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1
Ovey, Joey-David. "Between Nation and Europe : labour, the SPD and labour in the European Parliament, 1994-1999 /." Opladen : Leske + Budrich, 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50738826.html.
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Mendoza, Cristóbal. "Labour immigration in Southern Europe : African employment in Iberian labour markets /." Aldershot : Ashgate, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389839795.
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Mendoza, Cristobal. "New labour inflows in Southern Europe : African employment in Iberian labour markets." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314106.
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García, Gómez Pilar. "Health, informal care and labour market outcomes in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7376.
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Esta tesis contribuye a la literatura analizando los efectos causales que el estado de salud tiene sobre la participación laboral en la población en edad de trabajar. De este modo, analiza los efectos que un deterioro en el estado de salud tiene sobre la participación laboral del individuo, así como los efectos de proveer cuidados informales sobre la participación laboral femenina. El primer capítulo utiliza una aproximación empírica homogénea en nueve países europeos, lo que hace posible relacionar las diferencias encontradas con diferencias en el contexto institucional. El segundo capítulo analiza el papel que juega el estado de salud en las transiciones hacia y fuera del empleo. Los resultados muestran que el estado de salud general afecta simétricamente las entradas y salidas del empleo, mientras que cambios en el estado de salud mental sólo influyen el riesgo de abandonar el empleo. El tercer capítulo examina los efectos de varios tipos de cuidados informales en el comportamiento laboral femenino. Los resultados sugieren que los costes de oportunidad laborales aparecen en aquellas mujeres que conviven con la persona dependiente, al mismo tiempo que los efectos negativos surgen cuando se proveen cuidados informales por un período superior al año.This thesis aims to contribute to the literature with an attempt to identify the causal effects of health on labour market outcomes in the working-age population. I analyse the effects of the onset of a health shock on the individuals' labour market outcomes, and also the effects of caregiving on female labour participation. The first chapter uses a homogeneous empirical framework to estimate the first set of effects on nine European countries, which allows me to relate the empirical estimates to differences in social security arrangements across these countries. The second chapter analyses the role of health in exits out of and entries into employment and the results show that general health affects symmetrically entries into and exits out of employment, but changes in mental health status influence only the hazard of non-employment for the stock sample of workers. The third chapter examines the effects of various types of informal care on female labour behaviour and the results suggest the existence of labour opportunity costs for those women who live with the dependent person they care for, and the negative effects appear when caregiving for more than a year.
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Bouev, Maxim Vyacheslavovich. "Essays on labour markets in Russia and Eastern Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:33dbd198-1755-456d-80a6-31da1eade363.
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This thesis is concerned with various aspects of transitional labour reallocation either between different labour market states, or between less and more efficient enterprises, or between formal and informal sectors. The possibility of irregular employment opportunities receives special attention in this work. The substantive material is arranged in three independent essays. The first, empirical study portrays the most important trends in labour reallocation in Russia, and presents analyses of two types. First, transition probabilities are studied, and some determinants of worker flows are identified using a multinomial logit modelling. Second, a survival analysis of the non-employed is conducted to reveal possible causes of growing stagnancy of unemployment and inactivity. The findings are contrasted with the stylised theory of labour reallocation in transition (Aghion and Blanchard, 1994). The directions in which theoretical modifications should be attempted in future research are suggested. The second and the third essays draw upon some of these suggestions and are aimed at making a contribution on the theoretical front. The second essay puts forward a development of the seminal model of transition from planned to market economy by Aghion and Blanchard (1994). We introduce an informal sector to show that its presence can generate the dynamics qualitatively different from the types considered in the previous literature on the topic. It is argued that convergence to qualitatively different steady states can help explain varying transitional experiences of East European countries and the former Soviet Union republics. Attention is drawn to policy implications of the model, in particular to the creation of conditions favourable for the development of the new private sector as opposed to informal private initiative. Finally, the third essay takes the issue of coexistence of formal and informal sectors in transition further to see if such duality is possible in the long run, and to discuss the role of the government in creating preconditions for it. The study draws on the standard framework of Pissarides (2000) of search in the labour market. It demonstrates that a long-run equilibrium with both formal and informal economies is possible under very mild assumptions. It is also shown that labour market imperfections can create a situation when reduction in informality may be detrimental to economic welfare. Although the foci of the essays differ, the issues raised therein are closely knit so that many threads can be drawn together. In the concluding chapter we discuss the main areas to which this thesis contributes, summarise the main findings, and make some suggestions for future research.
6
Broad, Matthew. "Joining Europe : the British Labour Party, Danish Social Democrats and European Integration, 1958-72." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.731710.
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Sinclair, Anthony Gerard Meehan. "Technology, design and the division of labour in Solutrean Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251516.
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Grogan, Louise Anne. "Labour market transitions of individuals in Eastern and Western Europe." [Amsterdam : Amsterdam : Thela Thesis] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/56075.
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Dmitrijeva, Jekaterina. "Unemployment and labour market policy in Central and Eastern Europe." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0002/document.
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Transition vers l’économie de marché et accession a l’Union Européenne ont profondément modifié la structure et le fonctionnement des économies d’Europe Centrale et de l’Est. Cette thèse propose une analyse des évolutions observées sur les marchés du travail régionaux et nationaux des nouveaux pays membres de l’Union Européenne ainsi qu’une évaluation des politiques publiques mises en œuvre dans ce contexte de transition économique. L’analyse du processus d’appariement entre travailleurs et employeurs révèle l’importance de la demande de travail dans la création de nouvelles embauches en Lettonie, Slovénie et Estonie et souligne la nécessité d’intégrer flux (chômeurs et emplois vacants) et effets spatiaux dans la modélisation. L’efficacité des politiques publiques est attestée au niveau macro et microéconomiques et démontre l’influence positive des programmes de formation sur les taux de sortie du chômage et l’employabilité des participantsDuring the transition to market economy and the accession to the EU Central and Eastern European countries have witnessed remarkable changes in the structure and functioning of national economies. This thesis aims to assess the development of aggregate and regional labour markets in new EU member states through this eventful period and to investigate the role of active labour market policy in moderating the consequences of transitional shock and improving the performance of the labour market. The analysis of the process of worker-firm matching in Latvia, Slovenia and Estonia reveals that in transition - EU accession context the hiring process is labour demand driven and displays the existence of stock-flow patterns and spatial spillovers. The effects of ALMP programs are confirmed to be positive at both macroeconomic and individual levels: involvement of unemployed in training increases aggregate outflows from unemployment to jobs and increases individual employability of participants
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Milcher, Susanne, and Manfred M. Fischer. "On labour market discrimination against Roma in South East Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3960/1/SSRN%2Did1739103.pdf.
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This paper directs interest on country-specific labour market discrimination Roma
may suffer in South East Europe. The study lies in the tradition of statistical Blinder-Oaxaca
decomposition analysis. We use microdata from UNDP's 2004 survey of Roma minorities,
and apply a Bayesian approach, proposed by Keith and LeSage (2004), for the decomposition
analysis of wage differentials. This approach is based on a robust Bayesian heteroscedastic
linear regression model in conjunction with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation.
