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Basnett, Yurendra. "Labour Mobility in East Africa: An Analysis of the East African Community's Common Market and the Free Movement of Workers." Development Policy Review 31, no. 2 (February 7, 2013): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12000.
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Guàrdia, Lourdes, Federica Mancini, Pedro Jacobetty, and Marcelo Maina. "Graduates’ employability skills in East Africa." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 12, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no2art988.
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This paper reports a study about the perceptions of the academic community, employers and civil servants regarding graduates’ employability skills in East Africa. Specifically, it focuses on the mismatch between skills acquired in Higher Education (HE) and those in demand by employers, and explores factors influencing the situation. A mixed method approach was implemented including a survey and a set of focus groups. The questionnaire on employability skills was distributed among regional stakeholders attending the Open Day events organised by three East African HE Institutions. A Principal Components Analysis was applied for the categorisation of the most in-demand skills and the identification of four major workplace skill sets. To gain further insights into the stakeholders’ perceptions of the graduate employability skills gap, 11 focus groups were organised at the same universities. The general results showed that employability skills were mostly perceived as insufficiently developed during the students’ progress in their programs. The final results enabled a better understanding of the nuanced relationship between labour market valuation and graduates’ acquisition of each skill set. It also allowed us to identify problems and barriers, and suggest possible solutions to overcome the shortcomings experienced by the sub-Saharan HE system.
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A. H. Elamir, Elsayed. "Determinant indicators for labor market efficiency and higher education and training: evidence from Middle East and North Africa countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(1).2020.18.
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This study aims to explore the determinant indicators for the labor market efficiency and the higher education and training factors that can help in increasing the productivity in labor market and the quality in higher education and training, as well as pays attention to important relative indicators to improve the relationship between them. To achieve these aims the canonical correlation analysis is used as a bidirectional technique that allows studying the mutual relationship between two factors by taking advantage of available reports from 2012 to 2018 published by World Economic Forum (WEF). The results indicate that the extent of staff training, internet access, quality of education, and quality of management schools are the most important indicators in higher education and training and most correlated with labor market efficiency factor. The capacity to attract talent, pay and productivity, cooperation in labor-employer relations, and reliance on professional management are the most important indicators in labor market efficiency and the most correlated with higher education and training factor. The commonality analysis gives interesting results and shows that the explained variance in labor market efficiency and higher education and training depends on common indicators rather than a unique indicator.
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Dibeh, Ghassan, Ali Fakih, and Walid Marrouch. "Labor market and institutional drivers of youth irregular migration in the Middle East and North Africa region." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618788085.
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This article examines the drivers of youth irregular migration in the Middle East and North Africa region. A multinomial logit model is implemented to test the effect of labor market and institutional characteristics on the decision of youth to migrate using a unique and novel dataset covering young people aged 15–29 from five major Middle East and North Africa countries. Specifically, the article investigates the effect of micro determinants of irregular migration: individual socio-economic factors, wealth factors, adaptability factors, labor market factors, and institutional factors. The article finds that the labor market drivers matter more for regular rather than irregular migration amongst the youth from the Middle East and North Africa region. However, institutional settings are of great importance for any decision to migrate, be it regularly or irregularly. In addition, youth from wealthier households are more likely to express willingness to migrate using regular channels, whereas youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to consider the irregular route.
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Fakih, Ali, and Pascal L. Ghazalian. "What factors influence firm perceptions of labour market constraints to growth in the MENA region?" International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 8 (November 2, 2015): 1181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2014-0050.
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Purpose – Labour market constraints constitute prominent obstacles to firm development and economic growth of countries located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of firm characteristics, national locations, and sectoral associations for the perceptions of firms concerning two basic labour market constraints: labour regulations and labour skill shortages. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical analysis is carried out using firm-level data set sourced from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys database. A bivariate probit estimator is used to account for potential correlations between the errors in the two labour market constraints’ equations. The authors implement overall estimations and comparative cross-country and cross-sector analyses, and use alternative estimation models. Findings – The empirical results reveal some important implications of firm characteristics (e.g. firm size, labour compositions) for firm perceptions of labour regulations and labour skill shortages. They also delineate important cross-country and cross-sector variations. The authors also find significant heterogeneity in the factors’ implications for the perceptions of firms belonging to different sectors and located in different MENA countries. Originality/value – Reforms in labour regulations and investment in human capital are important governmental policy interventions for promoting firm development and economic growth in the MENA region. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by analysing the factors influencing the perceptions of firms located in the MENA region concerning labour regulations and labour skill shortages. It provides policy-makers with information needed in the design of labour policies that attenuate the impacts of labour market constraints and enhance the performance of firms and the long-run economic growth.
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Lucassen, Jan. "A Multinational and its Labor Force: The Dutch East India Company, 1595–1795." International Labor and Working-Class History 66 (October 2004): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904000158.
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This essay focuses on the emergence of an international labor market connecting Europe with southern Africa and south and southeast Asia, showing the intertwining of commercialization and proletarianization in the institution that created and coordinated perhaps the most important international labor market connecting Europe to the Far East.
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Mwita, Kelvin M. "Tanzania Graduate Employability: Perception of Human Resource Management Practitioners." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 8, no. 2 (May 6, 2018): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i2.12921.
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Higher Education Institutions (HEI’s) produce many qualified graduates in different fields of study annually but almost half of them become frustrated or desolate because they cannot secure jobs in the labour market and some have huge student loans to settle. Moreover, Tanzania education stakeholders have been arguing that the education offered is not adequately geared to integrate the individual into the strong competitive labour markets. The study used a sample of 100 human resource practitioners to assess their perception of Tanzania graduate employability. It was found that HR practitioners consider Tanzania graduate as average. It has been found that 52.6% of Human Resource practitioners disagree that Tanzania graduate quality is improving. Additionally 56.6 % believe that Tanzania graduate are not competent enough to compete for jobs in the East African labour market. The study recommends various measures to be taken by higher learning institutions, regulatory bodies, policy makers and students themselves.
