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1
Sánchez, Rafael. "Essays in labour regulation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55271/.
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This thesis consists of three empirical essays within the field of labour economics. As a whole, it explores the (un)intended consequences of labour regulation, with each chapter providing an independent analytical contribution to a specific aspect of the field. Chapter 1 analyzes the effect of a reduction in standard working hours on employment tran- sitions. In this chapter, I study Chile's reduction of weekly working hours from 48 to 45, which was announced in 2001 but implemented in 2005. This policy was innovative, compared with those in other countries, because it isolated the reduction in working hours from other policy changes, such as working time flexibility and financial incentives to firms. Thus, this policy is an interesting example for other countries to study, especially those without the scale capacity to provide such incentives, as it allows them to identify its effects on employment. Our results, which are confirmed by several robustness checks, suggest that despite the pre-announcement of the policy, firms displayed non-anticipatory behaviour on key variables. Furthermore, we find that firms waited to implement the reduction in working hours until just before the deadline. Overall, we find that a reduction in standard hours had no significant effects on employment transitions, although we do find a significant e¤ect on hourly wages (i.e., wage compensation). Chapter 2 extends the analysis of Chapter 1 to health outcomes. This is important, as the health effects of reductions in working hours have not been addressed by the existing literature; instead, most of the empirical evidence concerns employment outcomes, family life balance, and social networks. Using panel data from France and Portugal, this chapter exploits the exogenous variation of working hours coming from labour regulation and estimates its impact on health outcomes. In this way, our contribution to the existing literature is threefold: first, this is the first evaluation of health outcomes of policies that reduce working hours. Second, we avoid the problem of endogeneity with health outcomes by using exogenous reductions of working hours. Third, as the effects on health might depend on the level of working hours, our analysis is performed for two different countries with differing weekly hour thresholds (France, 35 hours; Portugal, 40 hours). Our results suggest a non-monotonic relationship between weekly working hours and health outcomes. In particular, a negative (positive) effect is found for young men (women) in France, and no e¤ect is found in Portugal. Chapter 3 (coauthored by Eugenio Rojas and Mauricio Villena) examines childcare policies and analyzes who effectively pays for childcare when it is not publicly funded. This is interesting, since in several countries governments provide and fund childcare, but in many others it is privately funded, as labour regulation mandates that firms have to provide childcare services. For this latter case, there is no empirical evidence on the effects generated by the financial burden of childcare provision. In particular, there is no evidence about who effectively pays for childcare (i.e., firms or employees) and how it is paid for (i.e., via wages and/or employment). Our study is the first one to provide empirical evidence on the effects generated by the finan- cial burden of childcare provision. For this, we exploit a Chilean labour regulation requiring that firms with 20 or more female workers provide and fund childcare for their workers. Our hypothesis is that, in imperfect labour markets (e.g., oligopsonistic), firms will pass childcare costs on to their workers. To analyze this, we exploit a discontinuity in the childcare provision mandated by the Chilean Labour Code. Our results suggest that firms pass almost the entire childcare cost (nearly 90%) on to their workers via lower wages (not only to female but also to male workers) and not by altering the share of male workers within the firm.
2
Tykha, A. P. "Legal Regulation of Amendment of Labour Contract. –." Thesis, Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, 2017. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/7670.
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The thesis enabled the resolving of the scientific problem regarding the necessity of the existing theoretical doctrine on the labour contract alterations deepen and adjustment according to the modern needs in consideration of latest changes in the economic and social life of the Ukrainian state. The specifics of labour contract alteration legal regulation under the current and draft labour laws of Ukraine are disclosed. The whole set of problems of labour contract alterations legal regulation is singled out and a number of actual proposals concerning sophistication of the current labour legislation in the appropriate part are formulated. The thesis consists of introduction, 3 sections, divided on 9 sub-sections, conclusions and references. Дисертаційне дослідження дало змогу вирішити наукову проблему, яка полягала у необхідності поглиблення та уточнення існуючого теоретичного вчення про зміни трудового договору відповідно до сучасних потреб з урахуванням останніх змін в економічному та суспільному житті української держави. Розкрито специфіку правового регулювання змін трудового договору за діючим та проектним законодавством України про працю. Виокремлено сукупність проблем правового регулювання змін трудового договору та сформульовано низку актуальних пропозицій щодо вдосконалення чинного законодавства про працю у відповідній частині. Дисертація складається із вступу, трьох розділів, які включають дев’ять підрозділів, висновків, списку використаних джерел.
3
Jagasia, Punit. "Everyday struggles: User regulation of privacy, advertising and labour on Facebook." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17993.
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With more than two billion users worldwide, Facebook is often described in popular media as the ‘largest country in the world’, due to its nature, size and composition. However, Facebook is a company, regulated primarily as a business. The aim of this project is to raise and answer key questions about Facebook’s normative practices, and particularly about the site’s regulation. My argument is that, throughout its short history, Facebook’s users have regulated the site. User regulation is described as the practices of criticism, negotiation and rejection to which Facebook’s architecture, policies and practices are subjected by its users and non-users, and the subsequent impacts of such regulation on Facebook. User regulation of Facebook is an informal, arbitrary process that leads to Facebook’s continuously evolving norms and reflects the persistent struggle for control between Facebook and its users. A pluralistic, digital-cultures approach has been adopted in the theoretical and conceptual framework of this thesis, with an emphasis on the canons of media and communication, cultural studies and political economy. Multiple case studies of user regulation are presented to explain the dynamics of how users are regulating the architecture, policies and practices of the site, in order to demonstrate that users are regulating Facebook. The first part of the thesis begins with an exposition of the user regulation model, after which a framework for Facebook, its users and user regulation is presented. Subsequently, the methodology, the efficacy of the methodology and the case study approach are discussed. The second part of the thesis explores three interrelated themes – privacy, advertising and labour on Facebook – to explain and demonstrate my argument. These three themes are key to explaining the process and phenomenon of user regulation, as they constitute what I term the ‘circle of exploitation’ on Facebook. In the third part of the thesis, resolutions to this circle of exploitation are addressed by proposing certain alternatives, in order to examine the ability and vulnerability of users. Finally, the key outcomes of this project and my research agenda of providing a historical account for future research into the ontology and epistemology of Facebook are considered.
4
Martišienė, Beata. "Civil Aspects of Legal Regulation of Labour Relations." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120629_152523-45022.
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Summary of doctoral dissertation introduces the object, purpose and tasks, the novelty, actuality and originality of the dissertation. As well as this, the methodology, sources and the structure of the dissertation are given. Main conclusions and results of the research are being presented. Finally, the list of scientific publications and personal details about the author of the dissertation are given.Disertacijos santraukoje apibrėžiami darbo objektas, tikslai ir uždaviniai, taip pat mokslinio darbo naujumas, originalumas ir aktualumas. Kartu pateikiami pagrindiniai darbe naudoti metodai ir šaltiniai. Pristatomos pagrindinės ir svarbiausios moksliniame tyrime pasiektos išvados ir ginamieji teiginiai. Galiausiai pateikiama bendra informacija apie disertacijos autorę ir jos mokslinių publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašas.
5
Kitching, John William. "Labour regulation in the small service sector enterprise." Thesis, Kingston University, 1997. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20606/.
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Small service enterprises have typically been neglected both by industrial relations researchers and by small firms researchers. Yet there are compelling reasons why relations between employers and employees might differ from those found in large firms or in manufacturing firms. Drawing on face-to-face interview data from 54 small service enterprise owner-managers and 117 of their employees, the study aims to redress this imbalance in research effort. The study focuses on three contrasting sectors in the service industries: computer services; employment and secretarial services; and free houses and restaurants. Although 'informal' regulation was a feature common to all sectors, there were substantive differences between sectors in processes of labour regulation. Employment relations in each of the three sectors were found to be regulated in different ways reflecting a variety of influences. These include the nature of work roles, workforce characteristics and expectations and the role of the customer in the process of labour regulation. Informal regulation permitted owner-managers considerable flexibility in the recruitment, reward and utilisation of labour. A different employment culture was found to exist in the three sectors. These cultures - termed the 'work', 'money' and 'sociability' cultures - give meaning to employment and to the relationship between owner-managers and employees. The social processes through which these cultures are constituted are likely to be found in many other small enterprises and it is their wider presence which facilitates generalisation from the present sample to that of the broader small firm population. The study has implications for the study of contemporary employment relations in the UK. The growing importance of the small service enterprise in the UK economy of the 1990s means that the patterns of employment relations found in such firms are becoming increasingly prevalent. Moreover, many of the employment relations processes typical of the small enterprise are argued to be becoming more common in larger enterprises.
