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1
Cerio, Donald G., and Lawrence M. Witmer. "Intraspecific variation and symmetry of the inner-ear labyrinth in a population of wild turkeys: implications for paleontological reconstructions." PeerJ 7 (July 23, 2019): e7355. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7355.
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The cochlea and semicircular canals (SCCs) of the inner ear are vital neurosensory devices. There are associations between the anatomy of these sensorineural structures, their function, and the function of related biological systems, for example, hearing ability, gaze stabilization, locomotor agility, and posture. The endosseous labyrinth is frequently used as a proxy to infer the performance of the hearing and vestibular systems, locomotor abilities, and ecology of extinct species. Such fossil inferences are often based on single specimens or even a single ear, representing an entire species. To address whether a single ear is representative of a population, we used geometric morphometrics to quantitatively assess the variation in shape and symmetry in a sample of endosseous labyrinths of wild turkeys Meleagris gallopavo of southern Ohio. We predicted that ears would be symmetrical both within individuals and across the sample; that labyrinth shape and size would covary; that labyrinth shape would vary with the size of the brain, measured as width of the endocranium at the cerebellum; and that labyrinths would be morphologically integrated. To test these predictions, we microCT-scanned the heads of 26 cadaveric turkeys, digitally segmented their endosseous labyrinths in Avizo, and assigned 15 manual landmarks and 20 sliding semilandmarks to each digital model. Following Procrustes alignment, we conducted an analysis of bilateral symmetry, a Procrustes regression analysis for allometry and other covariates including side and replicate, and analyses of global integration and modularity. Based on Procrustes distances, no individual’s left and right ears were clearly different from each other. When comparing the ears of different specimens, statistically clear differences in shape were found in only 66 of more than 1,300 contrasts. Moreover, effects of both directional and fluctuating asymmetry were very small—generally, two orders of magnitude smaller than the variance explained by individual variation. Statistical tests disagreed on whether these asymmetric effects crossed the threshold of significance, possibly due to non-isotropic variation among landmarks. Regardless, labyrinths appeared to primarily vary in shape symmetrically. Neither labyrinth size nor endocranial width was correlated with labyrinth shape, contrary to our expectations. Finally, labyrinths were found to be moderately integrated in a global sense, but four weakly separated modules—the three SCCs and cochlea—were recovered using a maximum-likelihood analysis. The results show that both fluctuating and directional asymmetry play a larger role in shape variation than expected—but nonetheless, endosseous labyrinths are symmetrical within individuals and at the level of the population, and their shape varies symmetrically. Thus, inferences about populations, and very possibly species, may be confidently made when only a single specimen, or even a single ear, is available for study.
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Hu, Fangyuan, Xiaofei Ye, Yinghong Zhai, Jinfang Xu, Xiaojing Guo, Zhijian Guo, Xiang Zhou, Yiming Ruan, YongLong Zhuang, and Jia He. "Ear and labyrinth toxicities induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a disproportionality analysis from 2014 to 2019." Immunotherapy 12, no. 7 (May 2020): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2019-0120.
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Aim: We aimed to systematically characterize ear and labyrinth toxicities after immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) initiation. Materials & methods: Data were extracted from the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database. Disproportionality analysis including information component and reporting odds ratio (ROR) was performed to access potential signals. Results: In FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database, 284 records for ICIs-associated ear/labyrinth adverse events (AEs) were involved. In general, there was no significant association between total ICIs use and total ear and labyrinth AEs (ROR025: 0.576). However, in ICIs monotherapy and polytherapy groups, signals were detected in several specific ear and labyrinth AEs. Conclusion: Total ear and labyrinth toxicities were not significantly reported with ICI immunotherapy, while class-specific ear toxicities were detected in some strategies.
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Šikolová, Soňa, Milan Urík, Jana Jančíková, Dagmar Hošnová, and Rami Katra. "Congenital malformations of the inner ear." Otorinolaryngologie a foniatrie 70, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/ccorl2021167.
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Summary Congenital malformations of the inner ear consist of many different anomalies of the labyrinth. They often cause hearing loss, mostly of the sensorineural type. Eighty percent of hearing loss is caused by an anomaly of the membranous labyrinth, and 20% by an anomaly of the bone labyrinth. The role in pathogenesis is played by hereditary factors and influence of the environment. The treatment depends on the severity of the hearing loss, abnormalities of the external and middle ear, associated defects, and presence and function of the auditory nerve. We have modern hearing aids or implantable systems. Another options include a sign language and mouth-reading. The article includes a retrospective analysis of patients with congenital inner ear malformations at our tertiary center in 2010–2020. In conclusion, our patients clearly prove that even children with profound hearing loss are successfully implanted and restored hearing can be achieved in most of them. Key words congenital ear malformation – inner ear – hearing loss – anomalies of bony labyrinth – anomalies of membranous labyrinth – rehabilitation
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Schröder, Dirk, Gloria Grupe, Grit Rademacher, Sven Mutze, Arneborg Ernst, Rainer Seidl, and Philipp Mittmann. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts and Cochlear Implant Positioning at 1.5 T In Vivo." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 8, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9163285.
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Objective. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging with the magnet of the cochlear implant receiver/stimulator in place causes artifacts and hinders evaluation of intracerebral structures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal auditory canal and the labyrinth in a 1.5T MRI with the magnet in place. Study Design. Observational study. Setting. Tertiary referral center. Subjects and Methods. The receiver/stimulator unit was placed and fixed onto the head of three volunteers at three different angles to the nasion–outer ear canal (90°–160°) and at three different distances from the outer ear canal (5–9 cm). T1 and T2 weighted sequences were conducted for each position. Results. Excellent visibility of the internal auditory canal and the labyrinth was seen in the T2 weighted sequences with 9 cm between the magnet and the outer ear canal at every nasion–outer ear canal angle. T1 sequences showed poorer visibility of the internal auditory canal and the labyrinth. Conclusion. Aftercare and visibility of intracerebral structures after cochlear implantation is becoming more important as cochlear implant indications are widened worldwide. With a distance of at least 9 cm from the outer ear canal the artifact induced by the magnet allows evaluation of the labyrinth and the internal auditory canal.
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Nyberg, Sophie, N. Joan Abbott, Xiaorui Shi, Peter S. Steyger, and Alain Dabdoub. "Delivery of therapeutics to the inner ear: The challenge of the blood-labyrinth barrier." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 482 (March 6, 2019): eaao0935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aao0935.
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Permanent hearing loss affects more than 5% of the world’s population, yet there are no nondevice therapies that can protect or restore hearing. Delivery of therapeutics to the cochlea and vestibular system of the inner ear is complicated by their inaccessible location. Drug delivery to the inner ear via the vasculature is an attractive noninvasive strategy, yet the blood-labyrinth barrier at the luminal surface of inner ear capillaries restricts entry of most blood-borne compounds into inner ear tissues. Here, we compare the blood-labyrinth barrier to the blood-brain barrier, discuss invasive intratympanic and intracochlear drug delivery methods, and evaluate noninvasive strategies for drug delivery to the inner ear.
