodhi, and Sunil Prajapati. "Lac insect occurrence in different agroclimatic zones of Madhya Pradesh." Journal of Entomological Research 45, no. 2 (2021): 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2021.00052.9.

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21

Miura, Tanya A., Jonathan O. Carlson, Barry J. Beaty, Richard A. Bowen, and Ken E. Olson. "Expression of Human MxA Protein in Mosquito Cells Interferes with LaCrosse Virus Replication." Journal of Virology 75, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 3001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.6.3001-3003.2001.

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ABSTRACT Human MxA protein inhibits LaCrosse virus (LAC virus; familyBunyaviridae) replication in vertebrate cells andMxA-transgenic mice. LAC virus is transmitted to humans byAedes triseriatus mosquitoes. In this report, we have shown that transfected mosquito cells expressing the humanMxA cDNA are resistant to LAC virus but permissive for Sindbis virus (family Togaviridae) infection.

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22

Hudler, G. W., and S. Jensen-Tracy. "Lac Balsam® as a Treatment to Hasten Wound Closure and Minimize Discoloration and Decay." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 28, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2002.039.

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Lac Balsam® with or without Binab® (a commercial formulation of Trichoderma spp.) or orange shellac was applied to shallow wounds made in Norway maple, honeylocust, eastern white pine, and eastern hemlock in November and June. Subsequent dissection and measurement of the wounded portions of the trees 16 to 24 months later indicated that the dressings had little or no consistent effect on wound closure or compartmentalization except for honeylocust wounded in June where all of the dressings appeared to reduce the lengths of columns of discolored wood. Lac Balsam also reduced pitch mass borer colonization of wounds in eastern white pine. None of 36 Lac Balsam-treated wounds were colonized by the insect, whereas 5 of 27 untreated wounds were.

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23

Haque, M. S. "Non-resinous secretions of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Homoptera-Coccoidea)." Journal of Zoology 176, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03184.x.

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24

Sharma, K. Krishan, A. Bhattacharya, and S. N. Sushil. "Indian lac insect,Kerria lacca, as an important source of honeydew." Bee World 80, no. 3 (January 1999): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.1999.11099439.

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25

SHARMA, S. C., S. K. PANDEY, and N. PRASAD. "Equipments for Manufacturing Lac Based Value Added Products." JOURNAL OF AGRISEARCH 9, no. 03 (September 3, 2021): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i03.11010.

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Lac, a natural resin of insect origin, yields basically three useful materials i.e.resin, wax and dye and is an important source of livelihood for poor and tribal farmers in the lac growing regions. Lac growers harvest lac in form of lac stick and lac encrustations attached with sticks are then scraped which is known as sticklac. Sticklac contains impurities which need to be removed by converting sticklac in to seedlac through different unit operations under primary lac processing so that seedlac, a semi-refined product, can be further used in making lac based value added products i.e.shellac, button lac, bleached lac, aleuritic acid etc. Sticklac converted into seedlac can be stored like grain in jute/gunny bag or metal bin for longer period. Hence, lac grower can sell stored seedlac whenever they get remunerative price. Lac resin being natural, biodegradable and non-toxic, finds application in food, textile, furniture, electrical and pharmaceutical industries and provides immense employment opportunities. Regular demand for the materials derived from lac exists in the market due to global trend for use of natural products. Small scale lac processing unit can be established for conversion of sticklac in to seedlac in production catchment area at grower's level itself. Similarly, integrated small scale lac processing unit can also be utilized for conversion of sticklac in to seedlac with reduced man-power requirement and minimum drudgery. Equipments/machineries developed for manufacturing value added lac-based products may be encouraged in the country to reduce time of operation, drudgery and manpower requirement with enhanced capacity of value addition in lac and to promote entrepreneurship development which may further enhance employment generation. To ensure the quality of produce, traditional equipments/machineries needs replacement with new equipments/machineries made of food grade materials coupled with advanced automation system to the maximum possible extent. Value addition in lac could be promoted and migration of rural and tribal people to other states in search of employment could be minimized with adoption of improved equipment and machineries for value addition of lac at village level so that rural and tribal people may get remunerative price of their product. Hence, increase in sustainable livelihood of rural and tribal people might be possible with adoption of lac value addition sector

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26

Williams, Gavin. "Shellac as Musical Plastic." Journal of the American Musicological Society 74, no. 3 (2021): 463–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2021.74.3.463.

