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1
Coetzee, Liza (ESM), Hanneke du Preez, and Natasha K. Smale. "South African Tax Incentives To Alleviate Unemployment: Lessons From United States Of America Approaches." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2013): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i7.7965.
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A quarter of the labour force in South Africa is currently unemployed with the majority of the unemployed being unskilled youth. One of the major causes seems to be the commanding power of trades union resulting in a high minimum wage for unskilled workers, which results in a reduction in the demand for unskilled labour. To reduce the current unemployment rate in South Africa, policy decisions should be focused on youth employment with emphasis on skills development. Policy should also stimulate growth of small, medium and micro enterprises in order to stimulate job creation. A literature review indicates that current tax incentives in South Africa do not incentivise employers to hire unskilled youth labour, and are not applied on a wide enough scale to significantly impact the overall unemployment statistics. The proposed youth wage subsidy will increase the demand for unskilled labour by reducing the cost of labour. However, to have the desired impact, the participation rate must be high. The proposed subsidy was analysed against the successes and failures of subsidies implemented in the USA. It was found that many of the flaws identified in the USA have been avoided.Based on the above, the recommendation is that the proposed youth wage subsidy is plausible in a South African context and should be implemented. The main concern is that newly employed youth would replace workers who do not meet the qualifications of the subsidy. This would have to be taken into account by policy makers.
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Sudarmaji, Eka, Noer Azam Achsani, Yandra Arkeman, and Idqan Fahmi. "Decomposition Factors Household Energy Subsidy Consumption in Indonesia: Kaya Identity and LMDI Approach." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v8i2.1900.
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For decades, the subsidy had prompted excessive and wasteful while offering little motivation to boost energy efficiency or reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aimed to measure household subsidy energy by examining the relationship between the other ten variables. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and decomposition index were deployed to recognize the determinant effects that drive household's subsidy energy consumption. This study also presented an ARDL model applied. The robustness of the Granger Causality, Long-run, and Short-run causality during 1990-2017 was assessed. Based on LMDI, we found out that Population, Income Per Capita, Ratio National Renewal Energy over Fuel Fossil, Gross Capital Stock, Urban Household Consumption, and Ratio Household Subsidy were the positive factors that aggravate the change in household energy subsidy. The negative sign of Ratio National Energy Intensity effect, Ratio Fossil Renewal Energy effect, Ratio Capital Labour substitution, and Ratio Household over Labour Force signified the decreasing significance of less household energy subsidy. On the panel ARD-ECM, we identified a negative sign speed-of-adjustment and significant at 1%. It implied that all the ten variable effects were converging in the long run after an experience shocks. The equation parameters were considered stable since the CUSUM gets inside the two critical lines. Additional RESET test of the stability to ascertain whether the estimated model was linear or correctly specified has been performed.
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Sudarmaji, Eka, Noer Azam Achsani, Yandra Arkeman, and Idqan Fahmi. "Decomposition Factors Household Energy Subsidy Consumption in Indonesia: Kaya Identity and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Approach." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12629.
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For decades, the subsidy had prompted excessive and wasteful while offering little motivation to boost energy efficiency or reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aimed to measure household subsidy energy by examining the relationship between the other ten variables. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and decomposition index were deployed to recognize the determinant effects that drive household's subsidy energy consumption. This study also presented an ARDL model applied. The robustness of the Granger Causality, Long-run, and Short-run causality during 1990-2017 was assessed. Based on LMDI, we found out that Population, Income Per Capita, Ratio National Renewal Energy over Fuel Fossil, Gross Capital Stock, Urban Household Consumption, and Ratio Household Subsidy were the positive factors that aggravate the change in household energy subsidy. The negative sign of Ratio National Energy Intensity effect, Ratio Fossil Renewal Energy effect, Ratio Capital Labour substitution, and Ratio Household over Labour Force signified the decreasing significance of less household energy subsidy. On the ECM, we identified a negative sign speed-of-adjustment and significant at 1%. It implied that all the ten variable effects were converging in the long run after an experience shocks. The equation parameters were considered stable since the CUSUM gets inside the two critical lines. Additional RESET test of the stability to ascertain whether the estimated model was linear or correctly specified has been performed.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Differential Education Subsidy Policy and Wage Inequality Between Skilled, Semi-skilled and Unskilled Labour: A General Equilibrium Approach." Review of Development and Change 26, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661211003186.
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The article investigates the effects of secondary (including vocational) and higher-education subsidies on wage inequalities between skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers, and unemployment in a small open developing economy in terms of a two-sector Harris–Todaro dynamic general equilibrium framework. The results show that skilled–unskilled and skilled–semi-skilled wage inequalities depend on factor intensity conditions, while semi-skilled–unskilled wage inequality is determined by the level of skill formation in the economy. There is a trade-off between the wage inequalities of skilled–semi-skilled and semi-skilled–unskilled workers due to secondary education subsidy; the trade-off also exists with respect to higher-education subsidy if the manufacturing sector is more skilled labour intensive. However, if the manufacturing sector is capital intensive, higher-education subsidy is detrimental for both types of wage inequalities in the initial years of skill formation but might have favourable effects when the skill endowment is high. Both types of subsidies reduce unemployment in the initial periods, but higher-education subsidy accentuates it when skilled labour supply expands in the economy.
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Yovo, Koffi, and Ismaïla Ganiyou. "Impact of Fertilizer Price Subsidy on Agricultural Growth in Togo." Applied Economics and Finance 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v10i1.5864.
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Fertilizer subsidy policy remains a major plank of inputs policies in Africa. Its objective is to improve agricultural productivity and reduce poverty among farmers. This article examines the impact of fertilizer prices subsidy on agricultural growth in Togo. The Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling approach is used to analyse both short and long run impacts of fertilizer subsidy on agricultural growth. Using data from national and international sources over the period 1985 to 2016, the results show that, the impact of fertilizer price subsidy on agricultural growth is limited. The price subsidy did not significantly enhance agricultural growth neither in the short nor in the long run. Moreover, the results highlight the fact that factors, which play a major role in agricultural growth are expenditure, arable land and labour force. To improve the efficiency of fertilizer subsidy, the government should drop price subsidy policy at global level and experience alternative options, which would facilitate fertilizer access to poorer and more marginal farmers.
