Journal articles: 'Labour supply and retirement decisions'

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Ruzik-Sierdzińska, Anna. "An Attempt to Identify Factors Influencing Retirement Decisions in Poland." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 4, no. 336 (September 4, 2018): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.336.03.

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Discussions on how to prevent negative economic consequences of ageing of societies have resulted in the reforms that should prolong labour market participation and postpone retirement of longer living generations. Pension systems are among those reformed most frequently. Also in Poland – since the beginning of economic transformation in the early 1990s – retirement rules have changed many times. Pre‑retirement benefits and allowances have been introduced to help those who became unemployed at an older age. Since 2009 early retirement is not possible any more (with some exceptions), the standard retirement age continued to increase since 2013 and then it decreased again in 2017. The aim of the paper is to analyse the driving forces of retirement in Poland. Such knowledge is important to develop proper policies and expectations about labour supply decisions. We have analysed what factors influenced retirement decisions in the last decade, with a special focus on pension system regulations. The main data sources used in this paper are Labour Force Survey (BAEL) data for the years 2005–2016 and the Social Insurance Institution statistics. Probabilities of retirement from the labour force were presented and discussed. Then, individual BAEL data for persons aged 50–74 in the years 2013–2016 were used to estimate logistic regression models of odds of labour market inactivity. The results show that education or health status are significant factors influencing retirement decisions in Poland. Additionally, older workers react to economic incentives for retirement created by the pension system, mainly the retirement age.

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COLOMBINO, UGO, ERIK HERNÆS, MARILENA LOCATELLI, and STEINAR STRØM. "Pension reforms, liquidity constraints and labour supply responses." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10, no. 1 (March 18, 2010): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747209990357.

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AbstractLabour supply responses among older people are estimated on 1996 cross-section register data covering all Norwegians aged 55–68, with an inter-temporal structural model of retirement decisions. Simulations illustrate the impact of introducing flexible pension take-up with actuarial adjustment. With the option of perfect consumption smoothing via the credit market, the reform which comes into effect in Norway from 2011 will reduce the share of retired persons in the age bracket 60–67 (in the base year 15–16%) by around 3 percentage points. With no consumption smoothing, the reduction will be 0.75 percentage points.

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Manoli, Day, and Andrea Weber. "Nonparametric Evidence on the Effects of Financial Incentives on Retirement Decisions." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140209.

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This paper presents new evidence on the effects of retirement benefits on labor force participation decisions. The analysis is based on a mandated rule for employer-provided retirement benefits in Austria that creates discontinuities in the incentives for workers to delay retirement. The paper presents graphical evidence on labor supply responses and develops a conceptual framework that accounts for the dynamic incentive structure and for adjustment frictions. Using bunching methods, a semi-elasticity of participation is estimated, which ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 and is highest for incentives targeted at a delay in retirement by 6 to 9 months. (JEL D14, D91, H55, J22, J26, J65)

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Fitzpatrick, Maria D. "Pension reform and return-to-work policies." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 18, no. 04 (December 26, 2018): 500–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747218000367.

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AbstractFor many people, working after beginning retirement benefit collection is a way to enhance financial security by increasing income. Existing research has shown that retirees are sensitive to the Social Security earnings test, which restricts the amount of earnings some beneficiaries can receive. However, little is known about the effects of other types of policies on post-retirement employment. Instead of restricting earnings, many public pension plans restrict the number of hours beneficiaries can work. I use return-to-work rules limiting the number of hours of employment in a state's public pension plan and administrative data on employment and retirement to determine the rules’ effects on retirement decisions and post-retirement labor supply. I find that the increases in the maximum number of hours of post-retirement employment lead to no change in retirement benefit collection and to increases in part-time work among retirees. As such, these policies appear to be binding on the labor supply decisions of some employees. These results are relevant for designing policies aimed at extending work-lives or improving the health of pension systems.

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Basiglio, Stefania, and Noemi Oggero. "The Effects of Pension Information on Individuals’ Economic Outcomes: A Survey." Economies 8, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030067.

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This paper provides an overview of a wide array of research investigating the effects of pension information on different individuals’ economic outcomes. While many studies show that information provision increases knowledge, the evidence is mixed regarding its effects on behavior. Nevertheless, we draw some conclusions about the impact of pension information on three major economic outcomes, namely, retirement planning, choices pertaining individuals’ labor supply, and savings decisions. We also highlight that the lack of knowledge prevalently hits the most vulnerable individuals in the society, such as women. As a consequence, not providing sufficient information could contribute to widening the gender gap in pensions.

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JAAG, CHRISTIAN. "Education, demographics, and the economy." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (November 16, 2007): 189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747207002983.

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AbstractThis paper deals with two issues concerning the effects of population aging on education decisions in the presence of a PAYG pension system: We first analyze the effects of an aging population per se on individual skill choices and continuous education and the production structure. Second, we study the implications of postponed retirement, which is often proposed as a measure to cope with the economic challenges of increased longevity. Our study uses a dynamic general equilibrium framework with overlapping generations and probabilistic aging. The model allows for capital–skill complementarity in the production of final output.As a response to population aging, in a small open economy with a fixed interest rate, our first simulation shows that GDP is depressed due to an adverse effect on skill choice and labor supply. We then introduce postponed retirement as a potentially dampening policy measure due to its encouragement of human capital formation. However, since there is less private saving in this scenario, the overall effect on GDP is even worse than in the pure aging scenario.

