Dissertations / Theses: 'Labour segmentation'

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Fialho, Priscilla Vieira. "Essays on labour market segmentation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10046278/.

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This dissertation consists of three essays on labour market segmentation between openended and temporary employment contracts. Each essay has an empirical nature and exploits either qualitative or quantitative macro and micro data to answer questions related to the extent in which labour markets are segmented and how to address labour market duality in Europe. The first essay reviews the evolution of Employment Protection Legislation over time, recent labour market reforms that affected labour market segmentation and the different proposals for future reforms in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. It introduces the reader to the institutional and legal context for the remaining two essays. The second essay describes several stylised facts about labour market segmentation in the same set of countries. I characterise workers, firms and tasks in atypical employment contracts. I also investigate their average duration, the frequency of transitions from atypical to open-ended contracts and the extent to which firms rotate over workers in atypical employment contracts. Overall, this essay argues that labour market segmentation is not merely a legal artefact, but that there exists a real divide between temporary and permanent workers in dual labour markets. Finally, the third essay evaluates whether low-skilled workers have benefited from the introduction of fixed-term contracts and analyses the heterogeneous effects of potential labour market reforms aiming at tackling labour market segmentation, such as reducing the redtape cost of dismissing workers in a permanent contract or taxing fixed-term contracts. One of the main findings is that decreasing the dismissal cost of permanent contracts by 10% would reduce the share of fixed-term contracts in new hires by half a percentage point, if the destruction rate of permanent contracts were to remain unchanged, and that this policy would mostly benefit workers in the upper part of the ability distribution.

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Stubbs, Thomas Henry. "Labour Market Segmentation and the Reserve Army of Labour: Theory, History, Future." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2782.

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This thesis begins by revisiting and building on themes of labour market segmentation, with particular reference given to Marx's seminal account of segmentation in Capital, Vol.1 (Chapter 25). Marx distinguishes between an active army - the stable full-time employed - and the relative surplus population - the precariously employed reserve army and the residual surplus - and suggests further fragmentation of these main groups into sub-strata. Marx's perspective of segmentation is grounded in fragments of a general theory of employment that, as a long-term tendency, identifies continual advances in constant capital that abolish work and proliferate the reserve army. This thesis builds on these themes by formulating a concept, the 'transference dynamic', which underpins a general theory of employment segmentation. A short history of segmentation under capitalism traces recent phases of development in both developed and lesser-developed nations. Stress is placed on the role of political configurations that regulate capitalism in ways that can either counter the general tendency, such is the case under the Fordist model of capitalism, or strengthen its logic. The theory of employment segmentation and the lessons drawn from the historical account are spliced together with an analysis of the contemporary phase of capitalism, labelled here as the neoliberal model of development. It is demonstrated that the coercive international regulatory dynamic of the neoliberal model reasserts and extends the competitive principle of the capitalist mode of production. Through this extension, nations are transformed into competition-states vying for scarce and globally mobile capital to operate on their shores - the primary source of national prosperity and employment - by implementing capital-friendly neoliberalized policy. This analysis of neoliberal global capitalism reveals an expanding surplus population within a context of deepening international segmentation. This employment crisis is expressed as a hierarchy of nations that is determined in part by their uneven development. Those at the bottom of the hierarchy, comprising a majority portion of the world's population, contain a massive reserve army and residual surplus population unincorporated into wage-based capitalism, without any obvious support of means of life and with little hope for the future. Finally, mainstream solutions are criticized for failing to address either long-run or contemporary drivers of the employment crisis. In response, this thesis pitches a project of multi-faceted radical reform that counter-regulates capitalism by adopting a combination of local, national, regional and global forms of democratic socialist governance.

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Bispo, Arménio. "Labour market segmentation an investigation into the Dutch hospitality industry /." [Rotterdam] : Rotterdam : Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), Erasmus University Rotterdam ; Erasmus University [Host], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/10283.

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Samers, Michael Eric. "The production and regulation of North African immigrants in the Paris automobile industry, 1970-1990." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361736.

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McCartan, Patrick John. "Competition and segmentation : an analysis of wage determination and labour adjustments in manufacturing industry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001453.

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The thesis itself proceeds according to the following outline. Chapter One is concerned with the neoclassical theory of the labour market. Three particular models are surveyed all of which attempt to explain wage differentials and labour adjustments within a competitive equilibrium framework. The basic model of the labour market which rests upon the marginal productivity theory of labour demand, the utility-maximising approach to labour supply and the competitive theory of market equilibrium is dealt with first.This is followed by an outline of human capital theory which emphasises the crucial role played by education and training in determining individual earnings . Finally, attention is focused on disequilibrium wage models of adjustment which account for wage dispersion in terms of the amount and quality of information available to transactors in the labour market.(Introduction, p. 3-4)

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Parsons, Ken. "Ideologies in practice : the context of the Youth Training Scheme." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1654.

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The central concern in the thesis is the relationship between the 'concept of ideology' and the philosophies, motivations and lived experience of Youth Training Scheme (YTS) trainees and trainers. This incorporates both the application, effects and impact of official ideologies, expressed in youth policy initiatives and ideologies of the wider society. This in turn is related to the cultural and societal reproduction of young people as gendered and class specific workers in a segmented labour market. The empirical data were collected over a 20 month period at two off-the-job training establishments in the city of Surfton in the South West region of Britain and consisted of questionnaires participant observations and interviews. The first part of the thesis critically reviews the social science literature relating to the new vocationalism, the YTS, labour market segmentation and the concept of ideology. This establishes a series of theoretical concerns which are then tested against empirical data. The thesis demonstrates how formalised official ideologies are mediated through the YTS curriculum and affect the philosophies of both the trainers who implement this curriculum and the trainees who receive this curriculum. The thesis illustrates that YTS participants may support, reinterpret or subvert the official philosophies of the YTS by actually bringing meaning into their lived experiences via ideologies associated with their historical, positional, family class and gendered backgrounds. The thesis will show that the trainees learn not so much technical knowledge, but how to acquire the ideological and practical cultural meanings of a series of workers for a segmented labour market, with greater or lesser collusion from their trainers. The thesis contributes to existing knowledge both at the level of data generation and by illustrating a series of complex, refined and subtle ideological mechanisms which contribute further to our understanding of the microsociology of inequality.

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Conibear, Anthony. "Labour market segmentation and regulation theory : an application to the United Kingdom." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340714.

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Mieres, Fabiola. "The political economy of everyday precarity : segmentation, fragmentation and transnational migrant labour in Californian agriculture." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.644451.

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This thesis examines the qualitative transformation taking place within the processes of transnationalisation of labour markets that drive a substantive increase in the segmentation and fragmentation of migrant labour. The thesis argues that by either focusing on the agential elements or strictly structural constraints, conventional perspectives on the role of intermediaries in processes of international migration lack a comprehensive transnational theorisation of labour markets. A focus on the transnationalisation of labour markets through the role of cross-border farm labour contractors aims to address these limitations by analysing the complex nature of processes of transnationalisation in the provision of migrant labour in Californian agriculture. A transnational labour market approach is developed to show how three regimes of segmentation-fragmentation operate at the Federal (nation-state) and state (regional) levels and also at a local level through the actions of farm labour contractors in the organisation of movement and workplace practices along formal and informal lines. The core argument of this thesis is that the tensions between fragmentation and segmentation within the process of transnationalisation of labour markets between Mexico and the United States conflate in everyday precarity for migrant workers. Everyday precarity involves not only the conditions under which migrant workers perform their activities in the workplace, but also extends beyond to include aspects of their everyday lives in a transnational fashion. Farm labour contractors play an important role in organising and coordinating flexibility in fragmented agricultural labour markets. Through their position at the heart of the tensions of the interplay between the three regimes, farm labour contractors gain power over the labour process, thereby contributing to further fragmentation. This power is linked to the migration and protection policies established by nation-states at the first regime of segmentation-fragmentation, and is also shaped by the regional (Californian) labour legislation at the second regime of segmentation-fragmentation. The thesis concludes that a transnational theorisation of labour markets, which places intermediaries such as farm labour contractors within the tensions of processes of transnationalisation that account for not only segmentation but also fragmentation, is required to fully understand everyday precarity beyond national boundaries. Therefore, farm labour contractors are key channels of transnationalisation by contributing to further fragmentation at the local level in already highly segmented labour markets.

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Gross, Michael. "Labour market segmentation : the role of product market and industry structure in determining labour market outcomes; a test for the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292028.

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Peck, J. A. "The structure and segmentation of local labour markets : aspects of the geographical anatomy of youth employment in Great Britain." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233414.

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Said, Mona Abdel Salam. "Labour market segmentation and institutional change : the public-private pay differential in Egypt, 1960-1998." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621034.

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Javier, Rodriguez Aguilar Oscar. "Economic stagnation and labour market segmentation in the North Atlantic coast of Colombia, 1900-1930." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2471/.

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The purpose of this thesis is to gain insight into the problem of economic development in general and of Latin America in particular. Its main inquiry is to attempt an explanation of the process of regional economic development based on historical fact. That is, how does one reconcile economic stagnation with the presence of a high wage economy. A chronological sequence of primary and secondary quotes tailors the theme, as major evidence for our argument. We do not wish to centre it on the wage variable. However, as the usual assumption exists about the lack of information on wages, economic evidence of wage differentiation is presented in an effort to disprove such an assumption. For this reason, a misunderstanding of the role of wages in economic decline over other alternative or complementary explanations, may emerge. This thesis makes allowances for the exploration of several different ways in which imperfections in the labour market influenced wage levels in the NAC region. Nevertheless, it is not about alternate or complementary explanations. Neither is it about explaining why there was insufficient interregional migration within Colombia. We mention these viewpoints, of course. Likewise, we understand that other aspects would enable the reader to better assess the role of wages. Aspects such as data on the progress of the particular sectors under consideration--particularly on demand, rates of growth, etc. But because they are such vast themes, they become more (and are) material for further research. Therefore, they are matters that lie well beyond the scope of this thesis. In sum, this thesis suggests that labour market imperfection be at the centre of an economic explanation. Its argument is that imperfections in factor mobility--between the NAC region and other parts of the country, and internationally--meant employers faced a labour shortage in the NAC region. The large-scale corporate unit of the banana sector was able to meet the resulting high wages. Since it was a large employer, it set wages for the rest of the region. Other employers were not, in the end, able to operate profitably at this wage level. We wrote this thesis to counteract those who overindulged--and continue to do so--in the explanation of national economic development in Colombia. It therefore seeks to counterbalance the excessive emphasis placed on coffee, in the literature on the economic development and economic history of the nation. This had been studied upon the basis of a particular interior region's successful commodity--and sheer negligence--of the particular element of regional diversity. The present research and analysis of economic facts show a completely different economic scenario. The thesis attempts to deal with the former by theoretically suggesting an orthodox approach. But there is also an effort to assail the latter by showing the historical economic facts in straightforward manner, that highlight the existence of a high wage economy in the region under scrutiny. This represents an economic historical fact that was never mentioned in the discourse of analysis of economic development in Colombia. The content of this work seeks to treat the general view of the process of economic development in the NAC region of Colombia, with as much contempt, as the failure to research it adequately, has produced in us.

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Ntlapo, Noluthando. "Female-male differentials in earning in South Africa: a comparative socio-demographic approach using data from Labour Force of 2007 and 2011." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4327.