The results obtained indicate the presence of labour market discrimination in Albania and
Kosovo, but point to its absence in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Serbia. (authors' abstract)
11
Dmitrijeva, Jekaterina Laurent Thierry. "Unemployment and labour market policy in Central and Eastern Europe." S. l. : Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2008/2008EVRY0002.pdf.
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Dioli, Irene <1980>. "Labour, LGBT* rights, and Europe. Discourses in Italy and Serbia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5995/1/Dioli_Irene_tesi.pdf.
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At the time of writing, all three elements that are evoked in the title – emancipation and social inclusion of sexual minorities, labour and labour activism, and the idea and substance of “Europe” – are being invested by deep, long-term, and – to varied degrees – radical processes of social transformation. The meaning of words like “equality”, “rights”, “inclusion”, and even “democracy” is as precarious and uncertain as are the lives of those European citizens who are marginalised by intersecting conditions of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and class – in a constellation of precarities that is both unifying and fragmented (fragmenting). Conflicts are played, in hidden or explicit ways, over material processes of redistribution as well as discursive practices that revolve around these words. Against this backdrop, and roughly ten years after the European Union provided an input for institutional commitment to the protection of LGBT* workers' rights with the Council Directive 2000/78/EC, the dissertation contrasts discourses on workplace equality for LGBT* persons produced by a plurality of actors, seeking to identify values, semantics, and agendas framing and informing organisations’ views and showing how each actor has incorporated LGBT* rights into its own discourse, each time in a way that is functional to the construction and/or confirmation of its organisational identity: transnational union networks, by presenting LGBT* rights as a natural, neutral commitment within the framework of universal human rights protection; left-wing organisations, by collocating activism for LGBT* rights within a wider project of social emancipation that is for all the marginalised, yet is not neutral, but attached to specific values and opposed to specific political adversaries (the right-wing, the nationalists); business networks, by acknowledging diversity as a path to better performance and profits, thus encouraging inclusion and non-discrimination of “deserving” LGBT* workers.
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Dioli, Irene <1980>. "Labour, LGBT* rights, and Europe. Discourses in Italy and Serbia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5995/.
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At the time of writing, all three elements that are evoked in the title – emancipation and social inclusion of sexual minorities, labour and labour activism, and the idea and substance of “Europe” – are being invested by deep, long-term, and – to varied degrees – radical processes of social transformation. The meaning of words like “equality”, “rights”, “inclusion”, and even “democracy” is as precarious and uncertain as are the lives of those European citizens who are marginalised by intersecting conditions of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and class – in a constellation of precarities that is both unifying and fragmented (fragmenting). Conflicts are played, in hidden or explicit ways, over material processes of redistribution as well as discursive practices that revolve around these words. Against this backdrop, and roughly ten years after the European Union provided an input for institutional commitment to the protection of LGBT* workers' rights with the Council Directive 2000/78/EC, the dissertation contrasts discourses on workplace equality for LGBT* persons produced by a plurality of actors, seeking to identify values, semantics, and agendas framing and informing organisations’ views and showing how each actor has incorporated LGBT* rights into its own discourse, each time in a way that is functional to the construction and/or confirmation of its organisational identity: transnational union networks, by presenting LGBT* rights as a natural, neutral commitment within the framework of universal human rights protection; left-wing organisations, by collocating activism for LGBT* rights within a wider project of social emancipation that is for all the marginalised, yet is not neutral, but attached to specific values and opposed to specific political adversaries (the right-wing, the nationalists); business networks, by acknowledging diversity as a path to better performance and profits, thus encouraging inclusion and non-discrimination of “deserving” LGBT* workers.
14
Juguet, Rozenn, and Anna Clappier-Kervoël. "Childcare and maternal employment in Europe : How childcare cost differences among European countries influence the labour force participation of mothers?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53546.
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The aim of this essay is to examine the influence of childcare costs on mother’s employment in European countries. Previous literature indicates that having a child represents a penalty for a woman’s career and integration into the labour market. An empirical analysis has been conducted using the OLS method and cross-national data. We have focused our study on 17 European countries and on data from one particular year.Our findings suggest that a high childcare cost is related to a low maternal employment rate and/or a high share of employed mothers working part-time. As a result, the variations in childcare cost may be partly responsible for the variation in mother’s employment across European countries.The main limitation of this analysis is the small number of observations. Due to the lack of statistical significance of most of the coefficient, we can only suggest a hypothesis that needs to be investigated by further research.
15
Rannenberg, Ansgar. "Explaining medium run swings in unemployment : shocks, monetary policy and labour market frictions." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/974.
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The literature trying to link the increase in unemployment in many western European countries since the middle of the 1970s to an increase in labour market rigidity has run into a number of problems. In particular, changes in labour market institutions do not seem to be able to explain the evolution of unemployment across time. We conclude that a new theory of medium run unemployment swings should explain the increase in unemployment in many European countries and the lack thereof in the United States. Furthermore, it should also help to explain the high degree of endogenous unemployment persistence in the many European countries and findings suggesting a link between disinflationary monetary policy and subsequent increases in the NAIRU. To address these issues, we first develop an endogenous growth sticky price model. We subject the model to an uncorrelated cost push shock, in order to mimic a scenario akin to the one faced by central banks at the end of the 1970s. Monetary policy implements a disinflation by following an interest feedback rule calibrated to an estimate of a Bundesbank reaction function. 40 quarters after the shock has vanished, unemployment is still about 1.8 percentage points above its steady state. The model also partly explains cross country differences in the unemployment evolution by drawing on differences in the size of the disinflation, the monetary policy reaction function and wage setting. We then draw some conclusions about optimal monetary policy in the presence of endogenous growth and find that optimal policy is substantially less hawkish than in an identical economy without endogenous growth. The second model introduces duration dependent skill decay among the unemployed into a New-Keynesian model with hiring frictions developed by Blanchard/Gali (2008). If the central bank responds only to inflation and quarterly skill decay is above a threshold level, determinacy requires a coefficient on inflation smaller than one. The threshold level is plausible with little steady-state hiring and firing ("Continental European Calibration") but implausibly high in the opposite case ("American calibration"). Neither interest rate smoothing nor responding to the output gap helps to restore determinacy if skill decay exceeds the threshold level. However, a modest response to unemployment guarantees determinacy. Moreover, under indeterminacy, both an adverse sunspot shock and an adverse technology shock increase unemployment extremely persistently.
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Vlandas, Timothee. "Essays on labour market dualisation in Western Europe : active labour market policies, temporary work regulation and inequality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/767/.