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Hermansen, Åsmund. "Additional Leave as the Determinant of Retirement Timing—Retaining Older Workers in Norway." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 4, no. 4 (January 1, 2015): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v4i4.4709.

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Faced with a rapidly aging labor force, increasing the labor supply of older workers has become an important goal for European countries. Offering additional leave to older workers with the option of withdrawing a contractual pension (contractual early retirement pension AFP) has become a widespread retention measure in Norwegian companies. Thus far, no studies documenting the effects of individual retention measures on early retirement behavior have been published. The aim of this article is to examine whether offering additional leave impacts the relative risk of withdrawal of a contractual pension. The analysis uses a difference-in-differences approach and examines whether offering additional leave to counteract early retirement impacts the retirement decisions of 61- and 62-year-olds within the next two years of their employment, controlling for a range of different individual and company characteristics. This is achieved by comparing changes and differences in the individual relative risk of retiring early on the contractual pension (AFP scheme) in the period 2001–2010 among older workers in companies with and without the retention measure. The analysis shows an overall average increase in the relative risk of a 61- or 62-year-old worker retiring on the contractual pension between 2001 and 2010; however, among older workers employed in companies offering additional leave there has been a decrease in the relative risk. The effect of additional leave is evident both before and after controlling for the selected individual and company characteristics. Thus, the analysis shows that offering additional leave as a retention measure reduces the individual relative risk of withdrawing a contractual pension (AFP) in the next two years of employment among older workers between the age of 61 and 62 years.

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Chetty, Raj. "Behavioral Economics and Public Policy: A Pragmatic Perspective." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151108.

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The debate about behavioral economics–the incorporation of insights from psychology into economics–is often framed as a question about the foundational assumptions of economic models. This paper presents a more pragmatic perspective on behavioral economics that focuses on its value for improving empirical predictions and policy decisions. I discuss three ways in which behavioral economics can contribute to public policy: by offering new policy tools, improving predictions about the effects of existing policies, and generating new welfare implications. I illustrate these contributions using applications to retirement savings, labor supply, and neighborhood choice. Behavioral models provide new tools to change behaviors such as savings rates and new counterfactuals to estimate the effects of policies such as income taxation. Behavioral models also provide new prescriptions for optimal policy that can be characterized in a non-paternalistic manner using methods analogous to those in neoclassical models. Model uncertainty does not justify using the neoclassical model; instead, it can provide a new rationale for using behavioral nudges. I conclude that incorporating behavioral features to the extent they help answer core economic questions may be more productive than viewing behavioral economics as a separate subfield that challenges the assumptions of neoclassical models.

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Radziukiewicz, Małgorzata. "Diagnosing the Reasons for Economic Inactivity in the Polish Population." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0002.

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SummarySubject and purpose of work: This paper deals with the issues of occupational activation of economically inactive persons. Its objective is to provide the reader with an outline of labour market problems and the situation of the economically inactive population*. Persons who qualify neither as employed or as unemployed potentially constitute an untapped labour potential. The focus in this paper is on economically inactive persons and the reasons they do not seek employment, in order to better understand, first, the causes behind such a low occupational activity and, second, the possible remedial measures. In view of the urgent need for reintegrating persons outside the labour force with the labour market, it appears of utmost importance to identify the reasons for their situation. The fact that nearly 5.02 million working-age Poles remain economically inactive (accounting for nearly 22.0% of the whole working-age population) indicates how huge their potential may be. Special attention will be paid to groups of potential workers who have barely marked their presence on the labour market. One such group is formed by over 2.35 million individuals who are outside the labour market for reasons unrelated to health or retirement age.Materials and methods: The analysis is based on the annual and quarterly Labour Force Survey (LFS) data provided by Statistics Poland, and data originating from the Local Data Bank. To facilitate a wider discussion, the statistical data presented in the article cover a multi-annual perspective. This information is supplemented with research results obtained by other authors. Use is made of different methods of data analysis, including a descriptive analysis – to determine the underlying figures regarding the number of economically inactive persons; a dynamics analysis – to identify changes that occurred in 2006-2019 in the figures determined in the descriptive analysis; and a comparative analysis – to assess trends regarding economically inactive persons by comparing selected data with those that have been recently recorded in other EU countries.Results: The scale of economic inactivity in 2016-2019 is assessed on the basis of statistical data presented in tables and figures regarding economically inactive persons by the most common reason for inactivity. The analytical part of this paper features thematic blocks/detailed analyses of the demographic situation, the level and breakdown of economically inactive persons, and changes in their numbers that have taken place in recent years.Conclusions: The constantly declining working-age population, coupled with the low level of occupational activity in some age groups, should encourage decision-makers to design adequate labour market policies/programmes to support the occupational activity of Poles. Labour supply improvements should be sought mainly through the occupational activation of economically inactive persons and through extending the period of occupational activity.

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Kanabar, Ricky. "Post-retirement labour supply in England." Journal of the Economics of Ageing 6 (December 2015): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2015.05.002.

