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Journal articles on the topic 'Labour – Germany'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Barrell, Ray, and Dirk Willem te Velde. "Catching-up of East German Labour Productivity in the 1990s." German Economic Review 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00014.

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Abstract We provide empirical evidence for exogenous and endogenous catching-up of East German labour productivity to West German levels. We argue that labour productivity in East Germany has caught up faster than has happened elsewhere. The sudden formation of the German Monetary Union was followed by large transfers to East Germany, migration of workers to West Germany, reorganization and privatization of East German firms. This has quickly led to a partial closing of the organizational, idea and object gaps that existed between East and West Germany. This paper analyses labour productivity in East and West Germany using both aggregate German data and unbalanced panel analysis of developments in East and West Germany. Factors affecting the organization of production, and especially privatization and `foreign' firms, are found to be particularly important in this context.

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2

Schmid, Günther. "Labour Market Policy and Labour Law Reforms in Germany: Towards Inclusive Growth." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 35, Issue 3 (September 1, 2019): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2019015.

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This article, first, provides a comprehensive overview of German labour market policy and labour law reforms since the beginning of this millennium and assesses to what extent Germany is pursuing the principles of inclusive growth, accompanied by selective evidence of their consequences for the German labour market performance. A stylized and descriptive overview of the inclusive impact of these reforms in quantitative and qualitative terms follows, complemented finally with an essay reflecting the concept of the inclusive labour contract.

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3

Sagan, Adam, and Christian Schüller. "Covid-19 and labour law in Germany." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520934566.

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As in many countries, the coronavirus pandemic is a major challenge facing labour law in Germany. On the one hand, the risk of infection in the workplace must be reduced as effectively as possible to prevent the pandemic from spreading. On the other hand, work processes must be maintained as far as possible to prevent an economic crisis, which could have an adverse impact on the pandemic. In this situation, German labour law does not only rely on existing regulations. The German legislator reacted promptly to the pandemic and amended a number of labour laws over a short period. The following contribution provides an overview of health and safety regulations; working time, including short-time work; employees income protection; and new possibilities for video conferencing in Germany.

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Родионов, Алексей, and Aleksey Rodionov. "The organization of labor of convicts in penal institutions of Germany." Advances in Law Studies 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21991.

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The results of the analysis and generalization of the experience of convicts labor organization in penal institutions of Germany are presented in the article. Identified key indicators of functioning of the German penal system, as well as indicators of its effectiveness. The basic characteristics of the existing relations of production, as well as the approaches used in the production and organization of labour in prisons were revealed. Determined the most perspective for introduction in the domestic penal practice approaches for convicts organization of labour, based on the study of the German experience. The role of large industrial enterprises in the sphere of special contingent’s organization of labour in German penal institutions, as well as organizational forms of their interaction with the penitentiary department. Experience in the organization of the learning process of convicts and used approaches to provision of educational services (secondary, vocational and higher education) were analyzed.

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5

Kwiet, K. "Forced Labour of German Jews in Nazi Germany." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/36.1.389.

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Spörlein, Christoph, Cornelia Kristen, Regine Schmidt, and Jörg Welker. "Selectivity profiles of recently arrived refugees and labour migrants in Germany." Soziale Welt 71, no. 1-2 (2020): 54–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-54.

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Migrant selectivity refers to the idea that immigrants differ in certain characteristics from individuals who stay behind in their country of origin. In this article, we describe the selectivity profiles of recent migrants to Germany with respect to educational attainment, age and sex. We illustrate how refugees differ from labour migrants, and we compare the profiles of Syrian refugees who successfully completed the long journey to Europe to Syrian refugees who settled in neighbouring Lebanon or Jordan. We rely on destination-country data from the IAB-BAMF-GSOEP Survey of Refugees, the Arab Barometer, and the German Microcensus, as well as on a broad range of origin-country data sources. Regarding sex selectivity, males dominate among refugees in Germany, while among economic migrants, sex distributions are more balanced. Relative to their societies of origin, labour migrants are younger than refugees. At the same time, both types of migrants are drawn from the younger segments of their origin populations. In terms of educational attainment, many refugees compare rather poorly with average Germans’ attainment, but well when compared to their origin populations. The educational profiles for labour migrants are mixed. Finally, Syrians who settle in Germany are younger, more likely to be male and relatively better educated than Syrians migrating to Jordan or Lebanon.