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European labour markets are increasingly divided between insiders in full-time permanent employment and outsiders in precarious work or unemployment. Using quantitative as well as qualitative methods, this thesis investigates the determinants and consequences of labour market policies that target these outsiders in three separate papers. The first paper looks at Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) that target the unemployed. It shows that left and right-wing parties choose different types of ALMPs depending on the policy and the welfare regime in which the party is located. These findings reconcile the conflicting theoretical expectations from the Power Resource approach and the insider-outsider theory. The second paper considers the regulation and protection of the temporary work sector. It solves the puzzle of temporary re-regulation in France, which contrasts with most other European countries that have deregulated temporary work. Permanent workers are adversely affected by the expansion of temporary work in France because of general skills and low wage coordination. The interests of temporary and permanent workers for re-regulation therefore overlap in France and left governments have an incentive to re-regulate the sector. The third paper then investigates what determines inequality between median and bottom income workers. It shows that non-inclusive economic coordination increases inequality in the absence of compensating institutions such as minimum wage regulation. The deregulation of temporary work as well as spending on employment incentives and rehabilitation also has adverse effects on inequality. Thus, policies that target outsiders have important economic effects on the rest of the workforce. Three broader contributions can be identified. First, welfare state policies may not always be in the interests of labour, so left parties may not always promote them. Second, the interests of insiders and outsiders are not necessarily at odds. Third, economic coordination may not be conducive to egalitarianism where it is not inclusive.
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Fitzmaurice, Céline. "Interpreting Europe : the challenge to Conservative and Labour beliefs, 1945-1975." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/694.
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This thesis undertakes an interpretative analysis of belief change in respect of the European policy of the British Conservative and Labour parties over the period from 1945 to 1975. It applies an anti-foundational model to the study of belief change and by applying this model over a significant period of time, it seeks to provide a more detailed and nuanced understanding of how traditions of belief have developed in post-war British European policy. Having considered theoretical and methodological issues associated with an interpretative study, the thesis then examines explicitly the belief change of a sequence of key elite figures in each party. This is achieved by contextualising the elites within the broader changes of international relations and domestic politics. The approach reveals the extent to which e1ites have reacted in complex ways to situations which challenge long held beliefs, in turn impacting on traditions of belief. The investigation also shows that e1ite beliefs about foreign policy have not only been influenced by particular views of the world but by confidence in policy proposals. Once this confidence has been challenged, elite beliefs have shown rapid states of change. Underlying this change is the desire of elites to present a convincing and coherent narrative on foreign policy. This study also finds that while the foreign policy approaches of the Conservative and Labour Parties may have appeared similar, very different rationales and beliefs motivated policy initiatives. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that the changes in belief over time are significantly accounted for by the theoretical model used in this thesis.
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Sánchez, Alba Lanau. "Being and becoming : youth poverty and labour market transitions in Europe." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687686.
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The socio-economic transformations that accompanied the development of post-industrial societies in the West have generated debates regarding the impact of social change on the nature and patterning of youth disadvantage (e .g. Giddens, 1991; Paugam, 2007; Woodman, 2012). Individualisation theory argues a loosening of the influence of structural factors on young people's transitions (Leisering and Leibfried, 1999). In contrast, social disqualification theory suggests that the experiences of young Europeans are becoming increasingly polarized (Paugam, 2007). Finally, supporters of structural theory highlight that biographies remain strongly shaped by the traditional stratification markers and that the impact of socio-economic transformations on youth transitions has been overstated (Furlong, 2009). To date empirical evidence is scarce (Vandecasteele, 2011). Drawing on two longitudinal European comparative surveys, this thesis examines change and continuity in youth disadvantage during the 1990s and early 2000s. The project assesses changes in the extent to which gender, class and migrant background shape young people's exposure to poverty, as well as the influence of disadvantage on young people's labour market transitions. Results for a range of economic and institutional contexts are contrasted by comparing six European countries: Denmark, Belgium, France, the UK, Italy and Spain. The study finds no sign of an individualisation of youth transitions. During the period of examination the association between individual background, poverty and transitional pathways is remarkably robust. There is no indication of a process of polarisation either. There are however significant cross-national differences indicating that national structures filter the impact of social change in the nature and patterning of youth disadvantage. Changes in the patterning of disadvantage also vary across predictors, suggesting the need for theories of social change to consider factors such as gender, migrant background and their interaction with class in order to build a more nuanced understanding of social inequality.
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Brink, Bernd. "One flexible future for Europe? : the case of European convergence and/or divergence in the light of the flexibility debate." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21526.
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This Thesis examines recent trends in flexible forms of employment and how those forms of employment influence and at the same time are influenced by the economic, structural and regulatory environments in the different countries of the European Union, as well as their diverse labour market regimes. Those interactions are used as the basis for an analysis of the likelihood of convergence or divergence in European ways of work organisation; and for a consideration of how much influence decision makers are capable of exercising on this process. The Thesisis divided into four parts. The first part starts by discussing theories of societal development, presenting a model of firms flexibility, and deals with methodological issues involved in relating firms strategies with national employment environments. The second part examines the characteristics of the various European labour markets using data from the European Labour Force Survey (ELFS, 1984 - 1994) and the New Forms of Work and Activity Survey (NFWA, 1989/90). Firm specific data from the NFWAis used to explain variance in firms use of new forms of employment with other firm features. The study argues that European labour markets are still distinct and that differences in the usage patterns and meaning of new forms of employment can not be explained by firm characteristics alone; differences in national labour market regimes have also to be considered. The third part relates the findings of the previous part to the national employment systems and compares various aspects of the findings in three sample countries (Spain, United Kingdom and Germany). It shows that the various systems function in different manners, and possess competitive advantages / disadvantages in different areas. Conditions needed for one system to work are distinct from those needed for the other systems. Interchanging some features known from other systems to increase for example flexibility in the short run, might have effects contrary to those sought and might destroy a system's foundations in the long run. The fourth part looks into possible converging / diverging trends in European ways of work organisation, given the different starting positions. The evidence presented suggest that in the short term gains can be made through a cost cutting strategy, however this will make in the long run the creation of the wanted high trust, high wage, high quality economy in Europe even more difficult. To overcome short term thinking, which could bring about a convergence towards a economy competing only on costs, co-ordination on a supranational level is needed. As the situation of the national systems is still distinct, decision making on this level is increasingly prone to gridlock. However, recent developments on the company level towards transnational information and work councils on a European level might have important effects, even when such arrangements still lag behind the swift developments towards economic and monetary union.
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Kecmanovic, Milica Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Studies of labour markets in countries in transition in South East Europe." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44608.
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This thesis explores several aspects of the labour market in Serbia and Croatia during the process of transition from socialism to a market economy. First, it examines how women??s position in the labour market has changed in Serbia. Using five annual Labour Force Surveys (2001-2005), I find that the gender wage gap is still very low in Serbia, and is even decreasing during this period. However, decompositions that apply the Oaxaca (1974) methodology reveal that the unexplained component of the gap is very large, and is increasing. Likewise, quantile decompositions suggest that while the raw gap is falling at each of the quantiles analysed, the unexplained component is increasing at most quantiles at the same time. Thus, the relatively small gap in earnings could be masking considerable discrimination in the labour market. Second, changes in men??s wage inequality in Serbia in the period from 2001 to 2005 are analysed using five annual Labour Force Surveys. Changes in the distribution of earnings are examined using the Lemieux (2002) decomposition methodology. I find that the change in wage inequality is mostly driven by changes in wage premiums, while the effect of changes in the composition of the labour force is very small. Isolating the effect of the emerging private sector reveals that changes in the private sector size and wage premium account for an average 25 percent of the changes in inequality during this period. Third, the effect that the recent war in Croatia (1991-1995) had on the educational and employment trajectories of the 1971 birth cohort of men is investigated. This birth cohort was most affected by the armed forces draft. I treat the occurrence of the war as a natural experiment and use data from the Croatian and Slovenian Labour Force Surveys. Applying the difference-in-difference framework and comparing this cohort to adjacent cohorts, women, and to respective cohorts in Slovenia, a neighbouring country that did not experience war, I find that the war has had a negative effect on educational outcomes and a small positive effect on the employment and earnings outcomes of this cohort of men.