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Klepikova, E. "Labor supply elasticity in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2016): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-9-111-128.

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The paper estimates wage elasticity of labor supply in Russia - both intensive and extensive margins. Empirical research is based on the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics data for the period from 2004 to 2014. The study uses an adaptation of the Heckman selection model, estimation proceeds in four stages. It is shown that elasticity of the decision regarding hours worked is insignificant for all demographic groups with the exception of married women, for whom it is significantly negative. The elasticity regarding the decision to participate is positive, but quite low for people aged 25-54, and is much higher for those in the early retirement age. The possible application of the obtained estimates is demonstrated by measuring potential effect of personal income tax and pension system reforms on the labor supply.

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Vestad, Ola Lotherington. "Labour supply effects of early retirement provision." Labour Economics 25 (December 2013): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2013.04.001.

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Osberg, Lars. "Is it retirement or unemployment? Induced ‘retirement’ and constrained labour supply among older workers." Applied Economics 25, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849300000059.

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Lee, Inhee, and Almas Heshmati. "Estimating older people's labour supply decisions in Korea." Society and Economy 42, no. 1 (March 2020): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00003.

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AbstractIn 2017, Korea became an ‘aged society,’ with the proportion of people aged 65 or older exceeding 14%, while the ratio of the working-age population declined for the first time. This study uses data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLOSA) to examine the effects of public pension on the labour supply of older people and discusses ways of preparing for this ageing problem. The study uses the Heckman sample selection model for analysing both the extensive and intensive margins of older people's labour supply. Our results show that the effects of public pensions in Korea are very different from that in other countries. It can be inferred that these differences are a consequence of the less developed social security system and limited experience from its short period of implementation. Hence, encouraging older people to work could be a way of solving the problem of relatively high poverty among the older population in a society that is likely to age even more. This is considered an optimal solution in light of increasing life expectancy, a poor social security system, and a decrease in private income transfers from children to their ageing parents.

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SOLEM, PER ERIK, ASTRI SYSE, TRUDE FURUNES, REIDAR J. MYKLETUN, ANNET DE LANGE, WILMAR SCHAUFELI, and JUHANI ILMARINEN. "To leave or not to leave: retirement intentions and retirement behaviour." Ageing and Society 36, no. 2 (October 22, 2014): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14001135.

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ABSTRACTResearch on the correspondence between retirement intentions and subsequent behaviour is scarce. We aimed to explore possible associations between retirement intentions and behaviour, using five-year high-quality quantitative panel data on Norwegian senior workers. Retirement intentions operate at different levels of firmness: (a) considerations; (b) preferences; and (c) decisions. Compared to work continuation considerations, a targeted age for retirement improved predictive power whether the target was preferred or decided, and particularly so if the target (i.e. the preferred or decided age of retirement), corresponded with a normative retirement age. Because more workers are able to state a preferred age of retiring than a decision about when to retire, preferences may be better proxies for retirement behaviour than decisions, when the issue is planning for policies. The correspondence between intentions and behaviour varies primarily by health, education and type of work. Older workers with poor health, and workers with low education, often retire earlier than they prefer. Blue-collar workers often retire earlier than they had decided. These findings illustrate the possible effect of labour market resources, not only for senior workers' labour market participation, but also for their opportunities to work up to the age they prefer or had decided. Even for white-collar workers and those in good health, constraints seem to apply when they wish to retire late.

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Baker, Michael, and Dwayne Benjamin. "How do retirement tests affect the labour supply of older men?" Journal of Public Economics 71, no. 1 (January 1999): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(98)00056-5.

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HernaeS, Erik, and Zhiyang Jia. "Earnings Distribution and Labour Supply after a Retirement Earnings Test Reform*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 75, no. 3 (February 20, 2012): 410–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2012.00695.x.

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Lutte, Rebecca. "AN INVESTIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES AIRLINE PILOT LABOUR SUPPLY." Journal of Air Transport Studies 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v5i2.68.

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Over the next 20 years, the United States airline industry is expected to hire in excess of 95,000 pilots. This hiring will be the result of new aircraft growth, pilot retirements, and pilot attrition from the industry for reasons other than retirement. In addition, government regulations may also cause an increase in the number of new pilots required. Given this increased demand, will there be enough new pilots to ensure a long-term and continuous supply? The purpose of this research is to examine the supply and demand for US airline pilots. Several new considerations are having an impact on future supply and demand of airline pilots including cost of training, growth, retirement, regulatory changes, and slowing supply of military pilots. The methodology provides an empirical analysis of the pilot labor supply in the US. A multivariate regression model was developed to forecast demand. To explore supply, a variety of data sources have been included and a survey was implemented. The results of the study indicate that the US airline industry will experience a shortage of approximately 35,000 pilots for the 2013 to 2031 time period. The impact of the shortage on regional and major airlines is examined. Possible solutions are discussed.

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O'Donnell, Owen. "Labour supply and saving decisions with uncertainty over sickness." Journal of Health Economics 14, no. 4 (October 1995): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(95)00015-a.

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Lisi, Gaetano. "Job satisfaction, job match quality and labour supply decisions." International Review of Economics 65, no. 4 (August 3, 2018): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12232-018-0311-1.