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Abada, Teresa, and Sylvia Lin. "Labour market outcomes of the children of immigrants in Ontario." Canadian Studies in Population 41, no. 1-2 (April 8, 2014): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p68g7z.
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Using the 2006 Census, this study examines the labour market outcomes of children of immigrants aged 25 to 34 who are living in Ontario. We find that most groups achieve higher levels of university completion rates than the third generation. Second-generation males, including those from Jamaica, Latin America, East Asia, the Philippines, India, South/Southeast Asia, West Asia and Arab/North African region, the United States, and Eastern Europe have lower earnings than the third generation. Dutch and Portuguese with lower educational attainments are not necessarily disadvantaged in terms of earnings and employment. In terms of income, most second-generationwomen are not significantly different from their third-generation counterparts.
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Saville, Adrian David, and Lyall White. "Bringing Pankaj Ghemawat to Africa: Measuring African economic integration." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i1.1251.
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A wealth of literature dealing with trade liberalisation, capital market liberalisation, labour mobility and related issues concerning globalisation asserts that economies that are more integrated with the global economy and, more specifically with their neighbours, tend to enjoy higher sustained levels of growth. Empirical evidence with solid quantitative findings recently conducted by Pankaj Ghemawat has confirmed that more ‘open and connected’ economies display higher rates of economic growth, higher per capita income levels and greater levels of human welfare. Against this backdrop, it is notable that the available evidence – whilst incomplete – suggests that African economies are amongst the least integrated in the world. Given that integration and connectedness matter, and that there are material gaps in the evaluation of integration for African economies, it is important to develop better measures of African economies’ connectedness with their neighbours and with the world, how this connectedness is evolving and establish more comprehensive and robust means of economic integration compared to those historically available. Using Ghemawat’s framework, which measures flows of trade, capital, information and people (TCIP) to determine connectedness, we develop the Visa Africa integration index to provide a more comprehensive and detailed gauge of economic integration for 11 African countries in three clusters: East Africa, West Africa and Southern Africa. The index results suggest that African economies are emerging off a modest base, with some economies demonstrating progressive structural improvements toward higher levels of integration with their respective regions and the world. East Africa, in particular, shows signs of rising connectedness over the survey period. The index also illustrates that some countries are more integrated globally than regionally and vice versa, which is important information for policy makers toward improving deeper and broader integration in their respective regions. The index builds on previous research in the broad area of integration and helps us better understand the challenges and opportunities presented by Africa’s economic changes and some of the implications for economic growth.
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Mihyo, Paschal. "University training in the social sciences in East Africa and current labor market reforms in east and Southern Africa: A research agenda." Knowledge and Policy 6, no. 3-4 (September 1993): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02696284.
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Verma, SaunJuhi. "State labor sponsorship: The role of nation state regulation in undermining migrant employment standards." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 2 (December 25, 2019): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619886616.
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Temporary worker programs are on the rise both across the globe and particularly within the United States. Established research focuses upon the impact of immigration policies as well as outcomes for migrant communities within the labor market. In contrast, my work draws attention to the population of citizen-workers who participate in cyclical migration patterns within transnational labor markets. My multi-site ethnography, consisting of 109 interviews with US guest workers, oil industry employers, and Indian labor brokers, evaluates the impact of temporary worker programs on migration patterns from India to the Middle East to the United States. (In this article, I use the counter-naming of the Middle East as Southwest Asia and North Africa (SWANA). I avoid use of colonial terminology such as Middle East to refer to the countries in the region of North Africa and West Asia. The language is archaic and perpetuates the historic referencing of Europe as the central geographic reference point.). In particular, the study evaluated a multi-country migrant recruitment chain to address the question: How does the non-citizen visa situate migrants as global labor within the transnational economy? Findings identify that non-citizen visa pathway is a contemporary mode of governance through which labor is traded among third parties. The article outlines the complicity of nation-state regulation in shaping limited economic outcomes for migrants within cyclical multi-country labor markets.
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Agénor, Pierre-Richard, Mustapha K. Nabli, Tarik Yousef, and Henning Tarp Jensen. "Labor market reforms, growth, and unemployment in labor-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa." Journal of Policy Modeling 29, no. 2 (March 2007): 277–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2006.07.007.
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Atibuni, Dennis Zami, and David Kani Olema. "Assuring Quality amidst Political Intrigue in Higher Education Institutions." East African Journal of Education Studies 3, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.3.1.262.
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This article provides an anatomical analysis of the political intrigue within quality assurance and management mechanisms of higher education institutions in East Africa. Actionable strategies are hence proposed for circumventing the negative effects of such intrigue in order to ensure quality service delivery within the institutions while respecting the need for diversity and innovative practices in research and education. We recognize that the primary responsibility for quality assurance and quality management lies with the higher education institutions themselves, rather than with any outside body. The article therefore discusses issues of autonomy internal to the institutions and those external - between the institutions and regulatory cum oversight bodies that have perpetually riddled the efficiency of quality enhancement. The article draws its data and information from international, national, and institutional policies as well as refereed studies on quality assurance and quality management, especially those highlighting political intrigue in the processes. It has been observed that quality assurance of higher education processes is desired to enhance quality in the response of higher education to labour market needs. However, the article reveals the existence of immense negative politicking and intrigue in the quality assurance processes in higher education institutions in East Africa which are responsible for compromising the quality of services delivered by the institutions. It is argued that being an indicator for organisational performance, the continuous monitoring and enhancing of quality of higher education should be the primary goal and objective of all stakeholders of higher education in East Africa, meaning that quality assurance processes should be embedded in the conducting of the routine business of the institutions.
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Lobo, José, and Charlotta Mellander. "Let’s stick together: Labor market effects from immigrant neighborhood clustering." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, no. 5 (January 16, 2020): 953–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19896521.
