Academic literature on the topic 'Labour subsidy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Labour subsidy"
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Coetzee, Liza (ESM), Hanneke du Preez, and Natasha K. Smale. "South African Tax Incentives To Alleviate Unemployment: Lessons From United States Of America Approaches." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2013): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i7.7965.
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A quarter of the labour force in South Africa is currently unemployed with the majority of the unemployed being unskilled youth. One of the major causes seems to be the commanding power of trades union resulting in a high minimum wage for unskilled workers, which results in a reduction in the demand for unskilled labour. To reduce the current unemployment rate in South Africa, policy decisions should be focused on youth employment with emphasis on skills development. Policy should also stimulate growth of small, medium and micro enterprises in order to stimulate job creation. A literature review indicates that current tax incentives in South Africa do not incentivise employers to hire unskilled youth labour, and are not applied on a wide enough scale to significantly impact the overall unemployment statistics. The proposed youth wage subsidy will increase the demand for unskilled labour by reducing the cost of labour. However, to have the desired impact, the participation rate must be high. The proposed subsidy was analysed against the successes and failures of subsidies implemented in the USA. It was found that many of the flaws identified in the USA have been avoided.Based on the above, the recommendation is that the proposed youth wage subsidy is plausible in a South African context and should be implemented. The main concern is that newly employed youth would replace workers who do not meet the qualifications of the subsidy. This would have to be taken into account by policy makers.
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Sudarmaji, Eka, Noer Azam Achsani, Yandra Arkeman, and Idqan Fahmi. "Decomposition Factors Household Energy Subsidy Consumption in Indonesia: Kaya Identity and LMDI Approach." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v8i2.1900.
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For decades, the subsidy had prompted excessive and wasteful while offering little motivation to boost energy efficiency or reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aimed to measure household subsidy energy by examining the relationship between the other ten variables. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and decomposition index were deployed to recognize the determinant effects that drive household's subsidy energy consumption. This study also presented an ARDL model applied. The robustness of the Granger Causality, Long-run, and Short-run causality during 1990-2017 was assessed. Based on LMDI, we found out that Population, Income Per Capita, Ratio National Renewal Energy over Fuel Fossil, Gross Capital Stock, Urban Household Consumption, and Ratio Household Subsidy were the positive factors that aggravate the change in household energy subsidy. The negative sign of Ratio National Energy Intensity effect, Ratio Fossil Renewal Energy effect, Ratio Capital Labour substitution, and Ratio Household over Labour Force signified the decreasing significance of less household energy subsidy. On the panel ARD-ECM, we identified a negative sign speed-of-adjustment and significant at 1%. It implied that all the ten variable effects were converging in the long run after an experience shocks. The equation parameters were considered stable since the CUSUM gets inside the two critical lines. Additional RESET test of the stability to ascertain whether the estimated model was linear or correctly specified has been performed.
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Sudarmaji, Eka, Noer Azam Achsani, Yandra Arkeman, and Idqan Fahmi. "Decomposition Factors Household Energy Subsidy Consumption in Indonesia: Kaya Identity and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Approach." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12629.
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For decades, the subsidy had prompted excessive and wasteful while offering little motivation to boost energy efficiency or reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aimed to measure household subsidy energy by examining the relationship between the other ten variables. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and decomposition index were deployed to recognize the determinant effects that drive household's subsidy energy consumption. This study also presented an ARDL model applied. The robustness of the Granger Causality, Long-run, and Short-run causality during 1990-2017 was assessed. Based on LMDI, we found out that Population, Income Per Capita, Ratio National Renewal Energy over Fuel Fossil, Gross Capital Stock, Urban Household Consumption, and Ratio Household Subsidy were the positive factors that aggravate the change in household energy subsidy. The negative sign of Ratio National Energy Intensity effect, Ratio Fossil Renewal Energy effect, Ratio Capital Labour substitution, and Ratio Household over Labour Force signified the decreasing significance of less household energy subsidy. On the ECM, we identified a negative sign speed-of-adjustment and significant at 1%. It implied that all the ten variable effects were converging in the long run after an experience shocks. The equation parameters were considered stable since the CUSUM gets inside the two critical lines. Additional RESET test of the stability to ascertain whether the estimated model was linear or correctly specified has been performed.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Differential Education Subsidy Policy and Wage Inequality Between Skilled, Semi-skilled and Unskilled Labour: A General Equilibrium Approach." Review of Development and Change 26, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661211003186.
