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Tan, Jialong. "Economic analysis of Chinese urban labour market : effects of labour laws reform and hukou reform." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20354/.
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The thesis consists of three main chapters. Chapter 2 studies the effects of Employment Protection Legislations (EPL) on labour market outcomes in the Mortensen Pissarides (1994) job search and matching model with an informal sector. The model predicts that rising costs of laying off workers unambiguously decrease the labour market’s tightness and a firm’s reservation productivity. Both job creation and job destruction are eschewed. In addition, given a Cobb–Douglas-form job matching function, there is a U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the size of the informal sector and an inverse U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the wage rate in the formal and informal sectors. Chapter 3 empirically examines the effect of 2008 China’s Labour Contract Law (CLCL) on the formal–informal divide in the China’s urban labour market. We use a range of indicators measure the regional enforcement of EPL and regional judiciary orientation. Panel data discrete choice models are employed to predict individuals’ probabilities of being in each employment status. The results provides weak evidence for an association between the regional enforcement of EPL and worker’s employment decisions. Chapter 4 explores the wage gap between urban workers and rural-to-urban migrants with a non-parametric matching approach proposed by Nopo (2008). Results show that the share of the unexplained wage gap to the mean wage gap between urban workers and rural migrants decreases significantly from nearly 50% to 29.7% if we compare only comparable individuals.
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Asthana, Roli. "The political economy of policy reform : labour market regulation in India." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2277/.
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The central questions posed by this thesis are: what are the effects of labour market regulations pertaining to job security in India, and why are these regulations so difficult to reform. The thesis finds that job security regulations have a negative effect on both efficiency and equity. They have a significantly negative impact on employment in all categories. They benefit a small minority of highly educated and high human capital workers, while excluding the large majority of the labour force from secure, protected work. They also have a negative impact on output, as they discourage investment. This is shown through a ranking of twenty four Indian states according to the strictness of job security regulations. Highly labour regulated states have lower levels of investment, leading to a negative impact on output, employment and real wage. In this way, these regulations harm both efficiency and equity. In saying this, this thesis supports the distortion view of job security regulations as held by the World Bank, and refutes the institutional view as held by the International Labour Office (ILO). The findings of this thesis show that the result of high levels job security regulations do not cause a necessary trade-off between efficiency and equity (sacrificing the former to get more of the latter), but that the result is a negative impact on both efficiency and equity. The thesis then asks why policies that reduce both efficiency and equity are so difficult to reform in a democracy like India. It explores this by doing an inter-state analysis of policy reform in ten Indian states, considering each state as a separate democracy. It finds conclusive evidence that political factors influence the capacity and motivation to carry out labour policy reform, and it analyse what factors these might be. We use a multi-pronged political economy approach in this thesis. We use extensive historical and institutional analysis, combined with fairly simple, but powerful, empirical analysis. Most of our empirical analysis relies largely on simple and straightforward ordinary least squares (OLS). We are encouraged by the fact that we use four different datasets, and all four give us the same significant result. This gives us confidence in the strength and robustness of our findings.
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Qu, Yong Jie. "Models of labour market reform, Poland, Sweden and the case of China." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39064.pdf.
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Sayers, Mary, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The Effect of labour market reform on women in the Australian banking industry." Deakin University. Bowater School of Management, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060719.151710.
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Forbes, William Patrick. "Legal reform of the U.K. labour market and its effect on the natural rate of unemployment." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378310.
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Gerwel, Heinrich John. "The effects of labour policies in the Piedmont Region of Italy on equity in the labour market: reflections on women in Labour." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2122.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe study concentrates on a particular type of state intervention in social policy. It considers whether policy reforms and subsequent provision of information with regards to the issue of parental leave and part-time work arrangements, makes an impact on gender equity in the labour market (Del Boca, 2002; Naldini & Saraceno, 2008). Giddens' theory of structuration is the conceptual framework from which this study approaches these questions. It is thus held that agents (in this instance, women) are constrained by structures (labour policy framework and institutionalised labour practices) to achieve specific social goals. And further: that the apparent lack of power on the part of agents requires intervention on the part of the state apparatus to correct the failure (or inability) of the labour market to deliver the social justice as aspired to in the cited European Employment Strategy, as well as fostering economic efficiency (Barr, 1992). I further contend that not only are agents constrained by structural properties, but that institutional reform (in the form of labour policy reform) is constrained by the human action1 of the management of firms and enterprises as economic agents within the policy framework.
South Africa
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Araujo, Rafael Carlquist Rabelo de. "Finance and Labour Reallocation: The consequences of a liquidation reform." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/22989.
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In 2005, the Brazilian bankruptcy law was changed to improve secured creditor’s protection. I explore the bankruptcy reform together with heterogeneity of the judicial efficiency, at the municipal level, and heterogeneity of the firm’s asset tangibility, at the sectoral level, to study possible effects on labour reallocation. By applying an instrumental variable approach, I find that firms operating on municipalities with a more efficient judicial system observed a higher increase in their labour force after the reform, and that this effect was stronger on firms operating in sectors which use more tangible assets.
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Lad, Richard. "Analýza úspěšnosti reforem trhu práce v Německu i v kontextu hospodářské krize." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73735.
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The thesis is focused on a problem of a high unemployment that is connected with unefficient and uneffective employment policy. The aim of this thesis is to review the possibility of the usage of several types of reforms with highly activating elements on the employment policy in a strong social focused state. First, reforms focused on high quality job programmes made by the employment office; second, programmes dealing with motivation of unemployed persons and, finally, reforms on creating of new working possitions by bussinessmen. An example of such reforms has been presented by the german labour market, which dealt with the problem of high unemployment by a number of radical reforms called Hartz I-IV. The reviews on the recent state of the german employment market made by other authors are very critical to the outcome of these reforms. Ambitions of this thesis are to review the reality of the german labour market in the last decade using the methods of statistically-analytic tools applied on the labour market indicators and to look back to the results of the german labour market during the economic crisis focusing on its stability and flexibility.
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Domenech, Jordi. "Negotiating work in the liberal age : unions, the state, and labour market reform in restoration Spain, 1875-1923." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2890/.
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This thesis studies the expansion of workers' collective action and collective bargaining over working conditions in the context of the Spanish Restauracion (1875-1923), in an institutional setting characterised by the absence or little enforcement of legislation concerning industrial conflict and the regulation of working conditions. The thesis addresses two of the main issues in the contemporary and historical debate. The first one addresses the causes of labour unrest and the existence of a weak and politically radical labour movement. A second related issue argues that, had Spanish unions adopted the outlook of more conservative British or German unions, they would have been able to advance the interests of workers more effectively. In the first part of the thesis, I offer a narrative of union development based in coalition-formation. My main argument is that state policy was crucial in shaping the outlook of Spanish unions. I argue that in strike waves, workers in large cities had some degree of political power and were able to obtain the (often only temporary) protection of state officials from employers' counterattacks. Since the state was able to monopolise the repression of the labour movement up to 1919, 'public' lobbying to attract the support of the state radicalised the positions of employers and unions. Severely contested union rights brought about a system of industrial relations that was fragmented and organisationally weak, dependent on state policy to be shaped effectively. Up to 1920, the state, however, hesitated to expand its authority to regulate more thoroughly the relations between workers and their employers. The second part of the thesis asks if the Spanish system of industrial relations hindered the reaching of co-operative solutions to social problems. In other words, was the prevailing system of collective bargaining efficient in the fulfilment of the rapidly changing preferences of workers in the period. To answer this question, the thesis offers three case studies of collective bargaining over workplace public goods. The main conclusion of these exercises is that the supply of public goods was more neutral than expected with respect to the institutional setting. Weak unions and the absence of local or regional collective bargaining did not prevent workers to modify working conditions according to their changing preferences for a shorter workday, a safer workplace, stable wages and income smoothing during economic downturns.
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Tunnah, Edward John. "The inaccessible city? : a profile of the Vauxhall ward labour market, Liverpool." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1998. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4951/.