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil
The study examines female-male differentials in earnings and factors associated with them within the labour market of South Africa. Dating back from the end of apartheid in 1994, a few labour policies have been implemented to reduce poverty especially in the area of gender equity and wage discrimination. However, little evidence has been produced to inform on the magnitude of changes in reducing differences and progress achieved so far. Therefore the study attempts to assess and explain the structural changes in female-male differentials in earnings within the labour market. Sparsely conducted studies during the early years of post-apartheid South Africa showed strong racial divide in terms of wage gaps. This proposed study extends this analysis to socio-demographic attributes and also considers a more encompassing notion of earnings. Thus controlling for individual attributes, the overarching issue in this study stems from the following questions: do male workers earn more than their female counterparts within the Labour market? And if it is the case, what are some of the underlying social and demographic variables contributing to this difference? To assess the structural changes in earnings, data utilized for this study are derived from the Labour Force Survey of 2007 and 2011 carried out respectively under Statistics South Africa. Other public records are used to supplement these two sources. In the first step bivariate analysis are carried out to establish patterns and statistical relationships amongst variables selected. Drawing from that, the study makes use of a predictive model to analyse the combined effect of these variables taken together onto the dependent variable. It is expected to observe varying differences in the magnitude of earnings across the selected variables. Differences could be specific to occupation or industrial sector. Temporal variation provides insights about the dynamics of female-male differentials in earnings. From this the study draws some recommendations to guide policy interventions in the labour market.

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Yoon, Yeosun. "New forms of dualization? : labour market segmentation in the UK from the early 1990s to the late 2000s." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54789/.

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This thesis provides a quantitative investigation on issues of labour market divisions, focusing on the UK case between 1991 and 2010. Existing literatures offer a sophisticated account of the theoretical understanding of divisions within labour markets across different welfare states. Especially, amongst others, the most recent literature, termed dualization, has highlighted a dualistic pattern of division not only within the labour market but also in other spheres such as social security settings in many advanced industrial economies. It also emphasises the cross-national variation in the divisions of labour markets. Yet, the existing researches do have their limitations, particularly by the extent to which many studies rely on pre-defined patterns and features of divisions. In other words, rarely do these studies examine how and to what extent labour markets are divided. Rather, they assume that a specific type of division exists in a market and this assumption is applied to measure the extent to which this division can be observed. Thus, this thesis aims to overcome these limitations by investigating distinctive patterns and features of the divided labour market as well as matters concerning the positional stability of individuals of the UK's employed population over the past two decades using advanced quantitative methods (latent class, latent and regression modelling). By investigating the country in which dualization is deemed to be less likely to occur due to its liberal economic structures, the thesis also engages with the role of labour market institutions and their policies. Results suggest that the UK labour market has been divided over the last 20 years and many socio-demographic indicators, such as gender, age and education, are attributed to the segmentation of labour force. This supports the theoretical literature on labour market divisions in that there are clear distinctions between those who are insiders and those who are not and that there are the contrasting demographics in different labour market segments. However, the clearest deviation from the existing literature is that the main characteristics that divide the groups in the UK labour market are not contract types but rather income levels, occupational profile, and social security benefits stemming from employment. Simultaneously, the divided labour groups indicated have relatively strong levels of positional stability between 1991 and 2010. Such an analytical outcome differs from previous theories' argument that the UK labour market has a flexible labour market structure which promotes frequent mobility amongst the labour force. In particular, the strong positional stability of the "insiders" regardless of different time points and scales was rather distinctive. Furthermore, of various individual-level indicators, trade unions have shown to be one of the core driving factors to reinforce the divisions in the UK labour market alongside the socio-demographic factors despite a radical reduction within their size and power over recent decades. Therefore, overall findings appear to be consistent with the broader argument of the existing literature on labour market divisions, that the "divides" do exist in the UK labour market. However, it provides less support for the recent suggestion that a specific pattern of division and its characteristics operate neatly across different countries. Such a result highlights the importance of further empirical investigations in order to understand the cross-national variations of labour market divisions.

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bin, Ham Sheikh Muhammad Musallam Salem. "Labour deployment and segmentation in the UAE with particular reference to the contribution of foreign workers to the local economy." Thesis, University of Kent, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497677.

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This thesis examines the efficacy of the government's current policy in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) designed to reduce dependence on non-UAE labour by increasing the number and spread ofUAE nationals in the workforce. Foreign labour includes all those workers who enter the country on resident's visas and are issued with labour cards entitling them to work for a particular employer. It is the declared policy of the UAE government, at all levels (and in both local and national government) that there should be a reduction in the numbers of foreign workers employed, and the target is to halve the present total by 2010. The thesis relies on evidence from primary sources at all levels in the political, occupational and social domains, but whatever sector the research informants represent, they are mainly at the levels of decision makers, and opinion formers; politicians (of the Ruling Families), senior businessmen and industrialists in the public and private sectors and senior Civil Servants at the Under Secretary level. The thesis seeks to challenge the Government's assertion that it can afford to reduce the ex-patriot component of the labour force by half and still sustain steady economic growth. Many informants supported this view with comments like '... we will be overrun with foreigners', ' ... it is our country, why should we share our wealth with those who have no commitment to the Muslim states' and 'they come here, take jobs away from locals and then send the money out of the country'. Conversely, an Under Secretary at the Abu Dhabi Municipality stated, " ... our birth rate is high and will get progressively higher and this will filter into the labour force before long". The views expressed here were all tested in the research and found wanting. Based on the evidence, all these arguments can be rebuffed and therefore with it goes the credibility the Government's view of sustaining steady economic growth with half the numbers of ex-patriot workers. For example, the Under Secretary's view that the national birth rate will eventually neutralise the contribution ex-patriots are making to the economy, has he taken into consideration that the recent abolition of the Marriage Fund may reduce the marriages of locals to each other and therefore impact on the 'national' birth-rate. Will the offspring of a national woman and a Philippino father be regarded as nationals? When there are no manual workers to fill construction jobs, which locals refuse to do. Who will work on the construction sites which presently serves to sustain the economic growth and attract foreign investment? Where will the essential skilled knowledge workers come from? The evidence from the Head of Human Resources at Etisalat is that although there are an abundance of colleges in UAE for technical training, he still has to go to India to recruit technicians. The UAE sustains one of the highest standards of living in the GCC area. As a free trade area (shortly to initiate a single currency policy), there will be a major surge of many workers from less developed countries attracted by the higher standard of living in UAE and then the suggestion is to extend the Union beyond the present countries to undeveloped countries like Sudan, Somalia, Egypt, etc. The chapters, individually and collectedly serve to explore in depth the substance of the Government's assertion. That is the vision of Emiritisation by the year 2010 when the local labour force will be able to sustain the present levels of growth without excessive foreign labour. Suggestions are highlighted and recommendations made on how this growth can be sustained, but the evidence gathered supports the view that the focus should shift from numbers of ex-pats to the cultural and attitudinal changes of the local which need to be made when the jobs in the public sector no longer exist. Changes such as locals preferring to be unemployed than to taking jobs in the private sectors, the role and function of women's participation in the labour force, a shift away from traditional Islamic values by the young and an increase in crime, drug abuse, alcoholism and car accidents. All anathema to the dictates of the Holy Koran and to the older, pioneering generation, generally. These variables will all be researched in depth by the use of qualitative methods and used to establish the conclusions and support the recommendations.

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Mugororoka, Fortune Chanelle. "The Labour-market Experiences of Skilled African Women in Sweden : The Case of Kenyan Women." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171552.

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The study sought to understand the labour-market experiences of Kenyan women living in Swedenfrom a precarity standpoint. Specifically, from the point of view of uncertainty and vulnerability ofAfrican migrants workers in the labor market. The research explored how individual, structural, andcultural factors influenced the choice of profession and the labour market participation of Kenyanmigrant women in Sweden. Intersectionality, Precarity and the Dual Labor Market theory were thetheories picked to make sense of the particular vulnerabilities experienced, and strategies adoptedby Kenya migrant women in the Swedish labour market. A qualitative approach was adopted by thestudy and a case-study specifically used. Semi -structured interviews were used as the tool for datacollection and the data coded and analyses thematically. The research found out that African wokenfaced challenges in the Swedish labour market despite their academic qualifications, workexperience or Swedish language skills. Gender and ethnicity were found to be contributing factorsto these women being embedded mostly in the secondary segments of the labour market. Dualismor the labor market segmentation theory- divided into two sections; the primary and the secondaryjobs proved useful as it enabled the research make sense of the participants embeddedness in thesecondary labour markets. The concept of precarity was helpful in analysing various precariouswork undertaken by the participants from the beginning of their migration to Sweden and aftermany years of being in the country. The combination of the dual labor market theory with theintersectionality approach was significant to the study as it highlighted the dichotomy and thecomplexity of interactions between race, gender and ethnicity in the labor market. The findings ofthe research generally confirmed previous studies that show that highly skilled migrant women aremostly situated in the secondary segments of the labour market or face discrimination whenpositioned in primary jobs due to their different ethnicity and different culture. The studyrecommends that further research be done with a a larger sample and the same study done in otherEuropean countries for comparison purposes.

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BANASIAK, Sophie. "The unionisation of precarious workers : representations, problematisation and experiences in Swedish blue-collar unions in the construction and hotel-restaurant sectors." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52700.

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From the Polanyian perspective on the double movement of labour commodification and self-protection of Society, the aim of this study was to examine how unionists perceive and problematise precarious employment and what are their practices for unionising and thereby securing precarious workers. A double case study was conducted in the hotel-restaurant and construction sectors in Sweden with the participation of blue-collar unionists with diverse backgrounds and experiences. The results show that precarious work is associated with labour market segmentation, subcontracting and fragmentation of economic organisations, deskilling of work, loss of autonomy and sometimes over-qualification of workers. Perceived difficulties for unionisation are fear, lack of knowledge of precarious workers about their rights, membership cost, status frustration and lack of interactions with other workers. Reported practices for unionising precarious workers consist of dealing with these barriers in order to build trustful relations and empowering workers through education and inclusion in leadership positions. Actions taken to protect and secure precarious workers are strongly interlinked with their unionisation and seem to rest mainly on negotiations. The main conclusions of the study are that precarious work means a loss of control by workers over their work life stemming from labour commodification and flexibilisation due to increased management control and lack of rights and protections surrounding work. The formation of solidarities needed for unionisation is hindered by the detachment of precarious workers from the work community and by inequality regimes. The domination of fear manifests the prevalence of emotions. Therefore, the care and emotional work of unionists is essential for making workers feel confidence. Unions practices tend to lean also, to some extent, towards organising and community building models. Thereby, union agency appears to be able to engage in an interplay with structures to exert some influence on employment and industrial relations.

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Cartwright, Kimberley. "A comparative case investigation of the retail industry : comparing the nature of HRM, emotional labour and the influence of the customer." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-comparative-case-investigation-of-the-retail-industry-comparing-the-nature-of-hrm-emotional-labour-and-the-influence-of-the-customer(13045a8d-138e-464d-8eb3-618b03a7b7b3).html.

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Retail work constitutes an estimated 10.5 per cent of the UK workforce (British Retail Consortium, 2011). The literature suggests homogeneity in the nature of HRM in the retail industry with low formal skills, pay and trade union density associated with this context (Skillsmart Retail, 2010; Department for Business Innovation and Skills, 2010). Furthermore, the downward pressure on the working conditions of employees is observed across front-line work in general and this, seemingly does not improve with competitive strategy (Kelliher and Perrett, 2001; Lloyd, 2005; Lloyd, Warhurst and Dutton, 2013). However, the service work literature reveals diversity at the workplace level in the performance of emotional labour (Bolton, 2000) and the different types of customer (Bolton and Houlihan, 2005). Yet there are gaps in the literature related to how the performance of emotional labour compares and contrasts across retail organisations through different management control mechanisms as well as how the employee-customer interaction may explain diversity at the workplace level. The thesis draws on a comparative case approach of four case study organisations in the retail industry each reflecting different market positions in clothing and electrical product markets. A total of 37 semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers and employees across the case study stores. In addition the methodology also included the analysis of the customer perspective which is traditionally missing in the work and employment relations literature (Korczynski, 2009) This included collecting data using eighteen customer shopping reports, a method based on qualitative diaries. The overall aim of the study was to compare and contrast management, employee and customer perspectives across different retail organisation contexts and explore how the nature of HR and the performance of emotional labour are framed and reframed by the dynamics and negotiations that take place between these three actors. The findings reveal homogeneity in the nature of HRM with no improvement in recruitment and selection, training, pay and collective employee involvement going up the quality chain in the retail industry. This confirms other studies in the service industry more generally (Kelliher and Perrett, 2001; Lloyd, 2005; Lloyd et al, 2013). However within this downward pressure on the nature of HRM there were elements of diversity in the management requirements for the performance of emotional labour and the conceptualisation of the customer which shaped the employee-customer interaction in much broader terms than Strategic HR theorists might have assumed. To understand diversity across the retail organisations it was necessary to analyse the nature of employee-customer interactions within the context of management performance strategies. This revealed that many of the nuances between the case study retailers related to the ways the customer shapes, and is shaped, by the performance of emotional labour. The thesis will argue for the continued relevance of the concept of triangular relations which has been recently criticised (Belanger and Edwards, 2013) because it recognises the three actors that shape the performance of emotional labour at the level of workplace relations.