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Antosiewicz, Marek, and Piotr Lewandowski. "Labour market fluctuations in GIPS – shocks vs adjustments." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 7 (October 2, 2017): 913–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2017-0080.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors behind cyclical fluctuations and differences in adjustments to shocks in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain (GIPS) and a reference country – Germany. The authors try to answer the question whether the GIPS countries could have fared differently in the Great Recession if they reacted to shocks affecting them like a resilient German economy would have. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a DSGE model of real open economy with search and matching on the labour market and endogenous job destruction, estimated separately for each country. The authors calculate impulse response functions, historical decompositions and perform counterfactual simulations of the response of the German model to the sequence of shocks identified for each of GIPS. Findings The authors find that all GIPS countries were more vulnerable to productivity and foreign demand shocks than Germany. They would have experienced lower macroeconomic volatility if they reacted to their shocks like Germany. Employment (unemployment) rates in GIPS would have been less volatile and higher (lower) during the Great Recession, especially in Spain and Greece. Real wage volatility would have been higher, especially in Spain and Portugal. Originality/value The trade-off between unemployment and wage adjustments vis-à-vis Germany was the largest in Spain, which also would have experienced lower variability of job separations and hirings. The evolution of the labour market in Greece and Portugal was driven rather by its higher responsiveness to GDP fluctuations than in Germany, whereas Italy emerges as the least responsive labour market within GIPS.

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8

Hachtmann, Rüdiger. "Fordism and Unfree Labour: Aspects of the Work Deployment of Concentration Camp Prisoners in German Industry between 1941 and 1944." International Review of Social History 55, no. 3 (December 2010): 485–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000416.

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SummaryThis article examines the relationship between Fordism and unfree labour in Nazi Germany. Fordism is understood here as a form of workplace rationalization (especially assembly-line production), but also as a “technology of domination” and an “exploitation innovation”. In contrast to the Weimar Republic, Fordism was established in broad sectors of German industry under Nazi rule in the form of “war Fordism”. In order to examine the connections between the specific historical variants of these two apparently contradictory production regimes – Fordism and forced labour – the article focuses on the “labour deployment” of the most severely terrorized and brutalized group of labourers in Nazi Germany: concentration camp prisoners. Surveying the existing literature, it explores the compatibilities and tensions between Fordism and the deployments of concentration camp prisoners in German industry. In closing, several theses are presented on how Fordism between 1941 and 1944 can be classified within an entire history of Fordism in Germany.

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9

Heß, Moritz, Jürgen Bauknecht, Gerhard Naegele, and Philipp Stiemke. "German pension and labour market reforms and the potential rise of social inequality amongst older workers and pensioners." Ciências e Políticas Públicas / Public Sciences & Policies 6, no. 2 (December 2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-0644.cpp2020.vvin2/pp.99-117.

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Policymakers in all European countries have implemented reforms aimed at delaying retirement and extending working lives mainly to mitigate financial pressure on public pay-asyou-go pension systems and to increase the supply of skilled labour. This could be a reason for an increase of older workers’ labour force participation. This increase was particularly strong in Germany. In the paper at hand, we will answer two research questions: i) how can this steep increase in German older workers’ employment rate be explained? Furthermore, and related to this: ii) have policies for longer working lives fostered inequality? We base our analysis on an extensive literature review and descriptive data analysis. We conclude that the rise of the employment rate of older workers in Germany has several causes. First, the German labour market has performed very well, so that the policy debate has shifted from unemployment to a lack of (skilled) labour. Second, there is a strong increase of female labour market participation. Third, due to cohort effects, today’s older workers are healthier and better skilled than their predecessors. Finally, the pension and labour market reforms aimed at delaying retirement had an effect. However, we also find that lowskilled and low-income workers increasingly have to delay their retirement due to financial reasons. It seems that social inequalities in the retirement transition are increasing in Germany.

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10

Boysen-Hogrefe, Jens, and Dominik Groll. "The German Labour Market Miracle." National Institute Economic Review 214 (October 2010): R38—R50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110389760.

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This paper lays out the various reasons for the exceptional performance of the German labour market during and after the Great Recession of 2008/9. The reference point of our analysis is provided by an empirical model of both total hours worked and employment. We conduct dynamic simulations of the crisis period to assess how surprising the reaction of the labour market really was. We argue that the most important precondition for the minor reaction of employment during this crisis was the pronounced wage moderation observed in the years before, which constitutes a distinct difference to all other recessions in Germany. Beyond that, the flexibility of adjusting working time, which has increased considerably during the past ten years, facilitated a tendency to labour hoarding. In contrast, short-time work plays a minor role in explaining the difference from previous recessions, since this instrument has always been available to firms in Germany and its use has not been extraordinary compared with earlier recessions.