6
Edey, Lydia. "Leukocyte trafficking dynamics in the regulation of labour." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/31393.
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Late gestation and labour is associated with inflammatory changes in the myometrium that include an increase in neutrophil and monocyte numbers. The mechanisms regulating altered leukocyte dynamics in pregnancy are not well understood, but may be critical in identifying novel targets for the prevention of preterm labour (PTL). PTL is defined as the onset of labour prior to 37 weeks gestation and often results in preterm birth (PTB). Here we investigated local and systemic leukocyte trafficking during late gestation and labour, focussing on the pro-inflammatory Ly-6Chigh monocyte subpopulation in mouse models of normal, preterm and delayed labour. Using flow cytometry and in vivo cell labelling methods, we demonstrated for the first time that blood-derived Ly-6Chigh monocyte densities increase in the myometrium prior to labour onset. Increases were also observed in the pools of intravascular, lung-marginated Ly-6Chigh monocytes and neutrophils during late gestation, which although not mirrored in the circulation is indicative of a systemic inflammatory response. Using exogenous progesterone supplementation and a progesterone receptor antagonist, we demonstrated that progesterone controls Ly-6Chigh monocyte cell densities within the myometrium, with rapid increases following its functional withdrawal. In a mouse model of infection-induced PTL by laparotomy and intrauterine LPS injection, we unexpectedly found that inflammatory leukocyte migration to the myometrium was low pre- labour. Levels of cytokines and chemokines, including the monocyte chemoattractant CCL2, were high in the myometrium, but also systemically in plasma and organ tissue, indicating a significant systemic inflammatory response. In the surgical controls, in which labour was delayed, there were substantial increases in Ly-6Chigh monocytes in the myometrium, which were shown using knockout mice to be CCR2-dependent. Taken together, our data indicate that both local and systemic inflammation play important roles in labour. Despite consistent observations of Ly-6Chigh monocyte infiltration into the myometrium, there was a lack of clear evidence supporting their role in labour, suggesting their late-gestation myometrium infiltration is more relevant to post-partum uterine repair and remodelling.
7
Rutabajuuka, Simon Peter. "Colonial capitalism and labour regulation in Uganda, 1900-1953." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ54062.pdf.
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Drouin, Renée-Claude. "International framework agreements : a study in transnational labour regulation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613873.
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9
Mgwebi, Nondwe. "Labour as a public interest consideration in merger regulation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77417.
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In the South Africa context for merger consideration the issue of labour has always been a pertinent focus and consequential to that the Competition Act, 89 of 1998 as amended (Competition Act) establishes a compulsory merger notification approach. It is therefore necessary to scrutinize the role that labour as a public interest concern has played and is likely to play subsequent to the Competition Act, Public Interest Guidelines and the Competition Amendment Act 18 of 2018 coming into operation.
This paper looks at the number of ground-breaking cases which have been umpired with intervention from several government departments and trade unions and places the focus on how labour issues are assessed in mergers. The cases are fundamental to the application of public interest considerations on proposed mergers and also to specifically determine the impact that labour as a public interest consideration has on what the Competition Act intends to achieve as indicated in its preamble and purpose.
The content and impact of the Guidelines on the assessment of public interest provisions in merger regulation under the Competition Act will be deliberated with reference to how the competition authorities deal with employment as a public interest consideration.
The issue of public interest consideration in mergers is a developing area of our competition law system and this study seeks to demonstrate the importance of labour as public interest consideration in merger regulation and how instrumental labour is to the promotion of competition policies.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
10
Kaine, Sarah Jane. "Managing labour in the residential aged care sector." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6300.
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Aged care is a critical public policy issue in Australia. The growing significance of the sector raises important and pressing questions about many aspects of care itself, the size of the labour force and employment relations. Answering these questions is vital, with demand for labour in the sector already outstripping supply and with demand certain to grow substantially. The implications of this labour shortfall for the sector have already been the subject of a number of key government reports. Although these reports have begun to construct a more detailed picture of the issues facing aged care workers and employers, significant gaps remain, most notably any explicit examination of approaches to the management of labour or the importance of labour law in determining these approaches. Despite the obvious importance and critical social and economic significance of the ageing population, we do not sufficiently understand many of the critical labour market features, workplace characteristics or management strategies which are evident in the aged care sector. This study seeks to build knowledge of employment and labour management in this growing and crucial sector at a decisive moment in history. It deepens our understanding of these issues and processes through a study of three residential aged care providers in New South Wales during the period from 2005 to 2009. The thesis specifically examines employer strategy in relation to the management of labour in the three cases. Further, it investigates the impact of the regulatory environment on these approaches. In doing so, the case studies reveal the intricate web of internal and external, direct and indirect, formal and informal regulation which shapes the management of labour within the sector. The complexity of the regulatory web in aged care demands the use of an explanatory framework which recognises that labour-management approaches are influenced by constraints not traditionally associated with the direct, legal regulation of employment relations. Consequently, regulation theory is applied here as an organising framework and as an interpretive prism for the research. This allows for an explicit acknowledgment of the importance of non-legal, informal and indirect regulation ‘at work’ in this sector. The study finds that in the period under review labour law was not the primary determinant of labour-management approaches in aged care. The case studies presented here show that it was, in fact, a second order consideration for aged care providers struggling with what they saw as insufficient funding, onerous ‘paperwork’ and staff recruitment and retention difficulties – in short a range of other regulatory influences. This study also shows that, despite the constraints imposed by these other regulatory modes, employers remained free to exercise their prerogative within the workplace; this, in turn, is revealed as a form of internal regulation in aged care.
11
Kaine, Sarah Jane. "Managing labour in the residential aged care sector." University of Sydney, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6300.
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Aged care is a critical public policy issue in Australia. The growing significance of the sector raises important and pressing questions about many aspects of care itself, the size of the labour force and employment relations. Answering these questions is vital, with demand for labour in the sector already outstripping supply and with demand certain to grow substantially. The implications of this labour shortfall for the sector have already been the subject of a number of key government reports. Although these reports have begun to construct a more detailed picture of the issues facing aged care workers and employers, significant gaps remain, most notably any explicit examination of approaches to the management of labour or the importance of labour law in determining these approaches. Despite the obvious importance and critical social and economic significance of the ageing population, we do not sufficiently understand many of the critical labour market features, workplace characteristics or management strategies which are evident in the aged care sector. This study seeks to build knowledge of employment and labour management in this growing and crucial sector at a decisive moment in history. It deepens our understanding of these issues and processes through a study of three residential aged care providers in New South Wales during the period from 2005 to 2009. The thesis specifically examines employer strategy in relation to the management of labour in the three cases. Further, it investigates the impact of the regulatory environment on these approaches. In doing so, the case studies reveal the intricate web of internal and external, direct and indirect, formal and informal regulation which shapes the management of labour within the sector. The complexity of the regulatory web in aged care demands the use of an explanatory framework which recognises that labour-management approaches are influenced by constraints not traditionally associated with the direct, legal regulation of employment relations. Consequently, regulation theory is applied here as an organising framework and as an interpretive prism for the research. This allows for an explicit acknowledgment of the importance of non-legal, informal and indirect regulation ‘at work’ in this sector. The study finds that in the period under review labour law was not the primary determinant of labour-management approaches in aged care. The case studies presented here show that it was, in fact, a second order consideration for aged care providers struggling with what they saw as insufficient funding, onerous ‘paperwork’ and staff recruitment and retention difficulties – in short a range of other regulatory influences. This study also shows that, despite the constraints imposed by these other regulatory modes, employers remained free to exercise their prerogative within the workplace; this, in turn, is revealed as a form of internal regulation in aged care.
12
Kokkotas, Spyros. "The contradictions of labour and the legal regulation of employment." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29205.
