Journal articles on the topic 'Labour, ethnography'
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1
Pai, Hsiao-Hung. "An ethnography of global labour migration." Feminist Review 77, no. 1 (August 2004): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400178.
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Zhongxuan, Lin. "Paradoxical Empowerment and Exploitation: Virtual Ethnography on Internet Immaterial Labour in Macao." Journal of Creative Communications 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973258617743618.
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Recently, the research topic of immaterial labour had become one of the most significant discussions about the changing nature of capitalism. But the previous studies mainly regard immaterial labour as a unidirectional process of capitalist exploitation in abstract sense, rather than a paradoxical dynamics of exploitation and empowerment in specific context. This article, therefore, investigates immaterial labour in digital capitalism, with a specific case study of the local practices of Internet immaterial labour in Macao, exploring the paradoxical dynamics of exploitation and empowerment through concrete case studies, rather than through abstractive and reductive theoretical discussion. This study has found that the alternative media created by Internet users’ immaterial labour helps them to resist the traditional mainstream media and the government; the affective community founded based on their immaterial labour gives them the collective sentiment of ‘family and belonging’; the individual feelings derived during their immaterial labour not only offer them positive personal feelings, but also a new way of ‘being-in-the-world’ in the age of social media.
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Breimo, Janne Paulsen, and Loreni Elena Baciu. "Romanian Roma: An Institutional Ethnography of Labour Market Exclusion." Social Inclusion 4, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i1.539.
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Roma individuals are struggling to access the formal labour market in Romania. Previous research occupied with this issue has traditionally been dominated by quantitative studies of socio-economic indicators that cling to the characteristics of the ethnic group. The study presented here, however, uses institutional ethnography as a method of social inquiry to demonstrate that this issue needs to be studied from a bottom-up perspective. The article illustrates that there are factors connected to how the system of occupational integration operates that must be taken into consideration in order to explain the difficulties Roma individuals face when trying to enter the labour market in Romania. We argue that these structural barriers create and reinforce processes of minoritising that increase marginalization and discrimination and thereby hinder work inclusion for Roma individuals.
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O’Doherty, Damian, and Daniel Neyland. "The developments in ethnographic studies of organising: Towards objects of ignorance and objects of concern." Organization 26, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508419836965.
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In this introduction to the Special Issue, we review the rich tradition of ethnographic studies in organisation studies and critically examine the place of ethnography in organisation studies as practised in schools of business and management. Drawing on the findings of the articles published here, we reflect on the need for a significant extension of the content and syllabus of our discipline to include what we call objects of concern and objects of ignorance. The articles we publish show that decision makers in organizations are not always humans, and nor can we assume the human and its groups monopolise the capacity for agency in organisation. Where we still labour in organisation theory with dualisms such as structure or agent, or subject and object, these articles trace objects and their relations which point to new forms of non-human co-ordination and agency. The organisational realities to which these objects give rise demand careful methodological enquiry, and we show that recent experiments in a genre we call ‘post-reflexive ethnography’ are likely to prove helpful for developing ethnographic enquiry in contemporary organisation.
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Zhuang, Yiyang. "Ethnography and the Fate of Informal Culture: Rereading Paul Willis’ Learning to Labour." China Nonprofit Review 11, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341360.
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Abstract As the increasing discussion over social stratification and mobility indicates, the idea of “education changes destiny” has progressively been brought into question. In his classic study of British working-class boys from 1975, which is widely read in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and education, Paul Willis uncompromisingly revealed that liberal ideology about equal opportunity was only an empty promise and, more importantly, how the counter-cultural cognition and expression adopted the constraints of the structural conditions and at the same time leads to the reproduction of them. Despite the tragic mechanism behind the contradictory counter-culture, Willis remained optimistic about the radical potential in the symbolic works against dominant discourse. His in-depth ethnographic description didn’t only contribute to the endless theoretical debate about Structure and Process, but also provided a methodological approach encouraging extensive fieldwork, in which he believed the “theoretical uncertainty” lies. Ethnography can really “become the intellectual education of those who are governed,” if the scholars are willing to understand and communicate with the informal cultural groups and believe that their fate can be changed.