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11

Bellmann, Lutz. "Labour market policies in Germany." MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies 5, no. 4 (1995): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00996599.

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12

Not Available, Not Available. "Hidden Labour Force in Germany." Economic Bulletin 37, no. 9 (September 14, 2000): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101600000045.

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13

Molnar, Christopher A. "The Cold War and Return Migration: The West German Response to Yugoslavia's Efforts to Influence its Workers Abroad." European History Quarterly 52, no. 1 (January 2022): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914211067154.

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Every state that signed a labour-recruitment agreement with West Germany attempted to exert influence over their citizens who lived in West Germany. But because most of the states with which West Germany signed agreements – with the exception of Italy – were ruled, at least for a time, by dictators or military juntas, the efforts by sending states to influence their citizens abroad at times proved problematic for the democratic and liberalizing West German state. This article examines West Germany's response to Yugoslavia's efforts to ‘govern the seventh republic’, that is, to exert a profound influence upon its citizens in West Germany. It focuses on the establishment, operation, and West German response to Yugo Clubs, institutions with which Yugoslav officials sought to bind their citizens more tightly to the Yugoslav state. This history represents, in some ways, a distinctive case, because Yugoslavia was the only communist state with which West Germany signed a labour-recruitment agreement. Shifts in the Cold War context, and especially the rise of détente and Willy Brandt's new Ostpolitik during the late 1960s, are thus critical to understanding West Germany's response to Yugoslavia's efforts to influence its citizens abroad. During the 1960s, West German officials, fearing a communist infiltration, resisted Yugoslavia's efforts to assert influence over Yugoslav labour migrants. But with the emergence of détente in the late 1960s and into the 1970s, West German officials supported Yugoslavia's attempts to influence Yugoslav guest workers, even when some troubling aspects of these efforts came to light. Finally, some German officials supported the clubs because they believed they would keep Yugoslav guest workers closely linked to their homeland, thereby increasing the likelihood that they would eventually return home. This belief, in turn, supported the West German fiction that it was not a land of immigration.

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14

Eisenberg, Christiane. "The Comparative View in Labour History." International Review of Social History 34, no. 3 (December 1989): 403–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000009457.

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SUMMARYComparisons between the English and German labour movements have a long tradition in historiography. In Germany they were primarily discussed in the context of the “German Sonderweg”, a debate which was opened in the 1920s and continues in the 1980s. The article presented here analyzes the methodological problems ofSonderwegcomparisons of labour history and confronts the major arguments with the results of empirical research. It concludes that many oldSonderwegarguments can not withstand this confrontation. Nevertheless, the article proposes that the debate should be continued, since empirical research focuses on new aspects and supports the diagnosis of two different paths of labour history.

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15

Seipp, Adam R. "‘We Have to Pay the Price’: German Workers and the US Army, 1945–1989." War in History 26, no. 4 (September 13, 2019): 563–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344517738550.

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This article examines the relationship between German civilian workers and the United States Army in the Federal Republic of Germany during the Cold War. Using archival and published sources, the article offers an entangled history of ‘local national’ employees and their role in maintaining the American presence in Central Europe. Beginning in the late 1960s, German labour unions began to challenge American labour policy. In doing so, they consistently argued for a more forceful assertion of German sovereignty. This labour relationship was therefore important for both the military history of the Cold War and for the development of German democracy.

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16

Wolf, Christian. "The Law Library Profession in Germany." Legal Information Management 14, no. 2 (June 2014): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669614000267.

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AbstractIn this article Christian Wolf seeks to identify and understand the nature of the profession of law librarianship in Germany. The first question he seeks to address is whether there is a recognised profession at all. He explains some basic principles of German public and labour law and then, having laid this foundation, he describes the profession of law librarianship in Germany in detail.

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17

Hein, Eckhard, Thorstem Schulten, and Achim Truger. "Lohnentwicklung und Deflationsgefahren in Deutschland und Europa." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, no. 134 (March 1, 2004): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i134.641.