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The article investigates the effects of secondary (including vocational) and higher-education subsidies on wage inequalities between skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers, and unemployment in a small open developing economy in terms of a two-sector Harris–Todaro dynamic general equilibrium framework. The results show that skilled–unskilled and skilled–semi-skilled wage inequalities depend on factor intensity conditions, while semi-skilled–unskilled wage inequality is determined by the level of skill formation in the economy. There is a trade-off between the wage inequalities of skilled–semi-skilled and semi-skilled–unskilled workers due to secondary education subsidy; the trade-off also exists with respect to higher-education subsidy if the manufacturing sector is more skilled labour intensive. However, if the manufacturing sector is capital intensive, higher-education subsidy is detrimental for both types of wage inequalities in the initial years of skill formation but might have favourable effects when the skill endowment is high. Both types of subsidies reduce unemployment in the initial periods, but higher-education subsidy accentuates it when skilled labour supply expands in the economy.
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Yovo, Koffi, and Ismaïla Ganiyou. "Impact of Fertilizer Price Subsidy on Agricultural Growth in Togo." Applied Economics and Finance 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v10i1.5864.
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Fertilizer subsidy policy remains a major plank of inputs policies in Africa. Its objective is to improve agricultural productivity and reduce poverty among farmers. This article examines the impact of fertilizer prices subsidy on agricultural growth in Togo. The Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling approach is used to analyse both short and long run impacts of fertilizer subsidy on agricultural growth. Using data from national and international sources over the period 1985 to 2016, the results show that, the impact of fertilizer price subsidy on agricultural growth is limited. The price subsidy did not significantly enhance agricultural growth neither in the short nor in the long run. Moreover, the results highlight the fact that factors, which play a major role in agricultural growth are expenditure, arable land and labour force. To improve the efficiency of fertilizer subsidy, the government should drop price subsidy policy at global level and experience alternative options, which would facilitate fertilizer access to poorer and more marginal farmers.
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Blaylock, Malcolm. "Subsidy, Community, and ‘Excellence’ in Australian Theatre." New Theatre Quarterly 2, no. 5 (February 1986): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00001937.
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The Australian Labour government elected in 1972 (and sacked in highly controversial circumstances by the Governor-General in 1975) instituted under the premiership of Gough Whitlam a policy of greatly increased subsidy for the arts. But this was succeeded by a period of neglect, culminating in a drastic policy of cutbacks in 1981; and the election of a new Labour government in 1983 thus coincided with a major debate over both the nature and the distribution of arts subsidy, which has resulted in a wider spread of funding for culturally diverse forms of theatre. Malcolm Blaylock works both as director of one of the new community-based companies. Junction Theatre, and as a member of the federal funding body, the Theatre Board of the Australia Council: he talked to Graham Ley about both aspects of his work, and the background to the present funding policy.
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Go, Delfin S., Marna Kearney, Vijdan Korman, Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. "Wage Subsidy and Labour Market Flexibility in South Africa." Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 9 (October 2010): 1481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428456.
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Sch�ne, P�l. "Labour supply effects of a cash-for-care subsidy." Population Economics 17, no. 4 (December 2004): 703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-003-0176-8.
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Hacohen, Ran. "Literary Transfer between Peripheral Languages: A Production of Culture Perspective." Meta 59, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027477ar.
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Literary translations from Hebrew into Dutch and vice versa between 1991 and 2010 are examined as a test case for cultural transfer between two peripheral languages, using a production of culture perspective (Peterson and Anand 2004). The findings show 138 Dutch books translated from Hebrew against 52 Hebrew books translated from Dutch. The data are analyzed by genre, translator’s productivity, and number of books per author. The analysis reveals that both directions were similar in distribution of genres, but differed significantly in translator’s productivity (the productivity of the average Dutch translator is more than twice as high as that of his or her Hebrew counterpart) and in the number of translated titles per author (twice as many in the Dutch market). The discussion traces these differences to the different structure of the translation labour market in Israel as compared to that of the Netherlands and Belgium and to the dominance of Dutch state subsidy and Flemish Community subsidy in both directions of the transfer, however with a different policy of subsidy in each direction. It seems that significant conclusions can be reached by examining such factors as size and distribution of the corpus on the backdrop of labour conditions and state subsidy.
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Chaudhuri, Sarbajit. "Incidence of Child Labour, Free Education Policy, and Economic Liberalisation in a Developing Economy." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i1pp.1-25.
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The paper analyses the implications of a subsidy policy on education and of different liberalised trade and investment policies on the incidence of child labour in a developing economy in terms of a three-sector general equilibrium model with informal sector and child labour. The supply function of child labour is endogenously determined. The paper shows that different policies, if undertaken concurrently, may produce mutually contradictory effects, thereby producing little or no impact on the incidence of child labour. The paper provides a theoretical answer as to why the incidence of child labour has not significantly declined in the developing economies in spite of economic development and globalisation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labour subsidy"
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Kasongo, Atoko Haydee AH. "Youth wage subsidy as a possible solution to youth unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4062.