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Blaylock, Malcolm. "Subsidy, Community, and ‘Excellence’ in Australian Theatre." New Theatre Quarterly 2, no. 5 (February 1986): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00001937.
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The Australian Labour government elected in 1972 (and sacked in highly controversial circumstances by the Governor-General in 1975) instituted under the premiership of Gough Whitlam a policy of greatly increased subsidy for the arts. But this was succeeded by a period of neglect, culminating in a drastic policy of cutbacks in 1981; and the election of a new Labour government in 1983 thus coincided with a major debate over both the nature and the distribution of arts subsidy, which has resulted in a wider spread of funding for culturally diverse forms of theatre. Malcolm Blaylock works both as director of one of the new community-based companies. Junction Theatre, and as a member of the federal funding body, the Theatre Board of the Australia Council: he talked to Graham Ley about both aspects of his work, and the background to the present funding policy.
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Go, Delfin S., Marna Kearney, Vijdan Korman, Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. "Wage Subsidy and Labour Market Flexibility in South Africa." Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 9 (October 2010): 1481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428456.
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Sch�ne, P�l. "Labour supply effects of a cash-for-care subsidy." Population Economics 17, no. 4 (December 2004): 703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-003-0176-8.
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Hacohen, Ran. "Literary Transfer between Peripheral Languages: A Production of Culture Perspective." Meta 59, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027477ar.
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Literary translations from Hebrew into Dutch and vice versa between 1991 and 2010 are examined as a test case for cultural transfer between two peripheral languages, using a production of culture perspective (Peterson and Anand 2004). The findings show 138 Dutch books translated from Hebrew against 52 Hebrew books translated from Dutch. The data are analyzed by genre, translator’s productivity, and number of books per author. The analysis reveals that both directions were similar in distribution of genres, but differed significantly in translator’s productivity (the productivity of the average Dutch translator is more than twice as high as that of his or her Hebrew counterpart) and in the number of translated titles per author (twice as many in the Dutch market). The discussion traces these differences to the different structure of the translation labour market in Israel as compared to that of the Netherlands and Belgium and to the dominance of Dutch state subsidy and Flemish Community subsidy in both directions of the transfer, however with a different policy of subsidy in each direction. It seems that significant conclusions can be reached by examining such factors as size and distribution of the corpus on the backdrop of labour conditions and state subsidy.
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Chaudhuri, Sarbajit. "Incidence of Child Labour, Free Education Policy, and Economic Liberalisation in a Developing Economy." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i1pp.1-25.
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The paper analyses the implications of a subsidy policy on education and of different liberalised trade and investment policies on the incidence of child labour in a developing economy in terms of a three-sector general equilibrium model with informal sector and child labour. The supply function of child labour is endogenously determined. The paper shows that different policies, if undertaken concurrently, may produce mutually contradictory effects, thereby producing little or no impact on the incidence of child labour. The paper provides a theoretical answer as to why the incidence of child labour has not significantly declined in the developing economies in spite of economic development and globalisation.
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Hoque, Asraul. "Allocative Efficiency and Input Subsidy in Asian Agriculture." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i1pp.87-99.
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In this paper, input subsidies (fertiliser subsidies to be exact) have been related to the allocative efficiency of fertiliser input. Fertiliser was singled out not to ignore other inputs but to emphasise the fact that fertiliser accounts for at least 30 percent of the total farm expenditure in most of Asia, and the rest of the expense is accounted for by labour (which is primarily family labour). The regression results are based on a sample survey data of 150 farms of Khulna Division (Bangladesh) for the year 1986-87. We have first estimated a production function based on Hoque (1991) and then calculated the efficiency indices based on the estimated parameters of the production function. In the second stage regression, different farm sizes were regressed on efficiency indices which showed an overall inverse relationship (that is, the smaller the farm size, the higher the efficiency). This tendency is observed upto the size of 10 acres in case of fertiliser input. Thus, the farms upto the size of 10 acres should be subsidised to promote efficiency in production. However, if the selective subsidy programme is difficult to administer, 'one hundred percent subsidy may be worthwhile. It is argued that the withdrawal of the fertiliser subsidy will reduce efficiency and have an adverse impact on employment and output in the rural sector of Asia. The IFPRI (1987) study on Indonesia also clearly indicates this. Some indicative discussions in Section II and Section V support the statistical results in favour of fertiliser subsidy.
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Holden, D., and J. K. Swales. "Factor Subsidies, Employment Generation, and Cost per Job: A Partial Equilibrium Approach." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 3 (March 1993): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250317.
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Factor subsidies in a perfectly competitive setting are analysed. A very general model is used to derive expressions for the effect of a factor subsidy on the price and quantity of output and the two factor inputs. These expressions are differentiated to generate qualitative results for the impact of changes in the product-demand, production-function, and factor-supply parameters on the subsidy effects. A similar procedure is used to investigate the exchequer cost per job of general labour and capital subsidies in an industry with Cobb — Douglas technology. The analysis is relieved with illustrative simulations in which ‘representative’ parameter values are used.
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Denisova, Irina A. "Lessons from the ongoing crisis for labour market institutions in Russia." Population and Economics 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.4.e53552.
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The paper discusses the role of unemployment insurance system in economic development in general and in the context of the ongoing crisis due to the forced lockdown related to COVID-19. The key elements of employment subsidy programs with reduced working hours or partial unemployment benefits, based on the experience of OECD countries get special attention.
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Houeland, Camilla. "The social contract and industrial citizenship: Nigerian trade unions’ role in the recurring fuel subsidy protests." Africa 92, no. 5 (November 2022): 860–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972022000523.
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AbstractThis article brings new perspectives on state–citizen relations in African petro-states by analysing the role of Nigerian trade unions in the recurring fuel subsidy protests. Nigerian trade unions have played an instrumental role in protests against fuel subsidy removals since the mid-1980s, most recently in the massive 2012 protest known as ‘Occupy Nigeria’. Based on the idea that the fuel subsidy forms part of a social contract in Nigeria, and through revisiting T. H. Marshall’s seminal work on citizenship and industrial citizenship, I propose that the protests are sites for popular assertions of broader citizenship, as people rally behind the fuel subsidy as a social right and affirm political rights to participate and civil rights to bargain. This article further argues that the trade unions act as a mediator between state and citizens – that is, embedded in their industrial citizenship with collective forms of representation, organizing and bargaining. In this way, Nigerian trade unions have kept their relevance for workers and beyond, despite eroded labour rights. However, this social contract is fragile, contextual and contradictory, and the mediating role of the unions carries challenges and ambiguities, which became particularly clear in the 2012 protest.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Gender Gap in Schooling and Wages: Effects of Foreign Capital and Education Subsidies." Review of Economics 73, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roe-2021-0043.