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Over recent years much research has been conducted which examines the consequences of economic and social restructuring on different localities. Arguably, few places have experienced these processes to such detrimental affect as the Vauxhall ward in north Liverpool, which possesses one of the highest levels of unemployment in the country. During 1990 I was employed by the Eldonian Development Trust to conduct a skills survey of the population of Vauxhall, as a community led attempt to redress this situation. This thesis combines detailed analysis of the skills audit, entitled the Vauxhall Job Link Survey, with the results of a complementary, qualitative research approach, in an attempt to understand why such a large proportion of the area's population are excluded from paid employment. To develop its arguments the research also draws extensively on a variety of secondary data sources. The findings of the research are related to existing labour market and social polarisation theories. The thesis reveals that the dual processes of deindustrialisation and counterurbanisation have led to a small, residual population remaining in Vauxhall, which is poorly placed to compete for the limited number of job opportunities arising in the city. Detailed analysis by gender reveals that the position of many women is particularly poor. It is propounded that one reason for this is the particular patriarchal relationship that has developed in the area over the last two centuries, with very clearly defined roles of male and female economic activity.
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Gendera, Sandra Social Policy Research Centre Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Tansnational Care Space Zentraleuropa. Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen von irregulär beschäftigten Migrantinnen in der häuslichen Pflege." Awarded by:Universit??t Wien. Fakult??t f??r Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/39281.
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Gojjie, Tesfaye Mammo. "Integration of refugees into the UK labour market : a case study of Ethiopians in the UK." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2005. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6176/.
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Ethiopians have felt their presence in the UK mainly since 1990 when a large number of refugees from Ethiopia and Eastern Europe were admitted by the UK government at the time of dismantling of the communist bloc, to which Ethiopia and Eastern Europe belonged. This thesis examines the opportunities, barriers, exclusively practices and disadvantages Ethiopians face in the UK labour market, and how they are integrated into it. In order to achieve this, the study categorised the group into the ‘unemployed’, the ‘(hired) employed’ and the ‘self-employed’ and investigates the needs, problems, aspirations and issues for each of these groups. The study approaches the issues using face-to-face interviews based on structured questionnaires; participant observation; focus group and key informants and investigates the relevant themes and variables from the refugees’ perspectives. According to the findings of this study, in addition to the challenges faced by non-political migrants, owing to a variety of pre-asylum, host country and policy factors, refugees also encounter unique challenges in their interaction with and endeavours to integrate into the host country labour market. Ethiopian refugees are typical refugee groups. Like most refugees of other countries of origin they originate from the less developed part of the world facing, on arrival, a different host country system which is far from easy to integrate into. Whilst data used is those of Ethiopians, therefore, the findings of the study are intended to help give insights into the wider refugees and make inferences about their interaction with the UK labour market. In order to do so, the variables selected and explored are the most generic common attributes, needs, challenges and ambitions of refugees.
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Eriksson, Emil. "Hartz-reformen : - En komparativ studie av svensk och tysk arbetsmarknadspolitik." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-25478.
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Hartz-reformen inleddes 2003 och förändrade mycket i den aktiva arbetsmarknadspolitiken och systemet för den ekonomiska ersättningen vid arbetslöshet stramades till stor del åt. Många regleringar rörande låginkomsttagare skrevs om och hela arbetsmarknaden verkade vändas upp och ner. Innan den ekonomiska krisen slog till i Europa var Tyskland ett land med hög arbetslöshet och statistiken såg inte alls bra ut. Vid 2005 vände detta, och när många EU-länder såg en kraftig ökning av arbetslösheten fortsatte Tyskland att reducera sin arbetslöshet. I Sverige kan vi se många förändringar som liknar reformen eller syftar till att åtgärda samma problemområden. Exempel på detta är subventioner på vissa grupper av arbetstagare, motverkan av svart husarbete och liknande arbetsmarknadspolitiska program genom arbetsförmedlingsstjänster för att hjälpa arbetssökande in på marknaden. De mest betydande faktorerna som spelat in i Tysklands höga sysselsättning bland ungdomar, är till synes en välutvecklad övergång mellan skola och arbetsliv samt en kulturell inställning och sedvänja bland företagarna att stötta ungdomar och leda dem in på arbetsmarknaden. Vidare finns ett samband mellan den generellt höga sysselsättningen i Tyskland och utvecklingen för gruppen låginkomsttagare. Omregleringar och skattesubventioner har möjliggjort låginkomstarbeten i en betydligt högre grad och det nya systemet tenderar att forcera arbetslösa till dessa arbeten. Uppsatsen behandlar en jämförelse av arbetsmarknadspolitiken bakom Tyskland och Sveriges utveckling av sysselsättningsgraden främst under 2000-talet. Syftet är att redogöra vilka likheter och skillnader som kan ha bidragit till ländernas olika utveckling vad gäller sysselsättningsgraden.
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Heap, Daniel. "Institutionalising activation for sickness and disability benefit claimants in the active UK and Danish welfare states." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31016.
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The last 15 years have seen governments in a number of mature welfare states attempting to reintegrate people out of work for reasons of sickness and disability into employment, principally through changes to the value and conditions of incapacity benefits and the provision of active labour market programmes. Whilst the academic interest in these changes has been considerable, this thesis begins by arguing that these studies hitherto have been satisfied to categorise these emerging regimes according to a familiar Work-first v Human Capital Development activation typology (for example, Peck & Theodore, 2001), or a variation upon that, according to the presence or absence of different activation services. They largely do not apply the insights that the broader activation literature has provided in recent years, particularly those on the governance of activation. Instead, this thesis proposes that it is better to examine recent changes through the lens of institutionalisation: how well-embedded employment-related support for sick and disabled claimants has become in the structure and functioning of welfare-to-work regimes for sick and disabled benefit claimants. Though not a concept much used in academic analysis of Active Labour Market Policy (ALMP), a case is made for the value of looking at, firstly, how well activating sick and disabled claimants becomes a national government labour market policy priority and secondly, how well the organisation and governance of active labour market programmes for this group support this, in additional to analyses of the services themselves. Working from what is already known about the factors that can influence a workless benefit claimant's access to employment support, the contention of such a framework is that the successful embedding of an activation strategy for sick and disabled claimants into national Labour Market Policy (LMP) is a function of the interaction of a range of factors. Crucial here is the distinction between ALMP for these claimants, and for other activation target groups – there is good evidence to believe that the changes made to activation governance to promote active work-search for the unemployed may, however unintentionally, militate against a comprehensive system of support for 'non-employed' jobseekers considered to be further from the labour market, claimants of incapacity benefits included. Alongside this framework, a case is made for being much clearer and more precise in describing what measures apply to which parts of the incapacity benefit claimant pool. In most countries, this is a very diverse population with several distinct sub-sets with different levels of distance from the labour market, ranging from those with very severe disabilities or health conditions; others with multiple employment barriers not all stemming directly from their condition (outdated skills, for example), and those whose employability is high, their disability or health condition notwithstanding. As a small number of studies have pointed out (Evans, 2001, for example), activation regimes – defined in this study as the set of services that are provided to help nonemployed sick and disabled benefit claimants back to work; and how these are organised; delivered; targeted and financed – 'sort and select' claimants, applying different types or more or less intensive support for different categorisations of claimants. An activation regime for the claimant group can thus be very inclusive or rather narrow, depending on the extent to which these sub-pools are catered for. To demonstrate the value of this framework in reaching a more accurate understanding of the nature of these emerging regimes relative to extant approaches, a cross-national comparison of activation of sick and disabled claimants in Denmark and the United Kingdom is offered. Whilst they are considered to be very nearly diametrically opposed in a number of key ways – their approaches to activation; benefit generosity and broader welfare regime contexts – when looked at using the institutionalisation framework, they emerge as more similar than expected. Regardless of their quite different starting points, they experience many of the same challenges in creating a system in which the employment activation of the full extent of the claimant group is a priority and where a sick or disabled benefit claimant's right to back-to-work support is secure.
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Henneke, Stefanie [Verfasser]. "How can governments communicate labour market reforms successfully? : A theoretical and empirical approach to good reform communication by a case study of Germany with comparative references to the United Kingdom / Stefanie Henneke." Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1071529838/34.
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Karadakic, René. "Unemployment benefit generosity in a life-cycle model with endogenous job-serch effort." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352203.
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Unemployment in Austria has been considerably low in the past decades compared to other European countries. Nevertheless, recent increases in the past five years started a controversial discussion about the generous unemployment insurance system in place. The current government, therefore, argues to change the insurance system similar to the German HARTZ IV reform, although the effects on unemployment have proven to be ambiguous in Germany. I introduce a discrete time life-cycle model with endogenous job-search effort to inquire the potential effects of such a reform on long- and short-term unemployment, as well as individuals' job-search incentives. Individuals are ex-ante heterogeneous in their labour income possibilities and are subject to exogenous layoffs throughout their life. The model suggests that the proposed reform would reduce long-term unemployment substantially, however, to the cost of a larger amount of short-term unemployment spells and decreased overall welfare. Job-search effort over the whole life-cycle appears to increase, with the largest differences at the end of the life-cycle.