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South Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular
among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging
from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The
South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with
the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a
literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there
is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the
demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force,
employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using
the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys
(LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to
unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have
never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail,
before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies
that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of
the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in
greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of
the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the
youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers
could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy
programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is
concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to
stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It
needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting
discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works
Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if
the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government.Magister Economicae - MEcon
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Kasongo, Atoko Haydee. "Youth wage subsidy as a possible solution to youth unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4069.
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Magister Commercii - MComSouth Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force, employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys (LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail, before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government.
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Sui, Jin. "Trois essais sur la dévaluation fiscale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CYUN1164.
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La dévaluation budgétaire a souvent été au centre des discussions politiques au sein de la zone euro, car elle fournit un moyen pour un pays de retrouver sa compétitivité. Habituellement, elle prend la forme d'une subvention sur un type spécifique de travail, financée par une taxation de la consommation si le gouvernement souhaite que la mesure reste neutre sur le déficit public. Dans une économie fermée, une dévaluation fiscale conduit à des résultats pro-concurrentiels à court et à long terme, grâce au développement du secteur de l'innovation. Dans une économie ouverte, la balance commerciale ne peut s'améliorer que lorsque le marché est très concurrentiel. La dévaluation fiscale peut toujours bénéficier aux pays partenaires commerciaux, que le pays mettant en place la dévaluation fiscale ait ou non une plus grande productivité. Lorsque les ressources fiscales sont limitées, seule la subvention du secteur de l'innovation peut amener les entreprises à changer leur choix technologique en optant pour des technologies plus respecteuses de l'environnementFiscal devaluation has often been the focus of policy discussion within the eurozone, as it provides a means by which countries can regain competitiveness. Usually, it takes the form of a subsidy on a specific type of labour, financed by taxing consumption if the government wants to keep the budget neutral. In a closed economy with consumers' preferences characterized by love for varieties, a fiscal devaluation leads to pro-competitive outcomes in both the short run and long run, thanks to the development of the innovation sector. In an open economy, the trade balance can only be improved when the market is highly competitive, but the country that implements it has to incur some welfare losses. However fiscal devaluation can always be a prosper-thy-neighbour policy, no matter the country is more productive than its trading partner or not. When the fiscal budget is limited, only a subsidy to the innovation sector can lead firms to switch from a dirty to a clean technology
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Shimada, Stephen. "EU-US airplane subsidy disputes : Airbus vs. Boeing." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/54056/.
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The core issues of this thesis are the EU-US airplane subsidy disputes, which are market-share driven, political-economic conflicts of interest, arising from the duopoly competition between Airbus and Boeing in the fourteen-year period from 1997 to 2011. The Airbus vs. Boeing dispute case is characterized by the complexity of the dispute - the largest ever to go before the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva. The thesis focuses on government subsidy disputes between two big political and economic powers – the EU and the US – through an in-depth analysis of both sides of the arguments. With duopoly in the large commercial airplane industry, new insight can be gained through better understanding of potential net welfare gain or loss from having two competitive manufacturers competing against each other in a free marketplace. The legal issues are the core narratives of this thesis. Use of the case study enables us to better understand how these two corporate players, markets, and government policies make the difference in terms of economic outcomes. Hence, it is an effective means of addressing key problems in the real world of the large commercial airplane industry. The value added of this thesis comes from the contribution to scholarly research and practice by placing the Airbus vs. Boeing case study at the core of its political-economic debate on government subsidy issues. Therefore, the main theoretical framework of this study is state-business relationships, which explore different approaches in the EU and the US while recognizing that there are some differences between EU member states of Airbus. The study explains how the Airbus vs. Boeing case will be used, - and how it will be located within the wider theoretical and disciplinary perspectives of statebusiness relationships, based on the concepts developed by Susan Strange with some reference to the ‘varieties of capitalism’ debate by Peter Hall and David Soskice. The political-economic differences across the states are captured by the concepts advanced in the ‘varieties of capitalism’ debate, while both the statebusiness relationships and the ‘varieties of capitalism’ approach were used to understand the individual corporate variations of Airbus and Being’s different business models. This study also investigates the political-economic implications of European competition policy, and the politics associated with it. The core of the subsidy dispute is about the relationship between the state and business in the context of the world trading system. The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays a critically important role by offering a dispute settlement mechanism - specifically as to what kind, and how much, aid a state can legally give to a business enterprise.