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We investigate if there are positive economic effects for individuals residing in ethnic neighborhoods, in particular if the likelihood of labor market participation among foreign-born is affected by residentially aggregating with other people from one’s same native region. We also examine to what extent the income level among foreign-born who have a job is affected by the extent to which they congregate in ethnic enclaves. We use Swedish micro-level data for the time period 2007 to 2015 and run a Heckman estimation for four distinct immigration groups: those from (a) the Middle East; poor and middle-income countries in (b) Africa and (c) Asia; and (d) and those from the former Yugoslavia. We control for personal and neighborhood characteristics as well as workplace characteristics. The results suggest that, in some cases, there may be positive effects from ethnic concentration, but even more from living with first- and second-generation immigrants in general.
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Anas Abdulrahman, Almiman, Pradikta Aris Chandra, and Altamimi Raeef. "Factors Determining Female Labor Participation in Job Market in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Countries." Populasi 28, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jp.59619.
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Women’s engagement in the broader social life is part of policy objectives in today’s world that most governments aim to achieve. Likewise, the issue is crucial in most Muslim majority countries, especially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). As the regions have characteristics of a smaller number of women’s participation in the formal labor market than many other countries, this study investigated the factors that determine women’s participation by measuring data of governance, industrial transformations, and education from 1980 to 2014. This study used robust panel data methods to calculate the interdependencies of those variables. Based on the estimation, prominent factors that have positive correlations with the participation are good governance and the transitions from agriculture to industrial and service economy. Meanwhile, financial literacy and education have limited impacts on participation.
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Larsen, Edvard N., Adrian F. Rogne, and Gunn E. Birkelund. "Perfect for the Job? Overqualification of Immigrants and their Descendants in the Norwegian Labor Market." Social Inclusion 6, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 78–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1451.
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Compared to the majority population, studies have shown that non-western immigrants are more likely to work in jobs for which they are overqualified. These findings are based on coarse measures of jobs, and an important question is how sensitive these findings are to the definition of jobs. By using detailed information from Norwegian register data 2014, we provide a methodological innovation in comparing individuals working in the same occupation, industry, sector, firm, and municipality. In this way, we measure the degree of overqualification among workers within more than 653,000 jobs. We differentiate between immigrants and their descendants originating from Western Europe, the New EU countries, other Western countries, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Africa and Asia (except MENA countries), and South and Central America, and compare their outcomes with the majority population holding the same jobs. We find that immigrants from all country of origin groups are more likely to be overqualified compared to the majority population and to descendants of immigrants. However, the prevalence of overqualification decreases with time since immigration.
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Meidayati, Anis Wahyu. "Impact of Telecommunication Infrastructure, Market Size, Trade Openness and Labor Force on Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN." Journal of Developing Economies 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v2i2.6677.
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AbstractForeign Direct Investment (FDI) in recent years has created a positive impact for ASEAN countries. FDI give spillover effects that directly contribute capital improvements, technological developments, and global market access, also skills and managerial transfers. In order to attract FDI inflow into country, ASEAN member countries need to know what factors which attract investment related to the needs of infrastructure types and other factors. The purpose of this study is examine the determinant of FDI in ASEAN countries. This research method used is panel data regression period 2005-2015 from 10 countries in ASEAN. The results showed simultaneously and partially telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, and labor force variable have significant relationship with FDI inflows in ASEAN countries.Keywords: panel data regression, telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, labor force, FDI.ReferencesAppleyard, DR. Field, JF. and Cobb, SL. 2008. International Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Azam, Muhammad. 2010. “Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic and Turkmenistan: Theory and Evidence”, Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics. 3 (6), 27-40.Botric, Valerija. 2006. “Main Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Southeast European Countries”, Transition Studies Review. Vol. 13(2): 359–377.Calderon, C., and Serven, L., 2010. “Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies. Vol.19(4): 13-87.Carbaugh, Robert J. 2008. International Economics. Edisi Kedelapan. South Western: Thomson Learning.Chakrabarti, A. 2001. “The Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment: Sensivity Analysses of Cross-Country Regression”, International Symposium on Sustainable Development. Vol 54 (1):89-114.Demirhan, E., & Masca, M. 2008. Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows. Prague Economic Papers.Dutt, Pushan, et all. 2007. “International trade and unemployment: Theory and cross-national evidence”, Journal of International Economics. Volume 78(1): 32-44.Gharaibeh, A. M. 2015. “The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment-Empirical Evidence from Bahrain”, International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 6(8): 94-106.Grigg, N. 2000. Infrastructure System Management & Optimazation. Working Paper of Internasional Civil Engineering Departement Diponegoro University.Hirsch, Caitlin E. 1976. Macroeconomics, Politics and Policy: The Determinants of Capital Flows to Latin America. Texas Tech University.Hymer, Stephen Herbert. 1976. The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), MIT Department of Economics PhD thesis originally presented 1960.Kaliappan, Shivee Ranjanee et all. 2013. “Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) Countries”, International Journal of Economics and Management. Vol 7(1): 136 – 149.Kurniati, Y., A. et al. 2007. Determinan FDI (Faktor-faktor yang Menentukan Investasi Asing Langsung). Jakarta: Bank Indonesia.Mughal, M.M., & Akram, M. 2011. “Does Market Size Affect FDI? The Case of Pakistan”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol. 2(9): 237-247.Nasir, S. 2016. “FDI in India’s Retail Sector: Opportunities and Challenges”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. Vol: 23(3): 155-125.Novianti, Tanti et all. 2014. “The Infrastructure’s Influence on the Asean Countries’ Economic Growth”, Journal of Economics and Development Studies. Vol. 2(4):243-254.Rehman, C. A., Ilyas, M., Alam, H. M., & Akram. M., (2011). “The impact of Infrastructure on Foreign Direct Investment: The case of Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Management. Vol.6(5): 184-197.Salvatore, D. 2007. International Economics. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Sarna, Ritash. 2005. The impact of core labour standards on Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia. Working Paper of the Japan Institute No. 1789.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain. 2014. The Significance of Infrastructure for Fdi Inflow in Developing Countries. Journal of Life Economics. Vol. 3(5):1-16.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain., and Khan, Yahya. 2016. Trade Liberalisation and FDI Inflow in Emerging Economies. Business & Economic Review. Vol 2(1): 35-52.Todaro, Michael P. and Smith, Stephen C. 2011. Economic Development. Ninth Edition. United States: Addison Wesley.Umoru, D. & Yaqub, J.O. 2013. “Labour productivity and Human capital in Nigeria: The empirical evidence”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 3(4). 199-221.Vernon, R. (1966). “The product cycle hypothesis in a new international environment”, Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics. Vol 41(4), 255-267.World Bank. 2015. World Development Indicator 2015.Zeb, Nayyra et all. 2015. “Telecommunication Infrastructure and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: An Empirical Study”, Global Journal of Management and Business Research. Vol. 14(4): 117-128.