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Savira, Siti Ina. "MAKING SENSE OF ETHNOGRAPHY: FROM AN OUTSIDER PERSPECTIVE." Jurnal Psikologi Teori dan Terapan 1, no. 2 (February 19, 2011): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jptt.v1n2.p82-87.
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his paper is aimed to compare two ethnographic works Learning to Labour (Willis, 1977), and Masculinity Beyond the Metropolis (Kenway, Kraack, & Hickey-Moody, 2004). The comparison is expected to illustrate how to make sense ethnographic work as a research methodology with its various types of epistemology and approach. The review will begin with a brief outline of the studies as described in each book and follow with further elaboration directed by several headings that covers Crotty (1998) four elements, namely epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology, and method. It will also discuss the knowledge and values, and the theory of culture of each study.
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Machin, David, and Mandie Scamell. "The experience of labour: Using ethnography to explore the irresistible nature of the bio-medical metaphor during labour." Midwifery 13, no. 2 (June 1997): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-6138(97)90060-7.
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ROY, DAYABATI. "Caste and power: An ethnography in West Bengal, India." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 4 (November 4, 2011): 947–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000680.
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AbstractThis paper explores the institution of caste and its operation in a micro-level village setting of West Bengal, an Indian state, where state politics at grass roots level is vibrant with functioning local self-government and entrenched political parties. This ethnographic study reveals that caste relations and caste identities have overarching dimensions in the day-to-day politics of the study villages. Though caste almost ceases to operate in relation to strict religious strictures, under economic compulsion the division of labour largely coincides with caste division. In the cultural–ideological field, the concept of caste-hierarchy seems to continue as an influencing factor, even in the operation of leftist politics.
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Dutta, Mohan J. "Neoliberal Governmentality and Low-Wage Migrant Labour in India and Singapore." Journal of Creative Communications 16, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09732586211002927.
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Drawing on a digital ethnography and in-depth interviews conducted with low-wage migrant workers in hyper-precarious working conditions amidst ongoing neoliberal transformations in India and Singapore, this manuscript offers a comparative framework for examining the limits of pandemic communication. Interrogating the ideology of behaviourism that forms the dominant approach, the narratives point to the organizing role of structures as sites of labour exploitation. The exploitative labour conditions constitute the backdrop amidst which the migrant workers negotiate their health and well-being.
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Colta, Alexandra. "Creative and emotional labour." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 17 (July 1, 2019): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.17.08.
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Film festival curation and programming remain highly individualistic practices, that negotiate several discourses/tensions, including the responsibility of the curator to others (artists and audiences) and the creative independence of the curator. Much remains to be written about the creative process of curation, and how aesthetic judgements are articulated by those who practice it. While progress in this direction has been made in relation to some festivals (LGBT, African), human rights film festivals have only recently started to be part of academic scholarship, which tended to focus on the main functions and spectatorship roles that they encourage (Tascón; Tascón and Wils; Davies). This article focuses on the creative process of programming human rights film festivals using the case study of Document Human Rights Film Festival in Glasgow. Part of a practice-led collaborative research project between the Universities of Glasgow, St Andrews and the festival, this article is based on my reflections and experience as a co-opted member of the programming team for the 2016 and 2017 editions. Drawing on practice-led ethnography, I argue that this festival adopted a form of ethical programming, sharing authorship and responsibility towards the audience, the filmmakers and the profession, as well as a form of emotional labour.
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Soriano, Cheryll Ruth R. "Digital labour in the Philippines: emerging forms of brokerage." Media International Australia 179, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x21993114.