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The theme of this thesis is the contradictory character of labour and employment as it occurs in modernity. In this respect the thesis starts with the phenomenological reading of labour as it is expressed in its relation to property in the employment relation. The point the thesis makes is that employment in capitalism is a dialectical relation of conflict and interdependence that cannot be reduced in terms of exchange. This relation despite the efforts to the mutation of its substance by the market and the suppression of its conflictual character by the welfare state persists in its contradictory character and is expressed as a paradox in the complexity of its practice in modernity. The thesis suggests an understanding of employment that recognises it as power relation that creates relations that are very similar in their normative logic to those of a political community. The aim is by unveiling the complexity of the relation to strive for a legal understanding that whilst socially taming and conditioning domination allows the normative potential of employment to be legally expressed.
13
Findlay, Patricia. "What management strategy : labour utilisation and regulation at Scotland's edge." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314892.
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Daniel, Kirsten. "Labour market regulation and employment of unskilled workers : international comparisons." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633082.
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The study analyses personnel records over the past two decades from a sample of multinationals with matched plants in the US, UK, Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium. It examines trends in production workers' employment opportunities and the effect of labour market regulation, in particular employment protection. Labour market regulation in general - as indicated by insider power - and employment protection in particular, is expected to increase recruitment standards for permanent employees as well as to increase the use of temporary employment. The expected positive effect of employment protection on recruitment standards is found in simple correlations and regressions, but is not generally supported by the multivariate analysis once other influences are held constant. However, union density is found to increase recruitment standards, and might take over the effect of employment protection as an indicator of overall regulatory pressure. Insider power - as measured by average tenure of a plant's workforce - is found to increase the recruitment of younger, more educated, people. I also find a strong substitutability between recruits' prior experience and education. This substitutability indicates the power of education to widen job opportunities for inexperienced workers. As for temporary employment, the expected effect of employment protection and insider power on temporary employment is not confirmed in the multivariate analysis. Nevertheless there are indications that laws against temporary employment have the desired effect of driving temporary employment downwards. Since I also find that permanent and temporary hires are strong substitutes, these laws tend to drive up permanent employment. Another finding is that increased labour cost - as measured by the tax wedge - drive temporary employment down, presumably because temporary employees cannot deliver the required high productivity.
15
Adonis, Tanya. "The employment recruitment and promotion process: legal regulation and practice." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16492.
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Includes bibliographical referencesRecruitment is an integral part of any organization. It forms the foundation upon which every other practice is built. It is a process which is often regarded lightly and not given the due consideration it deserves. It is therefore pertinent to have a recruitment process in place which ensures legal compliance, as well as the longevity of the business. The concept of legal compliance in the employment recruitment and promotion process has proved at best inconspicuous. The process has allowed for much legal debate, which spans from the CCMA all the way through to the Constitutional Court. The process has also allowed for much jurisprudence to be developed regarding the implementation and application of the statutes governing it. This dissertation will focus on the limitations placed on management prerogative by labour law the procedural and substantive fairness requirements. It will do so by exploring case law, risk management measures and what is required to ensure a contract of employment is legal and binding on both parties. It is important to read this dissertation in the light of how labour law overlaps with and impacts on management prerogative. This view is necessary to understand how the push - pull dynamic between these two factors in recruitment and promotion have molded the process to encompass issues that substantively outweigh their procedural counterparts and vice versa. It is necessary in this dissertation to expound on the fundamental law governing the recruitment and promotion process and will explore concepts of management prerogative, amongst others. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the ambiguities imposed by procedural and substantive fairness and will venture into risk management measures and contractual obligation s as a failsafe for employers to demystify the process.
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Vlandas, Timothee. "Essays on labour market dualisation in Western Europe : active labour market policies, temporary work regulation and inequality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/767/.
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European labour markets are increasingly divided between insiders in full-time permanent employment and outsiders in precarious work or unemployment. Using quantitative as well as qualitative methods, this thesis investigates the determinants and consequences of labour market policies that target these outsiders in three separate papers. The first paper looks at Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) that target the unemployed. It shows that left and right-wing parties choose different types of ALMPs depending on the policy and the welfare regime in which the party is located. These findings reconcile the conflicting theoretical expectations from the Power Resource approach and the insider-outsider theory. The second paper considers the regulation and protection of the temporary work sector. It solves the puzzle of temporary re-regulation in France, which contrasts with most other European countries that have deregulated temporary work. Permanent workers are adversely affected by the expansion of temporary work in France because of general skills and low wage coordination. The interests of temporary and permanent workers for re-regulation therefore overlap in France and left governments have an incentive to re-regulate the sector. The third paper then investigates what determines inequality between median and bottom income workers. It shows that non-inclusive economic coordination increases inequality in the absence of compensating institutions such as minimum wage regulation. The deregulation of temporary work as well as spending on employment incentives and rehabilitation also has adverse effects on inequality. Thus, policies that target outsiders have important economic effects on the rest of the workforce. Three broader contributions can be identified. First, welfare state policies may not always be in the interests of labour, so left parties may not always promote them. Second, the interests of insiders and outsiders are not necessarily at odds. Third, economic coordination may not be conducive to egalitarianism where it is not inclusive.
17
Ozdemir, Ali Murat. "Political Economy Of Labour Law In Turkey: Work Employment And International Division Of Labour." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605703/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to evaluate the Turkish Labour Law on the basis of a new approach to legal studies that follow the internal tendency of legal science to resolve its own problem, which is that of convincingly defining the point of contact between norm and fact (form and content), materially connecting the juridical organisation of power with the social structuring of power, while avoiding both formalist and positivist deviations. Against this background, the thesis aims to assess the correlation between the recent changes in the international division of labour and the structural forms, on the axis of which the Turkish legal system functions. This endeavour includes an attempt to view law in its location as a component to a general and persistent process of social regulation that secures general patterns of social domination. This study argues that the role of the collective labour law over the stabilisation of wage relations is increasingly deteriorated by the changing nature of the state and of work, including the new institutionality and the increasing influence of business over labour politics. After the &lsquodiscovery&rsquo
of the importance of the universal principle of the freedom of contract in labour law, the regulatory powers of individual labour law have extended to the realm of capital-labour relations having an impact over the social division of labour and have acquired a relative dominance.
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Szyszczak, Erika M. "Partial unemployment : the regulation of short time working in Britain." Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328235.
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Asthana, Roli. "The political economy of policy reform : labour market regulation in India." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2277/.
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The central questions posed by this thesis are: what are the effects of labour market regulations pertaining to job security in India, and why are these regulations so difficult to reform. The thesis finds that job security regulations have a negative effect on both efficiency and equity. They have a significantly negative impact on employment in all categories. They benefit a small minority of highly educated and high human capital workers, while excluding the large majority of the labour force from secure, protected work. They also have a negative impact on output, as they discourage investment. This is shown through a ranking of twenty four Indian states according to the strictness of job security regulations. Highly labour regulated states have lower levels of investment, leading to a negative impact on output, employment and real wage. In this way, these regulations harm both efficiency and equity. In saying this, this thesis supports the distortion view of job security regulations as held by the World Bank, and refutes the institutional view as held by the International Labour Office (ILO). The findings of this thesis show that the result of high levels job security regulations do not cause a necessary trade-off between efficiency and equity (sacrificing the former to get more of the latter), but that the result is a negative impact on both efficiency and equity. The thesis then asks why policies that reduce both efficiency and equity are so difficult to reform in a democracy like India. It explores this by doing an inter-state analysis of policy reform in ten Indian states, considering each state as a separate democracy. It finds conclusive evidence that political factors influence the capacity and motivation to carry out labour policy reform, and it analyse what factors these might be. We use a multi-pronged political economy approach in this thesis. We use extensive historical and institutional analysis, combined with fairly simple, but powerful, empirical analysis. Most of our empirical analysis relies largely on simple and straightforward ordinary least squares (OLS). We are encouraged by the fact that we use four different datasets, and all four give us the same significant result. This gives us confidence in the strength and robustness of our findings.