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YANG, Juan-mei, Fang-lu CHI, Zhao HAN, Yi-bo HUANG, and Yi-ke LI. "Clinical characteristics of patients with labyrinthine fistulae caused by middle ear cholesteatoma." Chinese Medical Journal 126, no. 11 (June 5, 2013): 2116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20123026.
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Background Labyrinthine fistula (LF) is a very common clinical complication mainly caused by middle ear cholesteatoma. Whether the presence of different degree LF caused by middle ear cholesteatoma aggravates neurosensory hearing loss (NSHL) and what is the degree of the hearing loss caused by LF were still under controversial. This study aimed to investigate whether the LF degree is correlative with the age distribution, disease duration and hearing loss degree for cholesteatomatous patients. Methods The files of 143 patients with middle ear cholesteatoma were selected and reviewed in a retrospective study. Seventy-eight patients with LF were divided into three types according to the degree of destruction of labyrinth. Sixty-five patients without LF were randomly chosen for control. Then, we compared the clinical characteristics of patients with or without labyrinthine fistulae caused by middle ear cholesteatoma. Results According to the study, cholesteatomatous patients with LF were older and suffered longer disease duration than those without LF. Hearing loss is severe with high frequencies both in patients with and without LF. Moreover, inner ear impairment is correlative with the degree of destruction in labyrinth, and more severe destruction in labyrinth follow the more severe symptoms correlative with inner ear impairment. Conclusion Surgical intervention should be performed as early as possible for these cholesteatomatous patients.
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S, Allen Counter, Peter Damberg, Sahar Nikkhou Aski, Kálmán Nagy, Cecilia Engmér Berglin, and Göran Laurell. "Experimental Fusion of Contrast Enhanced High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and High-Resolution Micro-Computed Tomography in Imaging the Mouse Inner Ear." Open Neuroimaging Journal 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874440001509010007.
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Objective: Imaging cochlear, vestibular, and 8th cranial nerve abnormalities remains a challenge. In this study, the membranous and osseous labyrinths of the wild type mouse inner ear were examined using volumetric data from ultra high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium contrast at 9.4 Tesla and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (µCT) to visualize the scalae and vestibular apparatus, and to establish imaging protocols and parameters for comparative analysis of the normal and mutant mouse inner ear. Methods: For in vivo MRI acquisition, animals were placed in a Milleped coil situated in the isocenter of a horizontal 9.4 T Varian magnet. For µCT examination, cone beam scans were performed ex vivo following MRI using the µCT component of a nanoScan PET/CT in vivo scanner. Results: The fusion of Gd enhanced high field MRI and high-resolution µCT scans revealed the dynamic membranous labyrinth of the perilymphatic fluid filled scala tympani and scala vestibule of the cochlea, and semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus, within the µCT visualized contours of the contiguous osseous labyrinth. The ex vivo µCT segmentation revealed the surface contours and structural morphology of each cochlea turn and the semicircular canals in 3 planes. Conclusions: The fusion of ultra high-field MRI and high-resolution µCT imaging techniques were complementary, and provided high-resolution dynamic and static visualization of the complex morphological features of the normal mouse inner ear structures, which may offer a valuable approach for the investigation of cochlear and vestibular abnormalities that are associated with birth defects related to genetic inner ear disorders in humans.
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Terao, Kyoichi, Sebahattin Cureoglu, Schachern Patricia, Michael M. Paparella, Norimasa Morita, Nomiya Rie, and Kiyotaka Murata. "R447 – Temporal Bone Histopathology in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.603.
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Problem There are reports of hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or vertigo in patients with leukemia. However, there is no human temporal bone study of a large number of cases specific to acute lymphocytic leukemia. We studied the correlation between clinical otologic complaints and temporal bone histopathology in patients with this disease. Methods Clinical otologic complaints and histologic findings were evaluated in 13 patients (25 temporal bones) with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Results Nine patients had a history of clinical otologic complaints including: hearing loss in 5 patients; otalgia in 3; otorrhea in 3; and dizziness in 2. Hemorrhage was seen most commonly in the middle ear in 10 patients, but was also evident in the cochlea in 5 and the vestibular labyrinth in 2. Leukemic infiltration was observed in the petrous apex in 12 patients, in the middle ear in 6, the cochlea in 5, the vestibular labyrinth in 2 and the internal auditory canal in 3. Inflammatory cell infiltration was also seen in the cochlear labyrinth in 4 patient, the vestibular labyrinth in 5 and the modiolus in 1. Otitis media with hyperplasia of subepithelial fibrous tissue was seen in 10 patients. Three patients had granulation tissue extending into the middle ear or mastoid. Conclusion Ear involvement is a common finding in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Significance With prolonged survival due to new chemotherapeutics, the diagnosis and treatment of non-hematopoietic system complications such as ear problems due to acute lymphocytic leukemia have become more important. Support International Hearing Foundation, Hubbard Foundation, Starkey Foundation.
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Golz, Avishay, S. Thomas Westerman, Liane M. Gilbert, Henry Z. Joachims, and Aviram Netzer. "Effect of middle ear effusion on the vestibular labyrinth." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 105, no. 12 (December 1991): 987–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510011802x.
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AbstractAlthough middle ear effusion was once described as the most common cause of vestibular disturbance in children, the association between glue ear and symptoms of dysequilibrium has never been quantified objectively.In this study the effect of middle ear effusion on the vestibular system of the inner ear was studied in a select group of children suffering from long lasting effusion in the middle ear with no evidence of infection at least one year prior to the study. The results were compared with results obtained from otitis free children, as well as from examinations of children after the insertion of ventilating tubes.The results of this study confirm the assumption that middle ear effusion has an adverse effect on the vestibular system, which can be resolved following the insertion of ventilation tubes.This effect may also contribute to the adverse effect that otitis media has on a child's development.
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Le Maître, A. "Role of Spatial Integration in the Morphology of the Bony Labyrinth in Modern Humans." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 31, no. 1-2 (January 30, 2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/bmsap-2018-0039.
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The bony labyrinth corresponds to the osseous wall of the inner ear, the hearing and balance organ located in the petrous pyramids, in the base of the cranium. The morphology of the labyrinth reflects phylogenetic and ecological signals. In hominoid primates, it is also influenced by its anatomical environment. The aim of this study is to determine whether, in the species Homo sapiens, the morphological relationships between the labyrinth and the skull result from geometrical constraints linked to equilibrioception, or from spatial constraints due to the inclusion of the inner ear in the petrous bone. Based on CT-scans of the skulls of adult individuals (n=30), two sets of 22 landmarks each were placed on the labyrinth and on the basicranium. The covariations between these two sets were investigated using twoblock partial least squares (2B-PLS) analyses. The shape of the labyrinth is significantly correlated with the cranial base, but not with the isolated temporal bone. This indicates that the morphology of the labyrinth mainly results from functional constraints. However, several observations suggest that spatial constraints also have an influence, especially on the cochlea. The associated changes in shape are consistent with the ontogenetic trend, but differ slightly from the phylogenetic trend. These covariations caution against exclusively ecological interpretations of the morphology of the labyrinth.
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Chen, Xi-Hang, Chao-Jun Zeng, Zhe-Ming Fang, Rong Zhang, Jin-Mei Cheng, and Chang Lin. "The Natural History of Labyrinthine Hemorrhage in Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 98, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): E13—E20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561319834862.