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Johan, Egebark. "Taxes, Nudges, and Conformity : Essays in Labor and Behavioral Economics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-113067.
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This thesis consists of four papers summarized as follows. Do Payroll Tax Cuts Raise Youth Employment? We study whether payroll tax reductions are an effective means to raise youth employment. In 2007, the Swedish employer-paid payroll tax was cut on a large scale for young workers, substantially reducing labor costs for this group. Using the variation in payroll taxes across cohorts, we estimate a significant, but small, impact both on employment and on wages. Effects of Taxes on Youth Self-Employment and Income. I examine the link between taxes and youth self-employment. I make use of a Swedish reform that made the payroll tax and the self-employment tax vary by age. The results suggest that youth self-employment is insensitive to tax reductions, both in the short run and in the somewhat longer run. For those defined as self-employed, I find positive effects on income from self-employment, and negative effects on income from wage employment. Can Indifference Make the World Greener? We conducted a natural field experiment at a large university in Sweden to evaluate the effects of two resource conservation programs. The first intervention consisted of a campaign that actively tried to convince people to cut back on printing in general, and to use double-sided printing whenever possible. The second intervention exploited people's tendency to stick with pre-set alternatives. At random points in time we changed the printers’ default settings, from single-sided to double-sided printing. Whereas the moral appeal had no impact, the default change cut paper use by 15 percent. The Origins of Behavioral Contagion: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Facebook. We explore the micro-level foundations of behavioral contagion by running a natural field experiment on the networking site Facebook. Members of Facebook express positive support to content on the website by clicking a Like button. We show that users are more prone to support content if someone else has done so before.
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LONG, XIN. "Optimal taxation in R&D driven endogenous growth models." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1160.
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E' possibile incrementare il benessere e la crescita mediante imposte in somma fissa, il cui gettito non venga usato produttivamente? E' possibile incrementare il benessere e la crescita mediante imposte sul reddito da capitale i cui proventi vengano usati per sussidiare i salari? In questo lavoro dimostriamo come la risposta ad entrame le domande possa essere positiva in modelli di crescita endogena trainata da Ricerca e Sviluppo, sia del tipo con espansione della varietà dei beni sia del tipo con aumento della qualità dei beni. Il meccanismo chiave è l'aumento dell'offerta di lavoro che le politiche descritte possono indurre. Tali politiche agiranno sui due tipi di esternalità nel modello, la prima statica la seconda dinamica. Il peso relativo di queste esternalità determinerà il segno dell'effetto totale delle politiche sul benessere sociale. Mostriamo come, per valori dei parametri coerenti con le stime disponibili, crescita e benessere possano aumentare introducendo imposte in somma fissa, il cui gettito venga sprecato, mentre il programma di tassazione del capitale e sussidi ai salari possa aumentare il benessere, anche se la crescita può ridursi.Is it possible to increase growth and welfare by raising lump-sum taxes and disposing of the tax revenues? Is it possible to increase welfare by raising capital income taxes and redistributing the revenue as a subsidy to labor income? This thesis shows these may indeed be the case in standard R&D models with technological change, represented either by an increase in the variety of intermediate goods or by creative destruction. The key mechanism is that with elastic labor supply the tax programs can increase the employment rate in equilibrium. This creates two spillover effects on the R&D pace. In addition the tax programs themselves will have level effect on the instantaneous utility. The relative momentums of the spillovers and the level effect determine the sign of the welfare effect. It is shown that, for parameter values consistent with available estimates, the growth and welfare can both be improved under the wasted lump-sum tax program, and that the welfare effect can be positive even if the long-run growth rate decreases after the increase in the capital income tax rate.
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CERRUTI, GIANLUCA. "Essays in Applied Economics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1048850.
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Chapter 1. Migrant Perceptions and Extreme Right Voting. The Role of Historic Sea Trade.