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Kurpebayeva, Gaziza. "Political and Socio-Economic Roots of Uprisings in the Arab World." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i1.786.
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The purpose of the research is to determine the political and socio-economic roots of the Arab spring and define its consequences. The article demonstrates similar and distinct features of revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Particular attention is paid to the transformational consequences in this region. The study results show that the Arab Spring has not brought optimistic changes but worsened socio-economic problems. The Arab Spring uprisings have led to riots, civil wars, social militarisation, the revival of terrorist organisations that affected the economy. The phenomenon of the Arab spring has appeared because of mass discontents with the ruling regimes. This phenomenon is associated with a wave of protests in MENA that have led to a transformation of political, social, inter-regional, economic and financial systems of the region. Revolutions and civil wars have forced migrations to Europe. In turn, this has destabilised the European labour market and drawn the attention of governments to the growing Islamisation of the cultural sphere. The study is interdisciplinary and assesses change of political regimes in Arabic societies.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey V., Svetlana V. Rusu, and Viktoriya A. Medved. "FACTORS OF MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES DURING THE 2015-2016 CRISIS." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 4 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-4-02.
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The article examines the key socio-economic aspects of the migration crisis and highlights the main causes of mass migration to the European Union from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The main characteristic of the economic situation in these countries is given and the significant problems faced by the donor States of migrants in the last few years are studied. Among the problems highlighted: high population growth rates, pressure on the environment by residents of Africa and the Middle East, limited access to resources, food and fresh water; the problem of unemployment; the problem of poverty and social inequality; high competition in the labor market; low salaries; difficult economic situation and problems in the financial sector. It is noted that these problem were the main cause of mass migration to Europe. Based on a detailed study of official statistics, special attention is paid to the level of unemployment and poverty, GDP level, the population growth rate, as well as the level of wages in Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. These indicators are compared to indicators in the countries of Eastern Europe. Their analysis shows that the standards of living in these regions is below average, that is why residents are forced to leave these countries for the European Union in search of a better life for themselves and their relatives. Among the countries that are of the greatest interest to migrants are: Germany, Great Britain, Ireland and so on.
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wa Muiu, Mueni. "African Countries’ Political Independence at Fifty: In Search of Democracy, Peace and Social Justice." African and Asian Studies 12, no. 4 (2013): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341271.
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Abstract What lessons can we draw from the past fifty years of political independence in African countries? Which mistakes can we avoid in the future? Can there be peace without social justice? Four mistakes must be avoided if democracy, peace and social justice are to be achieved in African countries. Drawing on lessons from Central, East, North, West and Southern Africa, I use Fundi wa Africa – a multidisciplinary approach based on a long term historical perspective to argue that individual nationhood (the first mistake) has not resulted in democracy and peace. Only Pan-Africanism (based on the needs and interests of Africans as they define them) will lead to democracy and peace. The second mistake is that leading international financial institutions (IFI) and some Africans assume that democracy has to be introduced to Africa. This assumption is based on the belief that Africans and their culture have nothing to contribute to their own development. As a result liberal democracy is promoted by these agencies as the only option available for African countries. The third mistake is the belief that a colonial state which was developed to fulfill the market and labor needs of colonial powers can lead to democracy and peace for Africans. The fourth mistake is African leaders’ and their supporters’ conviction that neither African intellectuals nor women have any place in African development and may only be given symbolic positions. Without economic independence, the political gains of the past fifty years will be lost. The founding fathers and mothers of Africa’s freedom fought and achieved political independence, but it is up to the next generation to strive for economic empowerment. Only then will African countries cease to be homes for bankrupt ideas as they are freed from conflict and hunger.
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Awdeh, Ali, and Hassan Hamadi. "Factors hindering economic development: evidence from the MENA countries." International Journal of Emerging Markets 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-12-2017-0555.
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Purpose Despite the possession of considerable natural, financial and human resources, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region suffers low economic growth rates, high unemployment rates, high poverty rates and high illiteracy rates. The purpose of this paper is to find out the factors that hinder the development of economic activities in this region. Design/methodology/approach This study uses co-integration analysis and vector error correction model on a sample of 18 MENA countries, covering the period 2002–2016. It exploits gross domestic product (GDP) as a dependent variable, and public debt, trade balance, natural resources rents, importation of high technology, labour participation rate, military spending, population size, political instability and corruption as independent variables. Findings The paper finds that public borrowing, trade deficit, military expenditures, the low level of technological innovation, population, political turbulences and corruption, all hinder GDP in the long-run. Additionally, public debt, military spending and political instability obstruct GDP in the short run. The results also suggest the existence of Dutch diseases in both the short- and the long-run. On the other hand, labour market conditions do not seem to have any effect on the economic performance of the MENA countries. Originality/value In addition of examining an understudied sample of countries, this paper – unlike other studies on the MENA region that look at factors that boost economic growth – exploits factors that have possible negative impact on the economic situation of the region.
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Carrino, L., W. Polini, and S. Turchetta. "An automatic visual system for marble tile classification." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 216, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1095–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440502760272377.