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Mzimba, Nomlindelo. "The significance of the amendments made to section 198 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6549.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilIn the South African employment context, temporary employment service (hereinafter referred as TES), also known as labour broking, is regulated by the Labour Relations Act.1 Under the previous LRA (prior 2014 legislative amendments), employees of TES have been challenged in respect of exercising their labour law rights and that subjected them to exploitation. Such exploitation called for the government of South Africa to effect some amendments on the LRA with a view to protect TES employees. This was done through Labour Relations amendment Act no 06 of 2014, which came into force in August 2014. The relationship in TES involved three parties, such as, client, labour broker and an employee. A labour broker entered into a commercial contract with a client, in terms of which the former would provide employees to the client. An employment contract will then be entered into between labour broker and an employee. The duration of employment contract would mostly be determined by as long as the client requires services of a placed employee. No employment contract was entered into between an employee and the client. This is despite the fact that a client had directly enjoyed services of the employee.
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Beinisch, Natalie. "Making it work : the development and evolution of transnational labour regulation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3621/.
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Who has the capacity to regulate production in transnational supply chains and whose interests does this serve? This focus of this thesis is on transnational regulation, specifically the identification of the actors who participate in setting and implementing regulatory agendas, their interests, capacity and interactions between them. Transnational regulation is the regulation of activities which take place across national jurisdictions. State and non-state actors are direct participants in transnational regulatory regimes and non-state actors may play leading roles in their development and implementation. While work has been done which examines the roles that non-state actors play in transnational regulatory processes, there has been limited investigation into the relationships between state and non-state actors on transnational standard setting and implementation. The Governance Triangle, developed by Abbott and Snidal (2009) is a framework that positions the relationships between states, businesses and NGOs as central to transnational regulation. They argue that cooperation is necessary between these groups for there to be sufficient capacity to regulate a transnational problem. However, due to the divergent interests of these actors and the distribution of bargaining powers between them, they posit transnational regulatory standards are likely to be dominated by business interests and will be sub-optimal. This thesis explores the question of whether transnational regulatory programmes dominated by business organizations are necessarily lacking regulatory capacity and whether they remain that way over time by studying the emergence and evolution of two cases of industry selfregulation designed to improve labour standards in the production of toys and chocolate. Building upon the Governance Triangle, this thesis makes three key findings: 1) Bargaining in transnational regulation is not always distributional and that it is possible for actors to cooperate to identify and develop frameworks for transnational regulatory problems. 2) Interactions within one actor type and interactions involving all three actor groups can shape power dynamics in the bargaining process and 3) Regulation that is dominated by business actors does begin as sub-optimal. However, over time new bargaining processes can be initiated which lead to incremental developments in the capacity of a system to regulate. This thesis also contributes to the literature on non-state actors in regulation by identifying the actors which participate in transnational regulatory processes and their motivation and capacity to do so. It identifies two new sources of regulatory capacity: individual policy entrepreneurs and the media.
22
Klerck, Gilton-Georg. "Fractured solidarities: labour regulation, workplace restructuring, and employment 'flexibility' in Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004898.
Full textAbstract:
A central concern of this thesis is the expansion, distribution and control of 'non-standard' employment in Namibia since independence. The employment relationship has assumed various historical forms under capitalism, each of which corresponds to a specific mode of regulation with distinct structural dynamics. An attempt is made to extend the regulation approach 'downwards' to account for the problem of order in the workplace and to place the employment relationship within its own regulatory framework. The point of departure in this study of the dynamics of labour regulation is the contradictory nature of labour's incorporation, allocation, control and reproduction within the labour market. The employment relationship is never only an economic exchange, but is also mediated through an institutional framework that connects the processes of production and social reproduction, and regulates conflicting interests inside and outside the workplace. This relationship, as critical realists have pointed out, is a product of the indeterminate intersection of several generative structures. The roots of these generative structures can be traced to three sets of social processes: the processes of production and the structuring of labour demand; the processes of social reproduction and the structuring of labour supply; and the forces of regulation. Non-standard employment is viewed as a particular social and spatio-temporal 'fix' for the various regulatory dilemmas generated by the standard employment relationship. This conception underscores the fact that a national system of labour regulation decisively shapes the conditions under which employers are able to casualise a part of their workforce. The differential experience across national boundaries suggests that analytical space needs to be provided for systems of labour market regulation which may either accentuate or moderate pressures for casualisation. Segmentation on the demand side of the labour market is explored through an analysis of the types of non-standard jobs created in different economic sectors. The various forms of employment 'flexibility' tend to vary in importance according to the specific manner in which a firm chooses to compete. Consequently, non-standard employees are distributed in a complex and uneven manner across industrial sectors and the occupational hierarchy, and face a diverse range of possibilities and liabilities that shape their levels and forms of participation in the labour market. By counteracting the homogenisation effects of labour law and collective bargaining, the mobilisation of cheap and disposable labour through non-standard employment contracts allows employers much greater discretion in constructing the wage-effort bargain. With non-standard employment, social and statutory regulation is weak or underdeveloped and hence managerial control is autocratic, with a significant contractual component. Although the changing social composition of the workforce associated with employment 'flexibility' poses serious challenges to the modes of organisation that have long served the labour movement, trade unions in Namibia and elsewhere have been slow to respond to the threats of casualisation. Of concern here, is the extent to which attempts to promote the security of existing union members is compatible with attempts to organise non-standard employees. This thesis shows that the unions have developed a complex amalgam of strategies in their efforts to regulate non-standard employment relationships.
23
Commendatore, Pasquale, and Ingrid Kubin. "Dynamic effects of regulation and deregulation in goods and labour markets." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/496/1/document.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Modern macroeconomic models with a Keynesian flavour usually involve nominal rigidities in wages and goods prices. A typical model is static and combines wage bargaining in the labour markets and monopolistic competition in the goods markets. As central policy implication it follows that deregulating labour and/or goods markets increases equilibrium employment. We reassess the consequences of deregulation in a dynamic model. It still increases employment at the fixed point, which corresponds to the static equilibrium solution. However, deregulation may also lead to stability loss and endogenous fluctuations.Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
24
Conibear, Anthony. "Labour market segmentation and regulation theory : an application to the United Kingdom." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340714.
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25
Dlova, Vuyisile. "Developing countries and legal regulation of transnational corporations' employment and labour relations practices." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235860.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 1. Developing countries and TNCs This chapter serves as a general introduction on the issue of TNC regulation in developing countries. The issues covered in it include the definition of a TNC, statistics on such issues as the scale and significance of TNC investment, factors influencing the bargaining strength of the corporation vis a vis the host state and the institutional and legislative response to the TNC challenge. (The questions of Nationalization and Transfer Pricing in view of their far-reaching implications as well as their contentious nature on investor/host country relations are given a fairly detailed treatment in this introduction). Chapter 2. Labour Issues This chapter discusses labour issues that arise in the context of TNC operations in developing countries. Focus is mainly on three basic issues: TNC impact on employment, conditions of work and industrial relations (conditions of work are treated briefly here but in greater detail in the next two chapters.) Chapter 3. 'Export Processing Zones' This chapter focuses on conditions of labour in TNC plants located in special zones created by some developing countries in order to attract foreign investment. The chapter also contains selected short country studies to illustrate how labour/management relations are regulated by countries that have opted for this road to 'development*. The final part of the chapter discusses what is being done at international level to help improve the fate of workers in these zones or in enterprises that may be outside such zones but which in law or practice enjoy similar status with enterprises in those zones. Chapter 4. National Regulation of TNCs in Developing Countries: The case of Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster. The chapter seeks to illustrate and evaluate, in the light of the Bhopal experience, the type of problems that developing countries may confront in their efforts to regulate the social implications of TNC operations in these countries. The approach of the national authorities and other regulatory institutions, as represented by India in this case study, to such problems is also discussed and evaluated. The chapter can be divided into five parts. The first part is an introduction, the second part outlines key issues, from the point of view of our enquiry, and discusses some of the legal questions arising therefrom. The third part discusses in-house safety management at Union Carbide in so far as it is relevant to the Bhopal plant. The fourth part deals with Indian government regulation of the plant. The fifth part deals with options, under Indian law to hold the extra-territorial legal parent of the Indian subsidiary responsible for the damage caused by the accident, as well as the policy implications of exercising such options. (It is important to stress that the chapter is about regulation and not about liability as such. Liability questions are raised only in so far as they are regarded as incidental to our discussion on regulation.) Chapter 5. In Search of an International Regulatory Frame-Work on TNCs. The chapter is intended as an introduction to the issue of international regulation of TNCs, which is the main subject of the remaining part of this work. It is essentially a review of efforts by developing countries and the the international labour movement to create a force, at the international level, to match the power of TNCs, as well as the attitude and responses of the TNCs and their home countries to those efforts. The chapter is divided into two sections. Section A, discusses labour movement initiatives, in particular the largely unsuccessful attempts at creating transnational forms of bargaining with TNCs. Section B, discusses developing countries' initiatives, within the UN System, to establish an international machinery for regulation of TNCs. The economic philosophy that guides these efforts as well as legal principles regarded by these countries as being more in line with their aspirations on these matters, are matters also discussed. Chapter 6. Codes of Conduct on TNCs and The Law. This chapter discusses the legal status and effect of international Codes of Conduct on TNCs, at municipal as well as international law. The main focus is on the 'declaration' type instrument, which is the legal form taken by ILO Tripartite Declaration Of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy. Other types of non-binding instruments, including resolutions and recommendations, are also discussed. The circumstances in which these instruments may become binding sources of law are also briefly reviewed. (The contents of such codes and the state practice in relation to such contents is not discussed here. A discussion of these questions is the subject of the next chapter). Chapter 7. The ILO Tripartite Declaration. The subject of this last substantive chapter is a discussion on the most important international instrument on regulation of TNC social policies and practices in developing countries, the ILO Code on TNCs. The chapter is essentially our assessment, in the light of evidence reviewed here, of the adequacy of this instrument, including its implementation mechanism, in coping with the problems identified as pertinent in this work. The chapter can be divided into three parts. The first part outlines briefly the history of the instrument. The second part deals briefly with the contents in so far as they are relevant on the labour issues that have emerged as important in the context of this work. The third part is a detailed discussion on the implementation of the instrument at the national as well as the international level. Chapter 8. Conclusions and Reflections.