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Miñambres, Puig César. "Reciente Reforma del Mercado Laboral Español (Apuntes Breves Sobre el Nuevo Régimen Jurídico del Despido)." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117599.
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The economic crisis faced by Spain, forced the Spanish government to conduct several reforms in labor legislation in order to address the high rates of unemployment, which led greater flexibility about worker protection, reflected more intensively about dismissal labor. Thus, this article will develop the most important edges of this new legal regime of dismissal according to Spanish labor regulations.La crisis económica que afrontó España, obligo al Gobierno Español a realizar una serie de reformas en la legislación laboral a fin de afrontar las altas tasas de desempleo conllevando a la flexibilización de la protección del trabajador, la cual se manifestó con mayor intensidad en la institución jurídica del despido laboral. En razón a ello, es que el presente artículo desarrollará las aristas más importantes de este nuevo régimen jurídico del despido de acuerdo a la normativa laboral española.
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Lee, Sophia Seung-Yoon. "Labour market risks and institutional determinants : an international comparative study of institutions and non-standard employment with a focus on East Asia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:25328c2c-1db6-4ccb-ade3-78f2e05d7cad.
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Korea and Japan stand out in the group of OECD countries for their rapid increase in, and high levels of, non-standard employment. The empirical evidence leads us to a two-part puzzle: Why are there so many precarious workers in Korea and Japan? And what are the institutional determinants of such labour market risks? This thesis commences by introducing the concept of 'risk shift', and the fuzzy-set ideal type approach is employed to conduct a comparative study of 18 countries. The labour market risks in Korea and Japan are then compared in an international context with 16 selected OECD countries. Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis is employed to investigate the institutional determinants of labour market risks. It then focuses on the increase in non-standard employement in Korea and Japan. Taiwan is also included as a contrasting case, the study taking an institutional approach employing Comparative Historical Analysis. Chapters employing CHA examine how the different welfare production regimes evolved and how they matter in explaining the high rate of non-standard employment in East Asia. The new risk discussion, the argument on the definition and impact of deindustrialization and lastly theories on East Asian welfare states are revisited in the conclusion of this thesis. Finally, I critically discuss the notion of precarious workers and highlight the centrality of social policy that their organizational configuration affects political culture, the formation of the production system, the structure of the labour market and the kind of risk a country could experience.
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Santos, Maria Roseniura de Oliveira. "Os efeitos da reforma neoliberal do estado sobre a auditoria - fiscal do trabalho e a atuação no setor de saúde: um estudo a partir do caso da Superintendência Regional do Trabalho e Emprego da Bahia de 1996/2011." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2013. http://ri.ucsal.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456730/293.
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A precarização do trabalho tem sido apontada como um dos principais efeitos da reestruturação do processo produtivo. A Reforma neoliberal do Estado orientou-se pelo primado da sujeição ao comando da lógica de ajuste fiscal, da privatização e da desregulamentação. Transplantou-se a racionalidade da gestão empresarial para o setor público, adotando-se o denominado modelo gerencial. Neste contexto, o estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar o processo de fiscalização do trabalho no setor de Saúde e o modo pelo qual as ações fiscais têm sido desenvolvidas. Devido à grandeza do fenômeno, a pesquisa requereu examinar o processo de implantação da Reforma Administrativa e seus efeitos sobre ação do fiscal do trabalho a partir dos dados históricos disponíveis, bem como investigar a evolução do modus operandi, a amplitude e perfil da intervenção da auditoria-fiscal do trabalho no serviço de Saúde e levantar dados e evidências do grau de alcance desta intervenção fiscal. O percurso metodológico abrangeu a classificação e delimitação das categorias profissionais do Setor Saúde e a seleção de fontes, variáveis e indicadores das características do mercado de trabalho em Saúde e do perfil e alcance da fiscalização do trabalho. Quanto à contextualização do setor de Saúde, as fontes utilizadas foram o Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (CNES/MS), o Cadastro Central de Empresas (CEMPRE/IBGE), a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE) e a Pesquisa de Assistência Médico-Sanitária (AMS/IBGE) e para a análise dos aspectos fiscais foram colhidos e sistematizados os dados do Sistema Federal de Inspeção do Trabalho (SFIT). A pesquisa confirma a hipótese principal, verificando-se que ocorreu um estreitamento do foco fiscal com forte caráter arrecadatório em detrimento de dimensões como jornada e segurança e saúde, apresentando grau mais acentuado no Serviço de Saúde. Foi evidenciado ainda que a Reforma Administrativa tornou a auditoria-fiscal do trabalho flexível e menos punitiva, gerando perda de credibilidade institucional, estimulando sensação de impunidade e posturas de resistências pelas empresas em razão da reduzida probabilidade de flagrar infrações e o baixo custo das multas trabalhistas. O estudo também traz evidências de que a ruptura com do sistema de avaliação de desempenho vinculado à remuneração dos fiscais do trabalho parece ter iniciado um processo de reversão dos efeitos do modelo gerencial, apontando a necessidade de novas pesquisas para investigar a evolução da transição do modelo gerencial para uma nova política de administração da fiscalização do trabalho e respostas a questões concernentes à construção e adequação de indicadores de monitoramento e avaliação da eficácia fiscal que possam contribuir para construção e captação de um novo modo de atuar da inspeção trabalhista com vistas a promover o cumprimento da lei e a desprecarização do mercado do trabalho.
The precariousness of work has been identified as one of the main effects of restructuring the production process. The neoliberal state reform was guided by the rule of subjection to command logic fiscal adjustment, privatization and deregulation. The managerial public administration model transplanted the rationality of business for the public sector. In this context, the study aims at analyzing the process of labor inspection in Healthcare sector and the way interventive actions have been developed. Because to the magnitude of the phenomenon, the research required to examine the process of implementation of administrative reform and its effect on the action of the Labour Inspection. from the available historical data and, to investigate the evolution of the modus operandi, the amplitude and profile of the intervention of the work fiscal in the Service of Health and to collect data and evidence as to the reach of this fiscal intervention. The methodological approach included the classification and definition of the professional categories of the Health Sector and the selection of sources, variables and indicators of the characteristics of the labor market Health and profile and scope of labor inspection. For the contextualization of Health sector, the sources used were the National Register of Health Care of the Ministry of Health (CNES / MS), the Central Register of Enterprises (CEMPRE / IBGE), the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD / IBGE) and the Survey of Medical-Sanitary (AMS / IBGE) and the analysis of the fiscal aspects were collected and systematized data of the Federal Labour Inspection System (SFIT). The research confirms the main hypothesis, verifying that there was a narrowing of focus tax revenue collection with strong character rather than dimensions such as working hours, safety and health, presenting greater degree in Health Service. It was evidenced that the Administrative Reform has turned out flexible and less punitive the Labour Inspecton, causing loss of institutional credibility, stimulating feeling of impunity and postures of resistance by companies because the reduced probability of catching violations and the low cost of labor fines. The study also provides evidence that the break with the performance measurement systems linked to the remuneration of labor inspectors appears to started a process of reversing the effects of managerial public administration model, pointing out the need for further research to investigate the evolution of the transition model management to a new administration policy of the Labour Inspecion and answers to questions concerning the construction and adaptation of indicators for monitoring and evaluating the inspection effectiveness may contribute to the construction and funding of a new way of acting Labour Inspection in order to promote the law enforcement and the reversion of the precariousness of the labor market.
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Di, Natale Isabelle. "Réformes et politiques éducatives au Royaume-Uni entre 1997 et 2010 ˸ quel système d'enseignement secondaire pour le Royaume-Uni depuis la promulgation de " l'Education Reform Act " en 1988 ?" Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA058/document.