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Ntikinca, Kanyiso Lungani. "The transition of Rhodes University graduates into the South African labour market : a case study of the 2010 cohort." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018198.

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Recent studies have shown that graduates from historically White universities (HWUs) experience better labour market outcomes than graduates from historically Black universities (HBUs). This is a result of the legacy of apartheid which promoted racial inequality in all spheres of South African society, more especially in higher education and the labour market. Post-1994, government dedicated large amounts for the restructuring of the higher education sector of South Africa in order to level out the playing field. However, graduates from HWUs still experience better labour market success than graduates from HBUs. That said, there is limited information about the labour market outcomes and experiences of graduates from a former White university (especially graduates from Rhodes University). Therefore, the central aim of this dissertation is to show that graduates from a historically White university (Rhodes University) experience varying and unequal outcomes in the South African labour market on account of (among other factors) their chosen fields of study, race and sex. This study is informed by the heterodox labour market approach, which is partly inspired by the critical realist account of the labour market. As a result, this theoretical framework allowed the researcher to use the Labour Market Segmentation (LMS) theory as a tool to inform this analysis. The study has adopted a quantitative survey design and has incorporated some of the key methodological lessons learned from the collection of international graduate tracer studies. The findings from this study indicated that ‘field of study’ is a strong determiner of the outcomes of Rhodes graduates in the labour market. This was visible in the persistence of a skills bias towards commerce and science graduates. Evidently, even when we controlled for race and sex, graduates from the commerce and science faculties experience better labour market outcomes than humanities graduates. This is a result of a skills biased South African economy, which has a higher demand for certain skills over others. However, the findings from this study also show evidence of pre-labour market discrimination and inequality (based on race and sex) in the supply-side institutions such as the family, schooling and university. The findings also show continuities and discontinuities of labour market discrimination (based on race and sex) in the outcomes of Rhodes graduates in the South African labour market. More importantly, this dissertation indicates that Rhodes graduates experience varying outcomes in the labour market as a result of (among other factors) their chosen fields of study, race and sex.

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Jesus, Élia Isabel Gamito de. "Formas flexíveis de emprego : estudo empírico do trabalho temporário na região de Setúbal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3573.

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Mestrado em Sociologia Económica e das Organizações
A flexibilidade, e os conceitos a ela associados, designadamente a competitividade, encontram-se na ordem do dia e invadem o nosso quotidiano impondo nas sociedades contemporâneas, novos valores, novas representações, novos modos de vida, novos modelos de organização do trabalho e novas estratégias e práticas empresariais e societárias. Neste encadeamento de ideias, e embora continuemos na antiga mas actual dicotomia entre capital e trabalho, o factor humano não se encontra apenas associado ao "trabalho", tendendo a ser designado e (devendo ser) entendido como "capital humano", sob a forma de competências e qualificações individuais e grupais e como factor estratégico para o sucesso das organizações. Contudo, o "reverso da medalha" da flexibilidade e em particular das formas flexíveis de emprego, ou os efeitos nocivos da neoliberalização levada ao limite, traduz-se na segmentação do mercado de trabalho e numa polarização social entre dois extremos: regra geral, de um lado, um núcleo duro de trabalhadores-chave, com vínculos laborais estáveis e objecto de uma mobilidade profissional e polivalência ilimitada e, do outros, os trabalhadores periféricos ou substituíveis, com vínculos habitualmente precários e trajectórias profissionais descontínuas. O presente trabalho pretende indagar sobre as oportunidades e/ou desvantagens destes percursos profissionais caracterizados pela sua precariedade e diferentes níveis (salarial, situações de trabalho pouco qualificantes ou mesmo desqualificantes, acesso a formação profissional e as oportunidades de carreira, entre outros), visando modestamente contribuir para um melhor conhecimento desta realidade e enriquecimento da literatura ao nível dos estudos regionais. Suportado num quadro teórico de análise que integra diversas perspectivas e visões, realiza-se um estudo empírico sobre o trabalho temporário na região de Setúbal, através da aplicação de um inquérito por questionário a trabalhadores temporários, de entrevistas com parceiros sociais e institucionais regionais e da exploração de dados estatísticos.
Flexibility, and its associate concepts, like competitiveness, are a important matter that invade our day-by-day imposing in the contemporaries societies, new values, new representations, new ways of life, new models of labour organisation and new enterprises and social practices and strategies. In this context, and even we continue in the old but actual dichotomy between capital and labour, the human factor does not only is assoicated to labour, tending to be assigned and understood as human capital, under the form of abilities and individual and group qualifications and as a strategic factor for organisations success. However, the flexibility, and in particular the flexible forms of job, as also negative effects, or the harmful effect of the neo-liberalisation taken to the limit, are expressed the segmentation of the work market and a social polarisation between two extemities: general rule, in one side, a hard nucleus of key-workers, with steady labour bonds and object of a professional mobility and limitless polyvalence and, in the other side, the peripheral or replaceable workers, with habitually precarious bonds and discontinuous professional trajectories. The present work intends to inquire on the chances and /or disadvantages of these professional passages characterised by its precariousness at different levels (wages, unqualified situations of work, access to professional training and opportunities of career, among others), modestly aiming at to contribute for one better knowledge of this reality and a literature enrichment of the regional studies. Supported in a theoretical picture of analysis that integrates a diverseness of perspectives, an empirical study is become full-filled on the temporary work in the regiona of Setúbal, through the application of an inquiry by questionnaire to temporary workers, and interviews with regional social and institutional partners and of the exploration os statistical data.

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21

Bellache, Youghourta. "L'économie informelle en Algérie, une approche par enquête auprès des ménages : le cas de Bejaia." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593812.

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La croissance du secteur informel en Algérie fait de celui-ci une composante structurelle de l'économie. Les controverses, déjà anciennes, sur son rôle (dynamique, marginal, parasitaire) se poursuivent et témoignent de la complexité du phénomène. L'objet de notre thèse consiste à analyser le secteur informel en Algérie, selon la définition du BIT, afin de comprendre s'il s'agit d'un secteur dynamique ou d'un secteur de subsistance. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une enquête représentative auprès d'un échantillon de 522 ménages dans la wilaya de Bejaia, soit près de 1000 actifs occupés. L'analyse en coupe instantanée des données de l'enquête, grâce à l'analyse factorielle des correspondances multiples et la régression logistique, a permis de cerner les caractéristiques saillantes des actifs (salariés et non salariés) du secteur informel et d'établir ainsi différentes typologies (informels purs vs. informels hybrides ; travailleuses à domicile couturières, sous-traitantes de pro duits alimentaires et prestataires de services) qui témoignent de son hétérogénéité (diversité des activités et des acteurs, degrés d'informalité variables, différenciation des revenus). L'analyse de la mobilité socioprofessionnelle des actifs informels met en évidence l'existence au sein du secteur informel d'une forte mobilité intra-sectorielle ascendante et une segmentation entre les micro-entrepreneurs non mobiles et les micro-entrepreneurs mobiles. Globalement, la faiblesse du capital humain, le faible niveau des revenus ainsi que la faiblesse des liens avec le reste de l'économie, tout en confortant la thèse de la segmentation entre les deux secteurs (formel et informel) et au sein du secteur informel lui-même, accréditent l'existence d'un secteur informel de subsistance.

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22

Lassassi, Moundir. "Le marché du travail en Algérie : réseaux sociaux, choix occupationnel et salaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2016.

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Les récents mouvements sociaux qui ont secoué certains pays arabes notamment l'Algérie ont montré la fragilité de la situation sur le marché du travail dans ces pays en particulier pour les jeunes. Le premier chapitre porte sur l'analyse de la situation du marché du travail en Algérie sur une longue période. Ces dix dernières années la situation de l'emploi s'est dégradée en termes de sécurité de l'emploi en particulier pour les jeunes. La situation reste difficile, d'autant plus que la situation démographique actuelle envisage de fortes pressions sur le marché du travail dans le futur. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analysons les stratégies de recherche d'emploi notamment par le biais des méthodes informelles. Nos résultats montrent de fortes spécificités liées au genre dans les stratégies de recherche. Dans l'ensemble, les réseaux sociaux apparaissent comme étant une méthode efficace pour trouver un emploi en Algérie mais pas pour des emplois qualifiés. Le troisième chapitre vise à étudier l'architecture des systèmes d'emploi en Algérie. Il ressort que le modèle qui explique le mieux le comportement des hommes et des femmes est un modèle séquentiel à deux niveaux : participation vs non participation et ensuite le choix d'un segment sur le marché du travail. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous analysons les déterminants du choix du secteur et les salaires pour les hommes et les femmes dans différents secteurs d'activités en Algérie. Nos résultats montrent que les femmes sont moins bien rémunérées par rapport aux hommes dans les différents segments. Le secteur public est celui qui protège le plus les femmes de la discrimination salariale
Recent social movements that swept some Arab countries including Algeria showed the fragility of the situation on the labor market in these countries in particular for young people. The first chapter deals with the analysis of the situation of the labor market in Algeria over a long period. Over the past decade the employment situation has deteriorated in terms of job security in particular for young people. The situation remains difficult, especially as the current demographic situation considering pressures on the labor market in the future. In the second chapter, we analyze the strategies for job search including through informal methods. Our results show strong gender specificities in search strategies. Overall, social networks appear to be an effective method to find a job in Algeria but not for skilled jobs. The third chapter aims to study the architecture of employment systems in Algeria. It appears that the model that best explains the behavior of men and women is a sequential two-level model: participation vs. non participation and then choosing a segment on the labor market. In the fourth chapter, we analyze the determinants of the choice of sector and wages for men and women in different sectors in Algeria. Our results show that women are paid less compared to men in the various segments. The public sector is the one that best protects women from wage discrimination

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23

Niki, Satomi. "Labor market segmentation and migrant workers in Japan." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040608/.

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24

Basak, Zeynep. "Explaining Informalization Via Labor Market Segmentation Theory: Evidence From Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606551/index.pdf.

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The primary aim of the thesis is to explain informality with the help of labor market segmentation theory in the case of Turkey. In so doing, the informalization process in Turkey is discussed with reference to not only the definitional confusions in different conceptualizations of the informal sector in the literature, but also trade liberalization, privatization, subcontracting relationships and the notion of &ldquo
flexible firm&rdquo
, as well. In order to find an answer to the question of &ldquo
how the dimensions of informality fit into the perception about labor market segmentation theory&rdquo
, the field surveys conducted by different authors are analyzed. The findings of these field surveys confirm a possible explanation of informalization via labor market segmentation theory in Turkey.

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25

Torres-Olave, Blanca Minerva. "STEM Employment in the New Economy: A Labor Market Segmentation Approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305866.

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The present study examined the extent to which the U.S. STEM labor market is stratified in terms of quality of employment. Through a series of cluster analyses and Chi-square tests on data drawn from the 2008 Survey of Income Program Participation (SIPP), the study found evidence of segmentation in the highly-skilled STEM and non-STEM samples, which included workers with a subbaccalaureate diploma or above. The cluster analyses show a pattern consistent with Labor Market Segmentation theory: Higher wages are associated with other primary employment characteristics, including health insurance and pension benefits, as well as full-time employment. In turn, lower wages showed a tendency to cluster with secondary employment characteristics, such as part-time employment, multiple employment, and restricted access to health insurance and pension benefits. The findings also suggest that women have a higher likelihood of being employed in STEM jobs with secondary characteristics. The findings reveal a far more variegated employment landscape than is usually presented in national reports of the STEM workforce. There is evidence that, while STEM employment may be more resilient than non-STEM employment to labor restructuring trends in the new economy, the former is far from immune to secondary labor characteristics. There is a need for ongoing dialogue between STEM education (at all levels), employers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to truly understand not only the barriers to equity in employment relations, but also the mechanisms that create and maintain segmentation and how they may impact women, underrepresented minorities, and the foreign-born.