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This article examines and theorises the relationships across three distinct forms of labour brokerage emerging in the digital platform labour economy: platform intermediation, ‘skill-making’, and ‘re-outsourcing’. Drawing from a 4-year digital ethnography on online freelancing and platform labour in the Philippines, one of the largest labour supplying countries globally, I pay special attention to how platform labour control emerges as a process that is constituted in the brokerage relationships at multiple scales between global capital, local capital, community, and family units, and emerging organised networks of workers and influencers on social media. The article examines the materiality of platform labour and the local informal economy that give rise to these forms of brokerage. I also describe how brokerage processes set norms and standards in this largely unregulated sector, thereby playing a role in how labour mobility or precarity are made possible and organised. The article seeks to contribute to the knowledge about the digital work system involving a significant number of Filipinos by capturing the situated dialectical power relations of the global spread of platform-mediated labour management.
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Roca, Beltrán. "Socio‐Spatial Strategies of Worker Centres: An Ethnography of Alt‐Labour in NYC." Antipode 52, no. 4 (March 2, 2020): 1196–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anti.12621.
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Mini, Darshana Sreedhar. "Cinema and the mask of capital: Labour debates in the Malayalam film industry." Studies in South Asian Film & Media 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/safm_00027_1.
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Labour discourses in the film industry are often couched in the language of ‘welfare’ and an effort to maintain harmony among different filmmaking sectors. But such arrangements do not proffer equal participation or bargaining rights to everyone in the industry. Focusing on the Malayalam language film industry based in Kerala, this article examines how the film industry’s apprenticeship and unpaid labour arrangements affect below-the-line labour and less influential job profiles on a film set. In corollary, I also explore how labour and bargaining rights are conceptualized differently by film organizations based on their ideological positions. Using a mixed-methods approach, including media ethnography and interviews with members of different trade guilds who form part of Malayalam cinema’s professional, technical and service sectors, I demonstrate how structural inequalities in the film industry are overlooked while the cine-worker’s agency is co-opted by a neoliberal system that masquerades as welfare.
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McKay, Ramah. "Global health's durable dreams: ethnography, ‘community health workers’ and health without health infrastructure." Africa 90, no. 1 (January 2020): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000950.
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AbstractTracing the persistence of community health workers (CHWs) as a key category in both global health policy and anthropological representation, this article asks how enduring scholarly investments in CHWs can reveal changing political stakes for both health work and ethnographic research. Amid renewed calls for a focus on health systems and universal health coverage, the article suggests that the durability of attention to CHWs is instructive. It simultaneously points to the imbrication of health with political and social relations and clinical and technological infrastructures as well as to how ethnographic investments in health systems can sometimes obscure the ambivalent politics of health. Drawing on fieldwork with CHWs, NGO staff and public health officials, and on public health literature on CHWs, it argues for greater attention to the political ambivalence of health labour. It suggests that the experiences of health workers themselves can serve as analytical examples in this regard, pointing to analyses that begin not with normative notions of health systems or the conceptual boundaries of global health ‘projects’ but with a focus on the contested relations through which health labour is realized over time. Such attention can also indicate possibilities for health beyond dreams of projects, clinics or health systems.
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El-Nemer, Amina, Soo Downe, and Neil Small. "‘She would help me from the heart’: An ethnography of Egyptian women in labour." Social Science & Medicine 62, no. 1 (January 2006): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.016.
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Sernhede, Ove. "From learning to labour to custody for the precariat." Ethnography 19, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138118780134.
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The globally reported riots in the poor high-rise suburbs of Sweden’s metropolitan districts in 2013 were stark manifestations of the increased social and economic inequality of the past 30 years. Large groups of young adults acted out their unarticulated claims for social justice. In the light of the riots, it is relevant to ask whether any trace of resistance or protest can be found in the compulsory school where the young people from these neighbourhoods spend their days. The ethnography sampled for the article comes from two public schools in two poor, multi-ethnic, high-rise neighbourhoods on the outskirts of Gothenburg. The article argues that the theoretical and methodological concepts and perspectives developed by Willis still is of crucial importance to any investigation aimed at understanding the presence or absence of resistance in contemporary Swedish schools.
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Stephens, Sharon. "Challenges of Developing an Ethnography of Children and Childhood:Becoming Tongan: An Ethnography of Childhood.;Children's Lifeworlds: Gender, Welfare and Labour in the Developing World." American Anthropologist 100, no. 2 (June 1998): 530–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.2.530.