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Cette thèse traite des réformes et des politiques éducatives mises en place au Royaume-Uni après l’arrivée au pouvoir des nouveaux travaillistes en 1997. À la suite de la dévolution, deux Assemblées furent créés en 1999, l’une au Pays de Galles, et l’autre en Irlande du Nord, et l’Écosse se dota d’un Parlement. Cela entraîna la pérennisation des différences qui existaient entre les systèmes éducatifs du Royaume-Uni, la gestion de chaque système éducatif étant confiée à ces nouvelles institutions. La thèse analyse en profondeur les évolutions et les transformations générées au sein des différents systèmes éducatifs entre 1997 et 2010 (période de gouvernance des nouveaux travaillistes), et dégage les divergences et/ou rapprochements qui en ont découlé. Elle montre comment chacune des quatre nations a fait évoluer sa politique éducative, tout en tenant compte des réformes qui furent mises en place par les précédents gouvernements, ces changements ayant déjà profondément bouleversé l’organisation des systèmes éducatifs (New Public Management/autonomie des écoles). Certaines réformes antérieures à la période d’étude, qui modifièrent profondément le modèle de fonctionnement et l’organisation de ces systèmes éducatifs, sont également abordées car les gouvernements du début des années 2000 durent en tenir compte lors de l’élaboration de leurs projets éducatifs. Cette étude comparative tente aussi de définir l’efficacité des réformes en matière de performance scolaire et d’égalité des chancesThis thesis deals with the reforms and education policies that were implemented in the United Kingdom after the arrival of New Labour in 1997. Following devolution, two Assemblies were created in 1999, one in Wales, and one in Northern Ireland, and Scotland had a Parliament. This led to the persistence of the differences that existed between the education systems of the United Kingdom, the management of each education system being entrusted to these new institutions. The thesis analyses in depth the evolutions and the transformations generated within the different education systems between 1997 and 2010 (period of governance of New Labour), and reveals the divergences and/or convergences that ensued. It shows how each of the four nations has changed its education policy, while taking into account the reforms that were put in place by previous governments, these changes having already profoundly changed the organisation of these education systems (New Public Management/Local management of schools). Some reforms, prior to the period under study, which profoundly changed the organisation of these education systems, are also discussed because the governments in the early 2000s had to take them into account when developing their education projects. This comparative study also attempts to define the effectiveness of reforms in school performance and equal opportunities
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Lee, Wonho. "Wage effects of marketization : industrial reform, labor market and inequality in post-reform China /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5652.
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Price, Brendan. "Labor market adjustment to globalization, automation, and institutional reform." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111348.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis analyzes how national and local labor markets re equilibrate after shocks to labor market institutions (Chapter I), demand (II-III), and supply (IV). Chapter I analyzes Germany's 2005 Hartz IV reform, which lowered the generosity of longterm UI benefits available once short-term benefits run out. Using administrative records, I exploit cross-worker heterogeneity in the timing of when Hartz IV bites to estimate how long-term benefit cuts affect jobless durations, wages, and job characteristics. The job-finding hazard starts rising several months before cuts bind, culminating in a larger "spike at UI exhaustion" under Hartz IV. I find that UI reform reduced the probability of a one-year jobless spell by 12.4 percent, with employment gains driven by full-time jobs. Consistent with lower reservation utility, workers experiencing benefit cuts accept lower-paying jobs. Chapter II (joint with Daron Acemoglu, David Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson) argues that Chinese import competition, which surged after 2000, was a major force behind both recent reductions in US manufacturing employment and-through input-output linkages and other general equilibrium channels-weak overall job growth. Our central estimates suggest import induced job losses over 1999-2011 in the range of 2.0-2.4 million. Chapter III (joint as above) reassesses the conventional wisdom that IT is revolutionizing productivity while making workers redundant. Examining IT usage in US manufacturing, we find only mixed evidence of faster productivity growth in IT-intensive industries. Surprisingly, output in IT-intensive industries falls relative to other manufacturing industries. Productivity increases, when detectable, reflect even faster employment declines. Chapter IV exploits German high school reforms to estimate the labor market effects of sharp fluctuations in cohort size. These reforms, which eliminated grade 13 at upper-track high schools, led to an idiosyncratically timed "double cohort" in each reforming state, as students graduated under both old and new curricula. Consistent with the fact that a modest share of upper-track students enter firm-based apprenticeships after graduation, new training contracts jump by about 2 percent in double-cohort years. This increase is driven by upper-track graduates; I find no clear evidence that other graduates are crowded out, but the results are imprecise.
by Brendan Price.
I. The Duration and Wage Effects of Long-Term Unemployment Benefits: Evidence from Germany's Hartz IV Reform -- II. Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s (joint with Daron Acemoglu, David Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson) -- III Return of the Solow Paradox? IT, Productivity, and Employment in US Manufacturing (joint with D. Acemoglu, D. Autor, D. Dorn, and G. Hanson) -- IV. Can Local Labor Markets Absorb Crowded Cohorts? Evidence from German High School Reforms.
Ph. D.
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Cox, Kerryn. "The Effects of Trade Reform on Labour Mobility Across South African Local Labour Markets." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29722.
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The extent to which labour market are affected by trade liberalization depends crucially on their ease of reallocating labour and factors of production across regions and sectors of the economy. However, previous literature has provided little insight on the role of migration and labour market frictions in shaping the effects of trade reform across regions in South Africa (SA). This paper considers this key question by observing the effect of tariff reform on the spatial reallocation of labour across sectors and regions over the period, 1996 to 2011. Overall, tariff reductions on imports in SA has induced spatial reallocation of labour in SA with a dominant flow of labour from regions/sectors with characteristically high tariff reductions towards regions/sectors of low tariff reductions. Critically, the paper finds that pull factors assimilated through the import competition channel have a positive significant effect on the migration rate, while the opposing push effect is insignificant.
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Schumm, Irene. "Lessons Learned From Germanys 2001-2006 Labor Market Reforms." kostenfrei, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43705.
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Cruz, Villalón Jesús. "Job Market and Reforms of Labor Legislation in Spain." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118838.
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The present article talks about the next relevant issues. In the first part of the article it refers to the impact the crisis economic had in Spain’s job market. In the second part it refers to a versus between structural and conjectural reforms. The third section sets out the issue concerning the pressures that cause wage devaluation. In the fourth section, the new rules of external flexibility are analyzed. Then, the sixth section examine the rules concerning internal flexibility. And finally, the seventh section discusses the absence of social dialogue and the new European governance.
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Mahmood, Zaad. "Globalisation, policy convergence and labour market : the political economy of reforms." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/16811/.
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This dissertation shows the relevance of political agency under conditions of globalisation through a sub-national comparative study of labour market reforms. The study builds upon existing literature by highlighting ‘relative autonomy’ of political actors and dynamics in determining policy and outcome. Such an assertion contradicts the purely structuralist interpretations of reform and asserts that forces of globalisation can be negotiated by domestic political actors. Based on the study of labour flexibility the dissertation argues that political variables, specifically partisan orientation and nature of party competition, influence the pace and direction of reforms producing sub-national variations. As revealed governments backed by a relatively homogenous dominant support base with business representation undertake greater labour market reforms compared to governments with heterogeneous base. The difference in orientation to reform is due to differences in distributive and redistributive pressures emanating from support base. Another important finding of this research concerns the impact of party competition on reforms. Contrary to conventional understanding that fragmentation impedes reforms, the case study, reveals that fragmentation in the party system facilitates labour market reforms. The result indicate that the impact of political fragmentation on reform is not generic, and intermediate factors such as configuration of electoral cleavages influence the relation. In sum, the dissertation argues that variations in strength of interest groups i.e. trade unions and business, the nature of party competition and configuration of electoral groups combine to produce variation in reforms. Although such a claim cannot undermine the increased relevance of market forces consequent upon globalisation, theoretically, it does point out that reforms emerge in the interrelation between economic considerations vis-à-vis political imperatives. Public policy under conditions of globalisation is shaped not merely by economic concerns but mirrors social trade-offs and varieties of social configuration.
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Clark, Andrew Robert. "Higher education reforms in the Russian federation : institutional and labour market responses." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/470.
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Flanding, Jens. "European labour market flexibility reforms : a longitudinal study of change and continuity." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3394/.
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Debate about European labour market flexibility enhancing reforms and lack thereof has a tendency to be dominated by economics arguments. This thesis advances the debate by going beyond the economics arguments to ask the political science question: what explains the political ability (or inability) to enact flexibility enhancing reforms in European countries from the early 1980s to the global recession of 2008? Answering the question, this thesis argues that the ability to enact reforms is best explained by a combination of traditional political-economy pressures for reforms and political-electoral motivations of party leaders in government. The argument is supported by a longitudinal analysis of European and country specific reforms using mixed-methods – i.e. quantitative and qualitative research – and employment protection legislation (EPL) as a proxy for reforms, the latter being warranted because of EPLs political salience as a reform target prior to 2008. First, a quantitative cross-country reform-hazard analysis arrives at significant economic and political explanations for reforms, which include a country’s social model, unemployment rate and economic growth. Then, a qualitative analysis of the trajectory of EPL and functionally linked labour market reforms combines the quantitative results with a broader political understanding of reforms for Germany, the UK and Denmark as country cases where reforms were enacted, and France as a case where only limited or contradictory EPL reforms were put in place during the period covered by this thesis. The thesis adds robustness to the literature showing most pre-2008 global recession reforms were at the margin, targeting non-regular employment parts of European labour markets. However, overall, the thesis provides a political understanding of the European reform trajectory, suggesting that economic arguments rarely on their own stand up as determinants of reforms. The implications for future research are that the enactment of flexibility enhancing reforms should be treated more explicitly as the outcomes of political decisions and less as reactive steps to economic predictions or political economy pressures for reforms, even if the latter continues to play a role in bringing reforms onto the political agenda.