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Abstract Shellac was essential to the gramophone industry throughout the first half of the twentieth century, yet the material has long kept a low profile. At once inaudible and urgently required, shellac was a plastic and colonial commodity with wide-ranging applications. Building on recent scholarship that explores its ecological imbrication, this article additionally presents a case for understanding it as a musical thing. First, it shows how lac—the resinous encrustation of the lac insect, and a South Asian technique for preserving things over time—became a global commodity, shellac, aiding the development of sound reproduction. Second, it investigates a scientific bureaucracy promoting the study of the lac insect, which emerged in Indian forests during the 1920s. Third, it tracks how musical demand intensified a system of migrant, indentured, and technical labor involved in processing lac into shellac. In reconstructing shellac’s economic and scientific networks, the article argues that the material was a multiplicity, which entailed both the entangled knowledge systems of its production and a decisive switch: from bodily techniques of production into those of mediated musical listening. Through a focus on shellac, it decenters North American narratives about the development of sound reproduction technology, showing how South Asian knowledge, labor, and environments were profoundly involved, even if they were only rarely acknowledged in mediated musical experiences. Indeed, in an age before synthetic hydrocarbon polymers, shellac fulfilled the role of musical plastic through its inconspicuousness: its capacity to hold and harmonize multiple disc ingredients, while disappearing into the background it supplied.

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27

Nyangena, Dorothy N., Christopher Mutungi, Samuel Imathiu, John Kinyuru, Hippolyte Affognon, Sunday Ekesi, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, and Komi K. M. Fiaboe. "Effects of Traditional Processing Techniques on the Nutritional and Microbiological Quality of Four Edible Insect Species Used for Food and Feed in East Africa." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050574.

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Edible insects are increasingly being considered as food and feed ingredients because of their rich nutrient content. Already, edible insect farming has taken-off in Africa, but quality and safety concerns call for simple, actionable hazard control mechanisms. We examined the effects of traditional processing techniques—boiling, toasting, solar-drying, oven-drying, boiling + oven-drying, boiling + solar-drying, toasting + oven-drying, toasting + solar-drying—on the proximate composition and microbiological quality of adult Acheta domesticus and Ruspolia differens, the prepupae of Hermetia illucens and 5th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Boiling, toasting, and drying decreased the dry matter crude fat by 0.8–51% in the order: toasting > boiling > oven-drying > solar-drying, whereas the protein contents increased by 1.2–22% following the same order. Boiling and toasting decreased aerobic mesophilic bacterial populations, lowered Staphylococcus aureus, and eliminated the yeasts and moulds, Lac+ enteric bacteria, and Salmonella. Oven-drying alone marginally lowered bacterial populations as well as yeast and moulds, whereas solar-drying alone had no effect on these parameters. Oven-drying of the boiled or toasted products increased the aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts but the products remained negative on Lac+ enteric bacteria and Salmonella. Traditional processing improves microbial safety but alters the nutritional value. Species- and treatment-specific patterns exist.

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Swami, Hemant, Lekha, S. K. Sharma, and Kuldeep Kumar. "Survey for Lac insect genetic resources in arid western plains of India." Journal of Entomological Research 42, no. 3 (2018): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2018.00068.3.

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Ahmad, Ayashaa, Sandeep Kaushik, V. V. Ramamurthy, Suman Lakhanpaul, R. Ramani, K. K. Sharma, and A. S. Vidyarthi. "Mouthparts and stylet penetration of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Hemiptera:Tachardiidae)." Arthropod Structure & Development 41, no. 5 (September 2012): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.04.001.

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Jamasri, Jamasri, B. R. Heru Santoso, and J. P. Gentur Sutapa. "Insect secretion on Albazia tree as biobased material alternative for matrix composite." Material Science Research India 7, no. 1 (June 25, 2010): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/070104.