In this chapter, we examine the connection between political ideologies and migrant perception. We test the hypothesis that a negative perception of migrants influences individuals’ far-right political positioning. In order to address likely endogeneity issues, we rely on historical Genoese and Venetian trade routes to Africa between XI and XIV century. Having routes to Africa in the Middle Ages implied hosting slave communities, as well as communities of sailors who met Muslims in Islamic ports. Thus, it meant somehow being in contact with unalike people many years earlier than those who lived elsewhere. On this basis, we construct a set of measures related to the proximity of each individual’s municipality of residence to the nearest Medieval port, calculated on the ancient Roman road network. Our models account for personal controls as well as historical, geographical and socio-economic municipal characteristics. Results suggest that historical ports play a significant role by shaping migrant perception affecting political positioning. We also test the persistence of history on electoral outcomes at the municipality level, using data from the 2018 Italian national elections. The outcome supports the main individual-level findings.Chapter 2. Employment protection legislation and household formation: evidence from Italy. While many studies have investigated the determinants of household formation and fertility of young adults, only a few focused on the impact of employment protection legislation (EPL) on these outcomes. In this paper, we study the differentiated impact of the EPL reduction associated to the Jobs Act in 2015 in Italy on the household formation and fertility intentions of young Italians in various districts. To do this, we use data from a survey conducted on a sample of 18-34 years old for the years 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The identification strategy exploits local variation in the level of efficiency of courts, measured in terms of average duration of proceedings, to assess the existence of within country and across district heterogeneity of the reform impact. Indeed, firing costs used to be relatively larger in those districts characterized by a larger duration of labor trials. The Jobs Act, by reducing firing costs, and modifying the autonomy of judges, should have had a larger impact in districts with less efficient courts. According to our results, the reform seems to have indirectly levelled out the fertility and household formation intentions of young Italians living in districts with more and less efficient courts.
Chapter 3. The effects of the Affordable Care Act on time use. In that chapter, through the analysis of the American Time Use Surveys daily diary data, we study the impact of the Affordable Care Act on the time allocation of childless adults focusing on two key pillars of the Affordable Care Act: Medicaid expansion and Tax Premium Subsidies. We adopt a triple differences-in-differences approach that hinges on income eligibility thresholds and cross states variation in the time of implementation of these two pillars, to conclude that individuals newly eligible to Medicaid reduced their labour supply at the intensive margin, while potential beneficiaries of Tax Credit Premium Subsidies increased their labour supply at the extensive margin. In particular, our estimates suggest that people newly eligible to Medicaid may reduce long working hours and spend lesser time waiting to and receiving care. On top of that, they perform more household chores and management tasks, and also dedicate more time to caring for individuals from other households and volunteering. In contrast, potential beneficiaries of Tax Credit Premium Subsidies reduce their leisure time, on average. The rationales for these findings are discussed and our results are set in perspective of earlier studies.
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Zarovnyi, Alexei. "Essays in microeconomics: Wage subsidy in an optimal redistribution program and bundling hardware and software." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/18054.
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My dissertation consists of two unrelated essays. In the first essay, "Wage Subsidy in an Optimal Redistribution Program", I analyze the efficiency of income transfers and wage subsidies as instruments of income redistribution in an optimal taxation framework. I extend the Mirrlees model (1971) of income inequality by specifying a model in which individuals' productivity and wages depend on investment in skill acquisition in addition to ability. The principal result of the research is that a wage subsidy has an important role to play in an optimal system of income maintenance. In the second essay, "Bundling Hardware and Software", a class of simple models is analyzed to explain prevailing bundling practices in computer markets. A profit-maximizing monopolist may over-provide hardware-software bundles, practice "pure bundling" when preferences are symmetric with respect to software, and under-bundle and under-produce software when preferences are asymmetric.
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Lin, Tzu-Tung, and 林子彤. "The effects of a wage-subsidy policy on the labor market: a study of an internship program provided to college graduates." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tqcafq.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
企業管理學系
106
In the presence of the 2008 financial crisis, the young generation was confronted with an unemployment problem. In order to increase the employment rate of the young generation, the government implemented in 2009 a wage-subsidy program in the form of internship in enterprises from the 95-academic year to the 97-academic year to provide college graduates with a one-year employment opportunity. The study examined the effects of the wage-subsidy program on wage and employment. The data of the study included monthly data from January, 2004 to December, 2012, retrieved from the TEJ data base. The method of correlation analysis was employed to examine the inter-industry correlations between the wages and those between the numbers of employed workers within five industries and then ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of the wage-subsidy program and the industrial type on the industries' wages and numbers of employed workers. As shown by the results with regard to the before-program-implementation period and the after-program-implementation period, all the inter-industry correlations between the industries' nominal wages and all those between the industries' real wages were found to be statistically significant, while merely some of the inter-industry correlations between the numbers of employed workers were statistically significant. The wage-subsidy program had significant effects on the industries' nominal wages and numbers of employed workers, but no significant effects on the industries' real wages. The factor of the industrial type was found to affect significantly the industries' nominal wages, real wages, and numbers of employed workers. The wage-subsidy program interacted significantly with the industrial type in affecting the industries' numbers of employed workers, while the interactive effects were not significant on the industries' nominal wages and real wages.
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KUO, LING-CHEN, and 郭玲禎. "The Dilemma of Using Employment Subsides to Assist People with Disability Enter Labor Market:Revealing Motivation of Employees." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v4p38u.