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26

SOARES, RODRIGO REIS. "SEGMENTATION VERSUS COMPETITIVENESS: A TEST OF DUALITY IN THE BRAZILIAN LABOR MARKET." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1997. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14749@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O objetivo da dissertação é testar empiricamente a existência de dualidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Dualidade é entendida como a existência de estruturas de remuneração distintas na economia, não explicadas por diferenças nos atributos produtivos dos indivíduos. São analisados os dados Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE) de 1988 através da metodologia proposta por Dickens & Lang (1985) e de algumas extensões. A evidência sugere que o comportamento dos salários no Brasil não se assemelha às previsões da teoria dual: o efeito da educação se sobrepõe a qualquer outro fator na determinação dos rendimentos na economia brasileira e o retorno à educação é altamente não-linear, o que dá relevância a políticas que atuam sobre a oferta de trabalho no combate à pobreza e à distribuição desigual de renda.
The objective of the dissertation is to test empirically the existence of duality in the Brazilian labor market. Duality is defined as the existence of different wage strctures in the economy, not explained by differences in the productive skills of the workers. Data from the annual Brazilian household survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD/IBGE) from 1988 is analyzed with the methodology suggested by Dickens & Lang (1985) and some extensions. The results do not support the dual theory: education is the basic determinant of the wages in the Brazilian economy and the return to education is highly non-linear. These conclusions reveal the major role that should be played by supply side labor market policies in the efforts against poverty and earnings inequality in Brazil.

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27

Mahmoudi, Dillon. "Making Software, Making Regions: Labor Market Dualization, Segmentation, and Feminization in Austin, Portland and Seattle." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3768.

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Through mixed-methods research, this dissertation details the regionally variegated and place-specific software production processes in three second-tier US software regions. I focus on the relationship between different industrial, firm, and worker production configurations and broad-based economic development, prosperity, and inequality. I develop four main empirical findings. First, I argue for a periodization of software production that tracks with changes in software laboring activity, software technologies, and wage-employment relationships. Through a GIS-based method, I use the IPUMS-USA to extensively measure the amount and type of software labor in industries across the US between 1970 and 2015. I map the uneven geography of software labor that produces different clusters of various software occupations. Second, I argue that between each software period, locational windows provide an opportunity for second-tier software regions to challenge Silicon Valley. I combine the IPUMS-USA dataset with interviews of software workers to analyze forms of regionally specific modes of production in Seattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon, and Austin, Texas. I trace how software production in these three cities evolves between each software period, taking on different spatial configurations, firm strategies, labor practices, and technological characteristics. Third, I argue that software labor is hyper-sensitive to deskilling because of software production activity produces software. I combine occupation classifications and interviews with software workers to interrogate the ever-present need for software workers to learn the newest development practices and software languages as firms seek to automate software production. I define five key moments since the 1970s that exemplify software labor market dualization and segmentation. Using interviews, and conference observations, I find that community-based organizations and labor market intermediaries locally mitigate the structural tendencies toward labor market dualization and segmentation. I argue that without intervention, the layered and bifurcated labor market for software production reproduces existing inequalities. Further, the organizational, technological, and spatial changes in software production reduce the potential for equitable wealth production. Ultimately, this dissertation argues for the importance of labor organizing in software, contributing empirical and theoretical work in a lineage of regional-based industrial restructuring literature. The regional and industrial geographies produced by and out of software production are significant forces in the economy at regional and national scales. I connect this process to the feminization of other industries, noting how the technical nature of software production structurally genders and racializes the labor force. Leveraging a labor feminization framework highlights the flexibilization of labor and the rift between the pace of software skill building and technological development. Both software production and regional economies are necessary entry points to understand new capitalist relations. Understanding these new relations thus requires examining how configurations of software production differ across regions, how they impact industry and regional economic development outcomes, and how they weaken or strengthen actions of local workers, local organizations, and local firms. These processes offer a glimpse into how the contemporary moment of production differs from other moments of production. Armed with this understanding, this research will be able to connect industry and regional economic-development outcomes to regionally specific modes of production, answering relevant software-based economic-development policy questions.

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28

Huneeus, Lagos Federico. "Determinants of job quality: Persistence and dynamic segmentation in the labor market of a developing country." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107887.

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No disponible a texto completo
Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Economía
We adapt the multidimensional poverty methodology to the study of job quality dynamics using a unique household survey panel, for a developing country like Chile. This data allows us to control for the history of the worker in addition to the usual socio-demographic and economic characteristics. We estimate a dynamic panel model with random effects and find existence of better job quality among larger and unionized firms but neither gender, public/private status nor economic sectors are significant determinants of job quality. Moreover, the data reveals the significance of labor history in predicting job quality and therefore the existence of persistence in job quality. A worker can move between different size of firms and economic sectors, but those jobs will be of similar quality (for better and for worse). Even though our sample of workers corresponds to those with slightly better working conditions (dependant workers that have contributed to pensions at least once in their labor history) job quality mobility seems to be weak suggesting the existence of job quality segmentation. Having been in a low quality job induces an increase in the probability of continuing to be in a low quality job in 20-40 percent. This effect is important while the second biggest marginal effect comes from firm size (being in a big firm reduces the probability of being in a low quality job), and it’s 10 percent at the most. We show evidence that this result of persistence could be indicative of job quality dynamic segmentation

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29

Seetahul, Suneha. "Where Does the Stigma Lie? : Exploring the Roles of Gender, Religion and Caste in the Indian Labor Market." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0337/document.

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Cette thèse propose de détecter les mécanismes par lesquels la stratification d’une société se reflète sur le marché du travail. Nous étudions pour cela le cas de l’Inde, où les disparités liées au genre, à la religion et à la caste persistent malgré des changements structurels considérables. Un premier chapitre traite des liens entre l’exclusion du marché du travail et les disparités inter-groupes. Suite à une estimation de la probabilité de non-participation sur le marché du travail, l’analyse des conséquences de l’isolement forcé des femmes sur l’éducation des enfants permet d’observer dans quelle mesure le travail est un vecteur de réduction des inégalités genrées d’éducation. Un second chapitre s’intéresse aux trajectoires de mobilités occupationnelles et de revenu entre 2005 et 2011-12. Une description détaillée de ces trajectoires et l’estimation de ces déterminants suggèrent l’absence d’un phénomène de rattrapage des groupes désavantagés sur le moyen-terme. Un troisième chapitre aborde la question de la segmentation du marché du travail dans un contexte de prédominance de l’économie informelle. Les résultats montrent l’existence d’une ségrégation occupationnelle en fonction du genre. Le quatrième chapitre propose une comparaison paramétrique et nonparamétrique des décompositions de salaire. Les écarts de salaires ne sont pas liés à une discrimination salariale pure mais plutôt à un processus de sélection et de ségrégation occupationnelle dans le cas du genre. En ce qui concerne les groupes socio-religieux, la combinaison des écarts en termes d’éducation, de népotisme et de discrimination potentielle explique les fortes disparités salariales
This thesis aims to analyze how the stratified nature of a society translates into horizontal inequalities in the labor market. We analyze the case of urban India, where disparities among gender, religion and caste groups persist despite the country’s significant structural change. The first chapter analyzes the links between labor market exclusion and group disadvantage. After estimating the likelihood of non-participation in the labor market, we address the specific case of secluded labor by detecting its impact on children’s education. We suggest that female labor market participation is not likely to lower the educational gap for future generations. The second chapter compares the paths of labor market mobility between 2005 and 2011-12 among gender and socio-religious groups. A detailed analysis of occupational and earnings mobility, followed by the estimation of their determinants, suggest that the group-specific mobility patterns may not reflect a process of “catching-up.” The third chapter proposes an analysis of labor market segmentation in the context of a predominantly informal labor market, showing that the household business sector is relatively homogenous and that the salaried sector is segmented along gender lines. A fourth chapter highlights the issue of potential discrimination by comparing parametric and semi-parametric wage gap decompositions, both suggesting that wage gaps are mostly due to selection and segregation effects in the case of gender. In the case of socio-religious groups, a combination of endowment differentials, nepotism and potential discrimination leads to substantial wage differentials

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30

Li, Qiang. "Language, immigration, and cities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2854.

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This dissertation analyzes the complex relationships between language, immigration, and labor and housing market outcomes. First, I model the urban labor market as segmented by language barriers. The prediction of this segmentation theory is confirmed by Canadian Census data, which allow me to identify a worker's labor market segment by her work language. Second, I explore whether the housing market reflects people's willingness to pay for higher quality social-ethnic interactions. By combining housing transaction data and Census information, I am able to test such a relationship with positive results. Finally, I ask what properties housing price series have if some people have better knowledge of the future immigration/migration flows to a city. Under this setup, the price series become serially correlated and the price volatility varies over time. The model also explains the long-standing price-volume relationship in housing transaction data.

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31

Vega, Núñez Adriana Patricia. "Essays on informal labor markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663417.

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The dissertation deals with the analysis of informality in developing countries considering both the worker’s and the firm’s perspective. Within a context of a strong presence of this phenomenon in the majority of South and Central America countries, the main goal of this research is to explore the factors that may influence the prevalence and the consequences of informality in this region. The analysis focuses in two dimensions of the informal labor market: the firms and the workforce, divided in three main topics. The initial point of analysis intends to provide evidence of the presence of informal firms and its differences between the South and Central America countries. Therefore, we evaluate which are the cross-national factors that account for the prevalence of informality and we try to identify the reason influencing the decision to run a business in the borderlines of the formal or informal sector in this region. It is worth mentioning that with these objectives in mind, this study is the first analysis using firm-level data covering a wide sample of South and Central America countries. In this sense, we found three main results on firms’ informality. Firstly, it sheds light on the association between informality and the characteristics of firms. In this sense, small firms, less productive firms, older firms, one proprietor firms, less technological firms and manufacturing firms are more likely to operate informally. As second result, it reveals that entrepreneurs face obstacles in their operations, such as the presence of informal competitors, financial and tax administration obstacles, which positively influence informality. Thirdly, it analyses the effect of cross-country determinants of the likelihood of being informal firm. These factors are associated with the average GDP growth and the governance performance of the country. While the previous analysis addresses informality as a challenge issue to deal with in developing countries, the next two analyses focus their attention in Ecuador. The next tòpic explains the determinants of the job placement process in the Ecuadorian formal and informal labor market. In this regard, it seeks to answer weather being part of an informal job is a worker’s voluntary decision, or it is because there are restrictions on the number of job placements in the formal sector. In order to consider both workers’ preferences and employers’ hiring decisions, we apply a bivariate binomial probit model with partial observability since we can only observe the joint decision of both actors of the market. The study supports the presence of a restriction in the number of formal jobs in the economy and therefore existence of both, voluntary and involuntary informal employment. Nonetheless, these results lead directly to a next question, explicitly, how are the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and which paterns affected the transitions within the labor sectors. Therefore, the next topic provides an overview of the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and some specific patterns of the transitions within the labor sectors. We specify a transition matrix and a multinomial logit model to identify the movements across the sectors and the effect of each worker’s characteristics on the probability of moving to a given a sector. The transition matrix results suggest an important dynamics not only in and out of the labor market but also across the sectors; and as well that individuals are searching for job opportunities in both formal and informal sectors.

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32

Machado, Renata Caixeta. "Imigrantes e o mercado de trabalho no Brasil: segmentação entre brasileiros e estrangeiros e o impacto da língua materna." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6661.