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Starting from a post-Keynesian model of the relationship between wages, prices and employment this paper studies the development of unit labour costs and inflation in Germany and Europe in the first place. Then, the reasons for the deflationary course of wages, in particular in Germany, are analysed. Finally the impact of deflationary wage policies on German and European stagnation are discussed and it is concluded, that German wage policies do not only exacerbate stagnation and deflationary tendencies in Germany but might also impose a deflationary impact on the EMU.

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Lippmann, Quentin, Alexandre Georgieff, and Claudia Senik. "Undoing Gender with Institutions: Lessons from the German Division and Reunification." Economic Journal 130, no. 629 (May 8, 2020): 1445–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez057.

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Abstract Using the 41-year division of Germany as a natural experiment, we show that the German Democratic Republic’s gender-equal institutions created a culture that has undone the male breadwinner norm and its consequences. Since reunification, East Germany still differs from West Germany not only because of its higher female contribution to household income, but also because East German women can earn more than their husbands without having to increase their number of housework hours, put their marriage at risk or withdraw from the labour market. By contrast, the norm of higher male income, and its consequences, are still prevalent in West Germany.

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Cristina Samper and Michaela Kreyenfeld. "Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-491.

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Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany’s migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.

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Hinrichs, Karl. "Reforming labour market policy in Germany." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 15, no. 3 (October 2007): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/xjar5423.

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Active and passive labour market policy in Germany has been reformed by a series of laws implemented between 2003 and 2005. This article focuses on the fundamental and most controversial change of income support for unemployed people. The so-called Hartz IV reform had grave implications for many of those who were long-term unemployed and came at a high price for the then incumbent coalition government of Social Democrats and the Green Party, eventually leading to premature federal elections in September 2005. Although the labour market situation started to improve in 2006, it remains unclear whether and to what extent declining unemployment figures are in fact due to the recent labour market reforms.

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Lorenz, Günther, and Karl Birkhölzer. "Intermediate labour market initiatives in Germany." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 12, no. 2 (August 1997): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949708726383.

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Fichter, Michael. "Database on labour unions in Germany." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 1, no. 3 (July 1995): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899500100314.

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23

Lehman, Brittany. "West German-Moroccan Relations and Politics of Labour Migration, 1958–1972." Journal of Migration History 5, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501001.

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In 1962, the Federal Republic of Germany (frg) agreed to negotiate a guestworker agreement with Morocco in order to create guidelines for handling 4,000 so-called illegal Moroccan migrants, most of whom lived in North Rhine-Westphalia. Unlike other guestworker agreements, this one was not about recruitment, but rather it was designed to restrict migration from Morocco, legalise the stay of Moroccans already in the country, and establish guidelines for future deportations. Looking at the history of the West German-Moroccan Agreement from its start until its termination in 1973, this article provides a discussion of Moroccan labourers access to and legal status in West Germany, demonstrating how international and economic interests as well as cultural stereotypes of both Moroccans and Arabs shaped West German migration policies. In so doing, the article emphasises the West German federal and the North Rhine-Westphalian state governments’ different goals, revealing that the West German government was not a monolithic entity; it was in fact defined by multiple, sometimes contradictory, viewpoints and pressures.

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Leschke, Janine, and Kurt Vandaele. "Explaining leaving union membership by the degree of labour market attachment: Exploring the case of Germany." Economic and Industrial Democracy 39, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x15603456.

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By particularly stressing the weaker labour market attachment of workers with non-standard contracts, this article contributes to the rather unexplored issue of mainly non-union-related reasons for leaving trade unions. Germany has been selected as a case study because German unions experienced a steady decline in membership, while at the same time non-standard employment arrangements increased considerably and more so than the European average. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel data, the authors construct a labour market attachment variable capturing different degrees of attachment. Their analysis shows the impact of labour market attachment and firm-level characteristics on union leaving and points especially to important differences across gender.

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Panchenko, Tetyana. "FEATURES OF THE MIGRATION MOVEMENT OF UKRAINIANS TO GERMANY AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT." Strategic Panorama, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2019): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.1-2.2019.04.