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The international market of ornamental stone has seen the use of materials quarrying from East Europe, Africa, Asia and South America, characterized by a low cost of labour. This event has embittered the competition in this field. Hence, it becomes fundamental to produce machined products of high quality in a more efficient way. This work aims to design and fulfil a prototype to automatically classify the Royal Perlato tiles of Coreno. It is based on artificial vision. The implemented hardware visual system is cheap because it is made up of components readily available and is easily obtainable by small and medium ornamental stone businesses. The developed software algorithm is based on a multifactor analysis of variance and a quadratic discriminant analysis. The experimental results show that the developed hardware and software system permits all the tiles of Royal Perlato of Coreno to be classified properly. Moreover, the developed system not only improves the efficiency of the selection but also reduces the controversies between the manufacturer and buyer, making tile classification more selective and increasing the number of qualitative classes taken into consideration. Finally, it allows the duplication on the selection line without altering data dispersion.
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Tabassum, Amina, and M. Tariq Majeed. "Economic Growth and Income Inequality Relationship: Role of Credit Market Imperfection." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 727–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.727-743.
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The 20th century has witnessed unequalled success in improving the living standard of people in most part of the world. According to World Bank annual Statistical reports, poverty has declined significantly in developing countries over the past twenty years but the progress has been uneven. The number of people living in poverty fell from 1.5 billion in 1981 to 1.1 billion in 2001. However, many low-income developing countries are still trapped in vicious circle of poverty. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of poor rose from 41 percent to 46 percent between 1981 to 2001.While in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the numbers of poor people have risen to around 20 percent in 2001.1 Therefore; reduction of widely scattered poverty is the most challenging goal for low income developing countries. Economic growth is considered to be a powerful force for reducing poverty. High and sustained economic growth increases the labor demand and wages which in return will reduce poverty. Similarly, better earnings as a result of reduction in poverty lead to increase productivity and growth. But the extent of poverty reduction as a result of economic growth depends on how the distribution of income changes with economic growth and on initial Inequalities in income. If income inequality increases, then economic growth does not lead to a significant poverty reduction. Many developing countries achieved high growth rates in different periods but poverty does not reduce significantly in these periods due to increase in income inequalities. Most South and East Asian economies grew at higher per capita rates since early 1970 along with rise in income inequality over time. In contrast, Latin American countries grew by less than the half of average growth rates in South and East Asia while maintaining high income inequality.2 The differences in income inequality at a given rate of growth require that efforts to reduce poverty by stimulating growth are not sufficient and need to be complemented by efforts to reduce income inequalities.
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Sia, Bik Kai, Hirofumi Okai, Nai Peng Tey, and Hirofumi Tanada. "Intention to Migrate among International Muslim Students in Malaysia." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.5(4) Oct-Dec 2017 5, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.4(6).
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Objective - The primary objective of this study is to examine the association of the push-pull factors, perceived job prospects for students following graduation, religious considerations, and adaptability of international students with their intention to migrate. Methodology/Technique - A total of 373 international students, enrolled in undergraduate and postgraduate university programs in Malaysia, participated in the study. An online self-assessment and questionnaire was used to collect the results, using a series of questions and responses from the students. Findings - The empirical findings of the study reveal that the intentions of international students to migrate to Malaysia are mainly aroused by the Muslim environment in Malaysia, and other religious factors. On the other hand, economics and development were the primary considerations of international students intending to migrate elsewhere (excluding Malaysia). Novelty – Malaysia should continue to promote and market itseld more efficiently to international students, especially those from Asia and Africa, to position itseld as an "Educational Hub" (eduhub) within South-east Asia. In addition, international students' intentions to migrate were perceived to be closely connected to the actual numbers for future migration to Malaysia, and mobility of skilled labour; this may be identified as an area for further study. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Transnational Migration, Intention, Migrants, Push-pull, Student Mobility, Religion. JEL Classification: A2, A29.
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Tillmar, Malin. "Gendering of commercial justice – experience of self-employed women in urban Tanzania." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 10, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-01-2016-0004.
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Purpose – Women’s entrepreneurship is often seen as the solution of both economic growth and gender equality. This is despite academic knowledge of the gendered preconditions for entrepreneurship in many contexts. This paper aims to focus on the gendering of commercial justice, a precondition for entrepreneurship. Informed by gender perspectives on women’s entrepreneurship and previous studies on commercial justice in East Africa, this paper sets out to explore the experiences of urban women entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on an interview study with women entrepreneurs and representatives of support organizations in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. The interviews were conducted in Kiswahili, and access was enabled through dialogues with local partner organizations such as the Tanzanian Chamber of Commerce. Findings – Findings are that with formal legal rights, the informal institutions imply that the marital status of the women, and the attitude of their husbands, is the overarching determinants for the commercial justice perceived as available to them. This has implication for many policy areas, such as entrepreneurship support, women’s empowerment and labour market policy. Theoretically, the findings highlight the importance of studying the informal institutions affecting women’s entrepreneurship around the globe. Concerning commercial justice in particular, three dimensions of gendering are identified. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on a qualitative interview study. Further studies with varying methods are needed to further explore the gendering of commercial justice in Tanzania, East Africa and beyond. Practical implications – A major practical implication of the study is the insight that business for development, will not automatically lead to business for equality, on a general level. The gender bias is also reproduced in everyday business life, for example, thorough access to commercial justice. Special measures to target the gender equality issue are, therefore, necessary. Another implication of the findings regard the importance of Alternative Dispute Resolution initiatives, affordable to women small and medium enterprise-owners. Originality/value – While other obstacles to women’s entrepreneurship in the developing contexts have been well explored, the gendering of perceived commercial justice has not received sufficient attention in previous studies. Studies applying a gender theoretical perspective on entrepreneurship in the explored context are still needed.
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Hardman, Paul, Mark Darroch, and Gerald Ortmann. "Improving cooperation to make the South African fresh apple export value chain more competitive." Journal on Chain and Network Science 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2002.x018.