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碩士國立中正大學
社會福利研究所
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The employment rate of people with disabilities has been very low in Taiwan. The government has implemented various policy measures to reduce their unemployment condition. One of which is to provide monthly subsided to employee. This research aims to explore the effect of such policy. The current employment policy toward people with disability has many choices. These employment policies include on side supportive service, rehabilitation training, job matching service, and in cash subsided. The employee could gain monthly cash subsides for salary paid to employer with disabilities, and this research concentrated on revealing how and what role of such cash assistance would work as it suppose function. The researcher conducted interviews and collected data from employees throughout Taiwan and interviewed social worker who in charge this particular form of government services. The results revealed that employees were used this subsided as supplements to their cost, and the motivation for them to hire employer with disabilities was based on charity rather than rights toward people with disabilities. Even with such case subsides, after it terminated, most people with disabilities might just left the job. The interview materials indicated that in work place, both employees and coworkers are still had negative and traditional view of people with disabilities. The equal rights on access to work and to job for people with disabilities are not firmly established. How to reduce the stereotype to people with disabilities and how to enhance affirmative actions to increase their employment rate are questions remain unanswered in this research.
Books on the topic "Labour subsidy"
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. External Relations Division, ed. OECD labour/management programme: Sound environmental practices and tax/subsidy policy. Paris: OECD, External Relations Division, 1998.
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Stanford, James O. Going south: Cheap labour as an unfair subsidy in North American free trade. [Ottawa]: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 1991.
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Stanford, Jim. Going south: Cheap labour as an unfair subsidy in North American free trade. [Ottawa, Ont.]: The Center, 1991.
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Harrigan, F. System-wide evaluation of regional economic policies: The case of a regional labour subsidy. Glasgow: Department of Economics, Fraser of Allander Institute, University of Strathclyde, 1990.
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Go, Delfin S. Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in south africa. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.
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Ravallion, Martin. Does child labor displace schooling?: Evidence on behavioral responses to an enrollment subsidy. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty and Human Resources, 1997.
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Jackman, Richard. A wage-tax, worker-subsidy policy for reducing the "natural" rate of unemployment. (London): Centre for Labour Economics, London School of Economics, 1985.
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Dau-Schmidt, Kenneth G. Trade, Commerce, and Employment. Edited by Roger Brownsword, Eloise Scotford, and Karen Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199680832.013.64.
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The technology of production shapes the employment relationship and important issues in its regulation. The new information technology has transformed the organization of production replacing large vertically organized firms governed by the internal labour market with horizontally organized firms governed by a global labour market. These changes require policymakers to broaden the definitions of ‘employee’, ‘employer’, and ‘appropriate bargaining unit’ in the regulation of employment and find ways to incorporate the new information technology into that regulation. As profound as these changes have been, the speedy evolution of information technology and the development of artificial intelligence promise even greater changes in the future. Future regulation will require not only a more expanded notion of the employment relationship, but also increased education and retraining programmes, benefit programmes tied to citizenship rather than employment, increased regulation, subsidy of retirement programmes, and perhaps even a basic income programme.
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Maskaeva, Asiya, and Mgeni Msafiri. Youth unemployment hysteresis in South Africa: Macro-micro analysis. 20th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/954-9.
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This study simulates the macro-micro economic impacts of the employment policy, focusing on hysteresis in youth unemployment in South Africa. Specifically, we apply a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to calibrate the 2015 South African Social Accounting Matrix to estimate, compare, and determine the impact of employment policy on youth unemployment as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. We simulate two scenarios where we reduce the import price of fuel by 20 per cent. Then, the total government savings from the reduced transport subsidy are reallocated to the education sector to support the unemployed youth. The research findings indicate that demand for youth labour increases in the long run, resulting in a decline in the unemployment rate. Moreover, the consumer price index decreased more than nominal income, thereby increasing household purchasing power and, potentially, easing poverty.
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Go, Delfin S., Marna Kearney, Vijdan Korman, Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. Wage Subsidy And Labor Market Flexibility In South Africa. The World Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4871.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Labour subsidy"
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Gnann, Thomas. "The Transfer Company – Public Subsidy for Staff-adjustment Measures." In Deutsches Arbeitsrecht für ausländische Investoren | German Labour Law for Foreign Investors, 101–12. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17107-0_10.
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"Wage Subsidy and Labour Supply." In Labour Economics and Public Policy, 47–55. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813202238_0004.
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"Agricultural dualism, subsidy policies and child labour." In The Economics of Child Labour in the Era of Globalization, 120–40. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315397504-12.