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Chambers, Thomas, and Ayesha Ansari. "Ghar Mein Kām Hai (There is Work in the House)." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (July 12, 2018): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118782506.
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This article examines the utilization of female Muslim factory workers, in a North Indian woodworking industry, as domestic labour in the homes of their employers. The ethnography illustrates the importance of considering hidden forms of domestic-sector employment where workers are coopted into domestic tasks. The illumination of ‘coopted domestic labour’ has implications for understanding the breadth and scope of the sector and contributes to debates around its regulation, definition, growth and feminization. Female Muslim factory workers did not see ‘coopted domestic labour’ as a livelihood ‘choice’ but as exploitation enabled through employers’ tactics, such as the use of advance payments, forms of ‘neo-bondage’, and through structural continuity across domestic and industrial contexts which situated women at the bottom of the labour hierarchy. It also involved complex negotiations around reputation, character and practices of purdah (veiling) which, whilst already an issue for those working in factories, became intensified when entering the homes of others. The article develops its contribution by introducing the category of ‘coopted domestic labour’ and empirically illustrating its intersection with gender norms, Islam, forms of neo-bondage and structural considerations.
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Abidin, Crystal. "Somewhere between here and there." Journal of Digital Social Research 2, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.20.
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Despite our preparation for fieldwork, a majority of what ethnographers actually do in the field is based on ‘gut-feeling’, ‘sensing’, and ‘whim’. This paper is a piece of reflexive ethnography detailing a series of minor but important methodological decisions pertaining to researcher visibility throughout fieldwork in a digital community of social media Influencers. It details one anthropologist’s private negotiations during the foray into the Influencer industry by situating the self along various spectrums of conspicuousness. These confessional anecdotes of ‘behind the scenes’ labour can be taken as suggestions on how to negotiate one’s positionalities during ethnographic encounters between and betwixt physical and digital fieldsites. I detail these through six experiences from the field – as the esteemed guest, the exotic inbetweener, the willing apprentice, the trophy acquaintance, the concealed consultant, and the passing confidante – in which I negotiate being ‘seen’, being on ‘show’, and ‘seeing’ from somewhere between here and there.
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Hjalmarson, Elise. "Sentenced for the season: Jamaican migrant farmworkers on Okanagan orchards." Race & Class 63, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063968211054856.
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Despite perfunctory characterisation of Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) as a ‘triple win’, scholars and activists have long admonished its lack of government oversight, disrespect for migrant rights and indentureship of foreign workers. This article contends that the SAWP is predicated upon naturalised, deeply engrained and degrading beliefs that devalue Black lives and labour. Based on twenty months’ ethnographic fieldwork in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada, it reveals the extent to which anti-Black racism permeates, organises and frustrates workers’ lives on farms and in local communities. It situates such experiences, which workers characterise as ‘prison life’, in the context of anti-Black immigration policy and the workings of racial capitalism. This ethnography of Caribbean migrants not only adds perspective to scholarship hitherto focused on the experiences of Latino workers, but it also reinforces critical work on anti-Black racism in contemporary Canada.
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Però, Davide. "Indie Unions, Organizing and Labour Renewal: Learning from Precarious Migrant Workers." Work, Employment and Society 34, no. 5 (November 20, 2019): 900–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019885075.
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This article examines the organizing practices of indie unions – the emerging grassroots unions co-led by precarious migrant workers. It draws on an embedded actor-centred approach involving extensive multi-sited ethnography. The article shows how workers normally considered un-organizable by the established unions can build lasting solidarity and associational power and obtain material and non-material rewards in the context of precarity, scarce economic resources and a hostile environment. Here, I argue that the organization of workers into ‘communities of struggle’ geared towards mobilization facilitates their empowerment, effectiveness and social integration. The article contributes to labour mobilization theory by redefining the concept of organizing in inclusionary terms, so that the collective industrial agency of precarious and migrant workers organizing outside the established unions can be adequately recognized and accounted for.