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To investigate the application of inner ear 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) accompanied by inner ear hemorrhage. A total of 1252 SSNHL patients who were admitted from January 2010 to April 2018 were included in the study. The patients’ clinical features, complete blood counts, coagulation profiles, audiometry data, and MRI scans were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-four patients had high labyrinth signals on inner ear 3D-FLAIR MRI (24/1252, 1.9%) that were diagnosed as inner ear hemorrhage. One patient had endolymphatic hydrops on the contralesional side. In the 24 patients, pure tone audiometry curves revealed profound deafness (19/24) and flat moderate hearing loss (5/24); most patients had associated vertigo (23/24) and tinnitus (19/24). Patients with SSNHL (N = 24) were treated. Sixteen patients had invalid improvement, 3 patients were markedly improved, 4 patients had effective treatment, and only 1 patient was cured, for a therapeutic efficacy of 33.3% (8/24). Follow-up 3D-FLAIR MRI in patients showed absorbance of labyrinthine hemorrhage and disappearance of the high signal intensity in the inner ear within 2 weeks to 4 months. Inner ear 3D-FLAIR MRI indicate that most cases of inner ear hemorrhage are spontaneous and that high labyrinth signals are absorbed within 4 months. The site of labyrinth hemorrhage is irregular and independent of hearing loss. Conventional treatment is not very effective, and an appropriate therapy for SSNHL requires further investigation.
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Veillon, Francis, Sophie Riehm, Michael Eliezer, Aurélie Karch-Georges, Anne Charpiot, Aude Fleury, Idir Djennaoui, et al. "Present and future of the labyrinth imaging: Focus on the use of T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced delayed FLAIR (1 h) sequences." Journal of Vestibular Research 31, no. 4 (July 28, 2021): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-200796.
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OBJECTIVE: Part of the recent progress in the labyrinth imaging has been made possible by the rise of contrast-free T2-weighted and delayed (1h) FLAIR sequences. The aim of this article is to review evidence for the use of these two sequences to image the inner ear, especially the posterior membranous labyrinth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed MRI-based papers (2007–2020)using high-resolution T2-weighted or contrast-enhanced FLAIR (1h) sequences to image the inner ear. RESULTS: T2-weighted sequences (3T MRI)enabled the visualization of the posterior membranous labyrinth with good correlation when compared to corresponding histological slices.Significant progress has been made, especially in terms of scanning time, aiming at reducing it, in order to decrease motions artifacts. The saccule is visible on a 3T MRI without significant motion artifacts. Its shape is ovoid, with a maximum height and width of 1.6 and 1.4 mm, respectively. An enlarged saccule was observed in 84%of patients with unilateral Meniere’s disease, in 28%of patients with vestibular schwannomas (VS) and 47%of patients with intralabyrinthine schwannomas. VS obstructing the internal auditory canal caused a decrease of the perilymphatic signal (more moderate decrease in meningiomas) on T2 gradient-echo images. Contrast-enhanced FLAIR sequences are useful to image vestibular/facial neuritis and inflammatory inner ear diseases. CONCLUSION: Precise analysis of the posterior membranous labyrinth, in terms of size, shape and signal intensity, is possible on a 3T MRI using high-resolution gradient-echo T2-weighted sequences. Such sequences are an interesting add-on to delayed (4h30) FLAIR-based protocols for labyrinth imaging.
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Gamoletti, Roberto, Mario Sanna, Carlo Zini, Abdel-Kader Taibah, Enrico Pasanisi, and Luca Vassalli. "Inner ear cholesteatoma and the preservation of cochlear function." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 104, no. 12 (December 1990): 945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100114446.
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AbstractLabyrinthine destruction by direct cholesteatoma invasion has always been considered a serious threat to the inner ear function.A number of reports in the literature have cited both patients who had preservation of hearing despite widespread erosion of the labyrinth by cholesteatoma and patients who had retained auditory function despite surgical removal of the matrix from the labyrinth. In most cases the vestibular portion of the inner ear was invaded but cases of cochlear involvement have been described as well.Twelve cases with pre-operative auditory function preservation despite extensive labyrinthine destruction treated at our Institution are reported. Seven cases retained cochlear function post-operatively.Possible explanations of this occurrence and implications of related with hearing preservation in the presence of widespread inner ear destruction by chronic inflammatory disease are discussed.
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Jackler, Robert K., and William P. Dillon. "Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Inner Ear." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 99, no. 5 (November 1988): 494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988809900508.
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The majority of temporal bone radiographic studies are obtained either for middle ear and mastoid disease or in the evaluation of retrocochlear pathology. With recent technologic advances, diagnostic imaging of the inner ear has developed an increasing role in the evaluation and management of diseases that affect the cochlea, semicircular canals, and the vestibular and cochlear aqueducts. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) provides excellent detail of the osseous labyrinth, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) generates images derived from the membranous labyrinth and its associated neural elements. Optimal techniques for obtaining high quality CT and MRI images of the normal and diseased inner ear are presented. CT has proved useful in the evaluation of inner ear malformations, cochlear otosclerosis, labyrinthine fistulization from cholesteatoma, translabyrinthine fractures, otic capsule osteodystrophies, in the assessment of cochlear patency before cochlear implantation, and in the localization of prosthetic devices such as stapes wires and cochlear implants. While MRI produces discernible images of the soft tissue and fluid components of the inner ear, it has yet to demonstrate any unique advantages in the evaluation of inner ear disease. However, MRI produces excellent and highly useful images of the audiovestibular and facial nerves, cerebellopontine angle, and brain.
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Tatagiba, Marcos, Madjid Samii, Cordula Matthies, Mowaffak El Azm, and Robert Schonmayr. "The significance for postoperative hearing of preserving the labyrinth in acoustic neurinoma surgery." Journal of Neurosurgery 77, no. 5 (November 1992): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.77.5.0677.
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✓ Among 186 patients with preoperative hearing, a total of 189 acoustic neurinomas were removed through a lateral suboccipital approach with anatomical preservation of the cochlear nerve. Functional hearing was preserved in 92 (49%) of these patients; despite anatomical preservation of the cochlear nerve, deafness was the result in 51 % of the series. Many factors have been considered to cause hearing loss in patients whose cochlear nerve was intact after surgery; these include nerve retraction, nerve or cochlear ischemia, overheating and vibration damage to the nerve, and opening of the labyrinth. To evaluate the significance of injury to the labyrinth in postoperative hearing loss, a prospective study was undertaken. High-resolution computerized tomography studies through the inner ear with bone algorithm were performed pre- and postoperatively. The postoperative status of the labyrinth was classified into three patterns: intact, fenestrated, and widely opened. Injury to the labyrinth occurred in 30% of the cases. The most frequently injured labyrinth structures were the crus commune of the posterior and superior semicircular canals (52%), the posterior semicircular canal (23%). the vestibule (21%), and the superior semicircular canal (4%). A statistically significant relationship was found between injury to the labyrinth and deafness, elevated thresholds, and lower discrimination values at pure-tone audiograms and speech audiometry (p < 0.0001). The degree of the injury (comparison between fenestration and wide opening of the labyrinth) was also significantly related to postoperative deafness (p < 0.0001). Disturbance of the inner-ear fluids was considered to be the cause of the hearing loss. In 12 patients labyrinth injury was not associated with deafness. This finding may support the existence of mechanisms of cochlear protection. The homeostatic function of the endolymphatic sac was considered to play an important role in recovery of damaged hearing in these 12 cases.