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Abstract The paper develops a two-sector full employment general equilibrium model with endogenous schooling decisions. It aims to evaluate the effects of educational demand management policies on gender inequality in schooling and wage inequality. The results point towards the role of social norms in shaping parental discrimination against girls’ education, which accentuates gender gap in schooling due to gender-neutral education subsidy and rise in household income induced by foreign capital inflow. The two policies are favourable for gender wage gap if the agricultural sector is more female labour intensive than the manufacturing sector and returns to schooling are considerably higher for women than men. However, gender targeted education subsidy policies are in general beneficial with respect to both gendered schooling and wages. The paper contributes to the literature by identifying the role of factor intensity conditions and gender differentiated returns to education on the gendered schooling and labour market outcomes of demand side interventions in education. It also provides theoretical explanations to diverse impacts of these policies and suggests appropriate policy recommendations.
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NIDUMOLU, U. B., M. LUBBERS, V. ALARY, P. LECOMTE, and H. VAN KEULEN. "A discussion support model for a regional dairy–pasture system with an example from Réunion island." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 5 (February 18, 2011): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000165.
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SUMMARYRéunion Island, situated in the Indian Ocean, presents a unique case study for modelling regional bio-economic parameters of the dairy industry. It is a good example of a closed system for several parameters of the model such as movement of animals, labour, consumption and available land. The existence of several agro-ecological zones from tropical to temperate, and various different types of terrain and vegetation presents another unique opportunity to study the impact of these features on the dairy industry. The present study models the dairy sector at a regional (island) level to study the impact of new or adapted agricultural policies in relation to changes in subsidy levels, price fluctuations and environmental policies (mainly nitrogen management). The model can be used to generate a number of scenarios to explore the effects of various policy measures, such as fixing the stocking rate according to EU norms, increasing or decreasing the milk subsidy, intensification (such as an increase in milk production to the allotted quota of 40 million litres/yr) and varying labour/price constraints (such as a reduction in labour hours or an increase or decrease in the milk price). The model is being utilized by the local dairy cooperative as a discussion support tool to study the implications at the regional scale of expanding the sector and assessing its economic, environmental and social impact.
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SINGH, A. K., KESHAVA S. PAUL, R. ROY BURMAN, SUDIPTA PAUL, SUKANYA SOM, ANJANI KUMAR, B. C. DEKA, A. K. TRIPATHI, and Y. G. PRASAD. "Farmers’ experience with subsidy scheme on power tillers to enhance farm mechanization in India." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i1.98596.
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Realizing the importance of farm mechanization in purview of shortage of farm labour and increasing demand from land for higher productivity, the Government of India implemented a subsidy scheme for promoting purchase and use of power tillers by farmers during 2007–2015. The present study aimed at assessing perception of the beneficiaries about the status of implementation of the scheme with a focus on power tiller purchase, use, and hindrances (if any). The study was conducted in randomly selected 23 districts from 5 purposively selected states of India with a total of 746 beneficiary farmers (n=746). Primary cross sectional data were collected with the help of a structured personal interview schedule. Variation was noticed among the states regarding cost and subsidy received to buy the power tillers. The average cost of power tillers including subsidy, was the highest for Tripura (`₹ 171577) followed by Assam (`₹ 169317). The average amount of subsidy was ` ₹ 70701 with the highest reported in Andhra Pradesh (` ₹ 90626). Overall, a majority (91.96%) of the respondents reported not to face difficulties in availing the subsidy. Overall 89.01% of the beneficiaries expressed satisfaction with the quality of power tillers supplied under the scheme. However, more than half of the beneficiaries were not satisfied with the overall services provided by the dealers including training and maintenance services. The findings of the study will be helpful for policy makers to evaluate the scheme and make improvements based on the lacuna investigated in the study.
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KURIACHEN, PHILIP, BISWAJIT SEN, and PRAVEEN K. V. "Factorization of agricultural production in India: A quantile regression approach." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i1.98602.
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Realizing the importance of farm mechanization in purview of shortage of farm labour and increasing demand from land for higher productivity, the Government of India implemented a subsidy scheme for promoting purchase and use of power tillers by farmers during 2007–2015. The present study aimed at assessing perception of the beneficiaries about the status of implementation of the scheme with a focus on power tiller purchase, use, and hindrances (if any). The study was conducted in randomly selected 23 districts from 5 purposively selected states of India with a total of 746 beneficiary farmers (n=746). Primary cross sectional data were collected with the help of a structured personal interview schedule. Variation was noticed among the states regarding cost and subsidy received to buy the power tillers. The average cost of power tillers including subsidy, was the highest for Tripura (₹ 171577) followed by Assam (₹ 169317). The average amount of subsidy was `₹ 70701 with the highest reported in Andhra Pradesh (₹ 90626). Overall, a majority (91.96%) of the respondents reported not to face difficulties in availing the subsidy. Overall 89.01% of the beneficiaries expressed satisfaction with the quality of power tillers supplied under the scheme. However, more than half of the beneficiaries were not satisfied with the overall services provided by the dealers including training and maintenance services. The findings of the study will be helpful for policy makers to evaluate the scheme and make improvements based on the lacuna investigated in the study.
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Malá, Zdeňka, Gabriela Červená, and Michaela Antoušková. "Analysis of the impacts of Common Agricultural Policy on plant production in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070237.
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Common agricultural policy has fundamentally projected itself into the business management of individual agricultural businesses. The submission addresses the assessment of the effects of subsidy policy on the production, costs and profit of agricultural businesses that engage predominantly in plant production. At the same time, it determines the effects of subsidy policy on demand for the production factors of labour and land. To the research questions more than 100 agriculture businesses were analyzed. The date from financial statements enabled to construct production function model, to quantify the cost function, the function of demand for land, the demand for the production factor of labour and finally the profit function was constructed. The results of research evidence the fact that direct payments have a negative effect on the production of agricultural businesses, but on the other hand they initiate demand for agricultural land and increase the profit of agricultural producers. The results also show direct payments do not motivate agriculture businesses towards increased production. The direct payments also increase the demand for production factor of land and they have also a significant effect on the value of profit.