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Vindegg, Mikkel. "Current demands in the Nepali electricity sector: For a social reproduction theory of infrastructure." Critique of Anthropology 42, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x221074830.
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This article uses work and state relations at a Nepali electricity office as a staging ground for bringing the labour of repair squarely into focus in the ethnography of infrastructure. A trio of electricians at the office had a torrid time trying to address an ever-increasing number of complaints. Customers were under the impression that the electricians were both lazy and slow, despite even compromising safety regulations to get more work done. Although the electricians’ jobs may be comparatively stable and privileged, they put their bodies on the line to service an often-unappreciative public. This shows that infrastructures are made of people, not simply constructed by them. This is often skirted over in the anthropology of infrastructure, which frames repair through its absence and insufficiency, in rare ethnographic engagements with those who do repair work. A suggested response to this deficiency is found in a social reproduction theory of infrastructure.
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Nagy, Veronika. "The Janus face of precarity – Securitisation of Roma mobility in the UK." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 33, no. 2 (March 2018): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094218764117.
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Technological developments and the free movement of people within the EU have enabled Member States to implement new geopolitical control measures to increase migration control and social sorting of undesired migrant groups. As part of a securitisation process, these measures are often expanded upon and justified in terms of economic threat that aims to restrain ‘opportunist Central East European migrants’, who are associated with welfare dependence and cheap labour. Although unemployed Roma migrants are exposed to social exclusion due to the stigma of ‘benefit shoppers’, this paper explores how current neoliberal labour market structures facilitate new securitisation processes and fuel the precarity of Roma, even if they are employed in the host country. Based on a multi-sited ethnography completed in The United Kingdom, it will be illustrated how communitarianism of Member States stratifies the moral values of migrants’ labour in a manner that defines the preconditions of social inclusion of newcomers in host societies. In short, this paper argues that even for migrants who are not welfare dependent and who are self-sustaining, their social inclusion is defined by engagement in the sort of labour that is culturally acknowledged by the host society.
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Ridge, Damien, Amos Hee, and Rosalie Aroni. "Being 'Real' in Suicide Prevention Evaluation: The Role of the Ethnographer's Emotions Under Traumatic Conditions." Australian Journal of Primary Health 5, no. 3 (1999): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py99030.
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While there is a tradition of recognising and contending with the emotional content of ethnography (e.g. informant emotions, researcher empathy), there are few accounts of research which illustrate clearly the emotional work done by researchers, and the value of such work as an analytical tool. Yet, in the human services, and especially where trauma is involved, ignoring emotional dynamics actually runs the risk of 'dumbing down' our analyses. The current paper draws on ethnographer experiences during an evaluation of a youth suicide prevention project at the Connexions agency in inner-city Melbourne. The organisation, which is a part of Jesuit Social Services, provides outreach, therapy and other services (e.g. drop-in, labour market program) to marginalised young people. The paper argues that researcher emotions are actually important to isolate and examine in order to adequately capture the meanings participants attribute to their realities and actions. Nevertheless, through the exploration of specific dilemmas, it is shown that recognising and processing difficult emotions can be a confronting yet rewarding exercise for researchers, both personally and in terms of research outcomes. The paper also discusses how the ethnographer managed to conduct research in a setting involving trauma.
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Linden, Marcel van der. "Reading Ethnography as Labour History: The Example of the Latmul, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea." Labour History, no. 89 (2005): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516084.
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Becerra Pozos, Julio César. "Nocturnidad y Noctis: Consideraciones para la etnografía de trabajo de producción de nocturnidad." Novos Rumos Sociológicos 6, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/norus.v6i9.13699.