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Hanappi, Tibor, and Wolfgang Nagl. "Retirement Behaviour in Austria: Effects of Incentives on Old‐Age Labour Supply." Fiscal Studies 40, no. 3 (July 24, 2019): 301–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12193.

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KARPINSKA, KASIA, KÈNE HENKENS, and JOOP SCHIPPERS. "The recruitment of early retirees: a vignette study of the factors that affect managers' decisions." Ageing and Society 31, no. 4 (December 3, 2010): 570–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10001078.

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ABSTRACTRetirement is characterised as a dynamic process that has several different outcomes, from early retirement to re-entry to the labour force. Recent studies of the Dutch population show that a substantial number of early retirees re-enter the workforce after early retirement, but others do not succeed even though they want to return to paid work. An often-named reason for their failures is bias in the selection process. This raises the questions as to what restrictions do early retirees face in the labour market and what are the characteristics that enhance or limit their hiring chances? The aim of this study was to identify the individual and organisational characteristics that influence managers' hiring decisions, and for the purpose a vignette study among Dutch managers and business students was conducted. Profiles of hypothetical early retirees were presented to the respondents who were then asked to make decisions whether of not to employ the individual. The results show that hiring early retirees is of low priority to both managers and students, and depends to a large extent on organisational factors (such as personnel shortages) and the age of the retiree. The findings suggest that despite equal opportunities policies, age discrimination is still present on the Dutch labour market and that managers generally hinder the re-employment of workers approaching the retirement age.

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Heß, Moritz, Jürgen Bauknecht, Gerhard Naegele, and Philipp Stiemke. "German pension and labour market reforms and the potential rise of social inequality amongst older workers and pensioners." Ciências e Políticas Públicas / Public Sciences & Policies 6, no. 2 (December 2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-0644.cpp2020.vvin2/pp.99-117.

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Policymakers in all European countries have implemented reforms aimed at delaying retirement and extending working lives mainly to mitigate financial pressure on public pay-asyou-go pension systems and to increase the supply of skilled labour. This could be a reason for an increase of older workers’ labour force participation. This increase was particularly strong in Germany. In the paper at hand, we will answer two research questions: i) how can this steep increase in German older workers’ employment rate be explained? Furthermore, and related to this: ii) have policies for longer working lives fostered inequality? We base our analysis on an extensive literature review and descriptive data analysis. We conclude that the rise of the employment rate of older workers in Germany has several causes. First, the German labour market has performed very well, so that the policy debate has shifted from unemployment to a lack of (skilled) labour. Second, there is a strong increase of female labour market participation. Third, due to cohort effects, today’s older workers are healthier and better skilled than their predecessors. Finally, the pension and labour market reforms aimed at delaying retirement had an effect. However, we also find that lowskilled and low-income workers increasingly have to delay their retirement due to financial reasons. It seems that social inequalities in the retirement transition are increasing in Germany.

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Hamdani, Syed Nisar Hussain, Eatzaz Ahmad, and Mahmood Khalid. "Study of Philanthropic Behaviour in Divine Economics Framework." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4II (December 1, 2004): 875–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.875-894.

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Unfortunately, religious behaviour has been viewed by economists in terms of “Islamic economics,” “Christian economics”, etc. [Iannaccone (1986)]. Hence there has been a dichotomy prevailing between religious economic frameworks and the conventional rational choice theory.1 Whereas the conventional economists tried a variety of models to estimate the relationship between wages and time allocated to market labour supply but found that results mostly do not speak of the real world situation [Deaton (1980)]. The underlying reason was supposed to be faith and values which have strong effect on labour supply decisions [Pencavel (1986)]. The philanthropic behaviour relates to labour supply decisions directly through time allocated to voluntary services or indirectly through time allocated for earning and then donations out of these. It is observed that the variables of economic importance especially those relating to household resource allocation or labour supply decisions seem to be present in religious affiliation of individuals, their values and their perceptions about life before and after death as believed by the followers of divine religions which account for about two thirds of the world population.

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Eismann, Maria, Kène Henkens, and Matthijs Kalmijn. "Origins and Mechanisms of Social Influences in Couples: The Case of Retirement Decisions." European Sociological Review 35, no. 6 (July 31, 2019): 790–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz037.

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Abstract The interdependence between partners raises considerable interest in the sociology of life course, work, and families. Partner influences play a particularly important role in the work domain, because each partner’s work decisions have profound effects on the couple as a whole. In contrast to previous research, this article pays detailed attention to the role a partner plays in workers’ labour market decisions by analysing the case of early retirement decisions. We hypothesized that partners’ preferences for older workers’ retirement originate from altruism and self-interest. Moreover, we expected that partners influence older workers’ early retirement behaviour via persuasion and pressure. To adequately estimate partners’ and workers’ preferences for the worker’s retirement, we used an instrumental variable approach. This was possible because we collected multi-actor longitudinal data from a large representative sample of older workers and their partners in the Netherlands. The results support that spousal preferences originate in altruism and self-interest and that partners influence workers through persuasion and pressure. Gender differences in origins and mechanisms of partner influence are also discussed.