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Niranjan, Dr Sunil Kumar. "W.T.O. AND LABOUR ISSUES: A CHALLENGE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 4, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2016.416.
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Labour standard is the most burning agenda of the WTO ministerial dialogue held in Doha because advance countries wants to counter the demand of developing countries eg. opening market for agro exports, reduction of subsidy and support by developed countries etc. but the true picture of labour force in developing countries is that they do not have skilled, socially, economically child labour protected work force due to lots of reasons at the international standard.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the competent body to set and deal with these standards, and we affirm our support for its work in promoting them. We believe that economic growth and development fostered by increased trade and further trade liberalization contribute to the promotion of these standards. We reject the use of labour standards for protectionist purposes, and agree that the comparative advantage of countries, particularly low-wage developing countries, must in no way be put into question. In this regard, we note that the WTO and ILO Secretariats will continue their existing collaboration.
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HARRIGAN, F., P. G. McGREGOR, and J. K. SWALES. "THE SYSTEM-WIDE IMPACT ON THE RECIPIENT REGION OF A REGIONAL LABOUR SUBSIDY." Oxford Economic Papers 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a028556.
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Ravallion, Martin, and Quentin Wodon. "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy." Economic Journal 110, no. 462 (March 1, 2000): C158—C175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00527.
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Bennaars, Hanneke. "Covid-19 and labour law in the Netherlands." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520934587.
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Against the backdrop of an ‘intelligent lockdown’ the Dutch government has launched a threefold emergency package to support businesses and safeguard employment as much as possible. This ‘Emergency Jobs and Economy Package’ contains, amongst others, measures that aim to ensure the safeguarding of income and salaries for employees as well as self-employed workers. It concerns mainly subsidy law and the extension of social security legislation, not employment law. However, the safeguarding of income for employees (NOW) entails a fine on redundancies during the period of support. Not only employees, but also self-employed workers can apply for income support. From a health and safety perspective (during lockdown as well as going forward to relaxation), no specific national measures have been taken. The general rules on social distancing and hygiene have to be implemented as part of the general obligation to provide a safe working place. No specific care arrangements for working parents that have to work from home have been put in place.
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Koebel, Kourtney, Dionne Pohler, Rafael Gomez, and Akshay Mohan. "Public Policy in a Time of Crisis: A Framework for Evaluating Canada’s COVID-19 Income Support Programs." Canadian Public Policy 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-117.
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Income support programs introduced for workers during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdowns faced criticism for their negative labour supply effects. We propose that these concerns about work disincentives are embedded in restrictive assumptions about work and led to suboptimal design of crisis support policies. We describe a framework for analyzing alternative crisis income support programs predicated on more realistic assumptions of labour markets and human motivation. Our framework proposes that balancing efficiency, equity, and voice objectives should be the goal of crisis labour market policies. We argue that adoption of a basic income targeted toward low-income workers, in combination with Canada’s pre-existing Employment Insurance program, would have balanced efficiency, equity, and voice better than the combination of the Canada Emergency Response Benefit and Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. A targeted basic income would also have been more effective at achieving stated public health objectives.
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Ray, Runa, and Biswajit Chatterjee. "Education Subsidy, Adult Unemployment and the Incidence of Child Labour in an Open Economy." Indian Economic Journal 57, no. 4 (January 2010): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220100404.
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Shehabi, Manal. "Is Energy Subsidy Reform in an Oil-Exporting Small Economy Beneficial to Trade? Illustrations from Kuwait." World Trade Review 19, S1 (July 2020): s39—s61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000324.
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AbstractThis article fills a gap in the literature by quantifying impacts of fossil fuel subsidy reform on trade (inflow and outflow) in an oil-producing, “almost small”, economy, using Kuwait as an example. It employs a two-region economy-wide model with oligopoly behaviour in a general equilibrium framework. The model embodies unique elements of Kuwait's economic structure, idiosyncratic rigidities, and distortions, including oligopolistic industrial structure and labour markets. Simulations show that energy subsidies have minimal effects on trade and on non-energy exports, largely due to the pervasiveness of oligopolies that sustain large markups and their collusive pricing. Reforming energy subsidies generates higher pro-trade effects if implemented during low (not high) oil prices because its negative effects are partially offset by efficiency gains and reduction in oligopoly markups. Yet, contrary to claims by proponents of reforms, these effects remain largely constrained unless appropriate incentives are introduced. These results have important policy implications. In developing oil-exporting economies with pervasive oligopolies, microeconomic reform can be a channel through which to achieve pro-trade effects of energy subsidy reform. Further, benefits beyond export expansion, such as higher economic efficiency, could be better motivators of energy subsidy reform in oil economies.
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Ondřej, Špetík. "Cost Shock in Public Tenders Impacting the Railway Operator." MATEC Web of Conferences 235 (2018): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823500018.
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The aim of this paper is to find out whether the cost shocks occur in the passenger rail transport, whether it can cause problems of financing as well as to evaluate the ways which are used by the purchaser of public transport to change the subsidy for carriers in case of cost shock. Results have shown that costs shocks can negatively impact financing of the subsidised passenger railway transport, so purchasers of the transport services must be extremely cautious in setting the tender documentation. So that purchasers avoid time-inconsistency solution, it is necessary to set the change in the subsidy in the contract. None of the tested clauses used by purchasers is ideal. We can see over-/under-compensation. The clause with 55 % of the consumer price index and 35 % of the change in labour costs in the transport sector reaches better results especially in contracts with vehicles purchased by the carrier.
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Novotná, Martina, and Tomáš Volek. "The Significance of Farm Size in the Evaluation of Labour Productivity in Agriculture." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 1 (2016): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664010333.