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Abstract Partiendo de la reflexión teórica que procura hacer una distinción de la noche como algo más que un ciclo natural, considerándola una configuración socio espacial y temporal, cargada por la subjetividad de todos los que participan en ella, así como de estructuras culturales y relacionales; articulándola desde lo laboral, se propone analizarla desde dos facciones sumamente interconectadas: noctis y nocturnidad.Centrando la propuesta de este artículo en la nocturnidad; mediante el estudio etnográfico de las características siu generis del trabajo de producción de interacciones realizado por meseros y meseras en espacios semi privados de venta y consumo de alcohol en dos subconjuntos de bares de la Ciudad de México, se conceptualiza a dicha actividad como un trabajo no clásico de producción de nocturnidad.Más adelante, se presentan las consideraciones y adaptaciones a las técnicas y estrategias de investigación utilizadas, además de los desafíos éticos y prácticos que se generan en las etnografías de trabajo de nocturnidad. Finalmente, se hace hincapié en la necesidad de una conceptualización configuracional y ad hoc para el estudio etnográfico de las multiplicidades del trabajo de economía nocturna en el servicio de producción de interacciones.Palabras clave: Nocturnidad; Trabajo no clásico; Performance laboral; Economía de tiempo nocturno; Etnografía AbstractStarting on a theoretical reflection, in which the night is a social, spacial temporal configuration, full of the subjectivity of the cultural and relational structures of those who participate on it, rather than just a natural cycle; once joint with the labor perspective, it’s the proposal of this article to analyze the night from it’s two highly related components: noctis and nocturnidad.The considerations and adaptations to the research technics and strategies used, along with the ethical and practical challenges from the ethnography of the nocturnity work, comes next. Finally, the emphasis on the need of an ad hoc configurational conceptualization in the ethnographic study of night time economy work diversity.Key words: ethnography, nocturnity, night labour, non classic work, night time economy
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Briggs, Daniel. "Commodifying Intimacy in 'Hard times': A Hardcore Ethnography of a Luxury Brothel." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 66–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.5621.
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This paper is a methodological reflection on an ongoing covert ethnography I have been undertaking in a luxury brothel in Madrid, Spain. By accident, this study became a research project when I was employed by the manager to review porn forums offering feedback on the women that worked there and taught English to him. For 18 months now, I have worked in the brothel a couple of nights a week doing these duties and have come to know the manager’s closest friends and family, the women who work there and the security staff. The context for the work is the expansion of the sex industry in an era of consumer society and self-gratification coupled with austerity politics which has disproportionately affected the opportunities for women in the formal labour market thus catapulting many into precarious situations in which selling sex becomes an option. This has crudely mixed with cultural change in Spain in the wake of increased neoliberal economics which have hollowed out notions of family, tradition and intimacy.
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Anabalon Schaaf, Rommy. "The pedagogy of love: a register of precarised English teachers in Chile." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2022, no. 276 (July 1, 2022): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2021-0095.
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Abstract In this contribution, I will look at the imbrication of language, labour and affective capitalism in the exemplary context of a Chilean private university, as part of a larger sociolinguistic ethnography project that seeks to examine processes of precarisation in university teachers. I argue that the affective-discursive practices used by three English Language teachers, which they called the pedagogy of love, constitute a register. This register is one of the many available to women and men, which they can manage, negotiate, manipulate and capitalise on. I show in this article the way teachers enact, align with and detach from the register to make sense of their professional identities and navigate a precarious higher education market, and how the university benefits from it to regulate teachers’ labour and students’ expectations and eventually, obtain financial stability.
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Tigchelaar, Alex. "Sex Worker Resistance in the Neoliberal Creative City: An auto/ethnography." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 12 (April 29, 2019): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219122.
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Sex workers are subjects of intrigue in urban and creative economies. Tours of active, deteriorating, or defunct red-light districts draw thousands of tourists every year in multiple municipalities around the world. When cities celebrate significant anniversaries in their histories, local sex worker narratives are often included in arts-based public offerings. When sex workers take up urban space in their day-to-day lives, however, they are criminalised. Urban developers often view sex workers as existing serviceably only as legend. A history of sex work will add allure to an up-and-coming neighbourhood, lending purpose to its reformation into a more appropriately productive space, but the material presence of sex workers in these neighbourhoods is seen as a threat to community wellbeing and property values. This paper considers how sex workers, continuously displaced from environments they have carved out as workspaces, may use the arts to draw attention to these ongoing contradictions. It investigates how sex workers may make visible the idiosyncratic state of providing vitality to a city’s history while simultaneously being excluded from its living present. Most critically, it suggests ways in which sex workers may encourage those involved as producers and consumers of neoliberal urban revitalisation projects to connect these often fatal paradoxes to the laws that criminalise their labour.