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Simoni, Marco. "The renegotiated alliance between the Left and organised labour in Western Europe." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1974/.
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The alliance between the Left and organised labour in the majority of European countries is not over, contrary to the arguments of much of the current literature on industrial relations and electoral socialism. During the 1980s and 1990s, social democratic governments approved over 70% of their socioeconomic policies in cooperation with trade union confederations. These policies are distinct from the Keynesian model of the post-war decades which directly benefited labour, and are based on the monetarist macroeconomic regime. As a consequence, the alliance can be renegotiated only under certain conditions, which do not always exist. This thesis builds a comprehensive framework to account for party/union interactions, including instances of renegotiated alliances and also of more strained relationships. In order to do so, it examines the constraints and incentives faced by each actor separately, and then brings them together. Quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as historically-informed discursive approaches and game theoretical modelling, are employed. In an age of globalisation and social fragmentation, social democratic parties no longer need trade union partnerships for purposes of economic management, but they retain electoral incentives to include unions in policy making. These incentives are contingent upon union acceptance of limited gains from policy negotiations: excessive concessions to unions would alienate nonunion workers from the social democratic vote. In turn, organised labour is able to accept modest gains (which, under an unfavourable overall scenario are nonetheless positive) only if it is very cohesive. I show that confederation democracy - not coercion as traditional neo-corporatism would contend - is negatively correlated to wage militancy because it contributes union cohesion, and therefore it is key to determining party/union cooperation. The argument of the renegotiated alliance explains the importance of decision-making processes in determining outcomes, the enduring political relevance of trade unions, and the characteristics of the social democratic electorate.
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Walters, David. "Employee representation and occupational health and safety in Britain and Europe 1974-1994." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336385.
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Zanasi, Francesca. "Carers and Careers. Grandparental care investment and its labour market consequences in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/258594.
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As life expectancy increases, grandparents spend a longer part of their life with grandchildren, which opens opportunities for sharing time, resources, and affection. The present dissertation aims at investigating the content of the grandparent-grandchild relationship and, at the same time, the consequences that becoming a grandmother could have on mid-life women’s labour market participation. It revolves around three main contributions. First, it approaches grandparenting from a stratification perspective, putting forward that grandparents could perform different activities with grandchildren according to their educational levels. Second, it investigates grandmothers’ transition to retirement as driven by the institutional context, which shapes both the extent to which grandparental childcare is needed as support for the younger generations (measured through the availability of childcare services) and the extent to which it is easy and attractive to withdraw early from the labour force for old-age individuals (measured through the generosity of the pension system). Finally, it considers grandmothers’ labour market withdrawal as enabled, or constrained, by women’s previous work history, with two case-studies: England and Italy. In fact, decisions taken earlier in life on work-family reconciliation, on the one hand, could be reproduced in late-life upon the grandchild’s birth; on the other hand, years worked, and kind of job held open different routes for retirement. Taken together, the present dissertation unveils that grandparenthood is a multifaceted phenomenon, which must be studied in a multi-generational framework and by considering demographic, social, and institutional trends of current European societies.
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Dearing, Helene. "Does parental leave influence the gender division of labour? Recent empirical findings from Europe." Institut für Sozialpolitik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4501/1/WP_HD_gesamt.pdf.
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There has been increasingly interest in parental leave policies as instruments for the implementation of gender equality in society. This review essay explores the link between parental leave policies and the gender division of labour - referring to both paid employment and unpaid family work. Against this backdrop the essay systematically reviews evidence from quantitative empirical research on the effects of parental leave policies on mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in family work. The article suggests that there are several aspects of parental leave that seem to be especially relevant for the gender division of labour, such as the duration of leave, the provision of payments, and an individual entitlement of non-transferable leave rights. In a concluding section the article summarizes the results, discusses doubts and questions raised by the material and identifies promising areas of future research that are crucial for a better understanding of the effects of parental leave on the gender division of labour. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik
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Hotopp, Ulrike. "Trade, innovation and employment : three essays on the UK's trade with Europe." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323016.
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Kissack, Robert Eoghan. "Who speaks for Europe in the ILO? : member state coordination and European Union representation in the International Labour Organisation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2925/.
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This thesis answers the question of whether the European Union (EU) Member States have changed their behaviour in order to coordinate EU common representation in the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The study begins in 1973, when European Political Cooperation (EPC) was expanded to include EU Member States coordination in the United Nations, and ends in 2005. The thesis uses archive records and interviews to measure the level of EU representation (issuing common statements) and voting cohesion. The analysis of EU Member States' coordination is divided into technical issues (ILO labour standards) coordinated through the European Community, and political issues coordinated through EPC/CFSP mechanisms. The hypotheses tested are that technical coordination is easier to achieve than political coordination, and over time the Community driven technical coordination will develop more than EPC/CFSP driven political coordination. The core findings are that technical coordination has developed unevenly across particular issue areas and through time, while in political coordination there is evidence of a strong commitment by the EU Member States to maintaining common foreign policy positions. Liberal intergovernmental theory is shown to be the most useful for explaining EU Member State technical coordination. Key evidence includes an examination of the impact of treaties on common representation and voting cohesion, the continued importance of national interests and the European Court of Justice Opinion confirming the primacy of Member States in the ILO. Institutional theory was shown to be the most useful for understanding EU Member State political coordination. Three cases studies were used: the Arab-Israel dispute, apartheid in South Africa promoting core labour standards. Empirical research highlights the social norms and rules of the Geneva diplomats working on EU coordination. The overall conclusion is that the EU Member States remain first and foremost members of the ILO, and speaking for Europe is a secondary concern.
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Walker, John Geoffrey. "Labour market and rising living standards in 1950s western Europe : the case of the Netherlands." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1601/.
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This thesis looks at the rapid rise in living standards in western Europe during the 1950s. It argues that this rise occurred as a result of structural changes in the labour force, changes that were associated with the high growth rates and industrial expansion of the period. The thesis looks specifically at the Netherlands, where rising living standards went side by side with wage control. The purpose of wage control was to enable funds to be made available for industrial expansion. The wage control system and industrialisation polices are described, along with critiques that have argued that wage control failed to hold down wage levels. This alleged failure is rejected as the explanation of the rapid rise in living standards. A test of the effect of full employment on wage levels shows that wage rates in a number of industries where demand for labour was extremely high rose measurably by more than they otherwise would have done, but nowhere near enough to explain the rise in incomes during the period. The effects of sectoral change on male incomes are also calculated. Manufacturing increased its workforce during the period by recruiting young workers, new entrants into the workforce, who received higher pay than they would have received working in other sectors. Earnings have a tendency to rise with age, and the combination of these factors resulted in a median rise in male real incomes of over a hundred percent across the 1950s. A contribution to this rise was also made by the movement of older male industrial workers into office work, and by the movement of self-employed craftsmen into industrial employment. The rise in participation of unmarried women, particularly after 1952, increased the amount of earnings brought into households, with the result that household incomes rose even faster than male earnings.