26
Maraire, Wesley. "Cape Town clothing workers' attitudes towards key aspects of and alternatives to regulation by the Bargaining Council." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15172.
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The South African clothing industry has shed over 70 000 jobs in the last decade. This has given rise to huge debate in the industry and academia about the role of the bargaining council in regulating the industry as well as other factors such as trade liberalisation that are causing the industry to shrink. This study explores attitudes held by formal and informal clothing workers toward the regulatory environment and possible alternatives to current regulation by the bargaining council. The research aimed to explore worker understanding of the regulatory environment, in particular the wages versus job-security trade-off; to find out whether workers are aware of alternatives to the current wage model, such as performance-based incentive pay; to explore the attitudes workers hold toward home-based informal factories; and to assess the attitudes of workers to worker cooperatives. Using semi- structured face-to-face interviews, 24 respondents (ten formal and 14 informal workers) were selected to participate in an attitude survey that explored their feelings across attitudinal classes - cognitive, affective, and behavioural, using the non-probability purposive sampling technique. Research findings show that both sets of workers generally had a very poor understanding of the industry's regulatory environment. After receiving brief explanations of alternatives to regulation by the bargaining council, the workers understood them cognitively and attitudes varied between the two groups. All workers were generally against performance-based incentive pay because it requires them to place too much trust in employers. Informal work was viewed as a viable alternative although formal workers could not conceive joining informal firms. Both sets of workers expressed favour towards worker co-operatives, which have the advantage of changing the working relationship from manager and worker to worker as owner, thus empowering workers. All workers, however, demonstrated overall awareness of the pressures facing the clothing industry, such as those caused by cheap Chinese imports. The evidence is however, not sufficient to arrive at a set of conclusions regarding alternatives to regulation by the bargaining council.
27
Murray, Jillian G. "The international regulation of working time : the ILO and EC compared." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342911.
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Samers, Michael Eric. "The production and regulation of North African immigrants in the Paris automobile industry, 1970-1990." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361736.
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Wright, Martyn. "Work regulation under changing relative power : a study of British workplace industrial relations 1979-91." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309853.
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30
Murray, Kristen. "Sex work as work : labour regulation in the legal sex industry in Victoria /." Connect to thesis, 2001. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000517.
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Loudon, Jenifer A. Z. "The Regulation of Labour Associated Genes by Nuclear Factor k B and Progesterone." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520864.
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Bruce, Caitlin. "Labour regulation in the on-demand economy: an ‘uberfication’ of the status quo?" Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31222.
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Uber has reached rock-star status in the world of 'gigs’, 'rabbits’ and 'rides’ known as the 'on-demand economy’. Uber is but one in a sea of online platforms that seek to link clients with workers offering traditional services like transport, cleaning, repairs or running errands. These platforms act as a mediator between clients and workers and often set minimum quality standards, manage the payment process as well as the supply of work. However, as these platforms gain prevalence in today’s labour market, the question of worker protection comes rushing to the fore. On the one hand, these platforms are praised for having reduced the barriers to income for individuals who might not readily be able to enter the traditional labour market. On the other hand, critics of the on-demand economy argue that companies, like Uber, shift risks to their employees by misclassifying them as independent contractors, thereby weakening labour protections and driving down wages and in favour of their own profit margins. The question of whether Uber drivers are employees or independent contractors has sparked debate in the US. This study seeks to engage in this debate albeit in the South African context. In the absence of a definitive pronouncement from a South African decision maker as to the status of Uber drivers, the core research question posed by this study is whether Uber drivers are employees under South African law. The objective of the study is to determine whether existing labour laws in South Africa offer adequate protection to workers, like Uber drivers, in the on-demand economy. It will be argued that Uber drivers do not neatly fall within the definition of employee in section 213 of the LRA. However, Uber drivers do not neatly fit the category of independent contractor either. The fact that the aspects of the 'uberfied’ work relationship do not seem to speak to the factors enumerated in the South African tests of employment suggests that perhaps these factors are outdated in the context of the on-demand economy. But, this is not a new problem. It will be argued that the problems faced by 'gig’ workers in the on-demand economy should be viewed as an extension of a broader trend towards the casualisation of labour. In this sense, it can be said that the type of work relationship created by companies like Uber, is simply an 'uberfication’ of the status quo. In other words, companies like Uber have done no more than give the non-standard employee a smart phone application with which to earn an income.
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Orchiston, Tashina Alice. "Brothels as Workplaces: Exploring Labour Regulation and Compliance in Australia's Legal Sex Industry." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17223.
Full textAbstract:
Brothels have been legal in much of Australia for the past several decades, but have received limited attention in labour law scholarship. Further, while there continues to be considerable debate surrounding the regulation of commercial sex, public policy discussion seldom considers how brothels function as workplaces, or the rights of brothel-based sex workers as workers. Instead, emphasis is placed on other regulatory imperatives relating to public health, residential amenity, and concerns regarding organised crime and trafficking. This thesis situates sex work within a labour law frame. It argues that labour performed voluntarily by consenting adult sex workers is ‘work’, and that legal sex workers in Australia are rightly regarded as potential subjects of labour law. Focusing solely on the largely female group of workers who perform sexual services in exchange for payment in Australian legal brothels, this thesis examines the extent to which these workers are currently covered by labour regulation (including laws relating to workplace safety), and whether they have access to the same rights as other Australian workers. To explore the compliance of brothels with applicable labour regulation, two states with legal brothels are selected for in-depth comparison: New South Wales, which has a decriminalised sex industry, and Queensland, which imposes a brothel licensing system. This thesis draws on 30 qualitative interviews with sex workers, brothel operators, and other stakeholders with experience of workplace relations in the legal brothel sector. The interview findings are triangulated by a qualitative content analysis of 806 weblog entries describing brothel working conditions, derived from 54 weblogs written by Australian sex workers. Ultimately, this thesis concludes that while legalisation of the brothel industry has enabled sex workers to have the ‘right’ to work lawfully (without the risk of attaining a criminal record), this has not translated into legal sex workers having workplace rights. The failure on the part of Australian regulators to supervise labour law compliance in the sex industry means that the legal brothel sector is predominantly regulated by market forces, and sex workers are vulnerable to exploitation. The final part of this thesis provides recommendations for regulatory reform.