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Marchesi, Milena. "‘I volunteer at home too!’ Gendering affective citizenship." Critique of Anthropology 41, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x20974093.
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This article argues for gendering affective citizenship and humanitarianism. Both of these ‘regimes of care’ are understood to work through benevolent affect, to mobilize citizens in the wake of the retrenchment of the welfare state. Ethnography with Italian-origin women volunteers at a Milanese association shows that the affect and motivations of affective citizens can starkly deviate from benevolence and ‘do-gooderism’. Analyses of post-Fordist affective citizenship focus on the shift from waged labour and state-mediated forms of social security to precarious labour and privatized responsibilities for welfare, implicitly centring the (male) breadwinner as the subject of these transformations. By contrast, this article seeks to call attention to the continuities in unwaged care. In so doing, it shows how the Fordist legacy of gendered citizenship ‘haunts’ its post-Fordist affective and humanitarian reconfigurations and highlights the contradictions and contestations that mark ongoing transformations of social citizenship in Europe.
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Kirk, Kate, Laurie Cohen, Alison Edgley, and Stephen Timmons. "“I don’t have any emotions”: An ethnography of emotional labour and feeling rules in the emergency department." Journal of Advanced Nursing 77, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.14765.
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Kearsey, Joe. "Control, camaraderie and resistance: Precarious work and organisation in hospitality." Capital & Class 44, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816820906382.
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With industrial action recently taking place at TGI Fridays, McDonald’s and Wetherspoons, the organisation of precarious workers within the hospitality industry has received renewed attention in popular and academic circles. The subject of this article is the result of a year’s worth of work, research and activism alongside co-workers within the sector. It takes the form of an insiders’ ethnography, positioning itself as an example of workers’ inquiry into precarious workplaces and collective resistance. The research addresses the subject of affective labour in customer-facing hospitality work, with particular attention paid to the sociability of the labour process. It also addresses the issues of the composition of labour and the material conditions that act as the driving force of precarity, while assessing the contours of flexibility, control and resistance. The wider social character of the work and the workers themselves, as well as the community and camaraderie of the workplace, is also studied. Using the 2018 TGI Fridays strike as a key example, the article outlines how, in harnessing the camaraderie of such social and communal work, workers have sought to realise their autonomy and resist precarity through collective struggle.
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Eva Revitt. "Women's Work and The Library: Ideological Shaping of the Academic Librarian as the Alt-academic." Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education 15, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20355/jcie29391.
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Overwhelmingly, librarians working at Canadian universities are considered academic staff, if not faculty. However, the role and fit of the academic librarian within the academic enterprise is overshadowed and frequently misunderstood. As alt-academics, librarians' expertise and contribution to the university's academic mission is often sidelined: the nature of the work too frequently viewed through an organizational rather than an academic lens and characterized as preoccupied with a structured set of regularized responsibilities. Drawing on the findings of my doctoral research, an institutional ethnography of librarians' work experiences as academic staff, this article argues that social relations such as those that construct work value are historically rotted and ideologically determined. I propose that our speech, text, and talk, indeed our social consciousness, is permeated by two ideological codes—women's work and the library—that structure librarians' labour in a particular way. Ultimately, I link the devaluation of librarians' work to the necessary gendered exploitation of labour that happens within a capitalist mode of production.
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Brydges, Ryan, Lori Nemoy, Doug M. Campbell, Filomena Meffe, Linda Moscovitch, Sabina Fella, Nirmala Chandrasekaran, Catherine Bishop, Nazanin Khodadoust, and Stella L. Ng. "“We can't just have a casual conversation”: An institutional ethnography-informed study of work in labour and birth." Social Science & Medicine 279 (June 2021): 113975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113975.