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This paper investigates aspects of cooperation between South African (SA) apple producers, packers and exporters in the Western Cape and Langkloof East areas during 2001 in order to show where these players need to commit more resources to make the SA fresh apple export value chain more competitive. A recursive Ordinary Least Squares model shows that higher levels of trust led to more cooperation (joint problem-solving and communication) between these players. Higher levels of joint problem-solving and communication, in turn, encouraged producers to commit more human resources to working with packers and exporters to find ways of making the chain more competitive. Results also suggest that the players need to particularly improve cooperation in production planning, delivery scheduling and quality control. Packers and exporters ranked climatic conditions as the top constraint currently facing the SA fresh apple industry, probably reflecting their concerns over the annual "pack-out" (quality distribution) of the apple crop. Other factors affecting competitiveness include the recent withdrawal of government export incentives, restrictive labour policy, high real interest rates, a lack of market information, and the growing and marketing of inappropriate apple varieties.
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Kirui, Oliver K., Julius Juma Okello, and Rose A. Nyikal. "Awareness of Mobile Phone-Based Money Transfer Services in Agriculture by Smallholder Farmers in Kenya." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2012010101.
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Smallholder farmer access to agricultural finance has been a major constraint to agricultural commercialization in developing countries. The ICT revolution in Africa has however brought an opportunity to ease this constraint. The mobile phone-based money transfer services that started in Kenya urban centres have spread to rural areas and even other countries. Using these services farmers could receive funds to invest in agricultural financial transactions. This study examines the awareness of mobile phone-based money transfer services (MMT) among rural farmers in Kenya and examines the various uses of money transferred through such services. The study employs descriptive analysis and found a very high awareness of mobile phone-based money transfer services among the smallholder farmers and found predominant use of remitted funds for agricultural related purposes (purchase of seed, fertilizer for planting and topdressing, farm equipment/implements, leasing of land for farming, wages for labour). The study concludes that there is need to expand the coverage of MMT services in rural areas since it resolves an idiosyncratic market failure that farmers face namely access to financial services. It discusses the implications of these findings for policy and practice.
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Tausch, Arno, and Almas Heshmati. "Islamism and gender relations in the Muslim world as reflected in recent World Values Survey data." Society and Economy 38, no. 4 (December 2016): 427–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2016.38.4.1.
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Ever since Goldin (1995) proposed the idea that there is a U-shaped female labor force participation rate function in economic development, empirical research is stunned by the question why the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are characterized by such low rates of female labor force participation. This gap in labor economics research is all the more perplexing since gender equality, particularly in education and employment, significantly contributes to economic growth. The research strategy of this paper is within a relatively new tradition in labor market research, initiated by Besamusca et al. (2015), which does not exclude the “religious factor” and what the authors call “gender ideology”. Our analysis of the “gender ideology” of Islamism and gender values is based on an empirical analysis of World Values Survey data. In recent economic theory, Carvalho (2013) maintained that Muslim veiling is a strategy for integration, enabling women to take up outside economic opportunities while preserving their reputation within the community. The empirical data clearly support a pessimistic view. We show that Muslim Feminism, which according to our analysis implies the rejection of Islamism and the veil, and the democracy movement in the Muslim world, are closely interrelated. Thus, it is imperative that Western Feminism develops solidarity with Muslim Feminism, and that labor economics stop excluding the religious factor from the analytical frameworks explaining low female labor force participation rates.
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Smith, Adrian. "Europe and an inter-dependent world: Uneven geo-economic and geo-political developments." European Urban and Regional Studies 20, no. 1 (January 2013): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776412463309.
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This paper examines some of the main geo-economic and geo-political inter-dependencies which are structuring Europe’s relations with the wider world and how various European and European Union (EU) policy frameworks work to create relations of increasing yet uneven inter-dependency between Europe and that wider world. The paper begins with an examination of the economic and financial crisis and its role in transmitting crisis across inter-dependent space, and the consequences for political and urban struggles across Europe and beyond. This is followed by discussion of the entanglement of Europe with the forces which gave rise to the so-called “Arab Spring” in North Africa and the Middle East. The paper then turns to a discussion of the relocation of economic activity outside of Europe to “emerging economies”, of geographical shifts within Europe of elements of value chains in order to cope with increasing competitive pressures from other parts of the global economy by reducing labour costs but ensuring proximity to the main EU markets, and the emergence of new economic players with their origins in emerging economies within European value chains. The paper concludes with a consideration of the primary geo-economic and geo-political dimensions structuring Europe’s urban and regional inter-dependencies with the wider world.
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Chandra, Vivek. "Introducing the Kerogen LNG Project Success Index." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12044.
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As the number of future LNG projects-from those being constructed to speculative projects in early stages-grows globally, potential LNG buyers, project financiers, investors, partners, host governments, and contractors are struggling to evaluate which projects are more likely to be successful and thus deserving of their attention. Not all projects promoted by a particular company are of equal quality. The author has developed an easy-to-use and easy-to-understand scoring system that is neutral, objective (as much as possible), quantitative, and adaptable based on about 30 criteria, grouped into four categories: Upstream: including criteria such as 1P/3P reserves, NGL%, CO2 %, access to reserves, distance to field. Above ground: including host government support, terrorist/violent activity, native rights, taxation stability, political support, government reputation, labor productivity/availability, environmental sensitivity. Technical: technology risk, contractor experience, infrastructure, and engineering stage. Company and market: operator/partner experience, type of off-taker, buyer experience, partner alignment The scores can be weighted according to the audience priorities. Scoring represents a particular time and its score will change accordingly as a project progresses. Most Australian LNG projects being constructed, designed, and proposed will be evaluated and ranked according to the scoring system above, with up-to-date scores at the time of APPEA 2013. In addition, it is expected that key projects in other countries (in East Africa, North America, East Mediterranean) will also be evaluated to compare their rankings with Australian projects.
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Sulejman, Rejhan. "The influence of entrepreneurship in youth unemployment in transition and MENA countries." Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 8, no. 1 (2020): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.8.1.7.