34
au, d. turner@murdoch edu, and Donna Isabelle Turner. "The Malaysian State and the Regulation of Labour: From Colonial Economy to K-Economy." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070424.111203.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the state-labour nexus emerging out of the processes through which governing authorities have attempted to maintain or regain political stability and rates of accumulation in Malay(a)sia. Existing studies usefully highlight the extent to which repressive industrial relations legislation and ethnic communalism have weakened the trade union movement and segmented the labour force delivering the relative industrial peace attractive to foreign investors. Some suggest labours discontent at this repression has been successfully contained by Malaysias relatively strong economic performance. These approaches, however, only partially acknowledge the extent to which labours social reproduction under capitalist relations generates political and economic contradictions.
After an initial failure to address these contradictions in the early post-colonial era, the Malay-dominated government has since developed avenues through which to deliver economic and cultural concessions in a selective and paternalistic fashion. This economic paternalism has contributed to social stability but has diverted funds from economic development and now runs contrary to structural reforms that seek to address Malaysias declining international competitiveness. The transition towards a knowledge-based economy, referred to locally as the k-economy, therefore embodies efforts by the political elite to contain political and societal tensions emerging out of the reform process. This thesis demonstrates and analyses the dynamic, contingent and uneven nature of these efforts as the government seeks to establish new bases of legitimacy more closely linked to household consumption concerns than ethnicity. Despite the relative absence of industrial disputation, labours location in Malaysias system of capitalism remains a contradictory one. Politically motivated social policies, although under pressure and likely to take new forms, will nonetheless remain pivotal in the attempt to resolve the tensions that threaten accumulation and political stability.
35
Mbwaalala, Ndemufayo Regto. "Can labour law succeed in reconciling the rights and interests of labour broker employees and employers in South Africa and Namibia?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9779_1380724825.
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The ever increasing regional and global trade competition has manifested itself in a growing number of non-standard forms of employment including the increasing use of "
temporary employment services"
(or &ldquo
labour brokers&rdquo
as commonly referred to). Labour brokers enter into employment relationships as third parties with client companies to supply employees through a commercial contract. These labour services usually fall outside the regular twoparty contract of employment defined under existing labour laws and thus the employees are not covered by that law. Labour brokers have been labelled as &ldquo
the re-emergence of new apartheid strategy&rdquo
and &ldquo
modern slavery&rdquo
by some quarters in labour sectors of Namibia and South Africa. Trade unions, particularly, have led the most vocal resistance against labour brokers in both countries. They argue that, like previous apartheid contract labour systems, labour brokers today erode standards for decent working conditions and weaken union representations in the workplace. Thus unions have repeatedly sent strong calls to lawmakers to amend existing labour laws and &bdquo
forever put labour broking in its grave where it belongâ1. On the other hand, employers have argued that recent forces of globalisation demand flexible employment strategies and banning labour brokers will make it more difficult for local businesses compete profitably globally via flexible short term employments and can lead to losses of many job opportunities.2 It is against this background that I will argue that current labour laws should be amended to define and regulate labour brokers more closely and compel them to recognise workers rights and conditions as equal as those of standard employees. But first, I will highlight some socio-economic indicators influencing the labour markets in South Africa and Namibia, including the history of workerâs rights under the contract labour systems in both countries. Second, I will look at some of the expressed exploitive conditions resulting from the use of labour brokers and also look at some reasons why businesses engage labour brokers. Thereafter I will point out some of the reasons why trade unions have called for a total ban on labour brokers. I will then discuss the difficulty of banning labour brokers, including the constitutional challenge in the landmark case of African Personnel Services v Government of the Republic of Namibia3. Lastly i will expand on the ruling by the Namibian Supreme Court of Appeal (NSA) recommending a regulatory approach in line with the International Labour Organisationâs (ILO) conventions on third-party employments.
36
Kim, Sung Hye. "The role and regulation of oxytocin/oxytocin receptor system in human amnion and labour." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25051.
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Preterm delivery occurs in 10% of all births. It is the major cause of infant death and handicap in the developed countries and accounts for 65% of neonatal deaths and 50% of childhood neurological disabilities. At the end of pregnancy, 'pro-labour' factors begin to mediate remodeling of the cervix resulting in cervical ripening and dilatation, uterine contractility and decidual/fetal membrane activation. The amnion plays an important role in the onset of human labour. It is a major site for prostaglandins (PG) and inflammatory cytokine synthesis which increases both before and during labour. Amnion derived inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins contribute to the relaxation of the lower uterine segment and to cervical ripening. Oxytocin (OT) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) are classically considered to play a fundamental role in the mechanism of labour as OT stimulates uterine contractions and OTR antagonists are clinically used as tocolytics. The increase in OT and OTR expressions were observed in tissues other than myometrium, including the breast cells, decidua and amnion. However, amnion is not a contractile tissue and therefore the physiological role of the OT/OTR is less obvious. We hypothesised that the regulation of OT/OTR in human amnion is linked to NF-κB activity and plays an important role in the onset of labour. We have demonstrated that in human amnion, labour induces expression of both OT and OTR expression. Using specific inhibitors and siRNA target knockdown studies, we have shown that unlike the myometrial OTR, OT binding to OTR in human amnion drives the receptor to couple with Gαi2 and Gαi3, but not Gαq. This subsequently triggers the sequential activation of ERK, p38 MAPKs and NF-κB signalling cascades leading to PG and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine synthesis. This suggests that OT not only induces uterine contractions but also plays a role in triggering the onset of labour by mediating the proinflammatory effects in the amnion. These proinflammatory effects of OT were suppressed by an OTR-specific antagonist, ornithine vasotocin (OVT), indicating that OT exerts its effects predominantly via OTR. However, the commonly used OTR antagonist, atosiban, had no effect on OT induced proinflammatory effects. Unexpectedly, atosiban treatment alone resulted in activation of inflammatory mediators such as MAPKs and NF-κB leading to downstream pro-labour gene expressions via Gαi. Activation of such inflammatory processes within the uterus initiates labor, whereas exposure to inflammation may be associated with fetal brain damage in preterm and term infants. Therefore, atosiban could exacerbate inflammation in the context of preterm birth and potentially have an effect on neonatal outcome. With this in mind the future development of OTR antagonists to prevent preterm birth will need to take into account the effects upon differential OTR G-protein coupling.
37
Turner, Donna Isabelle. "The Malaysian state and the regulation of labour: from colonial economy to k-economy." Thesis, Turner, Donna Isabelle (2007) The Malaysian state and the regulation of labour: from colonial economy to k-economy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/373/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the state-labour nexus emerging out of the processes through which governing authorities have attempted to maintain or regain political stability and rates of accumulation in Malay(a)sia. Existing studies usefully highlight the extent to which repressive industrial relations legislation and ethnic communalism have weakened the trade union movement and segmented the labour force delivering the relative industrial peace attractive to foreign investors. Some suggest labour's discontent at this repression has been successfully contained by Malaysia's relatively strong economic performance. These approaches, however, only partially acknowledge the extent to which labour's social reproduction under capitalist relations generates political and economic contradictions.
After an initial failure to address these contradictions in the early post-colonial era, the Malay-dominated government has since developed avenues through which to deliver economic and cultural concessions in a selective and paternalistic fashion. This economic paternalism has contributed to social stability but has diverted funds from economic development and now runs contrary to structural reforms that seek to address Malaysia's declining international competitiveness. The transition towards a knowledge-based economy, referred to locally as the k-economy, therefore embodies efforts by the political elite to contain political and societal tensions emerging out of the reform process. This thesis demonstrates and analyses the dynamic, contingent and uneven nature of these efforts as the government seeks to establish new bases of legitimacy more closely linked to household consumption concerns than ethnicity. Despite the relative absence of industrial disputation, labour's location in Malaysia's system of capitalism remains a contradictory one. Politically motivated social policies, although under pressure and likely to take new forms, will nonetheless remain pivotal in the attempt to resolve the tensions that threaten accumulation and political stability.