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Labonté, Ronald, and Arne Ruckert. "Global flows." In Health Equity in a Globalizing Era, 192–219. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835356.003.0009.
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Health systems rely upon two groups of people: health workers and patients. In recent decades both groups have been on the move globally, with the creation of internationalized labour market opportunities (the hunt for skilled labour in the case of health workers) and private investments in high-end health care on lower-cost developing countries (one of the key incentives for patients seeking care outside of their own country, for uninsured or under-insured services). Both flows raise a number of health equity concerns. Health worker migration can pose undue hardships on low-resource, high-disease burden countries who lose their workers to richer nations, creating a ‘perverse subsidy’ of poor to rich. With medical tourism, private, fee-paying foreign patients in poorer countries could ‘crowd out’ access to care for domestic patients in those countries, while potentially returning with drug resistant infections or complications burdening their home country’s health systems.
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Gelan, Ayele Ulfata, and Ahmad Shareef AlAwadhi. "Distributional Effects of Reduction in Energy Subsidy." In Handbook of Research on Energy and Environmental Finance 4.0, 102–43. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8210-7.ch004.
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This study examined the distributional effects of energy subsidy reduction in Kuwait. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was calibrated on a Kuwaiti social accounting matrix (SAM). A simulation experiment was conducted by applying a 25% energy subsidy reduction. The SAM consisted of 10 household groups, categorized into nationals and expatriates, and subsequently classified into five income levels. The employed labor force was classified into two groups (nationals and expatriates), each disaggregated by four skill levels. Industries were disaggregated into 65 branches. The CGE model was specified in such a way that it would be possible to quantify welfare effects on each household group and then trace the changes to distributional effects, factor income, and employment by industrial origins. When accompanied by compensation, the energy subsidy led to an aggregate efficiency (increase in GDP) and welfare gains. The welfare gains among Kuwaiti nationals were progressive; the lower-income groups gained more than higher-income groups.
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Kenworthy, Lane. "Do Employment-Conditional Earnings Subsidies Work?" In Decent Incomes for All, 154–76. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190849696.003.0008.
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Cash transfers and tax credits to people in paid work but with low earnings are increasingly prominent in affluent countries. How effective are these programs at reducing poverty and increasing employment? The experiences of the United States and United Kingdom suggest that, in an economy with weak unions and limited labor market regulations, an employment-conditional earnings subsidy increases employment among persons at the low end of the labor market but reduces low-end wage levels somewhat. Overall, it appears to boost the absolute incomes of low-end households. Even so, cross-country comparison offers little support for a conclusion that the institutional configuration in these countries, including the employment-conditional earnings subsidy, is especially effective at generating high and rising employment, high and rising incomes among low-end households, or low and decreasing relative poverty rates. Quite a few other affluent nations have done as well as or better than the United Kingdom and the United States in recent decades.
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Kenworthy, Lane. "Inclusive Growth." In Would Democratic Socialism Be Better?, 64–74. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197636800.003.0007.
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Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving inclusive growth? Pay growth under socialism is unlikely to be faster than what we see in the contemporary Nordic countries with their strong labor unions. Would pay growth under socialism be better than under a capitalism with weak unions but with periodic tight labor markets, steadily rising sector-specific and occupation-specific minimum wages, widespread profit sharing, and an employment-conditional earnings subsidy that is indexed to GDP per capita? Perhaps, but it’s reasonable to be skeptical.
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Olimat, Hmoud S., and Amal A. ElGamal. "Child Protection in Egypt." In Oxford Handbook of Child Protection Systems, 683—C34P178. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197503546.013.26.
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Abstract This chapter notes child protection in Egypt. The population in urban areas continued to grow steadily over the years. Egypt also recorded a spike in inflation due to domestic inflation, fuel subsidy cuts, and value-added tax. The legal framework of Egypt’s child protection system sparked policy and institutional changes which included policies, strategies, and programs focused on child protection. The government has committed great efforts in battling child labor by adopting relevant UN conventions and international instruments. Moreover, the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood has the highest authority to implement children’s and mothers’ rights whilst being simultaneously being responsible for the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of social protection policies. This chapter notes child protection in Egypt. The population in urban areas continued to grow steadily over the years. Egypt also recorded a spike in inflation due to domestic inflation, fuel subsidy cuts, and value-added tax. The legal framework of Egypt’s child protection system sparked policy and institutional changes which included policies, strategies, and programs focused on child protection. The government has committed great efforts in battling child labor by adopting relevant UN conventions and international instruments. Moreover, the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood has the highest authority to implement children’s and mothers’ rights whilst being simultaneously being responsible for the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of social protection policies.