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The paper deal with the analysis of difference in labour productivity of farms categorised according to their size, to determine if the set subsidy system influences labour productivity in the size groups of the farms. The source of data for enterprises analysis was the firms database, which contains accounting data of 926 farms with at least one employee. The observed data were from the 6 year period (2007–2012). The farms were divided, according to their size into four categories defined by the European Commission: micro, small, medium and large enterprises. The analysis of the labour productivity I based on the added value and labour costs revealed that there are big differences of the labour productivity levels in particular size groups of farms. The further analysis revealed that an adjustment of the farm approach of the labour productivity, when the paid operation subsidies are added (labour productivity II), changes this conclusion and the differences between particular size groups of farms decreased. Using σ-convergence, it was proved that the relative variability of the labour productivity II values decreased significantly in the case of the medium-sized farms. We can say that subsidies significantly influence the labour productivity in farms. On one hand, there is decrease of differences between the level values of particular size groups of farms; on the other hand, there is no significant decrease its variability (except the medium-sized farms).
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Jayawardana, Danusha, Nadezhda V. Baryshnikova, and Ngoc Thien Anh Pham. "Can Unconditional In-Kind Transfers Keep Children Out of Work and in School? Evidence from Indonesia." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 21, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 1035–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2020-0442.
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Abstract Child labour is a global issue which creates a need for evidence-based interventions such as cash and in-kind transfers. However, there is limited evidence about the effect of in-kind transfers on child labour, impeding policy development. We address this gap by examining the impacts of an unconditional in-kind transfer, a nation-wide subsidised rice program, on child labour and schooling using longitudinal household survey data from Indonesia. To identify the causal effect, we use coarsened exact matching with difference-in-differences estimator. The results indicate that the program is effective in decreasing the probability of working for boys though it does not have a significant impact on the probability of schooling. However, as an unconditional in-kind transfer, its ability to decrease child work for boys, especially of those who are both working and attending school, provides an important policy implication on how a food subsidy program can indirectly influence child wellbeing.
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Sinha, Chaitali. "International Migration and Welfare Implications." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 6, no. 2 (October 23, 2017): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978717727170.
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This article surveys the current trend in international migration of labour, particularly from developing countries, with special emphasis on the welfare aspect of emigration on the remaining residents, and it also investigates the tension between brain drain and brain gain. It is evident from the existing literature that welfare of the remaining residents of a labour-sending developing economy can be influenced positively or negatively by exit of its skilled labour force. A detailed survey of the literature finds that positive probability of migration to a rich country raises the average skill level in the poor origin country. Migration in these studies work as a substitute for domestic tax-subsidy schemes aimed at raising the independently chosen low level of human capital to a socially desirable state. Related studies show that there can be both positive and negative impact of remittances on the welfare of the source country. JEL Classification: F22, F24, J24
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Dieng, Rama Salla. "‘Adversely Incorporated yet Moving up the Social Ladder?’: Labour Migrants Shifting the Gaze from Agricultural Investment Chains to ‘Care Chains’ in Capitalist Social Reproduction in Senegal." Africa Development 47, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2678.
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In Senegal, the growth of horticulture has been particularly rapid in the last decade or so, partly coinciding with the 2007–2008 ‘land rush’ and a boom in agricultural investment. This article analyses the implications of the rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the horticultural sector in northern Senegal. Specifically, it examines FDI’s effects on labour migration and the social reproduction of rural classes of labour through an intersectional feminist and gendered lens. It argues that invisibilised ‘care chains’ that overly burden women, and communities of solidarities, play a crucial role in the social reproduction of horticultural workers, most specifically migrant workers, and provide a subsidy to agrarian capital. Yet, capitalist development does not always translate to better wages and more inclusive laws and policies for horticultural wage workers and providers of caring labour who are adversely incorporated in these political economies. As a result, this requires further attention from policy-makers and political leaders. Using a combination of working-life histories and survey data gathered through two rounds of fieldwork over two years, and secondary data from relevant databases, this article focuses on the River Valley Region and Louga to analyse the emerging challenges of labour migration, social reproduction and caring labour in rural Senegal.
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Náglová, Zdeňka, Jindřich Špička, and Martin Gürtler. "Evaluation of Effects of Investment Support in the Czech Dairy Industry." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 4 (2016): 1345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041345.
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The article deals with investment subsidies which were drawn by enterprises of the dairy industry in 2007–2013. It is a subsidy within the Rural Development Programme 2007–2013 and the National subsidies. This article aims to assess whether these subsidies have contributed to higher economic efficiency of enterprises. The impact of investment grants to economic indicators (sales, debt ratio, labour productivity and production consumption) is evaluated. 35 dairy enterprises that drew investment grants, were analyzed in total. According to the results, grants from national sources have a greater impact on the economy of businesses. National subsidies improve labour productivity, sales and production consumption. Impacts of subsidies drawn from the Rural Development Programme are less noticeable. These subsidies affect only the production consumption by its decreasing. The market situation in 2008 and 2009 also influenced the rated indicators.
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Burgess, John. "A Case for Public Sector Job Creation Schemes." Economic and Labour Relations Review 3, no. 2 (December 1992): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469200300206.
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It is recognised that for efficiency and equity reasons that governments need to implement active labour market programs (LMP). Such programs can help to improve the matching of labour supply and demand, reduce wage inflation pressures generated where labour markets are subject to supply shortages and bottlenecks, assist disadvantaged labour market participants obtain employment, help reduce poverty and income inequalities generated by the persistence of long-term unemployment, and they can raise overall productivity levels and living standards. What is at issue is not the need for LMP, but the type and mix of LMP required in Australia. The government has embarked upon a substantially supply side orientated LMP aimed at improving the employment prospects of the unemployed. On the demand side this has been augmented by a private sector wage subsidy program (JOBSTART). Such a mix of LMP is inappropriate for addressing the labour market problems associated with a recession. The government should, as a matter of urgency, consider the immediate introduction of a public sector job creation scheme (PSJCS). The advantages of such a program include its potential to directly address the problem of long-term unemployment (LTU), assist disadvantaged communities and provide an effective work experience support for the plethora of supply side LMP. Such a program could be effectively delivered by utilising the existing administrative structures of the CES and local government.
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Gerda, István Zsolt. "Possible explanations for the transformation of the Northern Great Plain Region's labour market." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 34 (September 2, 2009): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/34/2823.