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Minion, Mark. "From a 'subtle magnet' to the Schuman Plan : The Labour Party and Europe, 1945-50." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481525.
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GUETTO, RAFFAELE. "Structural and Cultural Determinants of Fertility and Female Labour Market Participation in Italy and Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/116458.
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The thesis contributes to the explanation of two well-documented phenomena: the strong decline in fertility rates and the parallel increase in female labour market participation which occurred in the last decades in most OECD countries. The argument is studied by means of a European comparison and an in-depth analysis of the Italian case. An innovative aspect of the work is the combination of cultural and structural explanations. In fact, the main argument of the thesis is that cross-national differences and the puzzling Italian and Southern European pattern of low fertility and low female labour market participation should be understood as stemming from the interplay between different factors, related to a structural – Welfare Regimes and the Economic Theory of the Family – and a cultural theoretical framework – the Second Demographic Transition and the distinction between “strong” and “weak” family systems.
In detail, the thesis shows empirically how both women’s opportunity-costs and households’ economic resources as well as family values and preferences are useful to understand fertility and female labour market participation behaviours. ILFI (Indagine Longitudinale sulle Famiglie Italiane, 1997-2005) data have been used to demonstrate how individual- and household-level mechanisms, connected with social stratification, underlying the transition to parenthood and female labour market participation around childbirths are coherent with the Italian familialistic institutional setting. Italy is an interesting case not least because of its strong regional heterogeneity, which concerns also the family formation process. Adopting an epidemiological approach, ILFI and IARD data on the condition of youth (2004) are exploited to show how the regional heterogeneity in family behaviours within Italy, such as the lower age at parenthood and the higher fertility rates in Southern regions in the selected cohorts, may be largely explained by differences in family values. This first hint suggesting the role of culture on demographic behaviours is developed further in a comparative setting using EVS (European Values Study, 1990-2008) data. The latter allowed to assess directly the importance of values and attitudes for women’s labour market participation and fertility decisions in 15 European countries. Finally, the comparison between the different paths followed by Italy and the Netherlands in the last thirty years is discussed as an example of how changes in the institutional settings in order to foster work-family reconciliation are deeply embedded within wider processes of social change.
Based on the developed theoretical framework and the results of the mentioned empirical analyses, the author attempts to integrate different streams of the literature and presents an argumentation about the complex interplay between interests, ideas and institutions underlying fertility and female labour market participation trends and patterns.
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Alvarez, Bastien. "Labour markets and migrations in an integrated European economy." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASI007.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux transformations apportées par l’intégration européenne à un large éventail d’enjeux de politique publique tels que l’éducation, les conditions de travail, les salaires ou les délocalisations. A cette fin, des méthodes théoriques et empiriques sont utilisées, entre autres l’analyse de larges bases de données au niveau microéconomique. Les cycles économiques et l’éducation sont deux éléments importants de la compréhension de la mobilité des travailleurs en Europe. Le premier chapitre propose ainsi un modèle à générations imbriquées à deux pays avec agents hétérogènes et fluctuations économiques pour réévaluer l’importance de la mobilité des travailleurs comme mécanisme d’ajustement dans un zone monétaire. Il montre que, avec des agents mobiles, des chocs asymétriques de court-terme amènent à une augmentation générale du niveau de compétences des travailleurs. En effet, dans une économie en dépression, la possibilité de migrer constitue une option payante qui renforce les incitations à s’éduquer. Certaines hypothèses et résultats du modèle théorique sont confirmés empiriquement. Une simulation illustre certaines propriétés du modèle, tel que la persistance des chocs conjoncturels et le compromis à faire entre l’augmentation du niveau de compétence et l’importance des flux migratoires. D’autres effets de la mobilité des travailleurs sont développés dans le deuxième chapitre. Bien que les élargissements de l’UE en 2004 et 2007 se soient traduit par une suppression instantanée des barrières commerciales, les marchés du travail ouest-européens n’ont été ouverts que graduellement aux travailleurs d’Europe de l’Est. Nous utilisons ce décalage pour apporter que la vague migratoire ayant suivi cette ouverture a réduit les délocalisations à l’Ouest. En effet, il est devenu plus aisé d’employer des travailleurs Est-Européens peu qualifiés. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur les conséquences des élargissements européens sur les nouveaux pays membres. Nous utilisons une nouvelle base de données au niveau travailleurs portant sur 9 pays d’Europe Centrale et Orientale afin d’explorer les effets de la libéralisation commerciale ayant accompagné l’intégration sur les salaires et les conditions de travail. Nos résultats montrent une baisse des salaires et une détérioration des conditions de travail, qui sont amplifiés par l’érosion des institutions protectrices du marché du travailThis thesis delves into the transformations brought by European integration to a wide array of policy relevant issues, including education choices, working conditions, wages and offshoring. To that end both theory and empirical methods are used, involving diverse quantitative techniques and large micro-level datasets. Economic cycles and education both matter in the understanding of labour mobility in Europe. Hence, the first chapter proposes a two-country overlapping generation model with heterogeneous agents and fluctuations to reassess the value of labour mobility as an adjustment mechanism in a currency area. It shows that, if agents are mobile, short-term asymmetric shocks lead to a population-wide upgrade in skills. Indeed, in a depressed economy the possibility to migrate provides a skill-biased outside option for agents willing to pay a migration cost and reinforces incentives to educate. Then, an empirical approach is used to confirm some of the theoretical assumptions and results. Finally, a simulation exercise illustrates some properties of the model, in particular the persistence of temporary shocks and the trade-off between the skill upgrade effect and the size of migration flows. Other effects of labour mobility are developed in the second chapter. While the 2004 and 2007 EU enlargements led to an instant trade liberalization, Western European labour markets only gradually opened to Eastern European workers. We use this gap to provide evidence that the migration wave that followed reduced offshoring as employing low-skill immigrant Eastern European workers in Western Europe became easier. The third chapter focus on the consequences of EU enlargement on entrants. We use a large new worker-level dataset spanning across 9 Central and Eastern European countries to explore the effects of EU-induced trade liberalization on wages and working conditions. We find that this event reduced hourly wages and deteriorated working conditions. These effects are magnified by the erosion of protective labour market institution
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Souamaa, Nadjib. "La France et l’OIT (1890-1953) : vers une « Europe sociale » ?" Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040061.