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Investigation and characterization of insect secretion on Albazia tree (hereinafter used the term ISA) showed that the material contained of complex molecules with the main constituent is aleuretic acid and the insect is lac. So ISA is secretion of lac insect on Albazia tree. This paper will report the biobased ISA as a feasible matrix for composite. Some requirements of the ISA matrix to protect the fibers, keeping the fibers in place and can distribute the load to the fibers, the first step was the matrix phase changed from solid to liquid with an ethanol as a solvent so the matrix distributed to cover the fibers perfectly. Secondly, the matrix phase then change into solid by evaporation process to remove ethanol solvent without any scattered to the fibers. This matrix is now called as matrix lac (or matlac). Characterization of chemical structure of the matlac investigated before and after mixed with ethanol using FTIR method. Evaporation process of ethanol was also examined and conducted by heating the sample respectively 40, 50, 70, 90, 110, 150 and 180 oC for 2-210 minutes to determine the weight loss and changes liquid to solid phase. TGA also used to determine performance of the matrix at high temperatures. Evaluation of fiber-matrix bonding strength was done by wettability testing. The results showed that the ISA can be used as a matrix composite by blending ethanol as a main solvent followed by melting and heating process at temperatures above 100oC. Chemical structure of the ISA before and after the mixing of ethanol did not change that ethanol has a function as a “transporter“ to bring ISA reaches the matrix requiretments. Bonding strength between the fiber and the matlac showed contact angle of about 30o and indicated good wettability. Average of the tensile strength of the matlac was 7 MPa which has opportunity and feasibility to be developed further as matrix composite. Method proposes succesed making composite from matlac matrix.

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RAJGOPAL, N. N., ARUMUGAM MOHANASUNDARAM, and KEWAL KRISHAN SHARMA. "A new species of lac insect in the genus Kerria Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Tachardiidae) on Samanea saman (Fabaceae) from India." Zootaxa 4938, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4938.1.2.

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A new species of lac insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Tachardiidae), Kerria canalis Rajgopal sp. nov., collected from Rain Tree, Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. (Fabaceae), from India (Tamil Nadu, Madurai), is described and illustrated. Detailed line diagrams and photographs, and a key for the identification of all known Kerria species are provided. Variations in the taxonomic characters of K. canalis and its congeners are discussed.

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Oh, Jangsuk, John G. Julias, Andrea L. Ferris, and Stephen H. Hughes. "Construction and Characterization of a Replication-Competent Retroviral Shuttle Vector Plasmid." Journal of Virology 76, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 1762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.4.1762-1768.2002.

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ABSTRACT We constructed two versions of an RCASBP-based retroviral shuttle vector, RSVP (RCASBP shuttle vector plasmid), containing either the zeocin or blasticidin resistance gene. In this vector, the drug resistance gene is expressed in avian cells from the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, whereas in bacteria the resistance gene is expressed from a bacterial promoter. The vector contains a bacterial origin of replication (ColE1) to allow circular viral DNA to replicate as a plasmid in bacteria. The vector also contains the lac operator sequence, which binds to the lac repressor protein, providing a simple and rapid way to purify the vector DNA. The RSVP plasmid contains the following sequence starting with the 5" end: LTR, gag, pol, env, drug resistance gene, lac operator, ColE1, LTR. After this plasmid was transfected into DF-1 cells, we were able to rescue the circularized unintegrated viral DNA from RSVP simply by transforming the Hirt DNA into Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we were able to rescue the integrated provirus. DNA from infected cells was digested with an appropriate restriction enzyme (ClaI) and the vector-containing segments were enriched using lac repressor protein and then self-ligated. These enriched fractions were used to transform E. coli. The transformation was successful and we did recover integration sites, but higher-efficiency rescue was obtained with electroporation. The vector is relatively stable upon passage in avian cells. Southern blot analyses of genomic DNAs derived from successive viral passages under nonselective conditions showed that the cassette (drug resistance gene-lac operator-ColE1) insert was present in the vector up to the third viral passage for both resistance genes, which suggests that the RSVP vectors are stable for approximately three viral passages. Together, these results showed that RSVP vectors are useful tools for cloning unintegrated or integrated viral DNAs.

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Shah, Tahir Hussain, and Moni Thomas. "Survival of Kusmi lac insect (Kerria Lacca Kerr) on nutrient managed Zizyphus Mauritiana." Indian Journal of Entomology 80, no. 1 (2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00012.3.