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Even though young people do not have enough work experience and skills, there is no doubt that they are an important source of the economic growth. However, the integration of young individuals to the labor market faces difficulties because of the missing experience, so one of the tools used to integrate them easily in the market has been entrepreneurship. In the last decade the concept ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘entrepreneur’ have become very popular especially among youth. Studies show that young people are becoming interested in start-up businesses because they think about what they can do for themselves instead of what the government can do for them. The aim of this paper is to identify the relationship of entrepreneurship with youth unemployment in transition and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries for the period 2008 – 2016. An econometric analysis of panel data for the 33 countries is executed in Stata 12, to identify whether entrepreneurship can be used as a tool to decrease youth unemployment. There is no universal method to measure entrepreneurship, so data collected from different countries can bring incorrect results. In order to avoid incorrectness and misleading results we use TEA (total-early stage entrepreneurial activity) for entrepreneurship, from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, which uses the same methodology for data collection in every country. This study proves the theories from the literature review stating that young people have ambitions and are interested in starting their own business.
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Kooli, Chokri, and Hend Al Muftah. "Female labor force participation in the Middle East and North African Countries: constraints and levers." Brazilian Journal of Policy and Development 2, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 58–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52367/brjpd.2675-102x.2020.2.1.58-90.
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Despite the importance of the subject, few researches have attempted to explain the female labor force participation (FLFP) in MENA region. This research tries to exploring the geopolitical, social, ethnic and economic levers or constraints that facilitate or bloc women’s access to the labor market. A quantitative approach based on data analysis was performed through the review of the World Bank statistics related to women participation in the labor market in MENA region. Data analysis revealed that the studied labor market was marked by an overall positive progress of the presence of female workers. However, this evolution is still considered very low and slow in comparison with world standards. The research also revealed huge disparities in the level of progress of the FLFP among the studied countries. The disparities observed were interpreted in correlation with the religious, economic, political, social and cultural aspects.
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Brockerhoff, Martin, and Jean-Pierre Lachaud. "The Labour Market in Africa." Population and Development Review 21, no. 2 (June 1995): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137512.
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Bullock, Renee, Amos Gyau, Dagmar Mithoefer, and Marilyn Swisher. "Contracting and gender equity in Tanzania: using a value chain approach to understand the role of gender in organic spice certification." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000151.
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AbstractValue chain development (VCD) initiatives within the horticultural and organic sectors in Africa are promising strategies to improve smallholder welfare. Contracting institutional arrangements are a common feature of VCD initiatives and are increasing in number in sub-Saharan Africa as a way to source organic products from smallholder producers. The objective of this study is to better understand men and women's participation in spice producing households that sell under contract and in conventional market chains in the East Usambaras, Tanzania. We draw on New Institutional Economics, political economy and the value chain analysis framework to assess the potential role of contracting to promote gender equity among smallholder organic horticultural producers. We describe intra-household decision making over resources and marketing, access to benefits of contracting, and labor distribution between men and women in contracting and non-contracting households. We then extend the gender analysis to evaluate the role of gender in contracting and conventional value chains operating within the community and district. Using a cross-sectional research design and data collected through 13 focus group discussions, 54 personal interviews and 156 household questionnaires, we show that contracting reduces transaction costs in the chain compared with the conventional trade. However, norms in the wider political economic context give rise to gendered patterns of participation in both household and chain activities in contracting and non-contracting households. Our findings suggest that contracting does not provide significant opportunities for women in married households to participate and benefit based on limited participation in decision-making and access to trainings. Divorced women and widows gain access to contract employment opportunities to earn income. This study highlights the importance of understanding gender relations in the household and community to guide the development of gender equitable VCD initiatives and contracting approaches.
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O’Dell, Emily Jane. "Yesterday is not Gone." Journal of Global Slavery 5, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 357–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00503006.
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Abstract Histories, memories, and legacies of slavery in Zanzibar have been rendered into words and images in autobiographies, novels, and films. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Zanzibar served as the main slave trading point in East Africa for the Indian Ocean slave trade, and its economy flourished on a slave-based plantation system. Memoirs by British missionaries and former slave owners from Zanzibar bear witness to the relational complexities of enslavement and the embodied realities of manumission, patronage, and (im)mobility. Postcolonial fiction writers from Zanzibar and the Sultanate of Oman have challenged the imposed silences around racialized and gendered violence in Zanzibar and Oman, and confronted the racism and Islamophobia inherent to the diasporic experience of Zanzibaris in Europe. In addition to the curation of former spaces related to slavery in Zanzibar, like the Slave Market, for tourist consumption, film has also emerged as a contested vehicle for representing Zanzibar’s slave past and breaking the silence on this still taboo topic. In the absence of a coherent narrative or archive of Zanzibar slavery past and modern revolutionary present, memories of slavery, sexual labor, and resistance embedded in memoirs, fiction, and film reveal the contested imaginaries of ethno-racial-cultural-national-religious identities, the imperial underpinnings of abolition, and the dissociative dissonance of the diaspora in the wake of Zanzibar’s revolutionary rupture.
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Hijazi, Rafiq, and Taoufik Zoubeidi. "State of business statistics education in MENA region." Journal of International Education in Business 10, no. 01 (May 2, 2017): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jieb-07-2016-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the state of undergraduate business statistics education in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and assess its alignment with the best practices in equipping business graduates with the knowledge and skills demanded by the labor market. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 108 instructors from 80 business schools in 17 MENA countries was conducted to gauge information on the delivery of business statistics courses. The survey results were benchmarked to a proposed framework for best practices in business statistics education. Findings The gap analysis identified deficiencies in the delivery of business statistics education in the region as compared to international best practices. This study revealed a need to revise statistics education as part of a comprehensive reform of business education with the aim to meet international quality standards in business education. Research limitations/implications The study relied on the self-reported responses of business statistics instructors in MENA. One hundred eight questionnaires were completed, corresponding to a response rate of 40 per cent. Moreover, the study did not measure the effectiveness of teaching and learning in business statistics courses. Practical implications Recommendations from the study are intended to guide business statistics instructors in improving the quality of business statistics education through adopting more effective ways to enhance student learning experience and graduate employability. Originality/value This study is the first of its kind to investigate and assess the business statistics education in the MENA region.