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Labor migration is at the center of contemporary economic regulation and suggests a demographic process that highlights the need for people mobility. In this sense, the understanding of manpower mobility is essential for the determination of immigration policies. The general objective of this study is to analyze immigrants reality in the Brazilian labor market from two perspectives: regarding the existence of segmentation between brazilians and foreigners; and in relation to the impact of the mother tongues on the insertion of the workers in the host society. For this, we use multinomial logit models. In the first place, we seek to verify the effect of the immigrant condition on the probabilities of the individual belonging to one of the proposed states of employment - inactivity, unemployment, primary and secondary occupation. Second, we try to evaluate if, how and to what extent certain characteristics of native languages of immigrants - latin origin, explicit distinction between genders and generic reference to the future - interfere in the probability of them finding themselves inactive, unemployed and occupied. Data from the 2010 Demographic Census, provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), are used for the country as a whole, and the sample is restricted to the Population in the Working Age (10 to 65 years). The results indicate that there is no segmentation between the internal and external workforce in Brazil, since the fact that being an immigrant increases his chances of working in a primary occupation and decreases the probability of entering a secondary occupation. In addition, it can be seen that the aforementioned characteristics of the languages spoken by immigrants exert an influence on the placement of immigrants in the Brazilian labor market. Specifically, the results show that persons who use latin languages have lower chances of being inactive and greater chances of being employed; women whose languages are gender-biased are more likely to be inactive; and those who speak weak FTR languages have reduced probability of unemployment. The present paper fills some gaps in the literature on immigration, especially in Brazil. It also contributes, as an additional research on the subject, and can thus support the formation of public policies focused on the international migratory flows destined to the Brazil.
A migração do trabalho situa-se no centro das regulações econômicas contemporâneas e sugere um processo demográfico que evidencia a necessidade de mobilidade entre os indivíduos. Nesse sentido, a compreensão dos deslocamentos de mão de obra mostra-se imprescindível para a determinação de políticas voltadas a estes. O objetivo geral deste estudo é analisar a realidade dos imigrantes no mercado de trabalho no Brasil sob duas perspectivas: quanto à existência de segmentação entre brasileiros e estrangeiros e; no que tange ao impacto das línguas maternas sobre a inserção dos trabalhadores na sociedade hospedeira. Para tal, utiliza-se o modelo logit multinomial. Em primeiro lugar, busca-se verificar o efeito da condição de imigrante sobre as probabilidades de o indivíduo pertencer a um dos estados de emprego propostos – inatividade, desemprego, ocupação primária e secundária. Em segundo lugar, procura-se avaliar se, como e em que medida determinadas características das linguagens nativas dos imigrantes – origem latina, distinção explícita entre os gêneros e referência genérica ao futuro – interferem nas probabilidades de os mesmos encontrarem-se inativos, desempregados e ocupados. São utilizados dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010, fornecidos pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), para o país como um todo, sendo a amostra restrita à População em Idade Ativa (10 a 65 anos). Os resultados indicam que não há segmentação entre a força de trabalho interna e externa no Brasil, uma vez que o fato de o indivíduo ser imigrante aumenta sua chance de estar inserido em uma ocupação primária e diminui a probabilidade de ingresso em uma ocupação secundária. Ademais, constata-se que as características supracitadas dos idiomas falados pelos imigrantes exercem, de fato, influência na colocação destes no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Especificamente, os resultados mostram que uma pessoa que utiliza língua de origem latina exibe menor chance de ser inativa e maior chance de estar ocupada; mulheres cujos idiomas flexionam gênero são mais propensas a configurarem-se como inativas quanto ao estado de emprego e; aqueles que falam linguagens fracas FTR possuem a probabilidade de desemprego reduzida. O presente trabalho preenche algumas lacunas na literatura sobre imigração, sobretudo, no Brasil e contribui, ainda, enquanto uma pesquisa adicional sobre o tema em questão, podendo, assim, apoiar a formação de políticas públicas voltadas aos fluxos migratórios internacionais que possuem como destino o Brasil.

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Zaylaa, Amer. "Multichannel EHG segmentation for automatically identifying contractions and motion artifacts." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2521.

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Dans cette étude, nous avons mis l’accent sur la segmentation automatique des évènements dans le signal EMG utérin et l’identification ensuite des contractions parmi ces évènements en se référant aux données de l’expert. Notre base de données comprend des signaux EMG utérins de différentes semaines de gestation acquis grâce à une matrice de 4x4 électrodes. Par conséquent, notre travail a compris tout d’abord une application de la méthode de somme cumulé dynamique (DCS) en approche monodimensionnelle sur les signaux monopolaires afin d’obtenir une grande résolution spatiale des données. Suite aux résultats obtenus, notre étude a porté sur les signaux bipolaires afin d'augmenter le rapport signal/bruit (SNR) des EMG utérin. En fait, la méthode DCS a continué en y associant une série des techniques d’éliminations des fausses ruptures détectées, soit basée sur Fisher, soit sur le SNR d’une part, et en développant des méthodes de fusion de ces ruptures d’autre part : l’une automatique tandis que l’autre est basée sur le système de vote à la majorité pondérée où chaque canal est pondéré par un facteur lors de la fusion des instants de ruptures détectés. De plus, la méthode DCS est appliquée en approche multidimensionnelle, tout d’abord sur ces signaux bipolaires, ensuite sur leurs détails après décomposition en ondelettes. En fait, nous sommes intéressés à la sélection dynamique de ces détails dans les deux approches en utilisant une technique basée sur la distance Kullback Leibler. Enfin et dans le but d’identifier les contractions et de réduire le nombre des autres évènements détectés, un essai d’extraction des paramètres de ces évènements obtenus est présenté et validé
In this study , we have focused on the automatic segmentation of events in the uterine EMG signal and then on the identification of contractions among these events by referring to the expert's knowledge. Our database includes uterine EMG signals of different weeks of gestation acquired through a matrix of 4x4 electrodes. Therefore, our work has first included an application of the dynamic cumulative sum (DCS) method in a monodimensional approach on monopolar signals in order to obtain a high spatial resolution of the data. Based on the obtained results, our study has then focused on bipolar signals in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of uterine EMGs. In fact, the DCS method has continued by associating first a series of techniques for the elimination of false detected ruptures either based on Fisher or on the SNR and by developing secondly two fusion methods of these ruptures : the firts one is automatic while the other one is based on the weighted majority voting system, where each channel is weighted by a factor when merging the instants of detected ruptures. In addition, the DCS method is applied in a multidimensional approach, first on the bipolar signals, then on their details after wavelet decomposition. Infact, we were interested in the dynamic selection of these details in both approaches by using a technique based on the Kullback Leibler ditance. Finally, in order to indentify the contractions and reduce the number of other detected events, an assay of parameters extraction of these obtained events has been presented and validated

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Laborda, Coronil Ana María. "La Temporalidad en el Mercado Laboral Español: Nuevas Aportaciones a la Compresión del Fenómeno." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116211.

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Aquest treball intenta aportar una mica de llum en tres aspectes diferents de la problematica relacionada amb la temporalitat en el mercat laboral espanyol. En primer lloc, es planteja esbrinar quins factors decanten les preferencies deis empresaris cap a aquest tipus de contracte. A partir d'una metodologia de recerca qualitativa, basada en entrevistes en profunditat i l'aplicació del model per etapes, s'aconsegueixen diferents conclusions, entre les quals destaca el paper deis contractes laborals com a mecanisme d'adaptació, via reducció de costos, a uns mercats més globals i competitius. En segon lloc, es pregunta si la base de dades coneguda com a Mostra Contínua de Vides Laborals (MCVL) és una font d'informació alternativa i adequada pera l'estudi de la temporalitat. Mitjan ant l'ús de tecniques descriptives, es conclou que les taxes de temporalitat calculades a partir de la MCVL són sistematicament superiors, pero igualment valides, que les calculades mitjan ant I'Enquesta de Població Activa (EPA). També s'utilitza el model Logit per replicar els classics estudis multivariants sobre les causes de la temporalitat i es conclou que la MCVL és també una bona font d'informació,fins i tot millor que I'EPA i altres bases de dades usades fins ara. Una altra important conclusió obtinguda és que la perdua de capacitat explicativa deis models multivariants al llarg deis anys és perque la temporalitat no es limita a un grup de treballadors (outsiders), sinó que s'ha generalitzat a gairebé tots els estrats i ha provocat una multisegmentació del mercat laboral espanyol. En tercer i darrer lloc, es proposa una nova metodologia per estudiar la temporalitat: I'Analisi de Segments. Aquesta metodologia es considera més adaptada tant a la realitat del problema com a !'estructura de la informació que recull la MCVL. Es presenta un exemple d'ús d'aquesta metodologia, aplicant-la a l'estudi del segment anomenat deis "súpertemporals". Es conclou que la MCVL presenta una gran riquesa d'informació, estructurada de manera complexa, que pot ser el punt de partida de futurs estudis que intentin acotar millor la problematica de la "cultura de la temporalitat" per, d'aquesta manera, aportar informació útil en el disseny de polítiques específiques.
El presente trabajo intenta aportar algo de luz en tres diferentes aspectos de la problemática. En primer lugar, se plantea averiguar qué factores decantan las preferencias de los empleadores hacia ese tipo de contrato. A partir de una metodología de investigación cualitativa, basada en entrevistas en profundidad y la aplicación del modelo por etapas, se alcanzan diferentes conclusiones, entre las que destaca el papel de los contratos laborales como mecanismo de adaptación, vía reducción de costes, a unos mercados más globales y competitivos. En segundo lugar, se pregunta si la base de datos conocida como Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL) es una fuente de información alternativa y adecuada para el estudio de la temporalidad. Mediante el uso de técnicas descriptivas, se concluye que las tasas de temporalidad calculadas a partir de la MCVL son sistemáticamente superiores, pero igualmente válidas, que aquellas calculadas mediante la Encuesta de Población Activa (EPA). También se utiliza el modelo Logit para replicar los clásicos estudios multivariantes sobre las causas de la temporalidad y se concluye que la MCVL es también una buena fuente de información, incluso mejor que la EPA y otras bases de datos usadas hasta la fecha. Otra importante conclusión obtenida es que la pérdida de capacidad explicativa de los modelos multivariantes a lo largo de los años se debe a que la temporalidad no se limita a un grupo de trabajadores (outsiders), si no que se ha generalizado a casi todos los estratos,provocando una multisegmentación del mercado laboral español. En tercer y último lugar, se propone una nueva metodología para el estudio de la temporalidad: el Análisis de Segmentos. Dicha metodología se considera más adaptada tanto a la realidad del problema como a la estructura de la información que recoge la MCVL. Se presenta un ejemplo de uso de dicha metodología, aplicándola al estudio del segmento llamado de los "supertemporales". Se concluye que la MCVL presenta una gran riqueza de información, estructurada de forma compleja, que puede ser el punto de partida de futuros estudios que intenten acotar mejor la problemática de la "cultura de la temporalidad" para, de esta forma, aportar información útil en el diseño de políticas específicas.
Our study aims to shed light on three different aspects of this problem fixed term contracts in Spanish labour market. Firstly, we aim to determine which factors influence employers' predisposition towards these types of contract. Using a qualitative research methodology based on in-depth interviews and applying our proposed model in stages, we reach different conclusions. Worth noting amongst these is the role labour contracts play via cost reductions as a means to adapt to more global and competitive markets. Secondly, we explore if the Spanish Social Security Administration's Continuous Sample of Working Histories (Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales, MCVL) database is an alternative and appropriate source of information with which to study the issue at hand. Using descriptive techniques, we conclude that temporary employment rates calculated using MCVL data are systematically higher though as equally valid as those based on data from the Active Labour Force Study (Encuesta de Población Activa, EPA). We also use the Logit model to replicate classic multivariate studies on the cause of this temporary employment and conclude that the MCVL database is also a good or even better source of information than the EPA and the other databases typically used. Another important conclusion is that the decrease in multivariate models' explanatory capability over the years is dueto the fact that temporary employment is not limited to a single segment of workers (outsiders); rather, it has spread to every strata of the labour force,leading to the multi-segmentation of Spain's labour market. Lastly, we propose a new methodology to study temporary employment: an analysis of different segments. We feel this system better adapts to the reality of the problem as well as the structure of the data gathered in the MCVL database. We present an example application of this methodology, using it to study a segment we call "super temporary workers." We further conclude that MCVL offers a wealth of complexly-structured information which can serve as the starting point for future studies attempting to better define this "culture of temporality" and, consequently, provide useful information to be able to design appropriate policies.