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Martins, Diogo Miguel Gomes. "Do labour market reforms pay off? Unemployment and capital accumulation in Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12572.
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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraEsta dissertação tem como propósito o estudo da relação de longo-prazo entre o desemprego, a acumulação de capital e as variáveis do mercado de trabalho em Portugal, entre o 1º trimestre de 1985 e o 4º trimestre de 2013. É utilizado o modelo ARDL-Bounds Test para realizar a estimação econométrica. A evidência encontrada sugere que a acumulação de capital foi o principal determinante da taxa de desemprego de longo-prazo (NAIRU), ao passo que as variáveis do mercado de trabalho têm um poder explicativo residual ou inexistente. Estes resultados sugerem que a NAIRU é endógena em relação à acumulação de capital. Com efeito, conclui-se que as reformas no mercado de trabalho propostas pela Troika foram inadequadas para o caso português, uma vez que foram baseadas num enquadramento teórico (a teoria da NAIRU exógena) não representativo do mercado de trabalho desse país.
The aim of this dissertation is to study the long-run relationship between unemployment, capital accumulation and labour market variables in Portugal for the 1985Q1-2013Q4 period. We use an ARDL-bounds test model to perform the econometric estimation. We find evidence that capital accumulation has been the main driver of long-run unemployment (NAIRU), whilst labour market variables have played either a negligible or an existent explicative role. It suggests that Portuguese NAIRU is endogenous relative to capital accumulation. Consequently, we conclude that the labour market reforms proposed by Troika were inadequate to the Portuguese case as they were based upon a theoretical framework (exogenous NAIRU model) that was not representative of the Portuguese labour market.
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Seele, Stefanie Sophie. "Essays on the German Labor Market since Unification." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19682.
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Das Ziel dieser Thesis ist es, Angebots- und Nachfragefaktoren in Deutschland seit der Wiedervereinigung zu analysieren. Drei verschiedene Arbeitsmarktmodelle dienen dazu: Ein Wettbewerbsmodell (Marshall (1920)), ein rigides Arbeitsmarktmodell (Pigou (1933)) und ein Matchingmodell (Pissarides (2000)). Unterschiedliche Hypothesen über den Zusammenhang von mehreren Arbeitsmarktindikatoren werden theoretisch hergeleitet und empirisch evaluiert.
Diese Arbeit adressiert drei Forschungsfragen: Welcher Art ist das große Beschäftigungswachstum in Deutschland nach 2005? Waren Angebots- oder Nachfragefaktoren wichtiger für die Lohnspreizung nach 2003? Welche der zwei Hypothesen ist plausibel? a) Ein negativer Schock auf die Lohnstarrheit wegen sinkender Gewerkschaftsmacht und/oder beschäftigungsbewussten Lohnabschlüssen oder b) ein positiver Arbeitsangebotsschock aufgrund von Arbeitsmarktreformen.
Die Antworten auf die drei Fragen sind: Das Beschäftigungswachstum seit 2005 vollzog sich primär über eine Ausweitung der Erwerbstätigen durch mehr Teilzeitarbeit. Die Lohnspreizung auch für Teilzeitbeschäftigte, welche mit einem eigens erstellten synthetischen Datensatz untersucht wird, begann 2003 und endete 2011. Die Kovariation des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts in dieser Zeit, also negative Korrelationen von Löhnen mit Beschäftigungs- bzw. Partizipationsmaßen, passen am besten zu einem Wettbewerbsmodell mit dominanten positiven Arbeitsangebotsschocks. Interpretation ist, dass diese positiven Angebotsschocks durch die Arbeitsmarktreformen induziert wurden.The goal of this thesis is to analyze labor demand and labor supply factors in Germany since reunification. It is based on three different labor market frameworks: a competitive labor market model (Marshall (1920)), a rigid labor market model (Pigou (1933)), and a search-and-matching model (Pissarides (2000)). Differing hypothesis about the co-variation of labor market indicators are derived theoretically, and are evaluated empirically. Three research questions are addressed in this thesis: What is the nature of the large expansion of employment in Germany after 2005? Were supply or demand factors more important for the increase in employment and wage dispersion after 2003? Which of the two competing hypotheses is more plausible? a) A negative shock to wage rigidity due to declining union power and/or more employment-conscious wage bargaining, or b) a positive labor supply shock due to changes in labor market policies. The main findings corresponding to the three stated research questions are: The expansion of employment in Germany since 2005 has primarily been at the extensive margin due to the increase of part-time employment. The Dispersion of hourly wages, which is expanded in a synthetic panel to include part-time employment, began in 2003 and ended in 2011. The labor market outcomes in Germany in this period, namely the negative correlation of wages with employment and participation, correspond most closely to the competitive labor market model with dominant supply shocks. These positive labor supply shocks are interpreted to be induced by major labor market reforms.
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Fung, Kam-lam. "Getting a job in Shenzhen : personal strategies and institutional reforms /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18783168.
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Meng, Ke. "Political institutions, skill formation, and pension policy : the political-economic logic of China's pension system." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4fd792f6-3b4a-46e0-9566-582de50e7106.
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A central theme in the comparative political economy of the welfare state is the complementaries between political institutions, social policy, and labour markets. Yet little has been written to uncover this political-economic nexus in China, the world’s second largest economy. This thesis partly addresses this gap by studying the country’s public pension arrangement, the most expensive component of the Chinese welfare state. It reveals the working of the political-economic nexus in contemporary China by showing how it leads to two puzzling characteristics of the Chinese pension system, namely the rapid expansion in the absence of electoral pressures and the persistent regional fragmentation despite an authoritarian central government. It argues that the decentralised authoritarianism, in which China’s authoritarian central state delegates to regional governments and motivates them to achieve its developmental goals, drives municipal authorities to compete with each other in generating economic growth. In the inter-municipal economic competition, local leaders adopt an expansionary yet localising pension policy. This facilitates the formation of specific industrial skills, which are productive for particular local industries, and the retention of skilled industrial workers. All of this is important to local economic development in a context of industrial upgrading and labour market tightening. It is argued this is the political-economic logic of China’s pension system.
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Charni, Kadija. "The labour market for older workers : earnings trajectories, labour supply and employment." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2013/document.
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Avec le vieillissement général de la population et ses implications sur la pérennité des finances publiques, le marché du travail des seniors est un thème qui va continuer à préoccuper nos sociétés. L’objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à des problématiques concrètes relatives au marché du travail des personnes âgées. Cette thèse comprend quatre chapitres. Les deux premiers chapitres s’intéressent à l’évolution des trajectoires salariales en fin de carrière professionnelle. Les résultats ne supportent pas l’idée que les salaires décroissent pour les travailleurs âgés à cause de l’âge. La diminution du salaire observée pour les travailleurs âgés en coupe transversale est le résultat d’effet de cohorte, de changement d’emploi, ou de la retraite partielle. Le Chapitre 3 évalue les effets des réformes du régime des retraites sur les transitions du chômage à l’emploi. Les réformes du régime des retraites ont des effets limités sur le retour en emploi des chômeurs, mais elles sont accompagnées par une augmentation des sorties vers l’inactivité, entraînant ainsi une baisse du taux de chômage des travailleurs âgés. Enfin, le Chapitre 4 examine les principaux facteurs des difficultés des seniors à se maintenir en emploi. Il propose également une analyse des opportunités d’emploi des chômeurs âgés. Les résultats montrent que l’état de santé, les incitations économiques et l’âge augmentent la probabilité de quitter son emploi, alors que l’âge diminue les chances de réemploi des travailleurs âgés. Une décomposition à la Oaxaca confirme le rôle déterminant de l’âge dans les différences de durée de chômage entre travailleurs d’âge différent, ce qui est consistent avec des attitudes discriminatoiresWith the global ageing of population and the consequences on public finances sustainability, the labour market of older workers remains a key concern for societies.The aim of this dissertation is to address particular issues on the labour market for older workers.This thesis consists of four chapters.The first two chapters examine the age-earnings trajectories late in working life.We do not find support of a decline of earnings at older ages as the consequence of ageing.The decline of the age-earnings profile observed for older workers at cross-sectional analysis is attributable to cohort effects, job-changing, and partial retirement.Chapter 3 evaluates the effects of French pension reforms on older workers’ transition out of unemployment and into employment. We find that the retirement reforms have limited effects on re-employment, and they increase transitions into inactivity, leading to a decrease of unemployment rate of older workers.Finally,Chapter 4 investigates the factors behind difficulties to remain in employment as workers age. It also evaluates job opportunities of older unemployed workers.The results indicate that the probability of leaving employment increases with economic incentives, ill health and age, while the probability of getting back to employment decreases with age.An Oaxaca decomposition supports the key role of age in the unemployment duration gap between ‘older’ and ‘younger’ workers, which is consistent with age discrimination
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Haney, Timothy James. "Off to the (labor) market : women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10445.