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L’année 1919 a été décisive dans l’histoire sociale. En effet, elle fut marquée par la création de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), issue de la partie XIII du traité de Versailles. Cette institution à vocation universelle se plaçait dans la continuité d'expérimentations et de réflexions menées, depuis le XIXe siècle, sur le Vieux Continent. L’objectif des puissances européennes était de définir un cadre international de règles, communes aux Etats, pour empêcher à la fois les excès de certains patrons, les conflits avec les travailleurs, tout en combattant la pratique du dumping social et en garantissant une concurrence loyale, non seulement entre eux mais aussi à l’échelle internationale. La France joua un rôle majeur dans la rédaction de ces textes et dans la création de l’OIT, chargée de poursuivre ce travail. De ce fait, cette institution dut concilier l’européocentrisme dominant le BIT et sa vocation universelle. La solution apparut, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à travers l’interrégionalisme développé par Paul van Zeeland, et que l’institution tenta de mettre en œuvre durant l’après-guerre et la guerre froide. Il s’agissait de créer des regroupements régionaux et de les faire coopérer dans les domaines politique, économique et social pour garantir la paix dans le monde ; l’Europe occidentale devait en être le laboratoire. Cette région, notamment la France, influença donc durablement les réflexions de l’OITThe year 1919 was decisive in the social history. Indeed, it was marked by the creation of the International Labour Organization (ILO), resulting from part XIII of the treaty of Versailles. This institution with universal vocation placed itself in continuity of experiments and of carried out reflections, since the 19th century, on the Old continent. The objective of the European powers was to define an international framework of common rules for States, to prevent at the same time excesses of some managers, the conflicts with the workers, while fighting the practice of the social dumping and guaranteeing a fair competition, not only between them but also on an international scale. France played a major role in the writing of these texts and the creation of the ILO, charged to continue this work. So this institution had to reconcile the europeocentrism dominating the International Labour Office and its universal vocation. The solution appeared, during the Second World War, through the interregionalism developed by Paul van Zeeland, and that the institution tried to implement during the post-war period and the cold war. It was a question of creating regional regroupings and of making them cooperate in the policy fields, economic and social to guarantee peace in the world; Western Europe had to be the laboratory about it. This region, in particular France, thus influenced durably the reflections of the ILO
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Okamoto, Yoshitaka. "Britain, European security and the Cold War, 1976-9." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/33938.
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This thesis deals with Britain's attitude towards European security under the Callaghan government from 1976 to 1979. That period saw Cold War tensions grow and détente lose its momentum as Britain struggled with economic weakness while trying to maintain its international influence. Concentrating on Cold War Europe, this thesis asks two questions: what policy did the Callaghan government adopt towards European security, and what role did Britain play in the Atlantic Alliance? It draws three conclusions. First, under Callaghan, Britain sought to maintain a traditionally influential role in Europe. To achieve that goal, it attempted to sustain a major military contribution to NATO and to foster good US-UK relations. Nevertheless, this policy was complicated by acute economic crisis and defence expenditure cuts. Britain's credibility in the Alliance was seriously diminished and policymakers had to offset reductions in British hardware contributions with diplomatic contributions. Secondly, Britain's role as a mediator in the Alliance contributed to its stability during the presidency of Jimmy Carter. Carter's inconsistent foreign policy and lack of consultation with allies caused confusion and tensions soon after his inauguration. This gave the British room to work for the maintenance of Alliance unity and, as a result, the US-UK special relationship was strengthened. Thirdly, regardless of Britain's response to its economic trails, and its collaboration with the US, Callaghan's preference for status quo, and his lack of strategy towards European security other than the maintenance of the stability of the Alliance under American leadership, hampered Britain's attempts to retain influence. As Britain's power waned, West Germany's rose as German leaders gained status in the defence policy making process of the Alliance by arguing for a new response to the changing East-West military balance and the decline of détente.
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Karvounis, Antonios. "An analysis of the Labour Party's discourse on Europe, 1961-2000 : a matter of national identity." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/879.
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A common view of the British Labour Party's troubled relationship with Europe since the early nineteen sixties explains the changes in policy purely in terms of inter-party and intra-party competition. However, globally induced changes such as the disintegration of the Commonwealth along with the foundation and further development of the European Community have given rise to fundamental debates about identity. Accordingly, by delineating the nationalist arguments voiced by the party representatives during five crucial moments of the intra-party debate on Europe (1961-2,1967,1970-75,1980-83 and 1997-2000), this thesis points out that the European issue has been primarily an issue of national identity for the Labour Party, which, since its inception, has been embedded within the British culture. As a result, by placing the party's nationalism against the background of its intellectual traditions, this study argues that, what the different sides of the argument have exposed has not been merely partisan feuds, but, instead, three competing and interrelated narratives of British nationalism: the space of the nation (the imperial and the Atlantic links, the British isles and the Continent), the culture of the nation (constitution, Parliament, Protestantism,a nd the enduringv alues),a nd the time of the nation (war memoriesa nd memories and practice of a benevolent empire). These three narratives have been defined not only by their inter-relationships with each other, but have been also produced through a process of negation. They have been primarily defined against the `other': race and alien have constituted the conceptual partners of the British nation in the Labour Party's discourse. In particular, immigrants, European workers, asylum seekers, and their corresponding `different' cultural and temporal backgrounds have been some of the `significant others' that have conditioned the existence of Labour Britishness during the last forty years.
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Novitz, Tonia. "International protection of the right to strike : a comparative study of standards set by the International Labour Organisation and the Council of Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244233.
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Tombs, I. S. L. "Socialist politics and the future of Europe : The discussions between British Labour and continental socialists in London, 1939-45." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384470.
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Lindholm, Leevi. "Human capital and labour immigration to Europe: Retrospective study of policy outcomes of the Blue Card Directive." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22580.
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This research paper focuses on the success of policy outcomes of the Directive, by illustratingthe change in the European Union’s (EU) migration statistics after the implementation in2011. This is done by implementing the concepts of knowledge based economy with thetheory of human capital. In the 21st century, the ever growing interconnectedness brings us acompetition of the skills and knowledge between countries when it comes to the labour force.The first remarkable EU directive — the Blue Card Directive — to harmonise and attractmore highly skilled labour into the EU, and its success are explored through a retrospectivepolicy analysis on the directive and its achievements. This study presents as the results thatthis directive is not as successful as the decision-makers intended to be due to its lack ofeffectiveness and the complexity of other overlapping policies within Europe. I argue that theBlue Card Directive failed because of the weak structure of the policy and the low level oninterest for it from the EU member states.
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Zwiener-Collins, Nadine. "Women's work and political participation : the links between employment, labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in Europe." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/21779/.
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This study explores the links between women's work, gendered labour markets, and women's institutional political participation in 25 European countries. Although employment is a standard predictor of (women's) political participation, previous research has treated women's work mostly as a characteristic of individual women, disregarding the broader structural inequalities that are behind women's work patterns. Using data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey, in combination with detailed information on work-family policies and labour market structures of the countries included, this study aims to contribute to a more contextual understanding of the effects of employment. My research explores whether the effects of employment status, working hours, and job level are shaped by the context, in which they are embedded. Although labour markets and political systems vary considerably across countries and existing research has provided inconsistent findings, the context-dependency of employment effects has not yet been systematically assessed. Moreover, little research has focussed on direct effects of the labour market; therefore, this study explores the effects of two labour market characteristics that have a particularly gendered meaning: work-family policies and gendered structures in the labour market. The findings indicate that the effects of employment are more complex than often assumed in the literature. Employment can not only affect, for example, mothers and non-mothers differently, but there is also an indication that some employment effects are shaped by the labour market context. Contextual characteristics also affect women's political participation directly by redistributing resources and shaping women's experiences in the work-place. Overall, the findings show that the political effects of work should be understood within the wider context.