38
Turner, Donna Isabelle. "The Malaysian state and the regulation of labour: from colonial economy to k-economy." Turner, Donna Isabelle (2007) The Malaysian state and the regulation of labour: from colonial economy to k-economy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/373/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the state-labour nexus emerging out of the processes through which governing authorities have attempted to maintain or regain political stability and rates of accumulation in Malay(a)sia. Existing studies usefully highlight the extent to which repressive industrial relations legislation and ethnic communalism have weakened the trade union movement and segmented the labour force delivering the relative industrial peace attractive to foreign investors. Some suggest labour's discontent at this repression has been successfully contained by Malaysia's relatively strong economic performance. These approaches, however, only partially acknowledge the extent to which labour's social reproduction under capitalist relations generates political and economic contradictions.
After an initial failure to address these contradictions in the early post-colonial era, the Malay-dominated government has since developed avenues through which to deliver economic and cultural concessions in a selective and paternalistic fashion. This economic paternalism has contributed to social stability but has diverted funds from economic development and now runs contrary to structural reforms that seek to address Malaysia's declining international competitiveness. The transition towards a knowledge-based economy, referred to locally as the k-economy, therefore embodies efforts by the political elite to contain political and societal tensions emerging out of the reform process. This thesis demonstrates and analyses the dynamic, contingent and uneven nature of these efforts as the government seeks to establish new bases of legitimacy more closely linked to household consumption concerns than ethnicity. Despite the relative absence of industrial disputation, labour's location in Malaysia's system of capitalism remains a contradictory one. Politically motivated social policies, although under pressure and likely to take new forms, will nonetheless remain pivotal in the attempt to resolve the tensions that threaten accumulation and political stability.
39
Zlatar, Katherine, and Oleksandra Lysak. "Fake it till you make it: The emotional labour of project managers." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86937.
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Gorospe, Ibuan Julie 1959. "Neoliberalismo nas Filipinas = os impactos nas políticas públicas e na regulação social do trabalho." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286388.
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Orientador: Anselmo Luís dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GorospeIbuan_Julie_M.pdf: 1076088 bytes, checksum: ef02f878c4c8a319c422f6656a5b3638 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A flexibilização das regras de proteção social do trabalho, uma das expressões do movimento mais geral do capitalismo em sua feição neoliberal, iniciou seu processo de institucionalização nas Filipinas a partir de 1990. Esse é o marco de um processo por meio do qual as Filipinas vêm progressivamente abandonando suas aclamadas políticas trabalhistas informadas pelo princípio de proteção aos trabalhadores, na incansável busca para alcançar a competitividade internacional segundo prescrita pelo ideário Neoliberal. A Nação Filipina, necessitando atrair investimentos externos diretos, tem sido vulnerável às pressões das forças neoliberais e das finanças, lideradas por agentes não estatais como o Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), o Banco Mundial, BID, e as corporações transnacionais. Inspirada nessas forças, vem promovendo reformas estruturais que incluem: ajuste nas políticas econômicas e sociais, reformas trabalhistas, desregulamentação de indústrias tradicionalmente protegidas, privatização de estatais e flexibilização do mercado de trabalho. Nesse cenário, empregadores fazem uso da flexibilização de várias formas, impactando a remuneração e as horas de trabalho, o leque da proteção social, as formas de contratação e a organização dos trabalhadores, em meio à indução de massiva migração de trabalhadores do setor formal para o informal. Cada vez mais o mercado de trabalho filipino se desestrutura, expondo os trabalhadores à precarização, ao subemprego e ao desemprego, num cenário de grandes inseguranças. O presente trabalho analisa a regulação social do trabalho filipina no período de 1990-2009 mostrando como a onda liberal tem impactado o mundo do trabalho, o Judiciário, com reflexos no seu até então tradicional viés protetor, bem como a constituição das políticas sociais e a regulação pública do trabalho. Ainda, busca desnudar o mito de que a flexibilização do mercado e das normas de proteção ao trabalho é um antídoto ao desemprego, garantindo e maior participação da força de trabalho e melhor estruturação do mercado de trabalho. Para tanto, apresenta um balanço das políticas filipinas voltadas ao trabalho, das leis trabalhistas flexibilizadoras e das algumas decisões do Judiciário em casos relacionados ao tema
Abstract: Labor flexibilization, one of the expressions of capitalism general movement in the era of neoliberalism, has become institutionalized in the Philippines from 1990 onwards. The Philippines has steadily abandoned its once acclaimed pro-worker labor policies, in its quest to achieve the international competitiveness prescribed by neoliberalists. The Philippines, desperate for foreign direct investments, has been vulnerable to pressure from the forces of neoliberalism and finacialization led by non-state actors like the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and transnational corporations. Thus, the Philippines has adopted structural reforms prescribed by these forces. These reforms include the amendment of key economic and labor laws and policies, the deregulation of once protected industries, the privatization of state enterprises and assets, and the flexibilization of the labor market. As a result, employers resort to flexibilization in its various forms, impacting on working hours remuneration, social protection, ways of contracting, unionization and security of tenure, and inducing a massive migration of workers from the formal to the informal sector. More and more workers have become exposed to precarization, underemployment, and unemployment. In this study of the Philippine situation during the period 1990-2008, the author discusses how, against this tide, the judiciary?s sympathy for workers is being reduced by neoliberalist laws and flexibilization policies. The neoliberalist myth that labor flexibilization guarantees higher participation of the labor force as an antidote to massive unemployment is thus exposed, mainly through the author?s enumeration of new laws and policies as well as judiciary decided cases
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
41
Kilicaslan, Yilmaz. "Industrial Structure And Labour Markets: A Study On Productivity Growth." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606206/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to provide evidence on the relations between productivity, industrial structure, and labour markets for countries with different characteristics from 1965 to 1999. In order to do so, we first examine manufacturing industry production and trade with respect to both technology orientation and intensity, the impact of structural change on productivity growth, and the existence of convergence in industrial structures. Second, this study investigates the impact of labour market and industrial structures on aggregate productivity in manufacturing. While descriptive analysis of manufacturing industry with regard to technological orientation and intensity shows changing industrial structures in favour of relatively more technology intensive production and exports especially in fast growing countries, decomposition analysis suggests that the impact of structural change on productivity growth is negligible for most of the countries. The factor analysis revealed that although a general structural convergence tendency among countries is not observed, fast growing countries have converged their industrial structure towards those of industrialised countries. Finally, econometric estimation results also showed that while wage flexibility is detrimental to productivity in manufacturing, regulations in labour markets may foster productivity growth.
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Mack, Andrew Robert. "Rethinking the dynamics of capital accumulation in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia: Production Regulation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/498.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the forces driving a series of momentous transformations to Indonesia�s production and distribution systems since early colonial rule. The analysis of these forces is anchored in four conceptual themes: the basis of these systemic transformations, their politico-economic ordering as driven by a surplus-creation imperative, labour�s role in this imperative and its response to the �ordering�, and the mode of production as the historical setting within which the transformations occur. This thesis illuminates an analytical gap in the literature by nominating labour as the key force in wealth-creation and recognising its active role in challenging ruling appropriation regimes and in the broader social struggles against exploitation and oppression. The thematic focus defines the boundaries for an exploration of successive colonial and post-colonial ruling regimes. Early chapters examine how the Dutch penetrated the Indonesian politico-economy, entrenching their systems of production organisation and creating an exclusionary system of wealth appropriation. Appropriation systems are characterised by transitions in European political and economic systems, especially from mercantilism to industrial capitalism. The entrenchment of colonial power is considered in relation to the expansion of capitalist organisation in Indonesia. The state�s stimulation of this expansion is associated with an undermining of the country�s reproductive base and a growing challenge to foreign rule. The Japanese occupying force� demolition of colonial productive and distributive linkages and encouragement of independence activism is connected with a post-war struggle for independence. Links are drawn between colonial rule and the tensions and organisational difficulties faced by Republican regimes leading up to the New Order�s re-establishment of a strict regulatory regime, and the development of an indigenous system of capitalist organisation. The surplus-generation and appropriation perspective informs the evolution of Indonesia�s productive and economic systems across colonial and post-colonial epochs and the challenges to the system of social and production regulation that heralded the destabilisation of New Order rule and the rise of the contemporary era of political democracy.