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Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. "Survey data, collected in 1998-1999 and 2001, come from the Project on Devolution and Urban Change"--P. v. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 288-307). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Haney, Timothy James 1980. "Off to the (labor) market: Women, work, and welfare reform in 21st century American cities." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10445.
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xvi, 307 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.This research contributes to scholarly understanding of the labor market activity of women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in large U.S. cities, the group most affected by 1996's welfare reform legislation. Welfare reform tightened eligibility for means-tested assistance programs, forcing many women to seek employment despite daunting personal obstacles. This research uncovers the extent to which this subset of women found steady employment in standard, living-wage jobs as well as the reasons why many have not. Unlike most work in this field, it incorporates measures of neighborhood disadvantage to further explore the spatial barriers to employment faced by this demographic group. I ask whether neighborhood context matters for employment outcomes, beyond individual characteristics and circumstances. Survey data, collected in 1998-1999 and 2001, come from the Project on Devolution and Urban Change, a longitudinal study of 3,916 women living in poor neighborhoods of four U.S. cities. I link these individual data to tract-level U.S. Census data, resulting in a longitudinal, multi-city, geographically-linked dataset, something that no previous published research uses, but an important tool for understanding how neighborhood context affects individual outcomes. The methodological approach involves a combination of regression techniques including pooled logistic regression, ordinary least squares regression, the use of change scores as predictors, the use of lagged endogenous variables, and the derivation of predicted probabilities using results from regression models. Results of this research indicate that neighborhood disadvantage is of only modest utility in explaining women's work trajectories. Although living in neighborhoods with more car ownership does improve employment outcomes, other neighborhood measures are less important. Some traditional markers of "disadvantage," such as the presence of female-headed (single parent) households, actually facilitate better employment outcomes, suggesting the need to reevaluate traditional notions of neighborhood advantage and disadvantage. Individual barriers to employment, particularly health, childcare and family responsibilities, and individual car ownership are consistently predictive of better employment outcomes. The results suggest the potential importance of spatially-targeted programs aimed at alleviating childcare, health and transportation barriers to employment.
Committee in charge: James Elliott, Chairperson, Sociology; Ellen Scott, Member, Sociology; Patricia A. Gwartney, Member, Sociology; Margaret Hallock, Outside Member, Labor Educ & Research Center
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Pignatti, Norberto <1969>. "The effects of economic and systemic reforms on labor market outcomes in Ukraine." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/481/.
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Casebourne, Joanna Jane. "Work, poverty and welfare reform : welfare-to-work programmes for lone parents in depressed local labour markets." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244842.
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This dissertation examines the impact of welfare reform on the work and poverty of lone parents living on welfare in depressed local labour markets. It uses a comparative approach to compare supply-side welfare-to-work programmes in Sheffield, UK and Buffalo, USA, and draws on current debates in geography, the social sciences and feminist scholarship to examine the connections between work, poveliy and welfare. It is based on a detailed evaluation of the circumstances of sixty lone parents in Buffalo and Sheffield and the programmes in which they participated. I begin by critically assessing the literatures which examine the restructuring of work, poverty and welfare states in the post-Fordist period and discussing the importance of qualitative methods in researching welfare reform. The first of four empirical chapters examines how lone parents on welfare in depressed local labour markets live in poverty, carry out a great deal of unpaid work, and face multiple barriers to moving into employment. I then examine the different approaches to employing lone parents in Buffalo and Sheffield, and assess whether the programmes move lone parents off benefit and into employment, and whether they subsequently return to welfare. The last of these four chapters shows that lone parents are moving into are poorly paid, insecure and precarious employment, often leaving them in poveliy and struggling to balance their paid and unpaid work. The dissertation concludes by suggesting that an alternative approach to welfare reform is needed that addresses the demand-side of the labour market, invests in education and training, and tackles the multiple barriers to employment faced by lone parents. I argue that whilst welfare reform ignores the geography of employment, the growth of the working poor, and the value of unpaid work, it will not be effective in ending the economic and social exclusion of lone parents.
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Guglielminetti, Elisa. "Empirical and theoretical implications of frictional labor markets." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0034.
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J’utilise des modèle de search comme point de départ de mon analyse, en examinant l'impact des frictions d'un point de vue soit théorique soit empirique. Dans le Chapitre 1 j’analyse les effets de l’incertitude sur la macroéconomie. Les estimes empiriques montrent que l’incertitude a un impact négatif sur l’économie et que le marché du travail est un important canal de transmission. Un modèle d’équilibre général avec frictions DMP est capable de reproduire les faits observés. Dans le Chapitre 2 j’utilise un Time Varying Parameter SVAR avec volatilité stochastique pour investiguer les propriétés de la création d’emploi aux Etats Unis et leur variation dans le temps. Les estimes indiquent que la volatilité dépend largement des chocs de demande et de prix. Les postes de travail réagissaient négativement aux chocs technologiques jusqu’au début des années 90. Le Chapitre 3 intègre la dimension spatiale dans un modèle de search. Cela permet d'expliquer quelques régularités observées dans des données Autrichiens: i) l’existence d’une frontière de réserve entre salaire est distance; ii) le changement de stratégie de recherche d’emploi; iii) l'effet décourageant des d’allocations chômage. Dans le Chapitre 4 je présente un modèle qui explique la sélection des nouvelles embauches entre contrats à court et à long terme. En exploitant une base de données italienne, on trouve que la probabilité d’obtenir un contrat permanent dépend négativement du degré de mismatch entre l'éducation du travailleur et l'occupation. En outre, les réformes qui libéralisent le contrats à durée déterminée encouragent leur utilisation mais ils ont effets non-linéaires sur le taux de chômageIn this thesis I take the search and matching framework as the starting point of my analysis to investigate several aspects of the labor market. In Chapter 1, I explore the consequences of uncertainty on the macroeconomy . The empirical analysis shows that uncertainty has a detrimental effect on the aggregate economy and that job creation is an important channel of transmission. The empirical findings are then rationalized through a DSGE model incorporating the DMP setup and featuring stochastic volatility. In Chapter 2, I study the time-varying characteristics of job creation in the US. The econometric setup is a Time-Varying Parameter SVAR (TVP-SVAR) with stochastic volatility. The identification strategy is based on a DSGE model with a frictional labor marketIn Chapter 3, I extend the standard framework to take into account the spatial dimension of job search. Austrian data show the existence of a trade- off between wage and commute time. They also uncover complex patterns in the dynamics of exits from unemployment. Cox-regressions further show that the level of unemployment benefits has a strong discouraging effect on job search. In Chapter 4, I use a random search model to study the sorting of new hires into open-ended and fixed-term contracts. The co-existence of these two types of contracts is explained by match heterogeneity. The match productivity is interpreted as the fit of worker's skills to task requirements. This hypothesis is supported by matched employer-employee data from a large Italian region
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馮錦霖 and Kam-lam Fung. "Getting a job in Shenzhen: personal strategies and institutional reforms." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3121308X.
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Baez-Camargo, Claudia. "From silent acquiescence to active resistance : labor leaders' responses to market-oriented economic reform in Mexico, 1982-2000 /." Ann Arbor : UMI, 2002. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00076906.pdf.
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Isaza, Castro Jairo Guillermo. "Occupational segregation, gender wage differences and trade reforms : empirical applications for urban Columbia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44798/.