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Beach, Brian. "The role of employability in the labour market transitions of older workers : a cross-national study in Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3f21ef3b-f24a-4fb8-8804-6a6990e414d6.
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In light of current population dynamics across Europe, employability has been highlighted in policy circles as a way to enhance the employment situation for older people and to extend working lives. This research examines the concept of employability in the context of older workers (aged 50-64) in a number of European countries. The definition of employability is elaborated through prior research to develop a conceptual framework for analysis. This multidimensional framework is then applied using multiple waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The analysis identifies the associations of indicators representing the dimensions of employability on labour market status through a cross-sectional approach, before expanding to explore their relationship with labour market transitions in and out of employment. This is first done using English data before introducing macroeconomic variables in a multilevel model of 13 European countries to incorporate the cultural and contextual factors that may impact trends in labour market outcomes of older workers. Overall, the findings suggest that, while some of the conceptual dimensions of employability are associated with labour market outcomes, many of these relationships relate to broader socio-economic factors as well as the contextual environment in which older workers find themselves. In other words, for policy approaches to improve employment in later life, a focus on the concept of employability may be a less effective approach than concentrating on more specific factors that shape the structure of opportunities for older workers.
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Najib, Ali ben Salah. "Migration of labour and the transformation of the economy of the Wedinoon Region in Morocco." Uppsala : Kulturgeografiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet : Distributor, Uppsala University, Dept. of Human Geography, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15631956.html.
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Altzinger, Wilfried, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, Bernhard Rumplmaier, Petra Sauer, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "Education and Social Mobility in Europe: Levelling the Playing Field for Europe's Children and Fuelling its Economy." European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4720/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no080_MS19.pdf.
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The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the Globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of
intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programs; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programs for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programs.Series: WWWforEurope
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Avlijaš, Sonja. "Explaining variation in female labour force participation across Eastern Europe : the political economy of industrial upgrading and service transition." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3341/.
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This thesis proposes a theoretical model to explain the variation in female labour force participation (FLFP) across post-socialist Eastern Europe. The model is then tested empirically on 13 post-socialist Eastern European countries during the period 1997- 2008 using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Embedded in insights from economics and comparative political economy literature, my theoretical model moves beyond linear causal relationships and suggests how different components of post-socialist economic restructuring in Eastern Europe have affected one another and have translated into specific FLFP outcomes. The model specifies the following three components: industrial upgrading, educational expansion and growth of knowledge intensive services and theorises their relationship to each other and to FLFP as the dependent variable. The model suggests that those countries that embarked on the trajectory of economic development driven by re-industrialisation and industrial upgrading created a vicious cycle for FLFP. This took place because industrial upgrading that was driven by foreign direct investment led to the defeminisation of manufacturing. Such a trajectory of economic restructuring also shaped these countries’ education policies and impeded the development of knowledge intensive services, which would have been more conducive to female employment. The virtuous cycle of FLFP, on the other hand, occurred in those Eastern European countries that turned to reforming their educational sector towards general skills and expansion of tertiary education, with the aim of transforming themselves into knowledge economies. Such a transformation required an active social investment state and growth of knowledge-intensive public and private sector employment, which provided greater employment opportunities for women. This development path created a positive causal loop for FLFP.
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Unay-Gailhard, İlkay [Verfasser], Alfons [Akademischer Betreuer] Balmann, Štefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Bojnec, and Frauke [Akademischer Betreuer] Pirscher. "Structural change in rural Europe : land-use and labour behaviour / İlkay Unay-Gailhard ; Alfons Balmann, Štefan Bojnec, Frauke Pirscher." Halle, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116954265/34.
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Unay-Gailhard, İlkay Verfasser], Alfons [Akademischer Betreuer] [Balmann, Štefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Bojnec, and Frauke [Akademischer Betreuer] Pirscher. "Structural change in rural Europe : land-use and labour behaviour / İlkay Unay-Gailhard ; Alfons Balmann, Štefan Bojnec, Frauke Pirscher." Halle, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116954265/34.
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Milcher, Susanne. "Decomposing Income Differentials Between Roma and Non-Roma in South East Europe." The Romanian Regional Science Association, 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5142/1/V513.MILCHER.pdf.
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The paper decomposes average income differentials between Roma and non-Roma in
South East Europe into the component that can be explained by group differences in income-related
characteristics (characteristics effect), and the component which is due to differing returns to these
characteristics (coefficients or discrimination effect). The decomposition analysis is based on
Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) and uses three weighting matrices, reflecting the different
assumptions about income structures that would prevail in the absence of discrimination. Heckman
(1979) estimators control for selectivity bias. Using microdata from the 2004 UNDP household
survey on Roma minorities, the paper finds that a large share of the average income differential
between Roma and non-Roma is explained by human capital differences. Nevertheless, significant
labour market discrimination is found in Kosovo for all weight specifications and in Bulgaria and
Serbia for two weight specifications. (author's abstract)
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Schreiner, Ann Marie. "The British Labour Party and the break-up of Yugoslavia 1991-1995 : a historical analysis of Parliamentary debates." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2009. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/821/.
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The break-up of Yugoslavia, and the ensuing wars, dominated the British foreign policy agenda for the first half of the 1990s. The way in which the British Government reacted to the series of crises was a matter of ongoing scrutiny by those within and outside of Parliament. The complex nature of the conflicts, in the early years of the post Cold War world, meant that responses by British politicians were in no way based on traditional ideological divisions, that is, M.P.s did not form neat, homogenous groups reflecting the three political currents. The Labour Party was no exception to this rule. The thesis is a study of the way in which politicians of the Labour Party responded to the break-up of Yugoslavia, and the way its M.P.s reacted to events in the region, and to the actions of the British Government. With close reference to Parliamentary debates as recorded in Hansard, the thesis shows the many and complex ways in which politicians from one British political party responded to a foreign policy episode. What is demonstrated is that a number of factors influenced the opinions of the politicians. One would expect to find some level of front and back bench division. However, what is apparent is much more complex. Whilst, in general, the Shadow Cabinet mirrored the responses of their Parliamentary opponents, of more interest is the way in which the back bench politicians contributed to debates. Some M.P.s followed the example of their senior colleagues, whereas others took totally different positions. However, the motivations for these opinions varied. It is not possible to offer a simple, generalised reading of the responses that were taken by members of the Parliamentary Labour Party. Contributions to debates were influenced by a variety of features: namely, the way in which an individual viewed an international institution such as the United Nations, NATO and the European Union; the attitude that they took towards military intervention; and finally, the way in which the events of the Second World War informed their position on a contemporary conflict. The thesis adds to the research undertaken by scholars such as Brendan Simms and Mark Phythian. Through close reference to debates in Hansard, this work offers the opportunity to gain a much more detailed understanding of the responses of one British political party to one episode in international relations.