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Ten Cate, W. J., C. Monder, A. Marandici, and K. E. Rarey. "11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the rat inner ear." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): E269—E273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.2.e269.
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11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) was demonstrated specifically in the spiral ligament of the cochlear membranous labyrinth by enzyme assay, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. Other cochlear regions and the vestibular membranous labyrinth were devoid of 11 beta-HSD. Spiral ligament 11 beta-HSD exerted predominantly an oxidative activity and was NADP specific, which is similar to 11 beta-HSD in most other tissues. 11 beta-HSD was colocalized with mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid steroid receptors in the spiral ligament. 11 beta-HSD may control steroid binding to these inner ear steroid receptors and, in addition, may regulate steroid receptor binding in the adjacent stria vascularis in paracrine fashion.
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Eby, Thomas L., and Joseph B. Nadol. "Postnatal Growth of the Human Temporal Bone." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 95, no. 4 (July 1986): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948609500407.
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Recent interest in cochlear implantation for children has made it important to understand how postnatal growth of the ear will affect such devices. In this study, the postnatal growth of the labyrinth, middle ear, and mastoid was measured in three dimensions using radiographic and temporal bone data. Measurements were made from histologic sections of 48 temporal bones from children and compared to adult temporal bones. Radiographic measurements were made from 253 sets of skull radiographs of children and compared to adult skull series. In the three dimensions measured, there was no postnatal growth of the labyrinth and little variation in size between individuals. Measurements of the middle ear showed greater variation between individuals than measurements of the inner ear, but growth only in the distance from stapes footplate to the tympanic membrane. The mastoid showed growth in all three dimensions: length, width, and depth. The pattern of growth for mastoid length and width appears to follow a double logistic model, with differences between males and females. The growth in mastoid depth is smaller and appears to follow a single exponential curve. The implications for cochlear implantation in children are discussed.
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Stankovic, K. M., J. C. Adams, and D. Brown. "Immunolocalization of aquaporin CHIP in the guinea pig inner ear." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 269, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): C1450—C1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.6.c1450.
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Aquaporin CHIP (AQP-CHIP) is a water channel protein previously identified in red blood cells and water transporting epithelia. The inner ear is an organ of hearing and balance whose normal function depends critically on maintenance of fluid homeostasis. In this study, AQP-CHIP, or a close homologue, was found in specific cells of the inner ear, as assessed by immunocytochemistry with the use of affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies against AQP-CHIP.AQP-CHIP was predominantly found in fibrocytes in close association with bone, including most of the cells lining the bony labyrinth and in fibrocytes lining the endolymphatic duct and sac. AQP-CHIP-positive cells not directly apposing bone include cells under the basilar membrane, some type III fibrocytes of the spiral ligament, fibrocytes of the spiral limbus, and the trabecular perilymphatic tissue extending from the membranous to the bony labyrinth. AQP-CHIP was also found in the periosteum of the middle ear and cranial bones, as well as in chondrocytes of the oval window and stapes. The distribution of AQP-CHIP in the inner ear suggests that AQP-CHIP may have special significance for maintenance of bone and the basilar membrane, and for function of the spiral ligament.
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Schultz, Julia A., Ulrich Zeller, and Zhe-Xi Luo. "Inner ear labyrinth anatomy of monotremes and implications for mammalian inner ear evolution." Journal of Morphology 278, no. 2 (November 27, 2016): 236–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20632.
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Alsina, Berta, and Tanya T. Whitfield. "Sculpting the labyrinth: Morphogenesis of the developing inner ear." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 65 (May 2017): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.015.
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Seidman, Michael D., and Thomas R. Van De Water. "Pharmacologic Manipulation of the Labyrinth with Novel and Traditional Agents Delivered to the Inner Ear." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 82, no. 4 (April 2003): 276–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556130308200412.
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We describe the methodology and rationale behind the delivery of therapeutic medicines to the inner ear. The inner ear has long been impervious to pharmacologic manipulation. This is most likely the result of a protective mechanism called the blood-labyrinth barrier, whose function closely resembles that of the blood-brain barrier. This protective barrier impedes the clinician's ability to treat inner ear diseases with systemically administered medications. Since 1935, otolaryngologists have attempted to manipulate the inner ear with transtympanically injected medicines. Success has varied widely, but medicinal ablation of vestibular function can be achieved in this manner. Unfortunately, the auditory system is also at great risk from any medicine that is delivered to the inner ear via the middle ear. Over the past 10 years, significant improvements in drug delivery have allowed for more “titratable” treatment, which has reduced (but not eliminated) the risk of permanent hearing loss. In this article, we discuss both novel and time-tested methods of delivering medicines to the inner ear. We also review the classes of medications that alter inner ear function and the attendant risks of such treatments.
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Flood, Liam M., J. Graham Fraser, Jonanthan W. P. Hazell, and Michael P. Rothera. "Perilymph fistula." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 99, no. 7 (July 1985): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100097462.
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The phenomenon of a position-dependent fluctuation of hearing loss, in patients subsequently found to have perilymphatic fistula, is reported. Eleven patients with rupture of the oval or round windows of the labyrinth showed a lowering of thresholds on audiometry after lying horizontally for 30 minutes with the affected ear uppermost. It is suggested that air had entered the membranous labyrinth, interfered with transmission of footplate vibration to the perilymph column, and was displaced by this manoeuvre to produce a small, measurable, hearing gain, The diagnostic and prognostic significance of this finding is discussed.
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Psillas, George, Grigorios George Dimas, Christos Savopoulos, and Jiannis Constantinidis. "Autoimmune Hearing Loss: A Diagnostic Challenge." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 4601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154601.
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Autoimmune hearing loss (AIHL) is a clinical disease and may involve the deposition of immune complexes in the labyrinth vessels, the activation of the complement system, the functional alteration in T-cell subpopulations, or an inflammation process in the inner ear [...]
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Wu, D. K., F. D. Nunes, and D. Choo. "Axial specification for sensory organs versus non-sensory structures of the chicken inner ear." Development 125, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.1.11.
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A mature inner ear is a complex labyrinth containing multiple sensory organs and nonsensory structures in a fixed configuration. Any perturbation in the structure of the labyrinth will undoubtedly lead to functional deficits. Therefore, it is important to understand molecularly how and when the position of each inner ear component is determined during development. To address this issue, each axis of the otocyst (embryonic day 2.5, E2.5, stage 16–17) was changed systematically at an age when axial information of the inner ear is predicted to be fixed based on gene expression patterns. Transplanted inner ears were analyzed at E4.5 for gene expression of BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein), SOHo-1 (sensory organ homeobox-1), Otx1 (cognate of Drosophila orthodenticle gene), p75NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor) and Msx1 (muscle segment homeobox), or at E9 for their gross anatomy and sensory organ formation. Our results showed that axial specification in the chick inner ear occurs later than expected and patterning of sensory organs in the inner ear was first specified along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis, followed by the dorsal/ventral (D/V) axis. Whereas the A/P axis of the sensory organs was fixed at the time of transplantation, the A/P axis for most non-sensory structures was not and was able to be re-specified according to the new axial information from the host. The D/V axis for the inner ear was not fixed at the time of transplantation. The asynchronous specification of the A/P and D/V axes of the chick inner ear suggests that sensory organ formation is a multi-step phenomenon, rather than a single inductive event.