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As a result of the processes of hungarian economy and society the increase in territorial differences is noticeable in the last few days. The changes in society's status, the rate of increase and the level of development can be tracked for example in the diverse variation of labour market. In my study I would like to demonstrate the typical processes of labour market based on the time scale between 2000-2007, and I also want to reveal the root causes of the change in unemployment rate. The source of data is a regular, representative labour-survey by the Hungarian CentralStatistical Office based on interviewing people, as well as registration on place-hunters by the Employment and Social Office together with the summary of governmental subsidy. I targeted the age-groups between 15-74 years in my analysis, but the results are not modified by the over 65 years old population because of their small economical importance. I define the status of labour market by markers among others like economical activity, employment rate, unemployment rate, and I also consider the change in the amount of registered place-hunters in the period examined. My aim is to determine the responsible coefficients of the change in unemployment rate.
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Dvouletý, Ondřej, and Ivana Blažková. "The Impact of Public Grants on Firm-Level Productivity: Findings from the Czech Food Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020552.
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Studying the effects of public entrepreneurship and small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) policies on productivity (i.e., technological efficiency) is important, because the investment policies primarily aim to reduce allocation inefficiencies, enable usage of economies of scale, promote new production methods and technological development. We reviewed the recently published studies, and we show that they often lack fundamental information, such as a sample description and numbers of supported and non-supported firms. Keeping in mind the importance of transparent and rigorous empirical evaluations, we evaluated the effects of investment support from the European Regional and Development Fund (ERDF) on the productivity of the firms operating in the Czech food processing industry two years after the end of the programme. Methodologically, we apply the propensity score matching approach (PSM) combined with a difference in differences approach (DID) based on the firm-level data accounting for 157 firms (i.e., 77.3% of all beneficiaries within the industry) and a control sample of 1224 firms that have not been supported by the intervention. We use three measures of productivity—production efficiency, labour productivity and total factor productivity (TFP). The obtained findings showed that investment subsidy had a positive impact on labour productivity of supported firms. However, the effects on TFP were negative. The impact on production efficiency indicator was proven to be inconclusive. It follows from the results that the productivity of subsidised firms did not improve through an internal increase in efficiency (efficiency of the use of inputs), which indicates no significant technological change. The subsidy decision-making processes should be more careful and transparent to ensure allocating resources only to the projects with growth potential.
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Ewung, Bethel Fidelis, Peter Iorhon Ater, and Olubunmi Lawrence Balogun. "Assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Vulnerability Index and Its Effect on Labour Productivity of Rural Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria." Empirical Economic Review 2, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/eer/22/020102.
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The research assessed the HIV/AIDS vulnerability index effects on rural labour productivity of agricultural communities in Cross River State. Using multistage random sampling techniques on infected and non-infected farm households, 308 respondents were sampled and structured questionnaires were administered by trained enumerators with adequate experience in the state. Data were analysed using the fussy set approach to health risk vulnerability, descriptive and correlation analysis to determine vulnerability index, productive labour force and relationship between vulnerability index and productivity of both infected and non-infected rural farmers. The average labour force (18 years and above) for infected households was approximately 3 persons per household as against 4 persons for non-infected farm households. The mean labour productivity for infected farmers was 6715 ton/man day while, the non-infected farmer was 8285 ton/man day, where the difference in productivity was significant. A vulnerability index of 16% was established and the indicators that contributed significantly were; care not to take unscreened blood, care not to touch blood of others, having sex indiscriminately, sharing clipper, reduction in savings, and reduction in number of working hours. Furthermore, 43.97% of infected households and 20.40% of the pooled farmers were found to be highly vulnerable. Also an inverse relationship between labour productivity and vulnerability index was established and data were statistically significant. The researcher recommends special inputs subsidy programme for infected farmers, institutionalization of the HIV/AIDS (public health) desk in the State and federal Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development.
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Forslund, Johanna, Eva Samakovlis, and Maria Vredin Johansson. "Is it wise to combine environmental and labour market policies? An analysis of a Swedish subsidy programme." Ecological Economics 65, no. 3 (April 2008): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.027.
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Dwibedi, Jayanta Kumar, and Sarbajit Chaudhuri. "Agricultural subsidy policies fail to deal with child labour under agricultural dualism: What could be the alternative policies?" Research in Economics 68, no. 3 (September 2014): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2014.05.003.
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Miah, M. A. Monayem, M. Enamul Haque, Richard W. Bell, M. Abdur Rouf, and M. A. Rouf Sarkar. "Factors Affecting Conservation Agriculture Technologies at Farm Level in Bangladesh." Research on World Agricultural Economy 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v1i1.263.
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Conservation agriculture (CA) is a win-win approach that reduces operational costs, including machinery, labour, and fuel, while increasing yields, profit and better utilization of natural resources. Data and information on farm level CA technology adoption are scarce in Bangladesh.Therefore, the study was conducted at three Upazilas of Rajshahi and Thakurgaon districts to assess adoption and farmers perceptions on CA technology, and to determine the factors of CA technology adoption at farm level in 2017. A total of 405 farmers taking 135 adopters and 270 non-adopters were selected randomly for this study. The study revealed that CA technology adoption is still going on in the study areas. However,the rates of adoptions of crop residue retention (67%) and crop rotations (38.9%) were much higher compared to minimum tillage (14.9%). Residue retention (68.9%) and suitable crop rotations (34.4%) were also practiced by the non-adopters. The age, innovativeness, and extension contactof the farmers and availability of VMP had significant positive influence on the adoption of CA technologies. The major problems of adoption were non-availability of minimum tillage planter, lack of knowledge and awareness of the farmer, and no/little subsidy provision on planter.Increasing the availability of VMP, providing training on CA methods,and providing subsidy on planter are important to increase CA technology adoption at farm level.
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Pires, Catarina. "Subversion as a Resistance Strategy in Artistic Activism." Arte, Individuo y Sociedad Avance en línea (February 6, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/aris.82043.
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The contemporary art world is characterized by precarious and intermittent forms of employment such as subcontracting and freelancing. Non-paid work is also common in the arts sector either in the form of internships or uncompensated exhibiting, writing and curating. In this article we analyse subversion in the context of artistic activism as a resistance strategy against labour relations within contemporary capitalism. As a case study, we present a critical analysis of two works by artist Joshua Schwebel, Subsidy (2015) and Médiation Culturelle (2017-2018), which aimed to take advantage of the institutional exhibition context to not only raise awareness about hidden aspects of labour practices common among art institutions but also to create real change and empower workers. Taking into account capitalism’s adaptability and its undermining of traditional forms of resistance, we argue that artistic activism plays a crucial role in pursuing counter-hegemonic struggle. By analysing and comparing both projects we have concluded that subversion is used as the broader strategy, whereas disruption, dialogue and displacement are used as tactics. This research also establishes context as a fundamental element for artistic activism works and the necessity to adapt strategies to maximize possibilities of achieving social transformation.