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Casari, Priscila. "Segmentação no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: diferenças entre o setor agropecuário e os setores não agropecuários, período de 2004 a 2009." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-30052012-085036/.

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O objetivo geral desta tese é avaliar a segmentação setorial, entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários, no mercado de trabalho brasileiro de 2004 a 2009. A segmentação do mercado de trabalho reduz a mobilidade de trabalhadores entre os setores, alterando a alocação desses e gerando diferencial de rendimentos entre os trabalhadores. Para a análise do impacto da segmentação sobre a alocação dos trabalhadores, é estimado um modelo de escolha multinomial de forma a determinar qual é o efeito de cada característica sobre a probabilidade do indivíduo pertencer a um dos estados de emprego, desemprego e inatividade propostos. E, para a avaliação do impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos, inicialmente, os determinantes do rendimento são estimados por meio do procedimento de Heckman, controlando-se a seleção para os trabalhadores remunerados. O impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos é avaliado por meio de uma variável binária para o setor agropecuário (regressão de rendimentos inclui a agropecuária e os demais setores) e pela decomposição de Oaxaca (regressões de rendimentos separadas para a agropecuária e para os demais setores). Em seguida, a diferença entre os rendimentos é explicada considerando-se a população com duas ocupações, utilizando um procedimento em dois estágios com seleção por meio de um modelo de escolha ordenada. Neste modelo, procura-se avaliar o impacto da segmentação sobre a diferença entre o rendimento da primeira e da segunda ocupação de um mesmo indivíduo, assim controlando suas características não observáveis. Em todas as estimativas, são utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domicílios (PNAD). Os resultados mostram que há segmentação setorial entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários (tomados em conjunto), sendo que a mobilidade entre esses dois setores é limitada, principalmente, pelas seguintes características: a escolaridade do indivíduo, ser cônjuge, ser indígena e morar na zona rural. Além disso, há diferencial de rendimentos em favor dos setores não agropecuários, que também apresentam mercado de trabalho interno mais desenvolvido que a agropecuária, pois são percebidos maiores incentivos à mobilidade na carreira e à redução da rotatividade dos trabalhadores naqueles setores. A tese encerra-se com a proposição de algumas políticas que possam minimizar os efeitos da segmentação e aumentar o bem-estar dos trabalhadores.
The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the sectoral segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture in the Brazilian labor market from 2004 to 2009. The labor market segmentation reduces the mobility of workers among sectors, changing the allocation of workers and generating income differential among them. To analyze the impact of segmentation on the allocation of workers, a multinomial choice model is estimated in order to determine the effect of each characteristic on the probability of an person belonging to one of the proposed situation of employment, unemployment and inactivity. And, to assess the impact of segmentation on the income differential, initially, the determinants of income are estimated by the Heckman procedure, controlling the selection of paid workers. The impact of segmentation on the income differential is evaluated by a binary variable for the agricultural sector (regression of income includes agriculture and other sectors) and the Oaxaca decomposition (separate regressions of income for agriculture and other sectors). Then, the income difference is explained by considering the population with two jobs, using a procedure in two stages with selection through an ordered choice model. In this model, we attempt to assess the impact of segmentation on the difference between the earnings of the first and second occupation of the same person, what permits to control the unobservable characteristics. Data used is from the National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD). The results show that there is segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture and mobility between the two sectors is primarily limited by the following characteristics: formal education, marital status, being indigenous and living in rural areas. In addition, there is income differential in favor of non-agricultural sector, which also have internal labor market more developed than agriculture, as there are greater incentives to career mobility and reduction of labor turnover in those sectors. The thesis concludes with the proposition of some policies that can minimize the effects of segmentation and increase the welfare of workers.

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Deguilhem, Thibaud. "Revisiter le marché du travail urbain en Amérique Latine : segmentation, réseaux sociaux et qualité de l'emploi à Bogota." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0258/document.

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Dans le contexte latino-américain, façonné par une urbanisation rapide, de fortes inégalités et une faiblesse des institutions de placement de la main d’oeuvre, les problématiques liées à la structure du marché du travail et à l’effet des dispositifs d’intermédiation relationnelle sur les performances dans l’emploi apparaissent fondamentales. Cette thèse se propose de décrire la structure du marché du travail et d’analyser les effets des réseaux de relations sur la qualité de l’emploi et les performances des actifs occupés à Bogota (Colombie). Elle adopte une démarche de recherche pluridisciplinaire reposant sur un cadre d’analyse socioéconomique et institutionnaliste. Dans une première partie, une réflexion théorique et analytique est tout d’abord conduite autour de la notion de qualité de l’emploi envisagée comme un nouvel indicateur de performance. Au prisme de la théorie de la segmentation du marché du travail, l’analyse de ce nouvel indicateur permet d’envisager les logiques et les effets différentiés du recours aux relations sociales. À partir de données quantitatives (enquête ménage geih de 2013) et qualitatives (entretiens collectifs), l’analyse exploratoire multidimensionnelle, économétrique et compréhensive permet de vérifier que : (i.) la qualité de l’emploi traduit une structure fortement polarisée du marché du travail à Bogota, (ii.) l’usage des relations est associé différemment à la qualité de l’emploi des travailleurs en fonction de leur segment, des réseaux de nécessité (segment vulnérable) s’opposant à des réseaux d’opportunité (segment protégé). Dans une seconde partie, s’appuyant sur les théories de l’encastrement et de la sociologie des réseaux, la thèse se propose d’explorer plus précisément les effets des différentes dimensions, configurations et mécanismes de réseau de relations personnelles sur les performances dans l’emploi. À partir d’un système spécifique d’enquêtes mixtes déployé à Bogota entre 2016 et 2018 des données originales de réseaux égocentrés ont été collectées. Les analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles et économétriques ainsi que l’analyse des narrations quantifiées mettent en évidence que : (i.) la combinaison entre un réseau potentiel étendu et un réseau actif cohésif augmente le temps de recherche mais aussi la probabilité de trouver un emploi plus satisfaisant, (ii.) la force des liens apparaît contextualisée et est corrélée négativement avec le revenu et positivement avec l’évolution de ce dernier entre deux emplois, (iii.) au cours des trajectoires professionnelles des acteurs, les ressources nécessaires et les relations permettant d’y accéder se différencient nettement en fonction du type de changement d’emploi (incrémental ou radical)
In the Latin American context, shaped by rapid urbanization, high inequalities and the weakness of labor institutions, issues related to the structure of the labor market and the effect of relational intermediation on job performance appear fundamental. This thesis aims to describe the structure of employment and analyzes the effects of social networks on the quality of employment and the performance of workers in Bogota’s labor market (Colombia). This work adopts a multidisciplinary research approach based on a socioeconomic and institutionalist framework. In the first part, a theoretical and analytical reflection is conducted through the notion of quality of employment, to overcome the classical typologies commonly used in developing countries. From this perspective, quality of employment can be seen as a new performance indicator grasped through the prism of the labor market segmentation theory, making possible to consider the rationales and the differential effects produced by the use of social networks. Subsequently, based on quantitative data from the household survey (geih, 2013) supplemented by information collected through focus groups, the multidimensional, econometric and comprehensive exploratory analysis allows to empirically verify that : (i.) quality of employment reflects a strongly polarized structure of the labor market in Bogota, (ii.) the use of social networks is associated differently with the quality of employment of workers according to their segment ; opposing necessity networks (for the vulnerable segment) and opportunity networks (for the protected segment). Based on the theories of the embeddedness and the sociology of networks, the second part of this thesis proposes to explore the dimensions, configurations and mechanisms of different types of social networks to get a job. Using original data on egocentric networks collected from a specific mixed survey system deployed in Bogota between 2016 and 2018, the empirical results from multidimensional and econometric analyzes and, the application of quantified narratives method demonstrate that : (i.) the combination of an extended potential network and a cohesive active network increases the search time but also the probability of finding a satisfactory job, (ii.) the strength of ties appears contextualized and negatively correlated with income but positively with its evolution between the last and the current job, (iii.) during the actors’ labor market trajectories, the necessary resources for changing job and the relationships to access them are clearly differentiated by the type of evolution (incremental or radical)

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Jiménez, Mónica. "Job Quality and Its Consequences For The Workforce of Large, Medium-Sized, and Public-Sector Companies in Argentina." Economía, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116807.

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This article aims to investigate whether this labor heterogeneity within large, medium-sized and public-sector companies (MGEySP) during 1995-2014 could have generated a more complex segmentation related to the existence of formal and informal workers. For this segmentation, different scenarios are analyzed considering the characteristics of jobs based on the notion of job quality introduced by ILO (2002). The period under study allows consideration of different labor, economic and social settings. Although more than 78% of workers work for MGEySP, the literature has paid little attention to them because of the assumptions that are made about their features and operation. Also, this paper questions the studies in Argentina which argue that labor segmentation occurs only as a result of informal employment or employment within the informal sector. The evidence confirms some assumptions made about segmentation and the presence of a complex structure.
Este artículo tiene por objetivo investigar si la heterogeneidad laboral presente en las MGEySP, durante 1995-2014, pudo haber generado una segmentación más compleja que la relacionada con la existencia de trabajadores formales e informales. Para ello se analizan distintas hipótesis de segmentación considerando las características de los puestos de trabajo desde la noción de calidad del empleo introducida por OIT (2002). El período bajo estudio permite considerar diferentes escenarios laborales, económicos y sociales. Pese a que más del 78% de los trabajadores se desempeñan en las MGEySP, la literatura le ha prestado poca atención debido a los supuestos que se realizan sobre sus características y funcionamiento. Asimismo, la hipótesis de estudio cuestiona los estudios en Argentina que sostienen que la segmentación laboral se produce exclusivamente como consecuencia del empleo informal o al interior del sector informal. La evidencia confirma algunas hipótesis de segmentación formuladas y la presencia de una estructura compleja.

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Sifuentes, Ocegueda Emma Lorena. "Mercados de trabajo agrícola, redes sociales y segmentación. El caso de la producción de tomate de invernadero en el Sur de Nayarit, México." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400649.