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French, Eric. "The Effects of Health, Wealth, and Wages on Labour Supply and Retirement Behaviour." Review of Economic Studies 72, no. 2 (April 2005): 395–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937x.2005.00337.x.

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HIGGS, PAUL, GILL MEIN, JANE FERRIE, MARTIN HYDE, and JAMES NAZROO. "Pathways to early retirement: structure and agency in decision-making among British civil servants." Ageing and Society 23, no. 6 (October 29, 2003): 761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001326.

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The context of this paper is the changing nature of later life in the United Kingdom. It examines some of the broader issues of early retirement. While there has been considerable debate about the restructuring of employment during the latter part of the 20th century which led to a shake-out of older workers from the labour force, less attention has been given to those who take voluntary early retirement. Given the importance of early retirement to the economy and to social policy, it is important to find out how individuals make retirement decisions. The paper examines the results of a semi-structured interview study of the decisions made by a purposively drawn sample of British civil servants who are participants in the Whitehall II study. The sample included participants who chose early retirement and those who did not. From the interview data, ideal types of possible routes into retirement have been constructed. Illustrating these ideal types, individual life histories are drawn upon to show how responses to the issues surrounding retirement feature in people's lives. It is argued that decisions about early retirement are not made in a vacuum, neither are they free from pressures or inducements. Some are to do with organisational restructuring, some are about financial offers, and some are influenced by the opportunities for leisure and self-fulfilment that early retirement offers. The paper concludes by arguing that early retirement needs to be studied as a process involving the interplay between structure and agency.

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Kozel, Valerie, and Harold Alderman. "Factors Determining Work Participation and Labour Supply Decisions in Pakistan's Urban Areas." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i1pp.1-18.

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Labour force participation in PClkistan, even amongst prime-aged males, is lower than observed in many similar countries. The analysis of labour force participation in urban PClkistan in this paper indicates that systematic factors explain a fair amount of this participation. The extended family structure as well as the availability of remittances allow younger, educated males to extend their job search. Using tobit and probit estimation techniques, the study found that labour supply is explained primarily by participation as opposed to hours worked con~tional upon participation. The study also found that the rise in wages attributed to education is fairly high and similar to what was found in Pakistan in the late 1970s.

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Klaauw, Wilbert Van Der. "Female Labour Supply and Marital Status Decisions: A Life-Cycle Model." Review of Economic Studies 63, no. 2 (April 1996): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297850.

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Du Bois, Cind, and Bruno Heyndels. "Labour Supply Decisions of Professional Tennis Players: Determinants of Tournament Entry." European Sport Management Quarterly 9, no. 3 (July 6, 2009): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740903024102.

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BARNES, HELEN, and JANE PARRY. "Renegotiating identity and relationships: men and women's adjustments to retirement." Ageing and Society 24, no. 2 (March 2004): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0300148x.

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Retirement is frequently a period of change, when the roles and relationships associated with individuals' previous labour market positions are transformed. It is also a time when personal relationships, including the marital relationship and relationships with friends and family, come under increased scrutiny and may be realigned. Many studies of adjustment to retirement focus primarily on individual motivation; by contrast, this paper seeks to examine the structure of resources within which such decisions are framed. The paper examines the contribution that gender roles and identities make to the overall configuration of resources available to particular individuals. It draws upon qualitative research conducted with older people in four contrasting parts of the United Kingdom, and examines the combination of labour market and non-labour-market activities in which they are involved prior to state retirement age and as they withdraw from paid work. It explores how older people invoke various gendered identities to negotiate change and continuity during this time. The paper argues that gender roles and identities are central to this process and that the reflexive deployment of gender may rank alongside financial resources and social capital in its importance to the achievement of satisfying retirement transitions. Amongst those interviewed, traditional gendered roles predominated, and these sat less comfortably with retirement for men than for women.

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HOFÄCKER, DIRK, HEIKE SCHRÖDER, YUXIN LI, and MATTHEW FLYNN. "Trends and Determinants of Work-Retirement Transitions under Changing Institutional Conditions: Germany, England and Japan compared." Journal of Social Policy 45, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941500046x.

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AbstractMany governments world-wide are promoting longer working life due to the social and economic repercussions of demographic change. However, not all workers are equally able to extend their employment careers. Thus, while national policies raise the overall level of labour market participation, they might create new social and labour market inequalities. This paper explores how institutional differences in the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan affect individual retirement decisions on the aggregate level, and variations in individuals’ degree of choice within and across countries. We investigate which groups of workers are disproportionately at risk of being ‘pushed’ out of employment, and how such inequalities have changed over time. We use comparable national longitudinal survey datasets focusing on the older population in England, Germany and Japan. Results point to cross-national differences in retirement transitions. Retirement transitions in Germany have occurred at an earlier age than in England and Japan. In Japan, the incidence of involuntary retirement is the lowest, reflecting an institutional context prescribing that employers provide employment until pension age, while Germany and England display substantial proportions of involuntary exits triggered by organisational-level redundancies, persistent early retirement plans or individual ill-health.

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Krasinets, Evgeny S. "Foreign labour in the russian labour market: Problems and decisions." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.9.