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Kimura, Robert S., Nancy A. Iverson, and Rebecca E. Southard. "Selective Lesions of the Vestibular Labyrinth." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 6 (November 1988): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948809700602.
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In attempts to decrease gentamicin ototoxicity, the round windows of guinea pigs were covered with fat before gentamicin was given through the middle ear cavity. Although ototoxicity to the cochlea was reduced, the desired effect on the vestibular sense organs also was reduced, because of the oval window's resistance to drug penetration. In another series of guinea pigs, simple opening of the lateral semicircular canal and covering it with a pledget of Gelfoam soaked with gentamicin was an excellent method for producing a selective vestibular lesion. It is expected to reduce the function of all vestibular sense organs without impairing cochlear function.
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Nurhadi, Fajry. "Otitis Media Complications: Labyrinthitis." KESANS : International Journal of Health and Science 1, no. 5 (February 20, 2022): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54543/kesans.v1i5.57.
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Background: Otitis media is an inflammation of part or all of the middle ear mucosa, eustachian tube, mastoid antrum and mastoid cells. Otitis media has many complications, one of which is extra-cranial complications such as labyrinthitis. Objective: To know more about labyrithitis and how to treat patients with labyrinthitis in otitis media. Method: This article was written using various sources from scientific journals and medical e-books. Source searches are carried out on the online portal of journal publications such as pdf drive, National Centre for Biotechnology Information/NCBI. Result and Discussion: Labyrinthitis is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear which is usually accompanied by vertigo, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, and hearing loss to hearing loss. Treatment of labyrinthitis caused by viral in outpatients can be done by meeting fluid needs and adequate rest. In labyrinthitis caused by bacteria, topical antibiotic drops should be prescribed. Conclusion: Labyrinthitis is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Patients with labyrinthitis are usually accompanied by vertigo, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, and hearing loss to hearing loss. The causes themselves are very diverse, such as viruses, bacteria, autoimmune, and even syphilis.
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Pfaff, Cathrin, Thomas Martin, and Irina Ruf. "Bony labyrinth morphometry indicates locomotor adaptations in the squirrel-related clade (Rodentia, Mammalia)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1809 (June 22, 2015): 20150744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0744.
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The semicircular canals (SCs) of the inner ear detect angular acceleration and are located in the bony labyrinth of the petrosal bone. Based on high-resolution computed tomography, we created a size-independent database of the bony labyrinth of 50 mammalian species especially rodents of the squirrel-related clade comprising taxa with fossorial, arboreal and gliding adaptations. Our sampling also includes gliding marsupials, actively flying bats, the arboreal tree shrew and subterranean species. The morphometric anatomy of the SCs was correlated to the locomotion mode. Even if the phylogenetic signal cannot entirely be excluded, the main significance for functional morphological studies has been found in the diameter of the SCs, whereas the radius of curvature is of minor interest. Additionally, we found clear differences in the bias angle of the canals between subterranean and gliding taxa, but also between sciurids and glirids. The sensitivity of the inner ear correlates with the locomotion mode, with a higher sensitivity of the SCs in fossorial species than in flying taxa. We conclude that the inner ear of flying and gliding mammals is less sensitive due to the large information flow into this sense organ during locomotion.
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Schwab, Julia A., Mark T. Young, James M. Neenan, Stig A. Walsh, Lawrence M. Witmer, Yanina Herrera, Ronan Allain, et al. "Inner ear sensory system changes as extinct crocodylomorphs transitioned from land to water." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (April 20, 2020): 10422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002146117.
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Major evolutionary transitions, in which animals develop new body plans and adapt to dramatically new habitats and lifestyles, have punctuated the history of life. The origin of cetaceans from land-living mammals is among the most famous of these events. Much earlier, during the Mesozoic Era, many reptile groups also moved from land to water, but these transitions are more poorly understood. We use computed tomography to study changes in the inner ear vestibular system, involved in sensing balance and equilibrium, as one of these groups, extinct crocodile relatives called thalattosuchians, transitioned from terrestrial ancestors into pelagic (open ocean) swimmers. We find that the morphology of the vestibular system corresponds to habitat, with pelagic thalattosuchians exhibiting a more compact labyrinth with wider semicircular canal diameters and an enlarged vestibule, reminiscent of modified and miniaturized labyrinths of other marine reptiles and cetaceans. Pelagic thalattosuchians with modified inner ears were the culmination of an evolutionary trend with a long semiaquatic phase, and their pelagic vestibular systems appeared after the first changes to the postcranial skeleton that enhanced their ability to swim. This is strikingly different from cetaceans, which miniaturized their labyrinths soon after entering the water, without a prolonged semiaquatic stage. Thus, thalattosuchians and cetaceans became secondarily aquatic in different ways and at different paces, showing that there are different routes for the same type of transition.
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Patyakina, O. K. "Current issues of middle ear microsurgery." Kazan medical journal 76, no. 1 (January 15, 1995): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj83733.
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Ear microsurgery, which has more than 40 years of history, is associated with the name of S. Rosen (1952). To improve hearing in patients with otosclerosis, he proposed an operation to mobilize the stirrup, which led to the rapid development of stapedoplasty. Currently, microsurgical techniques are widely used for atresia, trauma and benign tumors of the external auditory canal, for congenital anomalies, trauma and benign tumors of the middle ear, in addition to otosclerosis and inflammatory pathology, for traumatic fistulas of the labyrinth windows, Meniere's disease, peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve, noise, otogenic liquorrhea, with cochlear implantation, etc.
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Hahn, Yoav, and Dennis I. Bojrab. "Cochlear Fistula in a Noncholesteatomatous Ear." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 93, no. 9 (September 2014): E9—E17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556131409300903.
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Bony destruction of the labyrinth is usually associated with long-standing cholesteatomatous otitis media. The promontory is not a common site for bone resorption because (1) it is not an area that is involved in accumulation of cholesteatoma perimatrix substances, (2) it is the densest bone of the human body, and (3) pressure necrosis from overlying tissue is uncommon. We report a case of cochlear erosion associated with noncholesteatomatous middle ear disease. As far as we know, this is only the second such case reported in the literature. We also review decision-making factors and techniques for the safe management of this condition.
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Yamauchi, D., Y. Hara, H. Hidaka, T. Kawase, and Y. Katori. "How I do it: underwater endoscopic ear surgery for plugging in superior canal dehiscence syndrome." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 8 (May 23, 2017): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215117001104.