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Winiarska, Aleksandra, and Magdalena Wojno. "Local Perspective on the Practices and Challenges of Migrant Integration." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 18, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 341–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.18.3.4.
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Poland is currently experiencing a transition with regard to migration trends. Foreign immigration, perceived until recently as a secondary issue by public administration, is on the increase. The largest groups of immigrants have traditionally included Ukrainians and the Vietnamese, although the country has not experienced a significant influx of foreigners arriving from Middle East and African countries. At present, Poland has no migration policy document in force and integrative actions are undertaken mostly by local governments, typically on an ad hoc basis. As Poland’s capital city, Warsaw plays a key role in governing diversity and implementing integrative actions. Significant challenges to immigrant integration include barriers to settlement and discrimination on the labour and housing market, along with a substantial rise in negative attitudes towards foreigners amongst members of Polish society. It is mainly this last aspect that is addressed by Warsaw’s local government, which prioritises educational and awareness-raising measures. It must be acknowledged that this is done in close cooperation with the non-governmental sector, where organisations with expertise in relevant fields are commissioned to perform many tasks. The main challenge of integrative actions at the local level is that these are mostly incoherent measures, which in most cases are not sufficient for the actual needs of immigrants. Hence, it is necessary to develop systemic solutions with sound, long-term financing. Moreover, in order for integration to be successful, it is essential to ensure the coordination of measures taken by public institutions at both central and local government level and to ensure the participation of immigrant communities in the development of public policies.
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Udah, Hyacinth, Parlo Singh, Kiroy Hiruy, and Lillian Mwanri. "African Immigrants to Australia: Barriers and Challenges to Labor Market Success." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 8 (July 21, 2019): 1159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619861788.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the employment experiences of immigrants of African background in the Australian labor market. Drawing on the findings from a qualitative study conducted in South East Queensland, the paper identifies several barriers and challenges faced by Africans to meaningful employment and labor market success. The paper indicates the need to develop targeted policies to eliminate employment discrimination, reduce barriers to meaningful employment for good settlement and successful integration of African immigrants to Australia.
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Lange, Thomas. "The labour market in East Germany revisited." Journal of European Industrial Training 20, no. 4 (June 1996): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090599610117045.
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Lechner, Michael, and Conny Wunsch. "Active labour market policy in East Germany." Economics of Transition 17, no. 4 (October 2009): 661–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2009.00362.x.
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Fedderke, JW, and Martine Mariotti. "CHANGING LABOUR MARKET CONDITIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Economics 70, no. 5 (July 6, 2005): 830–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2002.tb00047.x.
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Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile, Thomas Heckelei, and Sebastian Rasch. "Characterizing Farmers and Farming System in Kilombero Valley Floodplain, Tanzania." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 7114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177114.
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Recognizing the diversity of farmers is crucial for the success of agricultural, rural, or environmental programs and policies aimed at the sustainable use of natural resources. In this study, based on survey data collected in the Kilombero Valley Floodplain (KVF) in Tanzania, we design a typology of farmers to describe the range of farm types and farming systems systematically, and to understand their livelihood and land use behavior. The KVF is the largest, low-altitude, seasonally-flooded, freshwater wetland in East Africa. Despite its values, KVF is a very fragile ecosystem threatened by current and future human interventions. We apply multivariate statistical analysis (a combination of principal component analysis and cluster analysis) to identify farm groups that are homogenous within and heterogeneous between groups. Three farm types were identified: “Monocrop rice producer”, “Diversifier”, and “Agropastoralist”. Monocrop rice producers are the dominant farm types, accounting for 65 percent of the farm households in the valley, characterized by more than 80 percent of the land allocated to rice, showing strong market participation and high utilization of labor. Diversifiers, on the other hand, allocate more land to maize and vegetables. Agropastoralists account for 7 percent of the surveyed farmers and differ from the other two groups by, on average, larger land ownership, a combination of livestock and crop production, and larger household sizes. This typology represents the diversity of farmers in KVF concerning their land use and livelihood strategy, and will allow to target policy interventions. Besides, it may also inform further research about the diverse landscape of floodplain farming, through the classification and interpretation of different socio-economic positions of farm households.
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Gurtov, V. A., I. S. Stepus, and S. S. Shabaeva. "Universities Graduates in the Far East Labour Market." Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 28, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2019-28-12-36-52.
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Jenkins, Rhys. "Globalization and the labour market in South Africa." Journal of International Development 18, no. 5 (2006): 649–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1261.
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Hofmeyr, Julian. "Reform of the labour market in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic History 9, no. 1 (March 1994): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20780389.1994.10417224.
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Tajgman, David. "Reflections on labour market deregulation in South Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 23, no. 7 (July 1996): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068299610122425.
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Feldmann, Horst. "Labour Market Policies in Transition: Lessons from East Germany." Post-Communist Economies 14, no. 1 (March 2002): 47–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631370120116699.
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Kerr, Andrew, and Martin Wittenberg. "The Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series." Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (October 29, 2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24523666-bja10011.
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Abstract The Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series (palms) is a compilation of microdata from 69 household surveys conducted in South Africa. The dataset and the code used to create the data are publicly available from DataFirst, a data repository at the University of Cape Town (www.doi.org/10.25828/gtr1-8r20). To harmonise the data required understanding the differences across the surveys, which has generated new knowledge about the South African labour market.
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Go, Delfin S., Marna Kearney, Vijdan Korman, Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. "Wage Subsidy and Labour Market Flexibility in South Africa." Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 9 (October 2010): 1481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903428456.
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KNIGHT, J. B. "Labour Market Issues in Zimbabwe: Lessons for South Africa." South African Journal of Economics 65, no. 1 (March 1997): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1997.tb01352.x.
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