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The article deals with a popular direction of the migration movement of Ukrainians in the conditions of increasing migration flows from Ukraine, in particular, the migrations of Ukrainians to Germany. The purpose of article is an analysis the current wave of migration from Ukraine to Germany and assessing the prospects for the development of migration processes in this direction. The modern fifth wave of migration from Ukraine to Germany, which began after 2010, stands out as an integral part of the history of Ukrainian migration and differs from the”wage-earning» wave on the grounds that it is characterized also by noneconomic motives of migration. The quantitative and socio-demographic characteristics of Ukrainian migrants, especially the fifth wave, their migration experience, educational level and employment were determined on the basis of an analysis of data from the Federal Office of Statistics of Germany and other sources. Particular attention is paid to highly skilled labour migrants from Ukraine who came to Germany after 2010: the reasons for their migration, sources of access to the German labour market, primarily through the Blue Card program and through the educational channel, are being investigated. Further prospects for labour migration from Ukraine to Germany are evaluated in the context of the new migration law in Germany: done a comparative analysis of the migration attractiveness of Germany and Poland, which has significantly simplified migration from Ukraine, and assessed the possibility of returning migrant workers to Ukraine. It is concluded that a further gradual increase in the number of highly skilled Ukrainians in Germany and the final elimination of the fifth wave of Ukrainian migration is dominated by professionals.

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Golson, Eric. "Spanish Civilian Labour for Germany During the Second World War?" Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 1 (March 2013): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000050.

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AbstractFor political reasons, the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco limited the number of civilian Spanish workers sent to Germany during the Second World War. Despite agreeing to send 100,000, the number of workers never exceeded 9,550. Their impact on the German war economy was small. This paper demonstrates that, in limiting worker transfers, Franco went against his own economic incentives, considering that the Spanish government was taking a commission from the workers’ remittances. By limiting the number of workers sent, Franco satisfied the Allies’ pressure to minimise cooperation with Germany. In support of this argument, this article offers updated estimates for the number of workers, their skill levels and remittances. It also provides the first estimates of Spanish costs and income from the programme.

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ERLINGHAGEN, MARCEL, and MATTHIAS KNUTH. "Unemployment as an Institutional Construct? Structural Differences in Non-Employment between Selected European Countries and the United States." Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 1 (September 21, 2009): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409990390.

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AbstractA comparison of unemployment rates in Germany, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, the UK and the United States suggests poor performance by the German labour market. The present study endeavours to show that a more sophisticated picture of unemployment can be drawn by taking into account additional forms of non-employment (such as incapacity, retirement or labour reserve). For this purpose, data from the ‘European Social Survey’ (ESS) and the survey ‘Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy’ collected in 2004 and 2005 have been analysed. While ‘unemployment’ plays a dominant role in Germany, people with comparable demographic characteristics and similar health status are more likely to identify themselves as ‘permanently sick or disabled’ and hence are classified thus in other countries. The results of this study underline that an international comparison of labour market performance, particularly a comparison of the effectiveness of labour market and social policy reforms, should not rely only on employment and unemployment rates. Taking alternate forms of non-employment into account can enhance one's knowledge and understanding of the functional differences between the labour markets in Europe and the United States.

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Lada, Krzysztof, and Czesław Partacz. "Working for Ukraine: Ukrainian Seasonal Labour in Germany, 1905-1914." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000272.

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Between 1905 and 1914, tens of thousands of Ukrainians from East Galicia worked legally as seasonal labourers in Germany each year. This channelling of labour was a reflection of both global trends and local East Galician national and socioeconomic relations. On the communal stage, this movement was a carefully organised operation led by the biggest Ukrainian political party before World War I, the National-Democratic Party (Natsionalno-Demokratychna Partiia, NDP). This article looks at the role of Ukrainian seasonal labour migration to Germany within the Ukrainian nationalist project in Austrian East Galicia. Specifically, it focuses on the information campaign run in the populist-conservative daily newspaper titled Dilo (Deed). Dilo was a primary source of advertisements offering the possibility of seasonal work in Germany. At the centre of this investigation is how this NDP daily reported on the progress of the migration and how it furnished an ideological justification for this shift of the labour force. Of particular interest are both the nationalist-moral and socioeconomic arguments used by Dilo to persuade Ukrainian peasants to go and seek seasonal jobs in Germany. It will be argued that the NDP's drive to send local Ukrainian peasants to Germany as seasonal labourers was presented to them as a way to further the Ukrainian cause, with the campaign itself being seen as a routine extension of nationalist concern and mobilisation. The article thus contributes to the analysis of Ukrainian nationalist economic agitation by drawing attention to the largely unexplored German imperial influence on the shaping of the Ukrainian identity before 1914.

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Barrell, Ray, Catherine Guillemineau, and Dawn Holland. "Decomposing Growth in France, Germany and the United Kingdom Using Growth Accounting and Production Function Approaches." National Institute Economic Review 199 (January 1, 2007): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107077129.