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AbstractBackground:Underwater endoscopic ear surgery does not require suction and so protects the inner ear from unexpected aeration that may damage its function in the treatment of labyrinthine fistula. A method of underwater endoscopic ear surgery is proposed for the treatment of superior canal dehiscence.Methods:Underwater endoscopic ear surgery was performed for plugging of the superior semicircular canal through the transmastoid approach. Saline solution was infused into the mastoid cavity through an Endo-Scrub Lens Cleaning Sheath. The tip of the inserted endoscope was filled completely with saline water.Results:Using this underwater endoscopic view, the canal was clearly dissected to expose the semicircular canal membranous labyrinth and dehiscence area. No particular complication occurred during the surgical procedure.Conclusion:The underwater endoscopic ear surgery technique for plugging in superior canal dehiscence secures an excellent visual field and protects the inner ear from unexpected aeration.
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Wiboonsaksakul, Kantapon Pum, Charles C. Della Santina, and Kathleen E. Cullen. "Prosthetic Stimulation of the Vestibular Nerve Can Evoke Robust Eye and Head Movements Despite Prior Labyrinthectomy." Otology & Neurotology 44, no. 10 (August 28, 2023): 1038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000004007.
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Hypothesis Prosthetic electrical stimulation can evoke compensatory eye and head movement despite vestibular implant electrode insertion occurring years after prior labyrinthectomy. Background Vestibular implants sense head rotation and directly stimulate the vestibular nerve, bypassing damaged end organs. Animal research and current clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of this approach. However, candidacy criteria for vestibular implants currently require presence of a patent labyrinth in the candidate ear and at least aidable hearing in the opposite ear, thus excluding patients who have undergone prior labyrinthectomy for unilateral Menière's disease that later progressed to bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Methods Eight years after right unilateral labyrinthectomy, we implanted stimulating electrodes in the previously exenterated right ear ampullae of a rhesus macaque monkey. The left labyrinth had long-standing hypofunction due to intratympanic gentamicin injection and surgical disruption. We used three-dimensional video-oculography to measure eye movement responses to prosthetic electrical stimulation. We also measured head-movement responses to prosthetic stimulation with the head unrestrained. Results Bilateral vestibular hypofunction was confirmed by absence of vestibuloocular reflex responses to whole-body rotation without prosthetic stimulation. For a subset of the implanted electrodes, prosthetic vestibular stimulation evoked robust compensatory eye and head movements. One electrode reliably elicited responses aligned with the implanted ear's anterior canal nerve regardless of the return electrode used. Similarly, a second electrode also elicited responses consistent with excitation of the horizontal canal nerve. Responses grew quasilinearly with stimulation rate and current amplitude. Conclusion Prosthetic electrical stimulation targeting the vestibular nerve can be effective years after labyrinthectomy, if at least some parts of the vestibular nerve's ampullary branches remain despite destruction or removal of the membranous labyrinth.
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Sarangi, Deepak. "A Brief Conceptual Approach to Inner Ear Drug Delivery System." Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology Open Access 8, no. 4 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/nnoa-16000280.
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The inner ear, a delicate and intricate organ responsible for auditory and vestibular functions, poses unique challenges for drug delivery due to its isolation and complex anatomy. This paper provides a concise overview of a conceptual approach to inner ear drug delivery systems, exploring the current landscape and emerging technologies in this specialized field. We delve into the anatomical and physiological considerations that influence drug delivery to the inner ear and discuss various strategies to overcome barriers, including the blood-labyrinth barrier. Furthermore, the review highlights recent advancements in nanotechnology, targeted drug delivery, and innovative formulations designed to optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing systemic side effects. By understanding the nuances of inner ear drug delivery, this conceptual approach aims to contribute to the development of novel strategies that hold promise for improved treatments of inner ear disorders, fostering advancements in auditory and vestibular healthcare.
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Honda, Akira, Stephen D. Freeman, XiaoRei Sai, Raj K. Ladher, and Paul O’Neill. "From placode to labyrinth: Culture of the chicken inner ear." Methods 66, no. 3 (April 2014): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.011.
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Quirk, Bernadine, Adam Youssef, Mario Ganau, and Felice D'Arco. "Radiological diagnosis of the inner ear malformations in children with sensorineural hearing loss." BJR|Open 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 20180050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjro.20180050.
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Malformations in either the inner ear, vestibulocochlear nerve (VIIIth) or auditory cortex of the brain can lead to congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In most cases the underlying disorders involve the membranous labyrinth at a microscopic level and therefore radiological examinations are entirely normal. In a significant proportion however (up to 20%), there are abnormalities visualized in the inner ear and/or the VIIIth nerve; the type of abnormality is relevant for the surgical planning of a cochlear implant. Imaging and the accurate radiological identification of the affected inner ear structures therefore plays an integral role in the clinical evaluation of sensorineural hearing loss. In this pictorial review, we describe the main malformations of the inner ear in view of recent classifications and briefly explore the surgical implications.
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Nomura, Yasuya, Yi-Ho Young, and Makoto Hara. "Vestibular Pathophysiologic Changes in Experimental Perilymphatic Fistula." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 101, no. 7 (July 1992): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949210100713.
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An animal model of experimental perilymphatic fistula (EPLF) was developed in the guinea pig in order to study vestibular pathophysiology. In experimental animals, 4 μL of perilymph was suctioned from one cochlea via the round window membrane. Changes in vestibular function were as follows. 1) During the acute stage (5 hours postoperatively), spontaneous nystagmus directed toward the normal side was noted in 57.4% of the EPLF animals. This lasted less than 24 hours. 2) One week postoperatively, direction-fixed positional nystagmus toward the lesioned ear was present in 22.7% of the EPLF animals, especially when the lesioned ear was positioned inferiorly. 3) With the ice water caloric test, no response was present in 58.1% of the EPLF animals and an irregular response was found in 22.6% of them, 1 week postoperatively. These results tend to indicate that tests of vestibular function may differentiate between patients with Meniere's disease and those with perilymphatic fistula. Histologic findings indicate that a floating labyrinth is the cause of positional nystagmus and caloric irregularity. The absence of caloric responses was associated with collapse of the vestibular labyrinth.
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Bartoli, E., A. Satta, F. Melis, M. A. Caria, W. Masala, G. Vargiu, F. Meloni, G. P. Teatini, and G. B. Azzena. "Volume receptors in guinea pig labyrinth: relevance with respect to ADH and Na control." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): F341—F346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.3.f341.