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In the current conditions of economic and socio-demographic development of the Russian Federation, the role of migration processes in making up for the loss of labour potential and ensuring a sustainable and balanced growth of the economy is increasing. Of great relevance are becoming studies of the problems of labour market balance in their interaction with migration processes and development of practical measures in the field of improving the regulation of labour immigration. The article analyzes statistical material characterizing the trends in attracting and using foreign labor in the modern Russian economy. The peculiarities of the functioning of the national labour market are identified and revealed. Quantitative and structural imbalances in the labour market between labour demand and supply are analyzed. It is shown that the labour market is central among the socio-economic determinants of labour immigration. There is made an assessment of the state and dynamics of the processes of attracting and using foreign labour in connection with the analysis of trends in the situation at the labour market. The impact of labor immigration and its structure on the functioning of the labour market and employment is revealed. The ambiguous consequences of the use of foreign labour for development of the national economy were considered. The positive and negative effects of labour immigration were highlighted. A special attention was paid to development of the issues of improving the state migration policy in the field of labour immigration. The most problematic components of attracting and using foreign workers are shown. There is proposed the development of tasks related to overcoming the existing miscalculations in the labour immigration management practice. There are identified specific measures for solution of the existing problems of receiving foreign labour in order to ensure both short-term and long-term economic and geopolitical interests of the country's development. There are developed proposals and recommendations on the regulation of flows of foreign migrant workers.

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Shu, Lei. "The effect of the New Rural Social Pension Insurance program on the retirement and labor supply decision in China." Journal of the Economics of Ageing 12 (November 2018): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.03.007.

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Christl, Michael, and Silvia De Poli. "Trapped in inactivity? Social assistance and labour supply in Austria." Empirica 48, no. 3 (May 25, 2021): 661–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-021-09507-8.

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AbstractFinancial incentives affect the labour supply decisions of households. However, the impact usually varies significantly across household types. Whilst there is a substantial amount of literature on the labour supply effects of tax reforms and in-work benefits, the impact of changes in social assistance benefits has received less attention. This paper analyses labour supply responses to changes in social assistance. We show that labour supply elasticities vary substantially across gender and household type. Women exhibit higher labour supply elasticities, both on the intensive and the extensive margins. Additionally, labour supply elasticities are typically higher for singles and for households with children. Using these results, we analyse the impact of the Austrian reform proposal “Neue Sozialhilfe” (New Social Assistance), which was introduced in 2019 and substantially cut social assistance benefits for migrants and families with children. The overall effects of the reform are especially strong for men and migrants. Migrants and couples with children, that is, the groups hardest hit by the reform’s social assistance reductions, show the strongest labour supply reactions to the New Social Assistance. Furthermore, we show that overall, the reform is expected to have a positive, but small, effect on the intensive margin of labour supply.

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Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz, and Leszek Kucharski. "Podaż pracy w Polsce – dotychczasowe tendencje i projekcje na przyszłość." Studia Demograficzne, no. 1 (173) (July 9, 2018): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/sd.2018.1.3.

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The scope of the paper refers to long- and medium-run trends of labour supply in Poland. The main purpose is to determine current trends in the labour supply and its projections till the year 2050. In the theoretical part of the paper determinants of labour supply are considered. The projections are based on the population forecasts till 2050 made by the Central Statistical Office of Poland (CSO) and by the authors’ own simulations. Several variants of upper limit of working age and activity rates are taken into account. The population forecasts by the CSO indicate it will occur big decrease of working age population till 2050. The biggest decrease will refer to the group of working age 18–59/64 years and the lowest decrease in the age group 18–66 years. The analysis shows that the declines in labour supply in the years 2020–2050 will occur in all variants of working age population, the biggest decline in the variant assuming the age group 18–59/64 and the smallest decline – in the group 15–74 years. Retirement age is of big importance for the size of labour supply. This is why it is recommended to encourage older people to prolong their economic activity. It is also necessary to increase activity rates in the working age population.

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Kang, Gi Choon, Sonya Kostova Huffman *, and Helen H. Jensen*. "An empirical analysis of joint decisions on labour supply and welfare participation." Applied Economics Letters 11, no. 14 (November 15, 2004): 869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350485042000269885.

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Cameron, Samuel. "Towards a Synthesis of Economic and Sociological Theories of Family Labour Supply." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x8500100105.

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Economists have generally ignored the family in micro-economic theory by treating households as one person. Becker’s allocation of time theory has spawned a number of labour supply studies which claim to take account of the family. It is argued in this paper that the labour supply function is indeterminate except under highly unpalatable assumptions. Indeterminacy results in family bargaining which needs to be considered by economists. It is argued that family bargaining is a subject requiring sociological treatment. Economic and sociological approaches to labour supply decisions are surveyed and a synthetic framework, of the two, for empirical work, put forward.

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Jones, Paul S., and Muhammad Ali Nasir. "Are we working less? An examination of changing UK labour supply decisions since the 1990s." Journal of Economic Studies 48, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2019-0333.