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Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo central el estudio de las prácticas de reclutamiento de la fuerza de trabajo en los mercados agrícolas locales e identificar la función que en ellos ejercen las redes sociales como mecanismo de gestión de la fuerza de trabajo. Para ello se han seleccionado tres empresas diferentes de la Región Sur del Estado de Nayarit, México. Nayarit es una entidad que se caracteriza por el predominio de las actividades de servicios y la agricultura como las principales en su estructura productiva. La importancia de la actividad agrícola en Nayarit muestra un panorama diverso en cuanto a procesos sociales y a diversidad productiva, la que en las últimas dos décadas ha presentado notables cambios y diferencias entre las regiones del Estado. En ese contexto se analizan os mercados de trabajo agrícolas locales como un proceso social relevante. Ante ese panorama, la idea concreta de donde surge en la presente tesis consiste en explicar las inequidades que caracterizan a los mercados de trabajo agrícolas locales en el Sur de Nayarit, México y el papel que juegan las redes sociales en dichos mercados. Se supuso que las relaciones personales entre los actores sociales y el ambiente comunitario -entendidas en términos de redes sociales familiares o de amistad-, llegan a influir en el modo en que se organizan los mercados de trabajo locales rurales. El establecimiento de empresas ajenas a ese ambiente, en cuanto a su origen y a las formas de organización, debían suponer cambios importantes en el contexto local a nivel económico, cultural y social en general y en particular sobre el funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo, por lo que se pensó en la importancia de identificar y estudiar en detalle dichos procesos sociales. En ese sentido, el objeto de análisis de esta tesis lo constituyen las estrategias de reclutamiento y selección de fuerza de trabajo en los mercados de trabajo agrícolas locales con presencia de las redes locales. A nivel teórico, el problema detectado planteó la posibilidad de contribuir en el desarrollo de una línea de investigación detectada para análisis a nivel general -macro-, o bien abordando los aspectos de interés por separado pero poco desarrollada para los mercados de trabajo rurales. Esta se resume en la identificación de elementos para explicar, cómo se establecen y el alcance de los rasgos socioculturales del ambiente local, a través de las redes sociales, en el reclutamiento y las formas de gestión de la fuerza de trabajo y su impacto en la segmentación de los mercados de trabajo. En esa línea se ha pretendido avanzar en la explicación de la relación entre redes sociales-segmentación del mercado de trabajo-segregación social en los mercados de trabajo rurales locales, habiendo partido de la situación que ha caracterizado los mercados de trabajo agrícolas en Nayarit, de fuertes inequidades sociales. Además de otras conclusiones relevantes, se pudo constatar la relación existente entre las redes sociales la gestión de la fuerza de trabajo en los casos analizados. Tal relación se detectó tanto en el reclutamiento como en la organización del proceso de trabajo, presentándose de maneras específicas en cada caso, en función del tamaño de la empresa y su forma de organización. Mientras que en el proceso de reclutamiento, el motivo de la mediación es la búsqueda de empleo-contratación de la fuerza de trabajo, con el interés de ambas partes, durante el proceso de trabajo, el motivo principal del involucramiento de las redes sociales es con fines de mayor control por parte de la empresa sobre los grupos de trabajadores. Esto tiene repercusiones en términos de inequidades de oportunidades para acceder al trabajo y segregación social.
This thesis has as main objective the study of recruitment practices of the workforce in local agricultural markets and identify the role they exercise in social networks as a mechanism for managing the workforce. This has been selected three different companies in the Southern Region of the State of Nayarit, Mexico. Nayarit is an entity characterized by the predominance of service activities and agriculture as key in its production structure. The importance of agricultural activity in Nayarit shows a mixed picture in terms of social and productive diversity processes, which in the last two decades has made significant changes and differences between regions of the state. In that context local agricultural markets will work as a relevant social process are analyzed. Given this scenario, the concrete idea of where it arises in this thesis is to explain the inequities that characterize the local agricultural labor markets in southern Nayarit, Mexico and the role of social networks in these markets. It was assumed that personal relationships between social actors and community environment-understood in terms of family and social networks or friendship-, come to influence how local rural labor markets are organized. The establishment of companies outside that environment, in terms of their origin and forms of organization, should lead to significant changes in the local context for economic, cultural and social in general and in particular on the functioning of labor markets level, what it is thought about the importance of identifying and studying in detail these social processes. In that sense, the object of analysis of this thesis constitute, the recruitment strategies and selection of workers in local agricultural labor markets with the presence of local networks. At the theoretical level, the detected problem raised the possibility of contributing to the development of a line of research for analysis detected a general level -macro- or addressing issues of interest but little developed separately for rural labor markets. This is summarized in identifying elements to explain, how they are established and extent of socio-cultural features of the local environment, through social networks, recruitment and ways of managing the workforce and its impact on segmentation of labor markets. In this line we have tried to make progress in explaining the relationship between-segmentation social labor market desegregation social markets local rural labor networks, having started from the situation that has characterized the markets for agricultural work in Nayarit, of strong social inequities. In addition to other important conclusions, it was found the relationship between social networks management workforce in the cases analyzed. Such a relationship was detected in both the recruitment and the organization of the work process, presenting specific ways in each case, depending on the size of the company and its form of organization. While in the recruitment process, the reason for mediation is seeking employment-hiring the workforce, in the interest of both parties during the work process, the main reason for the involvement of social networks is to greater control purposes by the company on groups of workers. This has implications in terms of inequality opportunities to access at the work, and of social segregation.

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Jarreau, Joachim. "Economic policy in globalization : four essays in economics of trade and migration." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010002/document.

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Cette thèse comporte quatre chapitres qui examinent plusieurs aspects de la politique économique- dans son rapport à la mondialisation et à l'intégration économique. Le premier chapitre considère la question du lien entre spécialisation commerciale et croissance. Les résultats identifient un lien empirique robuste entre niveau initial de sophistication et croissance du PIB réel par tête dans le cas de la Chine. Le second chapitre étudie le lien entre la structure du système bancaire chinois et la structure des exportations L'étude empirique révèle la présence de contraintes de crédit pesant sur les firmes privées domestiques) qui exportent relativement moins dans les secteurs les plus dépendants de financements extérieurs. Le troisième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'immigration sur les marchés du travail dans un cadre de marchés régionaux fragmentés. Il montre que dans ce cadre, la mobilité spatiale des travailleurs immigrés contribue à augmenter l'efficacité des marchés du travail, mais que la politique d'immigration devient plus restrictive, sous certaines conditions. Le quatrième chapitre étudie les déterminants des accords préférentiels de libre-échange entre pays. Il montre que les gains en termes d'accès au marché sont un déterminant plus fort de la probabilité de signer un accord que ceux des consommateurs
This thesis consists of four chapters that examine various aspects of economic policy in its relation to globalization and economic integration. The first chapter considers the question of the link between trade specialization and growth. The results identify a robust empirical ink between initial level of sophistication at province level and real GOP per capita growth in the case of China. The second chapter examines the relationship between the structure of the Chinese banking system and the structure of exports. The empirical study reveals the presence of credit constraints weighing on domestic private firms, which export relatively less in sectors more dependent on external financing. The third chapter examines the impact of immigration on labor markets in a setting with fragmented regional markets. It shows that in this framework, the spatial mobility of migrant workers contributes to increase the efficiency of labor markets, but immigration policy becomes more restrictive under certain conditions. The fourth chapter examines the determinants of preferential free trade agreements. It shows that the gains in market access are a stronger determinant of a country's probability of signing an agreement than the gains accruing to consumers in the form of lower prices

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Serra, Sara Raquel coelho. "Firing and training costs and labour market segmentation." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/17202.

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This dissertation consists of three essays on the labour market impact of firing and training costs. The modelling framework resorts to the search and matching literature. The first chapter introduces firing costs, both liner and non-linear, in a new Keynesian model, analysing business cycle effects for different wage rigidity degrees. The second chapter adds training costs in a model of a segmented labour market, accessing the interaction between these two features and the skill composition of the labour force. Finally, the third chapter analyses empirically some of the issues raised in the second chapter.

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Akkermans, Dirk Hermanus Maria. "Economic power and labour market segmentation : transfer and the creation of labour market structure /." 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009866938&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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林昶宏. "Blogging as a new job? Analysis on blogger's labour market segmentation and status of labour flexibility." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01467074064635535456.

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Marques, Paulo. "Young people and labour market segmentation in Europe: an institutionalist perspective." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/10873.

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JEL classification: B52 institutional; evolutionary J42 monopsony; segmented labour markets J 63 turnover; vacancies; layoffs J71 labour discrimination P16 political economy
This thesis aims to identify the causes that have led to growing labour market segmentation, particularly the one characterized by a precarious labour situation of young people. We begin by claiming that arguments based on a supposed rigidity of the labour market due to high employment protection for insiders or arguments based on a growing dichotomy between the industrial core and the service sector cannot explain why, in some European countries, outsiders are mainly young labour market participants. To address this puzzle, it is argued that high social conflict (due to the existence of an uncoordinated system of industrial relations or liberalization) and a small proportion of primary sector jobs are the driving forces of this process. In addition, we also argue that, even though high employment protection aggravates segmentation because it reinforces the power of those with more political power, high employment protection alone is not sufficient for the process to occur. The empirical part of this study uses two different methodologies: fsQCA and a comparative analysis of two case studies. The fsQCA analysis supports the theoretical argument and hypotheses, and shows that it is in Southern and Anglo- Saxon countries that this process is more present. A comparative analysis of the two sectors shows that while in telecommunications young people have been particularly affected by more precarious working conditions, a similar process did not occur in the vehicle manufacturing industries
A presente tese tem como objetivo identificar as causas que estão na origem de uma crescente segmentação no mercado de trabalho, nomeadamente a que é caracterizada por uma precarização da situação laboral dos jovens. Começa-se por argumentar que as explicações baseadas numa suposta rigidez do mercado de trabalho devido a uma elevada proteção no emprego para os insiders ou as explicações baseadas na existência de uma dicotomia crescente entre o setor industrial e o dos serviços não conseguem explicar porque é que em alguns países europeus são sobretudo os jovens que são os outsiders. Em resposta a esta questão, argumenta-se que uma elevada conflitualidade social (devido à existência de um sistema de relações laborais descoordenado ou ao processo de liberalização) e uma baixa proporção de empregos no setor primário do mercado de trabalho constituem a força motriz deste processo. Adicionalmente, também se defende que, embora a elevada proteção no emprego agrave a segmentação porque reforça o poder dos grupos com mais poder político, a elevada proteção no emprego não constitui isoladamente uma condição suficiente para que o processo ocorra. A parte empírica deste trabalho utiliza duas metodologias distintas: o fsQCA e uma análise comparada de dois estudos de caso. A análise com o fsQCA corrobora o argumento teórico e as hipóteses formuladas, e mostra que é nos países da Europa do Sul e Anglo-Saxónicos que este processo está mais presente. A análise comparada dos dois setores de atividade mostra que enquanto nas telecomunicações os jovens foram especialmente afetados pela precarização das condições de trabalho, uma situação semelhante não ocorreu no setor da fabricação de veículos automóveis.

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Vincze, Elizabeth. "Romanian Labour Migration in the Context of EU Expansion." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13366.

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In response to shifting borders and radical changes in political and economic regimes, a great number of Hungarian Romanians left their homeland in the last century. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a Hungarian village in Romania, in this thesis I argue that the growing uncertainty in villagers’ working lives, a result of the high unemployment accompanying post-socialist transformation, and ethnic and class based disadvantage in Romania, impels them to engage in pluriactivity in their livelihood strategies. This includes circular labour migration in Hungary and other European Union states. Economic inequalities within the expanded EU create an ethnically segmented labour market, in which working class Transylvanian Hungarians become associated with certain types of work, in this case, temporary and often undocumented jobs in the least desirable sectors of the economy.

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Lewins, Kezia. "The role of transformation in the de-segmentation and re/production of academic labour, post-apartheid: 1986-2012." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26184.

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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 10 November 2017.
The recent student-led struggles for the De-colonisation of higher education have been premised on the lack of Transformation within the sector. This study, focuses specifically on how some of these underlying issues have been of concern to permanent academic labour within public higher education institutions. It explores the extent to which there has been racial, gender, and educational desegmentation in access to academic labour between 1986 and 2012. In conjunction, the experiences of academic staff, within two cases study institutions, on different post-apartheid trajectories is also documented. The role of Transformation within these change processes was specifically explored. Here, Transformation is used to encompass a variety of state, institutional, and activist-initiated interventions, namely restructuring, employment equity, and symbolic and socio-cultural transformation. Through the use of the mixed method approach, the study finds a range of incongruities between the goals and outcomes of change processes. The study finds that de-segmentation inevitably raises fundamental questions of the re/production of academic labour. Despite numeric de-segmentation, Transformational processes themselves often re/produce patterns of exclusion, inequity, and re/racialisation. The study’s core argument is mapped and unfolds throughout eight comprehensive chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the purpose and aim. Chapter 2 thematically reviews a broad scope of existing literature in which the study’s main argument is positioned. Chapter 3 engages the potential, challenges, and reflections of the mixed method at the heart of the research. Descriptive statistics generated from the HEMIS data base, analysis of 113 in-depth qualitative interviews across two case study institutions, and policy analysis were the core methods. Chapters 4 through 7 provide the research findings. The former two chapters, meticulously detail numeric de-segmentation across the sector and within the case studies. The latter two chapters, engage the rich texture, nuance, and contradictions of the academic condition in the face of Transformation. Lastly, Chapter 8 provides a summative discussion of the findings within the context of key literature. This thereby highlights the main contributions, and concludes the study through consideration of its significance, implications, directions for future research, and recommendations to improve academic labour conditions.
MT 2018

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Carvalho, Melissa Anne Vaz. "Reforms of employment protection legislation in Europe in times of crisis: was the labour market segmentation gap brought closer together?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19496.