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Singh, J. P., and A. K. Jaiswal. "Chlorantraniliprole: A novel pesticide against lepidopteran predators of lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr)." Indian Journal of Entomology 80, no. 3 (2018): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00186.4.

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35

Simard, Isabelle, Hubert Morin, and Claude Lavoie. "A millennial-scale reconstruction of spruce budworm abundance in Saguenay, Quéebec, Canada." Holocene 16, no. 1 (January 2006): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683606hl904rp.

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A high-resolution macrofossil analysis was conducted to reconstruct spruce budworm abundance in an 8600-year-old mire in Saguenay, Québec, Canada. Abundant spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) faeces recovered in the peat profile suggested endemic and epidemic presence of the insect in the study site since 8240 cal. BP. Important variations in the abundance of faeces were observed, and two exceptional periods of insect activity were delineated, from 6815 to 6480 cal. BP and during the twentieth century. Lepidoptera head capsules were also found in the Lac des Îlets peat profile. They were less abundant and more altered than spruce budworm faeces, but they offered complementary information on insect activity. The long-term perspective achieved with this macrofossil analysis strongly suggests that intense periods of spruce budworm activity were rare events during the Holocene.

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Ahuja, Arihant, and Vibhore Kumar Rastogi. "Shellac: From Isolation to Modification and Its Untapped Potential in the Packaging Application." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 3110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043110.

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Recently, terms such as sustainable, bio-based, biodegradable, non-toxic, or environment-benign are being found in the literature, suggesting an increase in green materials for various applications in the future, particularly in the packaging application. The unavoidable shift from conventional polymers to green materials is difficult, as most bio-sourced materials are not water-resistant. Nonetheless, Shellac, a water-resistant resin secreted by a lac insect, used as a varnish coat, has been underutilized for packaging applications. Here, we review Shellac’s potential in the packaging application to replace conventional polymers and biopolymers. We also discuss Shellac’s isolation, starting from the lac insect and its conversion to Sticklac, Seedlac, and Shellac. Further, the chemistry of shellac resin, the chemical structure, and its properties are examined in detail. One disadvantage of Shellac is that it becomes stiff over time. To enable the usage of Shellac for an extended time in the packaging application, a modification of Shellac via physical and chemical means is conferred. Furthermore, the usage of Shellac in other polymer matrices and its effect are reviewed. Lastly, the non-toxic and biodegradable nature of Shellac and its potential in packaging are explored by comparing it with traditional crude-based polymers and conventional bio-based materials.

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Singh, J. P., A. K. Jaiswal, and Md Monobrullah. "New Record of Insect Pests Attacking Schleichera oleosa: A Commercial Host for Culturing Lac Insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) from India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 84, no. 4 (January 24, 2014): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0301-8.

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38

AHMAD, AYASHAA, K. K. SHARMA, V. V. RAMAMURTHY, A. S. VIDYARTHI, and R. RAMANI. "Three new species of Kerria (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Tachardiidae), a redesciption of K. yunnanensis Ou & Hong, and a revised key to species of Kerria." Zootaxa 3620, no. 4 (March 8, 2013): 518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3620.4.2.

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Three new species of lac insect, Kerria Targioni-Tozzetti viz., Kerria manipurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov., Kerria maduraiensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov., and Kerria thrissurensis Ahmad & Ramamurthy sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Kerria yunnanensis Ou & Hong is illustrated and redescribed, and a key to the known species of Kerria is provided. The usefulness of star pores as a diagnostic character in the subgeneric divisions of Kerria is also discussed.

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39

Saikia, Rituraj, Purnima Das, Lakshmi Kanta Hazarika, Athar Nishat Islam, Surajit Kalita, and Priyanka Saikia. "Species Composition, Relative Abundance and Diversity of Ants Associated with Lac Insect in Assam." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 04 (April 10, 2019): 1852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.216.

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40

Lohot, Vaibhav D., and Jyotirmoy Ghosh. "Biochemical response of Flemingia semialata (Roxb.) to sap sucking lac insect Kerria lacca kerr." Indian Journal of Entomology 80, no. 4 (2018): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00306.1.