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Mack, Andrew Robert. "Rethinking the dynamics of capital accumulation in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia: Production Regulation." University of Sydney. Political Economy, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/498.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the forces driving a series of momentous transformations to Indonesia�s production and distribution systems since early colonial rule. The analysis of these forces is anchored in four conceptual themes: the basis of these systemic transformations, their politico-economic ordering as driven by a surplus-creation imperative, labour�s role in this imperative and its response to the �ordering�, and the mode of production as the historical setting within which the transformations occur. This thesis illuminates an analytical gap in the literature by nominating labour as the key force in wealth-creation and recognising its active role in challenging ruling appropriation regimes and in the broader social struggles against exploitation and oppression. The thematic focus defines the boundaries for an exploration of successive colonial and post-colonial ruling regimes. Early chapters examine how the Dutch penetrated the Indonesian politico-economy, entrenching their systems of production organisation and creating an exclusionary system of wealth appropriation. Appropriation systems are characterised by transitions in European political and economic systems, especially from mercantilism to industrial capitalism. The entrenchment of colonial power is considered in relation to the expansion of capitalist organisation in Indonesia. The state�s stimulation of this expansion is associated with an undermining of the country�s reproductive base and a growing challenge to foreign rule. The Japanese occupying force� demolition of colonial productive and distributive linkages and encouragement of independence activism is connected with a post-war struggle for independence. Links are drawn between colonial rule and the tensions and organisational difficulties faced by Republican regimes leading up to the New Order�s re-establishment of a strict regulatory regime, and the development of an indigenous system of capitalist organisation. The surplus-generation and appropriation perspective informs the evolution of Indonesia�s productive and economic systems across colonial and post-colonial epochs and the challenges to the system of social and production regulation that heralded the destabilisation of New Order rule and the rise of the contemporary era of political democracy.
44
Lim, Sheri. "The regulation and function of nuclear factor kappa B in the amnion prior to labour." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521126.
Full text
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Salter, Nairn. "The dynamics of plant-level industrial relations : a study of the regulation of occupational health and safety in the German metal-working industry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2232/.
Full text
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Prasad, Satendra. "States, economic globalisation and changing modes of labour regulation in the Asia/Pacific region : a comparative study of New Zealand, Japan and Malaysia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365236.
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Alberto, Zeka. "The impact of the Namibian 1992 Labour Act on health and safety regulation in the Namibian industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62550.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation attempts to bring clarity and certainty in respect of the regulation of the health
and safety aspect within the Namibian mining Industry. At the moment, there is lack of legal
clarity in Namibia as to which set of laws or regulations applies to the mining industry in so far
as health and safety of employees within the extractive industry is concerned therefore making
it difficult for the industry to comply or comprehend its legal obligations. The absence of legal
clarity culminated into uncertainty over which state functionaries are entrusted with the
responsibility to regulate the health and safety aspect of mining in Namibia.
It is observed that the uncertainty which prevails in the Namibian mining industry as to which
laws or regulations are applicable in respect of health and safety of employees at work is
attributed to and aggravated by the misconception of the Ministry of Mines and Energy which
fails comprehend its role due to lack of proper legal advice and thereby assuming status quo.
This research has found that Ordinance 20 of 1968 and its regulations were repealed to the
extent that it dealt with health and safety of employees on mines and consequently the
regulations of 1968 do not find application in Namibia since 1 November 1992.
This paper further reveals or identifies the Health and Safety Regulations on the Health and
Safety of Employees at Work made under Labour Act 6 of 1992 as the applicable law in this
regard notwithstanding the fact that the assignment of the administration of functions under
the Health and Safety regulations, is vague and contributes to the uncertainty instead of
ameliorating the situation.
The ordinance continues to be implemented by the ministry as if it is still applicable and very
little is actually implemented under the 2007 Labour Act. Therefore, one can clearly say that in
the absence of a new regulatory regime which introduces substantial change, there is nothing to
measure against unless the Labour Act Regulations are properly assigned with post assignment
directives.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Zeller, Carolin [Verfasser]. "Self-Regulation and Labour Standards : An Exemplary Study Investigating the Emergence and Strengthening of Self-Regulation Regimes in the Apparel Industry / Carolin Zeller." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042416923/34.
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Botteri, Afra. "Regulation, deregulation and labour relations in the airline industry : a comparative study of the U.S. and Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41550.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation deals with the changes which have intervened since the inception of deregulation in the US and Canadian airline industry, in the 'effort bargain'.It deals first with the role of economic, institutional and legislative conditions, in each country, on labour, through a comparison of aggregate labour outcomes from 1960 to 1990. It subsequently assesses the impact of carriers' strategies to lower costs through an analysis of the collective agreements of pilots, flight attendants, mechanics and agents. This part of the research covers two airlines in each country.
Collected data indicate that deregulation decreased average earnings in both countries but the decline was greater in the US than in Canada. The US's greater decline was found to be linked to the economic context and competitive unionism, which had previously helped unions increase earnings above competitive levels. In the period of deregulation, this system caved in to pressures from the carriers and labour market conditions.
In Canada, the combined outcome of government monetary controls and labour negotiations, patterned after the conditions negotiated by the state-owned airline, kept earnings at more competitive levels. During deregulation, the decline was modest and approximately the same or slightly larger than in other industries.
The comparative analysis across carriers and crafts shows that competitive markets led to an elaborate pattern of contract changes which undermined the previous bargaining pattern as well as the system of labour relations. All airlines sought to cut costs through moderation of wage increases, two-tier wage structure, and work rule and fringe benefit changes. These concessions varied across carriers, work groups, labour market conditions, and the specificity of these jobs. Mechanics, with alternative fields of employment and with a centralized union structure, made the least concessions.
Although there were wage variations in the two countries, due to different pay scales, wages for senior workers have remained almost unchanged since deregulation. The small increases were exchanged for substantially lower wages for new employees and employment-productivity gains. In 1990, top wages were 10% to 20% higher, but those at the entry level were significantly lower in the US than in Canada.
These findings suggest that while competitive markets exert an important influence on labour relations, their influence is best understood historically and in the context of each country's specific circumstances.
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Law, Tuulia. "Managing the ‘Party’: Third Parties and the Organization of Labour in Ontario Strip Clubs." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34580.
Full textAbstract:
Amidst a considerable body of literature on erotic dance, the voices of third parties, that is, the people who organize, supervise, manage or coordinate the labour of dancers, seldom appear. Yet, these third parties provide a setting and services that are vital to dancers’ entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, perceptions of third parties as exploitative and coercive perpetuate framings of erotic dance – and sex work in general – as harmful, which in turn invisibilize dancers’ work, as well as their skills, labour rights and grievances. Drawing from qualitative interviews with 15 third parties and 15 dancers, as well as regional regulatory texts, this dissertation seeks to trouble these stigmatic assumptions by shedding light on the work of third parties and the organization of labour in Ontario’s erotic dance sector.
Mapping the occupational roles and relationships amongst third parties (e.g., managers, bouncers, disc jockeys) reveals the organizational structure and peripheries of the strip club. Through this map, we see how third parties together form the organizational structure, which operates as a parallel entity to dancers who, as independent contractors, are for the most part responsible for their own work activities and income. At the same time, because dancers and third parties must equally provide quality service to their shared customers, they are both interdependent on, and independent of, each other. This relationship ‘plays out’ through occupational and situationally adaptive performances, which reiterate and resist normative gender, racial, and class scripts to produce the ‘party’ environment of the strip club. Simultaneously ambiance and organizational culture, the ‘party’ environment shapes third parties’ and dancers’ occupational performances for, and perceptions of, each other. The continuity of performance required to maintain this environment also results in third parties reproducing certain regulatory discourses and mechanisms in their surveillance and rule enforcement practices, and disregarding and subverting others, which in turn impacts upon dancers’ safety. Third parties’ relationships with each other and dancers are also permeated by stigma, stereotypes and perceptions of risk that echo regulatory and broader social discourses. These findings demonstrate that third parties’ engagement with regulation and normative discourses are deeply inter-related and impact the quality of the services they provide to dancers. On this basis it is argued that the context and conditions of dancers’ labour will be improved by rethinking narrow-minded regulatory frameworks and social norms.