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This DPhil thesis comprises three empirical essays that survey the evolution of gender differences in the labour market of urban Colombia since the 1980s. The first essay examines the evolution of gender segregation using occupational indices between 1986 and 2004, and presents a decomposition of their changes over time using a technique proposed by Deutsch et al. (2006). We find that a substantial proportion of the reduction in segregation indices is driven by changes in both the employment structure of occupations and the increasing participation of female labour observed over these years. The second essay assesses the effects of occupational segregation on the gender wage gap in urban Colombia between 1984 and 1999. The empirical strategy involves the estimation of a counterfactual distribution of female workers across occupations, as if they had been treated the same as their male counterparts. This provides a basis to formulate a decomposition of the gender wage gap in which the explained and unexplained portions of the gender distribution of jobs are explicitly incorporated. The results indicate that the unequal distribution of women and men across occupations actually helps, on average, to reduce gender pay differences in urban Colombia, particularly in the ‘informal' segment where the labour income differential between women and men is the largest. The third and final essay examines the effects of trade liberalisation on the gender composition of employment across manufacturing industries in urban Colombia from 1981 to 2000. The empirical strategy involves a comparison of estimates drawn from different panel data techniques. As a main finding, we verify that increasing trade flows are associated with higher proportions of female employment.
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Hegart, Ellinor, and Alexander Högberg. "Ny kutym eller ny kostym? : Etableringsreformen ur ett nyinstitutionellt ekonomiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-101343.
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Syftet med studien är att undersöka måluppfyllelsen av etableringsreformen, som trädde i kraft den 1 december 2010, samt aktören etableringslotsens funktion inom denna reform. Detta görs utifrån de uttalade målsättningarna i regeringens proposition 2009/10:60 Nyanlända invandrares arbetsmarknadsetablering – egenansvar med professionellt stöd. Därutöver belyses vilka hinder som finns för målens uppfyllelse. Studien baseras på rapporter och andra dokument från offentliga myndigheter, vilka bland annat kompletteras med egeninsamlad data. Primärdatan bygger på intervjuer som genomförts med fyra handläggare på Arbetsförmedlingen och fyra etableringslotsar som är verksamma i Linköping och Norrköping, samt en mailintervju med Arbetsförmedlingen på central nivå. Resultaten tolkas utifrån institutionell ekonomisk teori med fokus på teorier av Douglass North.Studien visar bland annat att likvärdigheten av etableringsinsatserna har ökat över landet och att arbetsmarknadsperspektivet är tydligare med Arbetsförmedlingen som huvudansvarig istället för kommunerna. Dock lider etableringsreformen av icke-individanpassade etableringsinsatser och en hög samordningsproblematik. Detta drabbar i slutänden de nyanlända som redan möter höga barriärer vid etablering i det svenska samhället. Även externa faktorer påverkar etableringsarbetet och de möjligheter som ges till de nyanlända. Framförallt är det bostadssituationen som påverkar olika ledtider och begränsar de nyanländas möjligheter till deltagande i etableringsinsatserna.De ekonomiska incitamenten för etableringslotsarna att fylla sin tilltänkta funktion är för låga och fokus från lotsarna läggs på socialt stöd istället för arbetsförberedande insatser för den nyanlände. Innovationer från positiv konkurrens har till stora delar uteblivit. Systemet innehåller även vissa brister som tillåter oseriösa eller opportunistiska etableringslotsar att verka, vilka sänker kvaliteten på etableringsarbetet och försämrar de nyanländas möjligheter till etablering på arbetsmarknaden.The aim of the study is to assess the compliance between the goals and the results of the Establishment reform, which entered into force on December 1st 2010, and the role of the participant called the Introduction guide. This assessment is done on the basis of the goals in the proposition from the Swedish government 2009/10:60 Nyanlända invandrares arbetsmarknadsetablering – egenansvar med professionellt stöd. In addition the obstacles to achieving the goals are highlighted. The study is based on reports and other documents from public bodies that are supplemented by, amongst others, the primary data of the study. This primary data consists of interviews with four employees at the Public Employment Service and four Introduction guides in Linköping and Norrköping as well as of mail correspondence with the Public Employment Service at a central level. The results are interpreted using New Institutional Economic Theory, focusing on the theories by Douglass North.The study shows, among other things, that the differences between various establishment activities have diminished, and that there is a stronger labour market focus now that the Public Employment Service has taken over the responsibility from the municipalities. However, the Establishment reform does suffer from a lack of individually adapted establishment activities as well from a failure in collaboration and coordination. This ultimately afflicts the new arrivals, which are already facing high barriers while trying to become a part of the Swedish society. External factors also affect the establishment process and the possibilities for new arrivals. It is foremost the living situation that is affecting different lead times and limiting the immigrants possibilities to participate in establishment activities.The economic incentives for the Introduction guides to fill their intended function are too low and the guides are primarily providing social support for the new arrivals instead of labour market oriented activities. Innovations as a result of competition are largely absent. The system contains various flaws that allow for flippant or opportunistic Introduction guides, which in turn lowers the quality of the Establishment work and worsens the new arrivals’ chances of getting established on the labour market.
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Buß, Christopher Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ebbinghaus. "Public opinion towards labour market reforms in Europe - a multidimensional and dynamic perspective on attitudes / Christopher Buß ; Betreuer: Bernhard Ebbinghaus." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1151446718/34.
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Shembavnekar, Nihar S. "Did India's economic reforms generate jobs? : essays on economic liberalisation, labour market flexibility and employment in the Indian manufacturing sector (1990-2006)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/72555/.
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Whether economic liberalisation generates employment in developing countries remains a matter of debate in academic and policy circles. This thesis explores the labour market implications of a series of liberalising product market reforms initiated in India in the 1990s. The analysis of Chapter 2 indicates that declines in input tariffs are associated with increased formal firm employment across all Indian states, while FDI reform is associated with increased (reduced) formal firm employment in states with flexible (inflexible) labour markets (1990-1997). The FDI effect holds for permanent employment in both groups of states but only affects casual (contract) employment to a significant extent in states with flexible labour markets. The evidence is supportive of the baseline results being driven by product market competition within the formal sector. Chapter 3 reveals that tariff liberalisation is not associated with significant changes in employment in informal enterprises, possibly because these enterprises rarely engage in international trade. However, on average and ceteris paribus, delicensing (FDI reform) is associated with statistically significant increases in informal employment and informal enterprise numbers in states with inflexible (flexible) labour markets (1990-2001). There is some evidence that the delicensing effect is attributable to increases in product market competition in delicensed industries in the post-reform period. The mechanism underlying the result associated with FDI liberalisation is more uncertain and could be one or a combination of competition and collaborative linkages between informal and formal manufacturers. Chapter 4 examines the impact of a post-1996 policy reform (‘SSI dereservation'), which liberalised product markets that had long been reserved for small businesses, on employment in informal manufacturing enterprises. On average and ceteris paribus, dereservation is associated with increased employment in larger informal ‘establishments', but not in tiny household enterprises (1995-2006), attributable in part to increases in product market competition with large formal firms.
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Rastouil, Jeremy. "Three essays on labor market frictions under firm entry and financial business cycles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0228.