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We tested the hypothesis that changes in extracellular fluid volume are reflected by pressure changes within structures of the inner ear and that through neural pathways, a control mechanism exerts an influence on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release and Na excretion. The study was performed on 35 guinea pigs. In protocol 1, 13 animals were studied before and after decompression of the inner ear by bilateral fluid withdrawal in an experimental setting of sustained isotonic expansion that kept the osmoreceptor partially activated and the intrathoracic volume receptors suppressed. A group of six sham-operated animals served as control. In protocol 2, nine animals were studied before and after a unilateral rise in their inner ear pressure during slightly hypertonic low-rate infusions that kept the osmoreceptor and thoracic volume receptors stimulated. A group of seven sham-operated guinea pigs served as controls. Decompression of the inner ear was attended by a rise in plasma ADH from 11.9 +/- 2.4 to 29.1 +/- 6.9 pg/ml, in urine osmolality (Uosmol) from 470 +/- 48 to 712 +/- 46 mosmol/kg (P less than 0.001), and a fall in urine flow rate (V) from 184 +/- 47 to 71 +/- 11 microliters/min (P less than 0.01), whereas plasma Na (PNa) and osmolality (Posmol) did not change. During inner ear hypertension, plasma ADH fell from 25.6 +/- 3.9 to 18.4 +/- 3.1, Uosmol from 829 +/- 58 to 627 +/- 43 (P less than 0.001), and V rose from 51 +/- 11 to 130 +/- 23 (P less than 0.001), whereas glomerular filtration rate, PNa, and Posmol did not change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ponce de León, Marcia S., Toetik Koesbardiati, John David Weissmann, Marco Milella, Carlos S. Reyna-Blanco, Gen Suwa, Osamu Kondo, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Tim D. White, and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer. "Human bony labyrinth is an indicator of population history and dispersal from Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 16 (April 2, 2018): 4128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717873115.
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The dispersal of modern humans from Africa is now well documented with genetic data that track population history, as well as gene flow between populations. Phenetic skeletal data, such as cranial and pelvic morphologies, also exhibit a dispersal-from-Africa signal, which, however, tends to be blurred by the effects of local adaptation and in vivo phenotypic plasticity, and that is often deteriorated by postmortem damage to skeletal remains. These complexities raise the question of which skeletal structures most effectively track neutral population history. The cavity system of the inner ear (the so-called bony labyrinth) is a good candidate structure for such analyses. It is already fully formed by birth, which minimizes postnatal phenotypic plasticity, and it is generally well preserved in archaeological samples. Here we use morphometric data of the bony labyrinth to show that it is a surprisingly good marker of the global dispersal of modern humans from Africa. Labyrinthine morphology tracks genetic distances and geography in accordance with an isolation-by-distance model with dispersal from Africa. Our data further indicate that the neutral-like pattern of variation is compatible with stabilizing selection on labyrinth morphology. Given the increasingly important role of the petrous bone for ancient DNA recovery from archaeological specimens, we encourage researchers to acquire 3D morphological data of the inner ear structures before any invasive sampling. Such data will constitute an important archive of phenotypic variation in present and past populations, and will permit individual-based genotype–phenotype comparisons.
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Egorov, V. I., A. V. Kozarenko, and S. V. Egorov. "Perilymphatic fistula of labyrinth in case of explosive trauma, especially their identification." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 21, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma20675.
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The variability of the clinical picture of injuries of the ear labyrinth after mine-explosive injuries, the possibility of differential diagnosis of symptomatically similar pathologies are considered, which makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of care and improve the results of treatment. Reported on the author’s experience in helping people with cochleo-vestibular disorders.
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Chabbert, Christian. "Pathophysiological mechanisms at the sources of the endolymphatic hydrops, and possible consequences." Journal of Vestibular Research 31, no. 4 (July 28, 2021): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-200792.
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The mechanisms of ion exchanges and water fluxes underlying the endolymphatic hydrops phenomenon, remain indeterminate so far. This review intends to reposition the physical environment of the endolymphatic compartment within the inner ear, as well as to recall the molecular effectors present in the membranous labyrinth and that could be at the source of the hydrops.
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Racicot, Rachel A., Robert W. Boessenecker, Simon A. F. Darroch, and Jonathan H. Geisler. "Evidence for convergent evolution of ultrasonic hearing in toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti)." Biology Letters 15, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 20190083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0083.
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Toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti) are the most diverse group of modern cetaceans, originating during the Eocene/Oligocene transition approximately 38 Ma. All extant odontocetes echolocate; a single origin for this behaviour is supported by a unique facial source for ultrasonic vocalizations and a cochlea adapted for hearing the corresponding echoes. The craniofacial and inner ear morphology of Oligocene odontocetes support a rapid (less than 5 Myr) early evolution of echolocation. Although some cranial features in the stem odontocetes Simocetus and Olympicetus suggest an ability to generate ultrasonic sound, until now, the bony labyrinths of taxa of this grade have not been investigated. Here, we use µCT to examine a petrosal of a taxon with clear similarities to Olympicetus avitus . Measurements of the bony labyrinth, when added to an extensive dataset of cetartiodactyls, resulted in this specimen sharing a morphospace with stem whales, suggesting a transitional inner ear. This discovery implies that either the lineage leading to this Olympicetus -like taxon lost the ability to hear ultrasonic sound, or adaptations for ultrasonic hearing evolved twice, once in xenorophids and again on the stem of the odontocete crown group. We favour the latter interpretation as it matches a well-documented convergence of craniofacial morphology between xenorophids and extant odontocetes.
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Park, Hyeon Tae, Sunny Park, Yong Woo Jung, and Soo An Choi. "Is Omalizumab Related to Ear and Labyrinth Disorders? A Disproportionality Analysis Based on a Global Pharmacovigilance Database." Diagnostics 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 2434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102434.
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Introduction: Asthma is a chronic disease, characterized by reversible airway obstruction, hypersensitivity reactions, and inflammation. Oral corticosteroids are an important treatment option for patients with severe or steroid-resistant asthma. Biologics for asthma are recommended in patients with severe asthma, owing to their steroid-sparing effect as well as their ability to reduce the severity and aggravation of uncontrolled asthma. Most clinical trials of omalizumab in patients with asthma have suggested its tolerability and safety. However, some studies reported eosinophilic comorbidities in the ear, nose, and throat during omalizumab treatment, particularly eosinophilic otitis media. This study examined the relationship between ear disorders and omalizumab compared with that of other biologics for asthma using a large real-world database. Materials and Methods: Individual case safety reports from the Uppsala Monitoring Centre Vigibase of biologics for asthma (omalizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, benralizumab, and dupilumab) up to December 29, 2019, were used. A disproportionality analysis was performed using the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and information components (IC). A hierarchy analysis used the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Terminology. A tree map was generated using R studio version 4.2. Results: In 32,618 omalizumab reports, 714 adverse events (AEs) were detected as signals. Among the 714 signals, seventeen AEs were detected as signals of omalizumab-related ear and labyrinth disorders in 394 reports. Only three AEs (ear pain, ear disorder, and ear discomfort) were detected from mepolizumab. No signal was detected from reslizumab, benralizumab, and dupilumab. Conclusions: Careful monitoring of ear disorders is recommended when omalizumab treatment is started, with decreased oral corticosteroid use in patients with severe asthma. Further studies are necessary to confirm the omalizumab-related signals.
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Szyfter, Krzysztof, Wojciech Gawęcki, and Witold Szyfter. "Genetic background of Meniere’s disease." Journal of Medical Science 87, no. 3 (October 3, 2018): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/jms.2018.289.
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Meniere’s disease (MD) as an inner ear disorder including such symptoms as recurrent vertigo attacks, tinnitus, fluctuating or progressive sensorineural hearing loss. Its relatively frequent familial incidence implicates a genetic background. An autosomal dominant inheritance was commonly observed with a few exceptions. It was established that Meniere’s disease is not a monogenic disorder. Instead a group of genes of genomic and mitochondrial genes was established as determinants of hearing loss. Another group of genes was associated with inner ear (vestibulum, labyrinth, endolymph) alterations followed by dizziness and tinnitus. Altogether, many studies suggest a multigenic interaction to predispose to develop Meniere’s disease.