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Tsika, Noah. "Coda." In Screening the Police, 291–330. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577721.003.0008.
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Interrogating the entwinement of Hollywood and law enforcement means reconsidering standard definitions of the corporate media system. Scholars continue to view that system—typified, in conventional accounts, by the Hollywood studios—as largely independent of state power. Police participation—broadly defined—has always saved the industry money, with state and municipal agencies funneling their own resources into principal photography, postproduction, and promotion. Tie-ups between police departments and film companies, which are constant rather than occasional—standard rather than exceptional—thus illustrate the rarely acknowledged reality that Hollywood is, in fact, publicly subsidized. Tax credits tempt filmmakers to far-flung locations where law enforcement agencies do their part to keep production costs down, sustaining Hollywood by public subsidy—a sort of “socialism for the rich.” Put simply, the police labor that is so frequently subsumed under Foucauldian abstractions has long been a key factor in the public funding of Hollywood.
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Suh, Chris. "Between Empire and Exclusion." In The Allure of Empire, 55—C2P97. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197631614.003.0003.
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Abstract Chapter 2 follows how the cordial US-Japan relations forged during the Russo-Japanese War became complicated by anti-Japanese immigration movements in California. The nativist movements were originally led by a working-class organization that demanded an extension of the existing Chinese exclusion to the Japanese. The Roosevelt administration resented this demand but eventually restricted Japanese labor migration by working with the Japanese Foreign Ministry to institute the Gentlemen’s Agreement, which saved Japan from a federal exclusion policy that unilaterally excluded the majority of Asians with the Immigration Act of 1917. Yet in California, anti-Japanese movements did not subside with the institution of the Gentlemen’s Agreement. A group of professional-class reformers successfully lobbied the state government to prevent Japanese immigrants from becoming landowners in 1913. They justified the law as an act to prevent the racial and labor conditions of Hawaiʽi and the American South from being replicated in the American West.
Conference papers on the topic "Labour subsidy"
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Albanese, Marina, Francesco Busato, and Gianluigi Cisco. "GREENING HUMAN CAPITAL AND BUSINESS CYCLE: THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL POLICIES." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s29.88.
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Higher education institutions play a central role in shaping labor skills and green culture essential in the future low-carbon economy. This paper examines the impact of green education policies in the higher education sector on the business cycle and compares them to standard incentives to encourage green production at the firm level. For our purpose, we set up a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model extended to account for the endogenous selection of green and traditional human capital and heterogeneous households that differ in their ability to access labor markets and with different availabilities of human capital. We find that both academic and firm subsidy measures enable the greening of human capital. However, a green education stimulus is essential to increase the quality of green education and allow sustainable development in the long run. In contrast, firm-level green subsidies have a larger impact on short-term low-carbon productivity, as they mainly affect hiring and investment decisions.
Reports on the topic "Labour subsidy"
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Ferguson, Thomas, and Servaas Storm. Myth and Reality in the Great Inflation Debate: Supply Shocks and Wealth Effects in a Multipolar World Economy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp196.
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This paper critically evaluates debates over the causes of U.S. inflation. We first show that claims that the Biden stimulus was the major cause of inflation are mistaken: the key data series – stimulus spending and inflation – move dramatically out of phase. While the first ebbs quickly, the second persistently surges. We then look at alternative explanations of the price rises. We assess four supply side factors: imports, energy prices, rises in corporate profit margins, and COVID. We argue that discussions of COVID’s impact have thus far only tangentially acknowledged the pandemic’s far-reaching effects on labor markets. We conclude that while all four factors played roles in bringing on and sustaining inflation, they cannot explain all of it. There really is an aggregate demand problem. But the surprise surge in demand did not arise from government spending. It came from the unprecedented gains in household wealth, particularly for the richest 10% of households, which we show powered the recovery of aggregate US consumption expenditure especially from July 2021. The final cause of the inflationary surge in the U.S., therefore, was in large measure the unequal (wealth) effects of ultra-loose monetary policy during 2020-2021. This conclusion is important because inflationary pressures are unlikely to subside soon. Going forward, COVID, war, climate change, and the drift to a belligerently multipolar world system are all likely to strain global supply chains. Our conclusion outlines how policy has to change to deal with the reality of steady, but irregular supply shocks. This type of inflation responds only at enormous cost to monetary policies, because it arises mostly from supply-side difficulties that require targeted solutions. But when supply plummets or becomes more variable, fiscal policy also has to adapt: existing explorations of ways to steady demand over the business cycle have to embrace much bolder macroeconomic measures to control over-spending when supply is temporarily constrained.