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The labour market is disproportionately tormented by unemployment and economic downturns, since it is segmented into "insiders" which enjoy job protection and "outsiders" which do not to the same extent. The study of this dissertation follows the line of labour market segmentation and tries to understand if modifications to Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) since 2008 have altered the position of insiders and outsiders in the labour market of 26 countries under Excessive Deficit Procedures by the European Union. The question is: Have EPL policies favoured insiders or outsiders, or has EPL been reduced on both ends, in turn worsening protection on all forms of employment? By retrieving extensive data on 353 policies implemented in the field over the past 9 years, through the use of detailed LABREF database, the reforms were analysed if they enacted an increase “in favour” of insiders or outsiders protection or “against” such increase. This dissertation exposes if said reforms in each country have weakened or strengthen security for the two segments, as well as, discusses the changing role that HRM will have resulting from the modifications in EPL. It also shows that most changes in EPL were triggered in the years of highest recession and how some countries made most changes to their EPL due to the pressure from external intervention. It begins by giving a theoretical framework around the economic insider-outsider theory, EPL and the discussion around liberalization. Later interprets the findings and finally, debates results.
O mercado de trabalho é desproporcionalmente atormentado pelo desemprego e pelas recessões econômicas, pois, é segmentado em "insiders" que beneficiam de proteção no emprego e "outsiders" que não beneficiam da mesma forma. Esta dissertação segue a linha de segmentação do mercado de trabalho e tenta entender se as alterações à Legislação de Proteção ao Emprego (LPE) desde 2008 alteraram a posição “insiders” ou “outsiders” no mercado de trabalho de 26 países sob Procedimentos de Déficit Excessivo pela União Europeia. União. A questão é: as políticas da LPE favoreceram “insiders” ou “outsiders”, ou a EPL foi reduzida em ambos os lados, o que, agravou a proteção em todas as formas de emprego? Obtendo dados sobre 353 políticas implementadas no campo nos últimos 9 anos, através do uso detalhado do banco de dados LABREF, as reformas foram analisadas se consistiram num aumento “a favor” da proteção de “insiders” ou “outsiders” ou se foram em “contra” tal aumento. Esta dissertação expõe se as referidas reformas em cada país enfraqueceram ou fortaleceram a proteção dos dois segmentos e discute o papel que GRH terá como resultado das modificações no EPL. Mostra que a maioria das mudanças no EPL foi desencadeada nos anos de mais alta recessão e como alguns países fizeram as mudanças em seu EPL devido à pressão da intervenção externa. Começa por dar um quadro teórico em torno da teoria económica de insider-outsider, da LPE e da discussão em torno da liberalização. Depois interpreta os resultados e, finalmente, debate os efeitos destes.

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Uys, Marthina Dorathea. "Die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie." 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16237.

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Text in Afrikaans
Summaries in English and Afrikaans
The orthodox school's explanation for wage differentials, unemployment and labour market discrimination and the policy measures which they proposed did not offer workable solutions to the problems of the day. During the late 1960s and early 1970s a group of American labour economists conducted field studies in American urban ghettos which resulted in the formulation of the dual labour market theory. In contrast with the orthodox approach, which emphasises free market forces and investment in human capital, the dual labour market theory focuses on the dual structure of the labour market. The labour market is divided between a primary (high-wage) and a secondary (low-wage) sector, with little or no mobility between the sectors. An oversupply of labour in the secondary sector and unemployment are the results. These labour market phenomena and dualism also characterise the South African labour market and should be taken into account when policy measures are formulated.
Loonverskille, werkloosheid en arbeidsmarkdiskriminasie is algemene verskynsels in arbeids· markte wereldwyd. Die ortodokse denkskool se verklaring vir die verskynsels en die beleidsmaatreels wat bulle voorste~ het met verloop van tyd ontevredenheid ontketen omdat dit geen werkbare oplossing vir die probleme van die dag kon hied nie. Gedurende die laat ·1960s en vroee 1970s het 'n groep Arnerikaanse arbeidsekonome verskeie veldstudies in verskillende Arneri· kaanse stedelike ghetto's geloods op soek na 'n meer aanvaarbare verklaring vir hierdie verskyn· sels. Uit hierdie veldstudies is die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie geformuleer. In teenstelling met die ortodokse benadering, wat Idem le op die werking van vrye markkragte en investering in menslike kapitaal, benadruk die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie die tweeledige struktuur van die arbeidsmark. Die arbeidsmark is verdeel tusssen 'n primere (hoogbesoldigde) en sekondere (laagbesoldigde) sektor, met min of geen mobiliteit tussen die sektore nie. Werkers se toegang tot die primere sektor word beperk, met 'n ooraanbod van arbeid in die sekondere sektor en werkloosheid as die gevolg. Hierdie arbeidsmarkverskynsels en dualisme is ook kenmerkend van die Suid·Afrikaanse arbeidsmark en beleidsmaatreels moet daarmee rekening hou
Economics and Management Sciences
M. Comm. (Economy)

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Pereira, Maria Inês Fonseca Marques. "Política de remunerações e arranjos contratuais: estudo em médias empresas." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/17861.

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Este estudo visa contribuir para o debate da flexibilização do mercado de trabalho, demonstrando evidência empírica na relação entre a política de remunerações e os arranjos contratuais celebrados pelas entidades empregadoras, que culminam numa maior segmentação do mercado. O presente estudo utiliza os dados dos Quadros de Pessoal, uma fonte administrativa, referente ao ano 2012, e submete a um teste empírico os argumentos da teoria da segmentação em médias empresas em Portugal. Os resultados alcançados através da análise multivariada apontam para a presença de três tipos de empresas, os quais se designaram por "Competitivo", "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" e "Incentivo", de acordo com as suas características próprias. As empresas do cluster "Competitivo" caracterizam-se por salários baixos, com utilização acentuada de contratos flexíveis, empregando categorias vulneráveis de trabalhadores. As empresas que pertencem ao cluster "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" apresentam um salário hora acima da média do mercado de trabalho, revelando uma relação positiva entre a antiguidade e este fator, todavia também engloba empresas que recorrem com frequência à utilização de contratos flexíveis. Por último, as empresas do cluster "Incentivo" destacam-se por apresentar salários e prestações regulares elevadas, revelando estar consideravelmente acima do mercado de trabalho e não recorrendo com tanta frequência à utilização de contratos flexíveis. Os resultados obtidos revelam que existe uma segmentação no mercado de trabalho em Portugal, mas este não é dual. Esta evidência corrobora os resultados obtidos para as grandes empresas, revelando que não existem diferenças significativas entre empresas de média e grande dimensão.
This study aims to contribute to the debate on labour market flexibilization, demonstrating empirical evidence about the relation between the compensation policy and the contractual arrangements, which culminate in a greater labour market segmentation. This study uses data from Quadros de Pessoal, an administrative source, regarding the year of 2012, and submits to an empirical test the arguments of the theory of segmentation in medium-sized enterprises in Portugal. The results obtained through the multivariate analysis point out to the presence of three types of enterprises, which are known as "Competitivo", "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" and "Incentivo", according to their own characteristics. The enterprises in the cluster "Competitivo" are characterized by low wages, with a marked use of flexible contracts employing vulnerable categories of workers. The companies that belong to the cluster "Mercados Internos de Trabalho" have an hourly wage above the labour market, revealing a positive relation between the seniority and this factor however it also includes a group of companies that frequently use flexible contracts. Finally, the companies in the cluster "Incentivo" stand out for having high wages, as well as regular benefits, also revealing that they are considerably above the labour market and do not appeal so often to the use of flexible contracts. Thereby, the results prove that there is a segmentation in the labour market in Portugal, but this is not dual. This evidence is in line with the obtained results for large enterprises, revealing that there are no considerable differences between medium and large enterprises.

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Araújo, Miguel Capelo Gomes de Sá. "Determinantes da contratação a termo e reformas no mercado laboral português." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/55274.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Economia
Hoje em dia, os vínculos contratuais temporários são uma realidade bem estabelecida no funcionamento dos mercados laborais dos países mais desenvolvidos, onde também se enquadra o mercado de trabalho português. Contudo, a contratação a termo não afeta de modo homogéneo a globalidade da população ativa empregada, neste sentido é relevante identificar (e quantificar) quais os determinantes mais predominantes no trabalhador que tipicamente é contratado pela via temporária. Para tal, foram consideradas um conjunto de características observáveis e quantificáveis intrínsecas ao trabalhador como a idade ou as habilitações literárias, mas também características subjacentes ao posto de trabalho que desempenha e da empresa onde trabalha que poderão influenciar a sua probabilidade de possuir um contrato a termo no contexto do mercado laboral português. A análise incidiu em: 2006-2007 e 2014-2015, ou seja, respetivamente o período anterior e posterior à implementação das mais recentes reformas laborais como resposta às graves consequências da Grande Recessão na economia portuguesa, onde se destacam a destruição de milhares de postos de trabalho e as altas taxas de desemprego associadas a um mercado laboral globalmente pouco flexível e bastante segmentado, de modo a se verificar se os determinantes da contratação a termo se alteraram após as reformas do mercado laboral introduzidas no período de assistência financeira e, a partir da análise microeconómica, inferir se as referidas reformas foram ou não potencialmente eficazes no combate à segmentação do mercado laboral português. No contexto da presente dissertação, não se verificaram diferenças significativas a nível dos determinantes supramencionados entre 2006-2007 e 2014-2015, com os trabalhadores mais prováveis de serem contratados a termo a permanecerem os jovens, imigrantes e mulheres. Conclui-se também que o impacto da educação e do salário do trabalhador na modalidade contratual não apresenta uma tendência linear. Embora a análise não permita concluir com exatidão se efetivamente houve uma redução da segmentação laboral derivada das reformas laborais, os resultados indicam que o diferencial na taxa de contratação a termo registado antes e após a crise deveu-se, na sua maioria, à alteração das caraterísticas observáveis entre os dois períodos, designadamente a alteração da composição da força de trabalho.
Nowadays, Fixed-Term Contracts (FTC) are a well-established reality in the labour markets structures of developed countries such as Portugal. However, temporary contracts do not homogenously affect the totality of the employed population, in this sense it is relevant to identify and quantify which are the most predominant of the worker who is typically hired by FTC. For this purpose, a set of observable and quantifiable characteristics intrinsic to the worker, such as age or educational qualifications, were considered, but also characteristics related to the job position and the firms in which he works, which may influence his probability of having a Fixed-Term Contract in the context of the Portuguese labour market. The analysis focus in two periods: 2006-2007 and 2014-2015, that is, before and after the implementation of a series of labour market reforms in response to the nefarious consequences of the Great Recession in the Portuguese economy, such as the destruction of thousands of jobs and the high unemployment rates associated with a rigid and highly segmented labour market. The main objective is to verify whether the determinants of fixed-term employment changed after the labour market reforms introduced in the period of financial assistance and, based on microeconomic analysis, to infer whether those reforms were potentially effective in reducing the segmentation of the Portuguese labour market. Considering the context of the analysis, we did not find significant differences in the previous referred determinants between 2006-2007 and 2014-2015: the most likely workers to be employed by FTC are the young, immigrants and women. Furthermore, the effect of education and workers’ salary does not show a linear tendency. As stated during the study, although the analysis does not allow to conclude with full precision if there was a truly reduction of labour segmentation due to the labour reforms, the results indicate that the pattern of labour segmentation is very similar between 2006-2007 and 2014-2015 since the majority of differential in the FTC ratio between 2006-2007 and 2014-2015 is due to change in the observable characteristics, namely the composition of the labour force.

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Wang, Qingfang. "Geographic perspectives on ethnic labor market segmentation in the United States." 2005. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/wang%5Fqingfang%5F200508%5Fphd.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Labour segmentation'

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