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This paper uses Growth Accounting and Production Function Analysis to decompose the factors behind differences in growth between the UK, France and Germany between 1992 and 2005. Most of the growth differential between the United Kingdom, Germany and France since 1993 can be explained by structural factors. The United Kingdom's higher growth has originated essentially in the finance and business sector, which is ICT-intensive. Germany's weak growth reflects in large part the aftermath of the unification shock and a continued fall in the labour input. At the same time there has been a sharp slowdown in knowledge accumulation, which seems to have restrained labour productivity growth. After EMU, the performance of German manufacturing improved relative to both France and the United Kingdom, while capital deepening became less supportive to growth because of lower investment in infrastructures and dwellings. France's higher growth relative to Germany since 1999 comes essentially from the non-tradable sectors and from a higher labour input. This may be partly related to a more significant decline in the volatility of real interest rates.

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Schieckoff, Bentley, and Claudia Diehl. "The labor market participation of recently-arrived immigrant women in Germany." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 322–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-462.

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Objective: This article investigates the role of motivation in female immigrants' labour force participation. Focusing on recently-arrived immigrants (who have resided in the host country for 18 months or less), we compare the outcomes of two different ethnic groups in Germany: Poles and Turks. Background: The immigrant integration literature tends to focus on the role of resources in immigrant labour market integration. However, when examining particularly the labour force participation of female immigrants, their motivation for joining the labour force is also important. Previous studies of female immigrants in Germany have often neglected this consideration, which includes aspects like culturally-specific gender values and perceived ethnic discrimination. Method: We use data from the SCIP project (Diehl et al., 2015) to conduct logistic regressions on female immigrants’ labour force participation. Our sample includes 829 female immigrants from Poland and Turkey between the ages of 18-60, who were either active in the labour force or were 'at risk' of entering. Results: In line with previous studies, our analysis shows that female immigrants' labour market resources, mainly their prior work experience and German proficiency, greatly reduce the ethnic gap in labour force participation rates. Moreover, motivational factors have a large impact on this outcome for both groups, and greatly enhance the picture that our empirical models present. However, we find no evidence that perceived ethnic discrimination plays an important role. Conclusion: Our analysis indicates that when seeking to understand the labour market participation of female immigrants, their resources and motivation should be seen as key components of a gender-sensitive analysis.

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Weise, Frank-J. "Auswirkungen der Hartz-Reformen auf den Arbeitsmarkt und auf die Bundesagentur für Arbeit." Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 14, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2013): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pers.12002.

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AbstractStarting in 2003, the labour market in Germany underwent major reforms. They introduced new types of employment, reshaped the benefit system, and remodelled active labour market policies. Over the 10 following years, unemployment fell dramatically and participation hit record levels, while rising non-standard employment and wage inequality became causes for concern. The Bundesagentur für Arbeit has developed into a modern service provider whose programmes are scientifically evaluated. Anticipating future trends on the labour market, the Bundesagentur has recently devised a strategy to cope with them. Overall, the German experience with labour market reforms points to the benefits of evidence-based policies.

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Hielscher, Volker. "Die Arbeitsverwaltung als Versicherungskonzern?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 37, no. 148 (September 1, 2007): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v37i148.506.

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One of the main pillars of the German social security system, the Federal Labour Agency has undergone the most extensive reorganization of a public sector organisation in Germany in recent years. The contribution describes the main principles of this management-driven reform process and its conseguences for the service quality in the local job centres. It leads to the conclusion that a gain of efficiency in labour administration faces problems of exclusion for specific groups of job seekers from measures of active labour market policy.

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Wapler, Rüdiger, Daniel Werner, and Katja Wolf. "Active labour market policies in Germany: do regional labour markets benefit?" Applied Economics 50, no. 51 (July 16, 2018): 5561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1487526.

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34

Niebuhr, Annekatrin, Nadia Granato, Anette Haas, and Silke Hamann. "Does Labour Mobility Reduce Disparities between Regional Labour Markets in Germany?" Regional Studies 46, no. 7 (July 2012): 841–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.532118.

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35

VAN HOOK, JAMES C. "FROM SOCIALIZATION TO CO-DETERMINATION: THE US, BRITAIN, GERMANY, AND PUBLIC OWNERSHIP IN THE RUHR, 1945–1951." Historical Journal 45, no. 1 (March 2002): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01002187.