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41

Haque, M. S. "Cells secreting non-resinous substances in the female lac insect Kerria lacca (Homoptera-Coccoidea)." Journal of Zoology 176, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03185.x.

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42

Jaiswal, A. K., J. P. Singh, and P. Patamajhi. "Evaluation of Flubendiamide Against the Lepidopteran Predators of the Lac Insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 87, no. 1 (June 20, 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0534-9.

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43

S, Muthukumar, Sajeev TV, Anuja Joseph, Mohanasundaram A, Sharma KK, and Sajily VS. "Management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in bushy Lac host, Flemingia semialata at Thrissur, Kerala." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 6S (December 8, 2022): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i06.sp006.

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Flemingia semialata is an established host plant of lac insects and is widely grown to promote lac cultivation in India. One of the most destructive pests that can cause significant yield loss in many crops is a sap sucking whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), which is also found to infest the Flemingia sp. They cause vast damage to the host plants during feeding by reducing the rate of photosynthesis through the excretion of honeydew and by transmitting a large number of plant pathogenic viruses. Although there are several methods to control whitefly infestation, the commonly adopted practice is the application of chemical pesticides, owing to their efficiency in whitefly control. This study focused to test the effectiveness of two chemical: Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Actara®) and Phosmet 70 % WP (Imidan®) and an organic pesticide: Neem Oil, in whitefly control on F. semialata. The experimental design consisted of two different concentrations of each pesticide i.e., Phosmet 0.5 ml/L, 1ml/L, Thiamethoxam 0.25g/L, 0.5 g/L, Neem oil 1ml/L, 2ml/L applied on 21 test plants in sets of three and also on three regions of the test plants i.e, upper, middle and lower. The number of whiteflies was counted after 6, 12 and 24 hours of pesticide application. The results revealed that, among all the treatments, Thiamethoxam 0.5mg/L was found to be the most effective with highest percentage of reduction over control in the number of whiteflies in all the time intervals. The leaves in the middle and lower regions of the test plants showed relatively higher loads of whiteflies than those in the upper region throughout the experiment. Although, Neem oil is an environment friendly natural pesticide, Thiamethoxan has negligible volatilization properties and high degradation rates in the soil and therefore could be successfully and safely applied on the lac insect host plants during the pre-inoculation stages to lessen the whitefly attack.

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Jaiswal, A. K., J. P. Singh, and P. Patamajhi. "Toxicity of some novel insecticides against Aprostocetus purpureus, parasitoid of lac insect Kerria lacca (kerr)." Indian Journal of Entomology 78, no. 4 (2016): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2016.00092.4.

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Ngernsiri, Lertluk, Wichian Piyajaraprasert, Wijit Wisoram, and David John Merritt. "Structure of the female reproductive system of the lac insect,Kerria chinensis(Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea: Kerridae)." Acta Zoologica 96, no. 3 (May 23, 2014): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/azo.12078.

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46

Misra, Awadh Behari. "14. On the Internal Anatomy of the Female Lac Insect, Laccifer lacca Kerr (Homoptera: Coccidae)*." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 101, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1931.tb06194.x.

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Kaushik, S., K. K. Sharma, R. Ramani, and Suman Lakhanpaul. "Detection of Wolbachia Phage (WO) in Indian Lac Insect [Kerria lacca (Kerr.)] and Its Implications." Indian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 2 (October 11, 2018): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-018-0763-8.

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Chen, Youqing, Zhixing Lu, Qiao Li, Benjamin D. Hoffmann, and Wei Zhang. "Multiple Ant Species Tending Lac Insect Kerria yunnanensis (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) Provide Asymmetric Protection against Parasitoids." PLoS ONE 9, no. 6 (June 2, 2014): e98975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098975.

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Misra, Awadh Behari. "65. On the Internal Anatomy of the Male Lac Insect, Laccifer lacca Kerr (Homoptera, Coccidze)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 101, no. 4 (August 21, 2009): 1359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1931.tb01067.x.

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Singh, J. P., A. K. Jaiswal, and Md Monobrullah. "First Record of Some Insect Pests on Commercial Lac Host Plant, Ziziphus mauritiana from India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 86, no. 2 (August 28, 2014): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0400-1.

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