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PurposeThis purpose of the study is to examine the labour supply decisions with respect to earnings and considers whether we are willing or indeed able to work less. The authors specifically focus on the three points of time, i.e. beginning of the sample, pre and post Global Financial Crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe study regression analysis by utilises microdata from the UK Labour Force Survey (LFS) regarding individual hours worked in three separate survey periods: 1994q2, 2007q2 and 2015q2FindingsThe results suggest that we are far from income-satiated. The elasticity of hours worked with respect to earnings is stubbornly inelastic and for some demographic cohorts positive, implying the desire to work more. The authors find that job flexibility matters in facilitating reduced hours of work, but that jobs are not becoming more flexible. The authors also do see a secular reduction in hours worked, accompanied by a shift to working later in life, but these appear to be down to factors other than higher wages.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has important research implications in terms of understanding the dynamics of the labour market on the whole and in the pre and post global financial crisis periods.Practical implicationsThe research has profound policy implication in terms of labour and employment policy.Social implicationsThere are important social implications, particularly in terms of household labour supply decisions and substitution between work and leisure.Originality/valueThe study has significant element of originality in terms of understanding the changing dynamics of labour market. This is the first study which has investigated the labour market in the light of empirical evidence and in the various time periods.

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YANG, YUNJEONG. "Is adjustment to retirement an individual responsibility? Socio-contextual conditions and options available to retired persons: the Korean perspective." Ageing and Society 32, no. 2 (March 17, 2011): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000183.

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ABSTRACTAlthough the socio-economic and structural contexts of retirement have been the subject of previous research, few studies state explicitly how societal ageism and structural constraints obstruct retired persons' choices or options available in post-retirement life. This study attempts to contribute to the literature of ageing, retirement, and wellbeing in later life in general, by providing real examples of ageism around the time of retirement as structural constraints of old persons. It also illustrates how they consequently reduce the choices of retired persons, and in turn affect their later life. The study draws on data from interviews with 34 retirees aged in their late fifties and sixties in Korea. Within the socio-economic context of ageism around the time of retirement, four options/strategies appear to be available; namely reconciling, complaining and not knowing what to do, finding roles in other activities, and disengaging. Older persons' decisions to continue to work after retirement are often reconciling ones, that is, taken within a context of limited choice and control. Permanent leavers' decisions not to work are also influenced by the limited quality of work available in the labour market. The study concludes by arguing that policies for older persons should take into consideration their diverse expectations and aspirations for their later life, but, at the same time, should remain aware of their constraints within socio-economic contexts.

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Guner, Nezih, Remzi Kaygusuz, and Gustavo Ventura. "Child-Related Transfers, Household Labour Supply, and Welfare." Review of Economic Studies 87, no. 5 (March 18, 2020): 2290–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaa011.

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Abstract What are the macroeconomic effects of transfers to households with children? How do alternative policies fare in welfare terms? We answer these questions in an equilibrium life-cycle model with household labour supply decisions, skill losses of females associated to non-participation, and heterogeneity in terms of fertility, childcare expenditures, and access to informal care. Calibrating our model to the U.S. economy, we first provide a roadmap for policy evaluation by contrasting transfers that are conditional on market work (childcare subsidies and childcare credits) with those that are not (child credits), when both types can be means tested or universal. We then evaluate expansions of current arrangements for the U.S. and find that expansions of conditional transfers have substantial positive effects on female labour supply, that are largest at the bottom of the skill distribution. Expanding childcare credits leads to long-run increases in the participation of married females of 10.6%, while an equivalent expansion of child credits leads to the opposite ($-$2.4%). Expanding existing programs generates substantial welfare gains for newborn households, which are largest for less-skilled households. Expanding childcare credits leads to the largest welfare gains for newborns and achieves majority support.

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Sefton, James, and Justin van de Ven. "Simulating Household Savings and Labour Supply: an Application of Dynamic Programming." National Institute Economic Review 188 (April 2004): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00279501041881005.

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This paper describes a fully behavioural microsimulation model that has recently been developed at the National Institute for considering responses to changes in pension policy of household savings and labour supply. The model generates household decisions regarding labour/leisure, and consumption/savings by solving a dynamic programming problem over the simulated lifetime. This analytical framework incorporates a degree of complexity that is usually omitted from econometric analyses that are common in the literature.

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Tokarz-Kocik, Anna. "Selected Issues of Employers’ Decisions in the Tourism Industry." Folia Turistica 47 (June 30, 2018): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6213.

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Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse the significance of selected trends in the labour market on the decision of employers in the tourism industry. Special attention is paid to the identification of challenges facing employers in connection with the aging population and entering the Y and Z generation on the labour market. Method. The study is the result of desk research and an analysis of primary research results and secondary data provided by institutions dealing with the labour market. Findings. The analysis of the available data carried out in the article shows that changes on the labour market in the tourism industry are basically defined by two groups of processes: (1) population aging and a decrease in available labour resources, (2) entering the labour market of the Y and Z generation, that may affect the relationships between employers and employees and influence the organizational culture of enterprises. Research and conclusions limitations. The research area is limited to Poland. Practical implications. The research results provide vital information about demographic trends and their impact on labour supply in Poland, thus they constitute the basis for formulating recommended actions for tourism enterprises in the direction of optimizing the human factor management process, especially in the area of recruitment and motivation. Originality. The article deals with current trends that determine the behaviour of employers within the tourist market. Special attention is paid to recruitment decisions and methods of motivating employees. Type of paper: Review article.