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The failure of the socialization of heavy industry in West Germany following the Second World War has often been ascribed to American reluctance to allow meaningful social reform in the face of an intensifying Cold War. But a closer look at the socialization issue during the latter half of the 1940s demonstrates the enormous complexity of transforming Germany's heavy industry. First, the British, who originally advocated socialization, i.e. the public ownership of heavy industry, had done so on security grounds. But when trying to reach out to ‘democratic’ Germans, such as social democrats and left wing members of the Christian democratic union, the British realized the difficulty of cultivating a meaningful consensus within western Germany concerning the fate of heavy industry. In the end, they therefore acceded to American arguments that socialization of such important industries should wait until the creation of a central German government. But once a central German government existed from 1949, socialization did not take place. The chief reason for this was that West German social democrats had already concluded in 1947 that American ‘domination’ of western Germany meant the stifling of social reform. They therefore ceded leadership over German affairs to a Christian democratic union decidedly more favourable to free enterprise. Instead, the social democrats and their trade union allies concentrated their efforts at social reform in the introduction and institutionalization of management–labour co-determination.

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36

Luh, Andreas. "Großunternehmen und Betriebssport in Deutschland vom Kaiserreich bis in die Gegenwart. Ein (zu) wenig beachtetes sozial- und sporthistorisches Phänomen." STADION 44, no. 2 (2020): 300–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-2-300.

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Since the end of the 19th century, company sports appeared as a part of company’s social welfare policy. Large companies in Germany still offer company sport activities as a part of voluntary social benefits today, but their scope, kind and function have changed enormously. The present study focuses on the development of company sports during the German Empire, its expansion and institutionalization as a part of company’s social welfare policy in the Weimar Republic as well as its restructuring in the context of the efforts of the German Labour Front in NS Germany. Furthermore, the study examines the reorganization of company sports based on social partnership concepts and corporate identity - and corporate social responsibility strategies in the Federal Republic of Germany. It asks, what kind of changes took place in company sports in Germany under the conditions of a structural changing economic and capitalist system from the 19th to the 21st century, in four political epochs of German history, from the German Empire to the Federal Republic of Germany?

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Boiko, Vitalii, Olha Mulska, Ihor Baranyak, and Olha Levytska. "Ukrainian Migration Aspirations towards Germany: Analysis and Development Scenarios." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.04.

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Based on the multiple regression model and scenario approach to forecasting, the article estimates the Ukrainian migration aspirations towards Germany (the scale of migration, the economic activity of migrants, and their economic benefits). It is argued that major transformations in the gender-age structure of the German population may cause a demographic crisis and labour market imbalances. Our projections indicate the growing role of foreign human resources in the German economy. When modeling the scale of emigration from Ukraine, an integrated approach is applied, considering not only trends of pull-push factors but also special aspects of the German migration policy and the outflow of 8–10 million Ukrainian migrant workers. Given the poor statistical data on the scale of labour emigration needed for constructing reliable econometric models, the use of expert forecasting method remains the most optimal technique for assessing potential migration flows and migration systems.

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Sprengholz, Maximilian, Claudia Diehl, Johannes Giesecke, and Michaela Kreyenfeld. "From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 252–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-492.

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Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labour market performance of different arrival cohorts of non-German women and men who immigrated to (western) Germany. Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses of the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015. Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men were consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, this pattern reversed due to a considerable decline in the average working hours of migrant women across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants increased across the arrival cohorts, corresponding to higher levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of the arrival cohorts tended to decline during their initial years of residence, and to stagnate thereafter. This pattern seems to be due in part to selective outmigration. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labour market performance of immigrants varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applied especially to migrant women.

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SADULLAH, Ömer, Fulya AYDINLI KULAK, and Meltem SERMET. "LABOUR LAW AWARENESS OF EMPLOYEES: A COMPARISON FROM GERMANY AND TURKEY." ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4026/1303-2860.2015.0287.x.

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40

Spichtinger, Ursula, and Aistė Valaikienė. "Prevocational training situation of young people with special educational needs (SEN) in Germany." Social welfare : interdisciplinary approach 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2012): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/sw.2012.28214.

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The article presents the analysis of educational situation of young people with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in Germany based on the example of Prevocational Training in a Vocational Training Institute. German Federal Law is discussed in the context of Germany Federal States regulations that have their own cultural sovereignty. Systems of special and regular education, performing vocational training and prevocational counselling are discussed in parallel with pupils having special educational needs education and preparation for the labour market relationships. Case of Vocational Training Institute Kirchseeon/Berufsbildungswerk Kirchseeon (BBW Kirchseeon) refects compatibility of the needs of individual pupils with SEN and possibilities to get into labour market and general state regulations. On this basis, vocational education has the task to fnd ways for a precisely ftting promotion.