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Göcke, Matthias. "Layoffs in a Recession and Temporary Employment Subsidies when a Recovery is Expected." Review of Economics 64, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roe-2013-0105.
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Abstract Sunk firing and hiring costs shelter existent employment. This effect is typically amplified by uncertainty due to an option value of waiting. Thus, if (i) sunk firing costs are high, for example due to an employment protection legislation or due to the loss of firm-specific human capital, or if (ii) (after a future recovery) recruiting a new qualified staff is difficult and recession-related losses are expected to be only transitory, firms have to consider labour hoarding as a relevant strategy. In this environment a moderate temporary employment subsidy will be sufficient to avoid layoffs by firms currently operating at losses. Depending on the size of sunk (re-)hiring costs, cyclical layoffs or even permanent job destruction can be avoided by short run subsidies during the beginning of a recession.
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Collins, David. "Standing the Test of Time: The Level Playing Field and Rebalancing Mechanism in the UK–EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 12, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idab023.
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ABSTRACT This article explores the dispute settlement elements of the UK–European Union Trade and Cooperation Agreement’s (TCA) novel Level Playing Field (LPF) rebalancing obligations, consisting of a requirement not to lower standards in areas of labour, the environment and subsidy policy such that an adverse material impact results to trade or investment flows between the parties. The test for violations of these provisions is narrowly framed, requiring strong evidence of significant harms and carefully calibrated retaliation. The system contemplates several avenues of dispute settlement including unilateral ex ante retaliation which may be levied against another sector. The article suggests that the substantive and procedural features of the TCA’s LPF mechanism affords reasonably wide opportunity for parties to practice regulatory divergence while evincing a commitment to shared values.
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Knuth, Matthias. "Per Achterbahn zum Sozialen Arbeitsmarkt. Zur Vorgeschichte des „Teilhabechancengesetzes“." Sozialer Fortschritt 69, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 797–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.69.12.797.
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Zusammenfassung Mit Beginn des Jahres 2019 wurde in Deutschland ein neues Instrument der arbeitsmarktpolitisch geförderten Beschäftigung für Langzeitarbeitslose eingeführt. Die „Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt“ steht in der Tradition eines 2008 eingeleiteten Paradigmenwechsels: Statt die Förderung auf Arbeiten zu beschränken, die „zusätzlich“ und „wettbewerbsneutral“ sind und im „öffentlichen Interesse“ liegen, kann der Lohnkostenzuschuss von jedem Arbeitgeber und für jede Art von Tätigkeiten in Anspruch genommen werden. Dieser Paradigmenwechsel, von dem man sich bessere Chancen des Übergangs in ungeförderte Beschäftigung verspricht, war lange umstritten und wurde von Vielen nicht verstanden. Es ist deshalb erstaunlich, dass er durch die Irrungen und Wirrungen zweier Instrumentenreformen erhalten blieb. Der Beitrag folgt diesem Prozess und zeichnet die Entwicklung der Positionen verschiedener Akteure nach. Abstract: Roller Coasting Towards a “Socially Inclusive Labour Market”. On the Background of Recent Legislation for the “Creation of New Opportunities for Long-Term Unemployed People on the Labour Market in General and on the Socially Inclusive Labour Market” As of 2019, Germany introduced a new instrument of direct job creation for long-term unemployed people. Called “Social participation through labour market participation”, the new instrument preserves the tradition of a paradigm shift initiated in 2008: Instead of restricting direct job creation to activities that are “additional”, “in the public interest” and “neutral in terms of effect on competition”, the wage subsidy can be used by any employer for any kind of activity. This is expected to provide better chances of transition into unsubsidized employment. This paradigm shift has for long remained contested or not properly understood by many. It is therefore astonishing that it survived the trials and tribulations of two rounds of instrument reform. The article tracks this process and delineates how the standpoints of various actors evolved.
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Subedi, Sanjiv, Yuga N. Ghimire, Surya P. Adhikari, Deepa Devkota, Hema K. Poudel, and Bidya Kiran Sapkota. "Adoption of improved wheat varieties in eastern and western Terai of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v2i1.26047.
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The research was conducted from March to May 2019 for assessment on adoption of improved wheat varieties in two major wheat growing districts of Nepal, Sunsari, and Kailali; one representing eastern and another western Terai. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect the primary information; in addition, two Key Informant Surveys were performed. Furthermore, relevant literatures were reviewed for secondary information. The simple random method of sampling was used within the selected areas that were identified in consultation with Agriculture Knowledge Centre and agricultural officials of the local government. Altogether, 194 samples were taken for the purpose of the study, omitting the outliers and incomplete responses. Descriptive statistics, probit regression, and indexing were used for data analysis. Probit econometric model revealed that membership dummy (1% level), age (1% level) number of family members involved in agriculture (1% level), subsidy dummy (5% level), number of schooling years (5%) and loan dummy (10% level) significantly determined the adoption of improved wheat varieties developed after NARC establishment. Furthermore, indexing identified- lack of availability of quality improved seeds (I= 0.80) as the major problem associated with the wheat production followed by poor availability of fertilizers (0.77), labour shortage (0.57), lack of proper irrigation (0.46) and lack of agricultural machines (0.39). The government agricultural institutions should assure access to quality seeds and fertilizers to the farmers; in addition, subsidy on irrigation and agricultural machines allied with agricultural loan to the educated youths could be the point of attraction for wheat cultivation which leads to increased wheat productivity.
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Osuna, Victoria. "Subsidising Formal Childcare Versus Grandmothers' Time: Which Policy is More Effective?" Economics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2021-0007.
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Abstract This article quantifies the relative effectiveness of childcare subsidies and subsidies on grandmothers’ time on married mothers’ employment and fertility rates, paying special attention to heterogeneous effects. A heterogeneous agent model, populated by married households who make decisions related to labour supply and fertility, and the Spanish economy are used as a benchmark for calibration. The results indicate that childcare subsidies conditional on employment are more effective than subsidies on grandmothers’ time to foster the participation of married mothers in the labour force. However, they induce women to work fewer hours, unless after-school hours are also subsidised. This overtime subsidy is also necessary for the fertility rate to increase, but it implies a significant adjustment in tax rates to maintain the same fiscal balance. If the aim is simply to raise the employment rate of mothers of children aged 2 years or younger, then subsidising childcare costs only is more effective because the fiscal effort is lower. Regarding the heterogeneous effects, in all the policies studied, the growth in female employment is mainly accounted for by the behaviour of women without tertiary education while that of fertility is accounted for by women with tertiary education. Considerations related to inequality and distributional effects of these policies would also seem to favour childcare subsidies versus subsidies on grandmothers’ time.