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Maier, Wolfgang, Milo Fradis, Uwe Ross, and Bernhard Richter. "Middle Ear Pressure and Dysfunction of the Labyrinth: Is There a Relationship?" Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 6 (June 1997): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600607.
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Relationships between middle ear pressure and non-infection-related cochleovestibular dysfunction have been suggested by several authors. According to some data, vertiginous attacks can be prevented by the insertion of a ventilation tube in patients suffering from Meniere's syndrome. The aim of our study was to investigate if the incidence of eustachian tube malfunction and pathologic middle ear pressure is frequent, and if routine implantation of ventilation tubes is reasonable in ears with dysfunctions of the labyrinth, including clinical Meniere's syndrome. So, we determined in our pressure chamber all active and passive parameters of eustachian tube function in 40 patients suffering from Meniere's syndrome, sudden sensory hearing impairment (SSHI), or vestibular neuronitis. Our results disclosed no nonrandom incidence of impaired tubal function among our patients compared to healthy control subjects. Pressure equalization was sufficient in most patients suffering from clinical Meniere's syndrome, and only one patient with vestibular neuronitis presented with a patulous tube. Our results show that impairment of vestibular or cochlear function is not regularly accompanied by eustachian tube dysfunction. Furthermore, no patient reported symptoms while pressure variation was performed. We conclude that variation of middle ear pressure does not usually play a role in the genesis of Meniere's syndrome, vestibular neuronitis, or SSHI. Thus, from our data, we cannot recommend routine implantation of tympanic ventilation tubes in patients suffering from Meniere's syndrome, vestibular neuronitis, or sudden hearing loss.
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Doolette, David J., and Simon J. Mitchell. "Biophysical basis for inner ear decompression sickness." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 2145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01090.2002.
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Isolated inner ear decompression sickness (DCS) is recognized in deep diving involving breathing of helium-oxygen mixtures, particularly when breathing gas is switched to a nitrogen-rich mixture during decompression. The biophysical basis for this selective vulnerability of the inner ear to DCS has not been established. A compartmental model of inert gas kinetics in the human inner ear was constructed from anatomical and physiological parameters described in the literature and used to simulate inert gas tensions in the inner ear during deep dives and breathing-gas substitutions that have been reported to cause inner ear DCS. The model predicts considerable supersaturation, and therefore possible bubble formation, during the initial phase of a conventional decompression. Counterdiffusion of helium and nitrogen from the perilymph may produce supersaturation in the membranous labyrinth and endolymph after switching to a nitrogen-rich breathing mixture even without decompression. Conventional decompression algorithms may result in inadequate decompression for the inner ear for deep dives. Breathing-gas switches should be scheduled deep or shallow to avoid the period of maximum supersaturation resulting from decompression.
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Chin, Pablo Santiago. "THE EAR IS A LABYRINTH: JULIO ESTRADA SEARCHING FOR THE MINOTAUR." Tempo 75, no. 295 (December 17, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298220000686.
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AbstractThis article explores Julio Estrada's musical thinking in his early and recent works. Estrada's early works precede the development of his graphication method in the 1980s, and his recent works follow the completion of his opera Murmullos del Páramo in 2006. It is his music of these three decades between 1980 and 2006 that is most widely scrutinised – a music centred on the extensive conception and manifestation of sound as a continuum and aided in the creational process by coloured drawings on graph paper – but this article focuses on lesser-known pieces from the 1970s like Melódica and Solo para uno, as well as recent works such as his opera-in-progress, a major project conceived as a book to be read and imagined, rather than performed. It is hoped that close examination of these pieces will significantly broaden the understanding of Estrada's creative drive and lifelong research, revealing how these works entangle with his better-known developments of the sound continuum and graphication method and share common concerns with work from across his career.
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Ekdale, Eric G. "Comparative Anatomy of the Bony Labyrinth (Inner Ear) of Placental Mammals." PLoS ONE 8, no. 6 (June 21, 2013): e66624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066624.
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Kato, M., N. Katayama, S. Naganawa, and T. Nakashima. "Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging findings in a patient with relapsing polychondritis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 2 (February 2014): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113003587.
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AbstractObjective:We report three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging findings in a patient with relapsing polychondritis.Method:Case report.Result:A 76-year-old woman initially presented with bilateral auricular swelling together with dyspnoea. Three months later, she experienced left hearing loss and recurrent vertigo. A biopsy of the auricle was performed and relapsing polychondritis was diagnosed. The patient underwent three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging 4 hours after intravenous injection of a standard dose of gadolinium. Gadolinium enhancement was visible throughout the vestibule and the endolymphatic space could not be visualised, suggesting breakdown of the blood–labyrinth barrier.Conclusion:This is the first radiological report to demonstrate breakdown of the blood–labyrinth barrier in a case of relapsing polychondritis with inner ear impairment.
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Ashman, Robert B., John M. Papadimitriou, and Alma Fulurija. "Acute labyrinthitis associated with systemicCandida albicansinfection in ageing mice." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 110, no. 1 (January 1996): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100132621.
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AbstractThe yeastCandida albicansis an important opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with disease of the inner ear. This study describes the histopathology of acute labyrinthitis caused by systemic infection with C.albicansin ageing inbred mice. Within four days after infection, yeast and hyphal forms of C.albicanswere found in the membranous labyrinth. The utricle and the adjacent parts of the ampullary regions of the semicircular canals were most severely affected, but damage was also seen in the scala media, the Scala tympani, the saccule, and the scala vestibuli. In the utricle, the lining epithelium of the membranous labyrinth was disrupted, and the lining cells of the vestibular membrane showed foci in which the membrane was disrupted. The data suggest that age may represent a risk factor for fungal labyrinthitis.
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Smouha, Eric E., Isaac Namdar, and Elias M. Michaelides. "Partial Labyrinthectomy with Hearing Preservation: An Experimental Study in Guinea Pigs." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 6 (June 1996): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670101-8.
Full textAbstract:
Recent advances in neurotologic surgery have challenged the traditional belief that violating the labyrinth is incompatible with hearing. Our aim in this study was to define the conditions that result in hearing preservation and hearing loss after surgery on the labyrinth. A guinea pig model was developed. Click-evoked auditory brain stem responses were used to determine hearing thresholds. Animals underwent surgical destruction of part or ail of the vestibular labyrinth. Transection and plugging of the lateral semicircular canal resulted in normal hearing. Transection of multiple semicircular canals also resulted in hearing preservation. Intentional suctioning of perilymph from a transected canal led to transient hearing loss with complete recovery. Sequential destruction of the entire lateral semicircular canal resulted in preserved hearing as long as the vestibule was not opened. Wide vestibulotomy resulted in hearing loss. Preliminary histologic studies showed that cochlear hair cells were preserved in most cases. The results of our experiments demonstrate the feasibility of preservation of hearing after partial labyrinthectomy and provide physiologic criteria for developing new operations on the inner ear in human subjects.