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Elsayed, Ahmed, Andries de Grip, Didier Fouarge, and Raymond Montizaan. "Gradual retirement, financial incentives, and labour supply of older workers: Evidence from a stated preference analysis." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 150 (June 2018): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.012.

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Hofäcker, Dirk, and Marge Unt. "Exploring the ‘new worlds’ of (late?) retirement in Europe." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 29, no. 2 (June 2013): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2013.836979.

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After a long period of promoting early retirement, European societies have recently started to implement various reforms aimed at fostering a longer working life. Yet cross-national variations in older workers' employment remain, as institutional path dependency, socio-economic climate and persistent retirement culture have not allowed all countries to implement reforms to the same degree. In our paper, we provide an up-to-date international overview of country-specific contexts that support or hinder the employment of older workers in European countries. To this end, we use information on labour market, pension, and welfare policies that affect older workers' employment opportunities and retirement decisions. Adding to previous research, we contrast these “structural” indicators with selected “cultural” evidence from the European Survey data (Eurobarometer, European Social Survey) reflecting recent trends in retirement-related attitudes, perceptions and preferences. The available data allow for an unusually broad geographical scope, encompassing both Western European and Eastern European societies. Using these data, we perform a hierarchical cluster analysis to identify the specific types of “retirement regimes”. Finally, we relate these “new worlds of retirement” to the differentiation of “early” versus “late” exit regimes suggested by earlier literature to identify the forerunners and laggards in the gradual transition towards later retirement in Europe.

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Brožová, Dagmar. "Theory of Individual Labour Supply Decisions. Selected Applications and Extensions of the Basic Model." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 16, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.132.

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Brožová, Dagmar. "Individual Labour Supply Decisions with Respect To Household Production and Over the Life Cycle." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.292.

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Schmitt, Carina, and Peter Starke. "The political economy of early exit: The politics of cost-shifting." European Journal of Industrial Relations 22, no. 4 (July 24, 2016): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680115621137.

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Large-scale exit from the labour market began in the 1970s in many OECD countries. The literature indicates that individual early retirement decisions are facilitated by generous and accessible ‘pathways’ into retirement in the public pension system, unemployment insurance or disability benefits. It is unclear, however, why early exit became so much more prevalent in some countries than in others and why such differences remain, despite a recent shift back towards higher employment rates and ‘active ageing’. We test a logic of sectoral cost-shifting politics involving cross-class alliances in the tradable sector, against a more traditional class-based logic of welfare state policy-making. Quantitative analysis of employment outcomes in 21 countries shows that the political economy of early exit clearly rests on the sectoral politics of cost-shifting.

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Kika, Marian, and Luboslava Kubisova. "Selected Characteristics of Slovak Households as a Source of Information Concering Labour Supply." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.4929.

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The purpose of the paper is to provide specific information on the labour supply in Slovakia based on the analysis of data collected from Slovak households. In line with the human capital theory, we consider households as essential in both shaping and providing the labour supply. The subject of the research survey were Slovak households and their members comprising a representative sample of the Slovak population with respect to the size, type and regional distribution of households as well as the age of their adult members. The sample consisted of 1,753 households and 4,855 household members as respondents. We looked at their willingness to make various choices in order to get a job and retain it as well as their family or household life strategies to maintain a work-life balance in view of their attitudes to sharing the family responsibilities. We used nonparametric statistical tests to establish the order of preferences for respective issues and the Spearman coefficient to find out the statistically significant relation between the age of the respondents and the choices they are most likely to prefer. The results have shown that age is a decisive factor in the responses to several of the questions, which is important to take into consideration as most of the labour demand in the following years will be created by the loss of older workers due to retirement or other reasons. This means that employers need to be prepared for a generational change and may be motivated to consider age management as one of their strategies to deal with the predicted labour shortage.

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Le, Nga, Wim Groot, Sonila M. Tomini, and Florian Tomini. "Effects of health insurance on labour supply: a systematic review." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 717–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2018-0038.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of empirical evidence on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side. Design/methodology/approach The study covers the largest peer-reviewed and working paper databases for labour economics and health studies. These include Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pubmed and the most popular economics working paper sources such as NBER, ECONSTOR, IDEAS, IZA, SSRN, World Bank Working Paper Series. The authors follow the PRISMA 2009 protocol for systematic reviews. Findings The collection includes 63 studies. The outcomes of interest are the number of hours worked, the probability of employment, self-employment and the level of economic formalisation. The authors find that the current literature is vastly concentrated on the USA. Spousal coverage in the USA is associated with reduced labour supply of secondary earners. The effect of Medicaid in the USA on the labour supply of its recipients is ambiguous. The employment-coverage link is an important determinant of the labour supply of people with health problems and self-employment decisions. Universal coverage may create either an incentive or a disincentive to work depending on the design of the system. Finally, evidence on the relationship between health insurance and the level of economic formalisation in developing countries is fragmented and limited. Practical implications This study reviews the existing literature on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side. The authors find a large knowledge gap in emerging economies where health coverage is expanding. The authors also highlight important literature gaps that need to be filled in different themes of the topic. Originality/value This is the first systematic review on the topic which is becoming increasingly relevant for policy makers in developing countries where health coverage is expanding.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Labour supply and retirement decisions'

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