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Chapman, Bruce. "Long Term Unemployment: The Case for Policy Reform." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 218–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400204.
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Long term unemployment is now Australia's most difficult and costly labour market problem. This paper argues the case for a different policy reorientation to what has been followed in the past. The first conclusion is that in the absence of a substantial reorientation of policy long term unemployment will remain very high, with the absolute number staying above the level inherited from the 1982/83 recession — which was until the current recession the highest in Australian history. Second, the equity and macroefficiency costs of not doing anything radically different are argued to be very high. A final part of the analysis considers the fundamental challenge of the Job Compact policy suggestion made in the Government's Green Paper on unemployment. However, the way in which the policy is to be instituted needs attention. It is likely that the use of the current JOBSTART wage subsidy scheme will not be enough to achieve the desired outcomes.
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Street, John. "Local differences? popular music and the local state." Popular Music 12, no. 1 (January 1993): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000005341.
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This is the story of a rock venue in an English city. Hardly, it might be supposed, the stuff of great drama; there are, after all, rock venues throughout England. Most towns and cities of any size have at least one. But this venue, the Waterfront in Norwich, is distinctive, if not unique, in at least two respects.It was purpose-built and, more importantly, it was largely financed, not by private enterprise, but by the city's Labour council. Norwich's local politicians risked both financial and political capital so that their city could host performers like Nitzer Ebb, Dumpy's Rusty Nuts, Labi Siffre and Orzic Tentacles (all of whom appeared at the Waterfront in the space of a week in November 1991). The £1 million project opened in late 1990, amid much publicity and intense criticism from the opposition parties and local residents: these complaints continued into the venue's second year, when it received a further subsidy of £30,000 from the council. Why did the council take these risks? What were the political interests and values which led to this novel policy development?
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Dvouletý, Ondřej. "Does the Self-employment Policy Reduce Unemployment and Increase Employment? Empirical Evidence from the Czech Regions." Central European Journal of Public Policy 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0032.
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Abstract Empirical evidence related to the effectivity and outcomes of the self-employment programmes in the Central and Eastern Europe is still very rare, despite the important role of entrepreneurship in the economic development of post-communist economies. The main purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the impact of self-employment subsidy for unemployed in the Czech NUTS 3 regions for the period of years 2012–2015 to provide policy makers supportive material useful for policy adjustments. The study applies quantitative research framework, which is based on the construction of econometric models. Estimated regression models with region fixed effects supported the negative association between the amount of supported self-employed and unemployment rates in the Czech regions. This finding is theoretically framed by the theory of necessity entrepreneurship. Positive spillover of the programme (‘a double dividend’), was econometrically tested on the regional employment rates. Obtained estimates found that there is a positive contemporaneous relationship (weakly significant) between the number of supported self-employed and the employment rates but not in the lag. Analysis of the costs revealed that the costs of self-employment programme are not that high, if one takes into account the alternative costs of unemployment benefits paid to the unemployed and social insurance paid back to the state by the newly established self-employed. Therefore, this tool of active labour market policy has a potential of wider usage. Nevertheless, the applied empirical strategy was based on the regional level and has its limitations. Provided results need to be interpreted cautiously, without any causal inference, because the true outcomes of the programme could be analysed only on the level of supported individuals. Future research should therefore challenge the effectiveness of the start-up subsidy programmes in the Czech Republic on the level of individuals, with focus on the survival rates of subsidized businesses and incomes of their formerly unemployed owners.
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Xu, Hengzhou, Yihang Zhao, Ronghui Tan, and Hongchun Yin. "Does the policy of rural land rights confirmation promote the transfer of farmland in China?" Acta Oeconomica 67, no. 4 (December 2017): 643–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2017.67.4.7.
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Land tenure security and land transfer markets are once again a topmost priority in the policy development agenda because of their expected outcomes in terms of equity and efficiency in the rural sector of China. The policy of rural land rights confirmation has been implemented since 2010 to enhance land tenure security and the transferability of farmland. However, only a few studies have been conducted on the effect of rural land rights confirmation on farmland transfer. Therefore, we use household-level survey data from 48 villages across Tianjin City and Shandong Province to explore whether rural land rights confirmation promotes the transfer of farmlands. Our empirical results show that rural land rights confirmation has significant and positive effects on the likelihood and amount of transfer-out land at the 5% significance level, but the effect on transfer-in farmland is insignificant. The results of the study have several policy implications. For instance, the agricultural comparative advantage should be improved through various agricultural subsidy policies. Moreover, the intermediary service network for farmland transfer should be established, and strengthening the non-farm employment skills and improving the non-agricultural employment market are necessary for the rural labour force.
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Amarullah, Teuku, and Mohamad Gazali. "STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS PERIKANAN SKALA KECIL BERKELANJUTAN DI KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT PROVINSI ACEH." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v6i1.1086.
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The strategy of productivity improvement of sustanable small-scale capture fisheries in West Aceh, Aceh Province was urgent for fisheries management. This research have been conducted for three months to begin from May until July 2018. The aims of this study is to determine factors that affected Productivity improvment of sustanable small-scale capture fisheries and to develop strategies for improving productivity of sustanable small-scale capture fisheries in Aceh Barat, Aceh Province. The method used is a survey and study of literature. In addition to use a method of interview to social respondents. Data analysis methods are linear regression, descriptive and SWOT analysis. Results showed factors affected productivity of sustanable small-scale capture fisheries in Aceh Barat is capital, number of labour and the kinds of cpture boat. While other factors such as the trip, age and level of college are no effect. The strategy of increasing the productivity of sustanable small-scale fisheries in improving economy of fishermen in Aceh Barat district that can be applied: give subsidy, catching fleet and fishing and fishing equipment, financial management training, and financial institusional to provide alternative working for small-scale fisheries