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Durant la grande récession, les interactions entre fluctuations du prix de l’immobilier, du travail et de l’entrée des firmes sur le marché des biens, ont mis en avant l’existence de relations étroites entre ces marchés. Le but de cette thèse est de mettre en lumière les interactions entre le marché du travail et le marché des biens ainsi que des cycles financiers, en utilisant les récents progrès des modèles DSGE. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons trouvé un fort rôle joué par la création de firmes dans l’amplification des dynamiques de l’emploi. En introduisant le mécanisme du modèle de Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides sur le marché du travail, nous avons pu étudier sous un nouvel angle les fluctuations du taux de marge des firmes. Comparé aux travaux théoriques utilisant un marché du travail sans frictions, nous avons trouvé un taux de marge moins contracyclique dû au coût marginal acyclique d’un modèle avec frictions. De plus, le rôle accordé à la création de firmes dans la détermination du taux de marge est moins important que dans les papiers précédents. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons lié la capacité d’endettement des ménages avec leur situation sur le marché de l’emploi. Grâce à cette microfondation, les nouveaux arrivants sur le marché du travail entrainent un plus haut niveau de dette immobilière tandis que ceux qui perdent leurs emplois sont exclus du marché du crédit. En conséquence, le ratio LTV devient endogène et répond de manière procyclique aux fluctuations de l’emploi. Nous avons montré que cette modélisation était empiriquement fondée et résout les anomalies d'une contrainte de crédit standard. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous avons étendu l’analyse précédemment effectuée en intégrant des firmes qui s’endettent dans le but d’obtenir un cycle financier plus complet. Le premier résultat est qu’une contrainte de crédit pour les firmes intégrant à la fois les biens immobiliers, le capital et la masse salariale permet de mieux rendre compte des fluctuations sur le marché du travail comparativement aux contraintes n’intégrant qu’une partie de ces trois composantes. Le second résultat met en évidence le rôle des fluctuations immobilières et du crédit sur l’emploi. Les deux derniers chapitres ont d’importantes implications pour les politiques économiques. Une réforme structurelle du marché du travail visant à le déréguler entraine une forte hausse de la dette immobilière pour les ménages ainsi que du prix de l’immobilier et une augmentation moindre de la dette des firmes. Notre approche révèle qu’une politique macroprudentielle visant à restreindre la capacité d’emprunt des ménages conduit à des effets positifs à long terme pour l’économie tout en limitant les effets sur le marché immobilier (dette et prix). A l’inverse, une politique macroprudentielle visant à réduire l’emprunt des entreprises conduit à l’effet inverse avec des effets négatifs à long terme pour l’économieDuring the Great Recession, the interactions between housing, labor and entry highlight the existence of narrow propagation channels between these markets. The aim of this thesis is to shed a light on labor market interactions with firm entry and financial business cycles, by building on the recent theoretical and empirical of DSGE models. In the first chapter, we have found evidence of the key role of the net entry as an amplifying mechanism for employment dynamics. Introducing search and matching frictions, we have studied from a new perspective the cyclicality of the mark-up compared to previous researches that use Walrasian labor market. We found a less countercyclical markup due to the acyclical aspect of the marginal cost in the DMP framework and a reduced role according to firm's entry in the cyclicality of the markup. In the second chapter, we have linked the borrowing capacity of households to their employment situation on the labor market. With this new microfoundation of the collateral constraint, new matches on the labor market translate into more mortgages, while separation induces an exclusion from financial markets for jobseekers. As a result, the LTV becomes endogenous by responding procyclically to employment fluctuations. We have shown that this device is empirically relevant and solves the anomalies of the standard collateral constraint. In the last chapter, we extend the analysis developed in the previous one by integrating collateral constrained firms in order to have a more complete financial business cycle. The first result is that an entrepreneur collateral constraint integrating capital, real commercial estate and wage bill in advance is empirically relevant compared to the collateral literature associated to the labor market which does not consider these three assets. The second finding is the role of the housing price and credit squeezes in the rise of the unemployment rate during the Great Recession. The last two chapters have important implications for economic policy. A structural deregulation reform in the labor market induces a significant rise in the debt level for households and housing price, combined with a substantial rise of firm debt. Our approach allows us to reveal that a macroprudential policy aiming to tighten the LTV ratio for household borrowers has positive effects in the long run for output and employment, while tightening LTV ratios for entrepreneurs leads to the opposite effect
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Stiassny, Alfred, and Christina Uhl. "Does Elderly Employment have an Impact on Youth Employment? A General Equilibrium Approach." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4246/1/wp178.pdf.
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Does an increase of elderly employment cause a decline in youth employment? A simplified view of a demand driven economy would give a positive answer to this question.
Econometric studies based on a single equation approach deliver little support for this belief. However, these studies typically suffer from identification problems to which no attention is paid in most cases. We therefore use a general equilibrium framework when trying to quantify these effects. Using yearly and quarterly Austrian labor and gdp data, we estimate two model variants by Bayesian methods: a) a standard equilibrium model where the degree of complementarity between old, young and primary labor is crucial for the sign and strength of the relevant effects and b) a simple, solely demand driven model which always leads to a crowding out of young through an increase in employment of the old. It turned out that the demand driven model is inferior in fitting the data compared to the standard model. Further, the degree of complementarity is estimated to be strong enough to lead to a small positive effect of elderly employment on youth employment. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Azizi, Herash, and Wiqar Momand. "Att få ut de nya svenskarna i arbete : - En kvalitativ studie om etableringshandläggarnas arbete." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Sociologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-25477.
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The establishment reform came into force 2010 and the employment service was given the main responsibility for the establishment of the newly arrived. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how the officers at the labor market work on establishing new arrivals with residence permit. The problem statements was labor market officers work with establishment based on their professional role and legislation, the service officers practical work, establishment in general and getting new jobs for the newly arrived in the labor market. The study used a qualitative method and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five employment service officers. The theoretical framework consisted of empowerment. The results of the study show that the establishment reform has had both positive and negative impacts. Many newly arriveds have established themselves in society and entered the labor market. The results show further that there are still aspects to change in order to improve the establishment. The study shows that the establishment reform has had a positive impact on new arrivals in the labor market. The employment officers want to work with an individualized and empowerment-oriented approach, but the heavy workload is hindering their work.Etableringsreformen trädde i kraft 2010 och arbetsförmedlingen fick huvudansvaret för nyanländas etablering. Syftet med föreliggande studien var att undersöka hur handläggarna på arbetsförmedlingen arbetar med etablering av nyanlända med uppehållstillstånd. Frågeställningarna i studien var etableringshandläggarnas arbete med etablering utifrån sin yrkesroll och lagstiftning, etableringshandläggarnas praktiska arbete, etablering i allmänhet och för att få ut nyanlända på arbetsmarknaden. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem handläggare på arbetsförmedlingen. Den teoretiska ramen bestod av empowerment. Studiens resultat visar att etableringsreformen har haft både positiv- och negativ inverkan. Många nyanlända har etablerat sig i samhället och kommit ut på arbetsmarknaden. Av resultatet framkommer det vidare att det fortfarande finns aspekter kvar att ändra på för att få en ytterligare förbättring av etableringen. Studien visar att etableringsreformen har haft en positiv inverkan för de nyanlända på arbetsmarknaden. Men det råder stor arbetsbelastning för etableringshandläggarna på arbetsförmedlingen. Handläggarna vill arbeta med ett individanpassat och empowermentorienterat arbetssätt men hård arbetsbelastning utgör ett hinder för deras arbete.
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Patzwaldt, Katja. "Die sanfte Macht : die Rolle der wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung bei den rot-grünen Arbeitsmarktreformen /." Bielefeld : transcript, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/567009270.pdf.
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Fischer, Martin [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Karlsson. "The Long-Term Effects of Education on Health and Labor Market Outcomes : Evidence from Historical School Reforms in Sweden and Germany / Martin Fischer ; Betreuer: Martin Karlsson." Duisburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174543817/34.
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Kuegler, Alice. "Empirical essays on inventors, workers and firms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267840.
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My research seeks to understand the behaviour of workers and firms and how their decisions affect labour market outcomes. My PhD dissertation consists of three separate Chapters that use detailed historical, census and administrative data to gain insights into the mechanisms at play when incentives for production and location decisions change. Chapter 1 asks whether financial incentives can induce inventors to innovate more. I exploit a large reduction in the patent fee in the United Kingdom in 1884 to distinguish between its effect on increased efforts to invent, and a decrease in patent quality due to a lower quality threshold. For this analysis I create a detailed new dataset of 54,000 British inventors with renewal information for each patent. In the longer run high-quality patenting increases by over 100 percent, and the share of new patents due to greater effort accounts for three quarters of the pre-reform share of high-quality patents. To test for the presence of credit constraints I generate two wealth proxies from inventor names and addresses, and find a larger innovation response for inventors with lower wealth. These results indicate efficiency gains from decreasing the cost of inventing and in addition, from relaxing credit constraints. In Chapter 2 we assess the effects of changes in ethnic neighbourhood composition in England and Wales. A change in social housing allocations in the 1990s serves as instrument for changes in the local ethnic composition. For the analysis we create a dataset of highly disaggregated census geographies for 1991-2011. The results imply that an exogenous increase in social housing minority share by 10 percentage points raises the minority share in private housing by 1.2 percentage points initially. This sorting effect is larger for privately rented than for privately owned housing. We further show that an increase in the minority share leads to higher local population growth and a small decrease in house prices in the longer run. Chapter 3 proposes a new approach for analysing responses to comprehensive labour market reforms. Using detailed micro data we evaluate the German Hartz reforms that aimed at reducing unemployment. The timing of the reforms affects the model parameters, which are estimated using matched data on 430,000 workers in 340,000 firms. Contrary to previous findings, our analysis shows that the reforms marginally reduced unemployment at the cost of a pronounced decline in wages. Low-skilled workers suffered the largest wage losses. Furthermore, we decompose the contribution of each reform wave on employment and wages, and document a structural shift in the factors that govern overall wage dispersion.