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41

Waas, Bernd. "Enforcement of Labour Law: The Case of Germany." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 37, Issue 2/3 (June 1, 2021): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2021011.

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The article explores the question of how labour law provisions are enforced in Germany. First, the central role of the labour courts is examined. In doing so, it not only looks at the constitutional foundations, but also at the special features of proceedings before the labour courts. Then the role of works councils in enforcing labour law is highlighted. The role of trade unions is also examined in more detail, showing in particular that some would like to see their importance in this area strengthened. Finally, the role of public authorities is examined. Enforcement of Labour Law in Germany: The Role of the Courts, the Works Councils, Trade Unions and State Authorities. General Questions, Constitutional Directions, Specific Regulations, Legal Policy Debate

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Hoffrogge, Ralf. "Voluntarism, Corporatism and Path Dependency: The Metalworkers’ Unions Amalgamated Engineering Union and IG Metall and their Place in the History of British and German Industrial Relations." German History 37, no. 3 (June 15, 2019): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz037.

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Abstract Germany and Britain have served as models of either corporatist or voluntarist industrial relations. The more recent typology of ‘varieties of capitalism’ then identified Britain as a model case of a ‘liberal market economy’ while Germany was portrayed as a (state) ‘co-ordinated market economy’. The mainstream of German-language labour history also tells this success story. Some research on the evolution of co-determination has portrayed its subject as a long-standing trait of German capitalism, with predecessors dating back as far as 1848. With its focus on the history of two key trade unions in core industries of Britain and Germany, the British metalworkers’ union the Amalgamated Society of Engineers / Amalgamated Engineering Union and the German Metal Workers’ Union / IG Metall, this article questions both exceptionalism and continuity. It argues that a path dependency exists in the structure of both unions and the industrial relations around them—but that this never came close to a linear evolution of voluntarism or corporatism. On closer examination, the history of both unions includes localist as well as centralist practices. From the 1890s both unions were part of collective bargaining with strong employers’ associations; especially after 1945 both were open to corporatist compromises. For West Germany only, such a compromise was found in the early 1950s, and not before, while in Britain that same compromise was attempted but failed during the crucial years between 1965 and 1979. Therefore, to quote Stefan Berger, this article argues that ‘similarities between the British and the German labour movements have been underestimated’.

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43

Trajman, Joanna. "Przyrodnie siostry – sytuacja kobiet z byłej RFN i NRD 30 lat po zjednoczeniu Niemiec." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 28 (December 17, 2020): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2020.28.11.

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The goal of this article is to present the transition in the situation of women in the former West Germany and East Germany as a consequence of German reunification. Starting with an outline of the legal framework defining gender equality, as well as the actual circumstances of females in society as part of a family and on the labour market in both German countries, the situation of women in the united country is analysed within the context of their professional activity, remuneration and pension amounts and promotion prospects as well as the ability to combine their professional and family lives. I try to answer whether women in the former East Germany became underprivileged due to the German reunification process and whether the situation of the West German women changed as a result of certain equality incentives which could be considered the heritage of the German Democratic Republic.

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44

Upchurch, Martin. "The Crisis of Labour Relations in Germany." Capital & Class 24, no. 1 (March 2000): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981680007000104.

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45

Tüselmann, Heinz‐Josef. "Progress towards greater labour flexibility in Germany." Employee Relations 18, no. 1 (February 1996): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425459610110236.

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JONES, J. MORGAN. "THE STUDY OF FARM LABOUR IN GERMANY." Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 1, no. 3 (November 5, 2008): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1930.tb02442.x.

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47

Reimers, Hans-Eggert. "Labour demand in Germany and seasonal cointegration." Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv 85, no. 3 (August 2001): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101820100066.

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48

Gershon, Diane. "Germany faces up to its labour shortage." Nature 405, no. 6786 (June 2000): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35014685.

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49

Lange, Thomas. "The labour market in East Germany revisited." Journal of European Industrial Training 20, no. 4 (June 1996): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090599610117045.

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Lechner, Michael, and Conny Wunsch. "Active labour market policy in East Germany." Economics of Transition 17, no. 4 (October 2009): 661–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2009.00362.x.

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