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Watts, Jennifer Mary. "The institutional context for temporary staffing : a European cross-national comparative approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-institutional-context-for-temporary-staffing-a-european-crossnational-comparative-approach(894fb34b-64ab-4649-89d3-7010894f15e6).html.
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Since the early 1990s the temporary staffing industry experienced rapid growth in many areas of Europe, although the extent and rate of this growth varied across the continent. The existing literature on labour market intermediaries and the temporary staffing industry fail to adequately address the importance of national institutional arrangements. This thesis addresses the research lacuna by providing a comparative study of temporary staffing industries in three different political-economic contexts: the United Kingdom, Germany and the Czech Republic. This contributes to a greater understanding of the role of the temporary staffing industry in each country, how it is structured, and the key institutions involved. These three case studies profile the size and characteristics of each temporary staffing industry but also discuss the key institutions present in each case, and the relationships which drive or restrict its change. This thesis includes analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a detailed picture of each national temporary staffing industry. The research reveals three nationally distinctive formations of the temporary staffing industry within the context of the European Union. While the UK has the largest temporary staffing industry in Europe, it remains highly fragmented. With an established presence in many sectors of the labour market the industry seeks to increase its presence in professional occupations, and its collaboration with public employment services. While the temporary staffing industry in Germany has experienced significant growth since 2003, resistance remains from the trade unions against the use of temporary agency work, and the state remains greatly involved in determining working conditions. The presence of collective bargaining between the trade unions and trade associations remains a key relationship in this system. The temporary staffing industry in the Czech Republic is still in the early stages of growth and as such regulations are still being formulated, and agencies are still establishing branch networks in an environment where a large number of informal agencies are already present. While temporary staffing agencies and trade associations remain active in pursuing growth for the temporary staffing industry, the extent to which these changes took place varied between countries. This thesis argues the form of each national temporary staffing industry is a reflection of the complex historical, and contemporary, national institutional arrangements, and as such, its form and role varies.
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Buß, Christopher Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ebbinghaus. "Public opinion towards labour market reforms in Europe - a multidimensional and dynamic perspective on attitudes / Christopher Buß ; Betreuer: Bernhard Ebbinghaus." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1151446718/34.
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Wohlfart, Olivia, Sandy Adam, Gregor Hovemann, and Martin Kaden. "New Age of Sport Management Education in Europe (NASME): Research Project under the Erasmus+ Programme." Universität Leipzig, 2020. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70841.
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This report presented national findings for Germany, which emanated from a quantitative and qualitative study conducted as part of the two-year EU-funded Erasmus + research project New Age of Sport Management Education in Europe (NASME), which has been conducted in nine different European countries. The main objective of the project was to gain insights into the requirements of the sport labour market concerning the qualifications and competencies of sport management graduates. The sport labour market is characterised by a strong heterogeneity as a result of increasing functional differentiation and a rapid growth, which is fostered by global mega-trends, such as digitalisation, commercialisation and internationalisation. As a result, higher education institutions at national and European level will be presented recommendations for curriculum development, in order to better prepare their students for the requirements of the labour market. The quantitative study has been conducted between December 2017 and April 2018. In total, 54 experts in the sport labour market in Germany participated in the survey. These experts filled leading positions in the field of sport management and included top tier managers (50 %) and other specialists with responsibilities for human resource management in their organisations. The main research questions for the quantitative study included:
• Which positions including their tasks, roles and activities exist currently and in the future in the sport labour market?
• Which competency requirements do the employers address currently and in the future to (prospective) job holders?
• How do these aspects affect recruitment processes currently and in the future?
Subsequently, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with sport labour market experts of the different fields. It was the objective of the qualitative study to gain a deeper understanding of the results of the previous quantitative study, in particular concerning trends, competencies, job development and recruitment.
The report derives implications for curriculum development at higher education institutions and organisations in the sport labour market in Germany and discusses these critically.:1 Introduction
2 Sport (management) in Germany
2.1 Sport structure and culture
2.1.1 Legal framework of sport
2.1.2 Main sources of funding for sport
2.1.3 Sport culture
2.2 Sport management education
2.3 Labour market in the area of sport management
3 Method and data collection
3.1 Quantitative data collection and analysis
3.2 Qualitative data collection and analysis
4 General findings and results
4.1 Results from quantitative data analysis
4.1.1 Changes in working life
4.1.2 Cooperation
4.1.3 Recruitment
4.1.4 Competencies
4.1.5 Sector analysis
4.2 Results from qualitative data analysis
4.2.1 Trends in sport management in Germany
4.2.2 Competencies
4.2.3 Job development, qualifications and recruitment
5 Conclusion, implications and outlook
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation for the future sport management curriculum
5.3 Implementation of findings in sport management curriculum at Leipzig University
5.4 Requests to sport labour market
5.5 Limitations
5.6 Outlook
6 References
Annex
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Curto, Millet Fabien. "Inflation expectations, labour markets and EMU." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9187d2eb-2f93-4a5a-a7d6-0fb6556079bb.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the measurement, applications and properties of consumer inflation expectations in the context of eight European Union countries: France, Germany, the UK, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. The data proceed mainly from the European Commission's Consumer Survey and are qualitative in nature, therefore requiring quantification prior to use. This study first seeks to determine the optimal quantification methodology among a set of approaches spanning three traditions, associated with Carlson-Parkin (1975), Pesaran (1984) and Seitz (1988). The success of a quantification methodology is assessed on the basis of its ability to match quantitative expectations data and on its behaviour in an important economic application, namely the modelling of wages for our sample countries. The wage equation developed here draws on the theoretical background of the staggered contracts and the wage bargaining literature, and controls carefully for inflation expectations and institutional variables. The Carlson-Parkin variation proposed in Curto Millet (2004) was found to be the most satisfactory. This being established, the wage equations are used to test the hypothesis that the advent of EMU generated an increase in labour market flexibility, which would be reflected in structural breaks. The hypothesis is essentially rejected. Finally, the properties of inflation expectations and perceptions themselves are examined, especially in the context of EMU. Both the rational expectations and rational perceptions hypotheses are rejected. Popular expectations mechanisms, such as the "rule-of-thumb" model or Akerlof et al.'s (2000) "near-rationality hypothesis" are similarly unsupported. On the other hand, evidence is found for the transmission of expert forecasts to consumer expectations in the case of the UK, as in Carroll's (2003) model. The distribution of consumer expectations and perceptions is also considered, showing a tendency for gradual (as in Mankiw and Reis, 2002) but non-rational adjustment. Expectations formation is further shown to have important qualitative features.
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Biegert, Thomas Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ebbinghaus. "Patterns of Non-employment: How Labour Market Institutions Shape Social Inequality in Employment Performance in Europe / Thomas Biegert. Betreuer: Bernhard Ebbinghaus." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1067400346/34.
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