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Kempster, Steve, Marian Iszatt-White, and Matt Brown. "Authenticity in leadership: Reframing relational transparency through the lens of emotional labour." Leadership 15, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715017746788.
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In this paper we problematise relational transparency as an element of authentic leadership when viewed through the lens of emotional labour. Using the method of analytic co-constructed auto-ethnography we examine a senior hospital manager’s experience of seeking to be authentic during a period of intense challenge as he pursues the closure of a hospital ward. A first-person account is developed that speaks to the necessity of hiding felt emotions and displaying his perceptions of desired emotions warranted in the context in which he seeks to lead. That this is not experienced as inauthentic is seen as deriving from two dimensions of experienced authenticity: strength of identification with leadership role and fidelity to leadership purpose. The veracity of this reframing of authenticity in leadership practice is explored through a second study, of practising leaders required to balance the demands of performing emotional labour and appearing and feeling authentic. We suggest that reframing relational transparency as ‘fidelity to purpose’ may be a valuable counterweight to the goal of relational transparency promulgated by the leadership industry and a practical advance for those seeking to practise authentic leadership.
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Turner, Tim. "‘Just Knocking out Pills’: An Ethnography of British Drug Dealers in Ibiza." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 3, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.6694.
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Background: Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with British seasonal workers and tourists, this paper provides an extensive overview of the methodological processes of researching drug users and drug dealers within the international nightlife resort of Ibiza. In an innovative application of Bryman’s (2004) Disneyization framework, it is argued that seasonal workers are engaged in a deep form of performative labour. As mediators of Ibiza’s hedonistic atmosphere, this social group are revealed to be deeply immersed in the island’s renowned drug market. Methods: Ethnographic fieldwork employing a grounded theory design was undertaken over three summers in tourist locations across Ibiza, including: nightclubs; bars and cafes; beaches; airports and hotels. Field notes from participant observation were supplemented with data from semi-structured interviews (n=56). Documentary photography was also employed, with 580 images taken during fieldwork. Results and Conclusion: Many British seasonal workers in Ibiza are rapidly enmeshed within the drug market associated with the island’s hedonistic nightlife. Participants in this study were invariably engaged in high levels of illicit drug use, and unlike their tourist counterparts, this was drawn out over several months. As a consequence of the fragile nature of employment within the legal economy, many seasonal workers in Ibiza rely on income from drug dealing. In a social context where drug use is woven into the consumer space, it seems the multiple risks associated with the drug trade are obfuscated. The paper demonstrates that ethnographic immersion within bounded play spaces is essential if researchers are to generate theoretical insight into the complex intersections between illicit drug use, dealing and social context.
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Miszczynski, Milosz. "Labour arbitrage: the lifecycle of a global production node." Journal of Organizational Ethnography 5, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joe-04-2016-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the geographic mobility of organisations by focusing on an instance of a rural community hosting a mobile phone plant in Romania. The paper depicts the process of changes in the community and outlines the effects during the lifecycle of the investment: starting from the plant’s re-location from Germany to Romania until its closure and re-location to Southern China. Design/methodology/approach – This study emerged from a 16 month ethnography in the community conducted between 2011 and 2013. The quotes and observations come from recorded interviews and field notes taken during this time. Findings – The outcome of this work is to show how firms generate relationships not only with each other, but also with local communities, their labour markets and economies. As the author argue in this work, those relationships, despite their intensity and transformative power, are unstable and contrary to expectations might prove to be fragile and temporary. Originality/value – A number of approaches, such as world-system theory, political economy or the global value chain theory, try to describe the ongoing re-location of manufacturing industry by employing a top-down perspective. In this work, the author goes beyond this view and instead focus on the cultural meanings of this process. The author’s bottom-up perspective focuses on the particular geographic location of a production node, an important part of the global value chain of a major producer of consumer electronics. The unique value of this work is also that it shows the local outcomes of the investment and the way that workers understand their participation in global production at different stages of organisational life.
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Mechouat, Karima. "Moroccan Women in the Domestic Services Sector: Recognizing The Unrecognized: Fez as a Case Study." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 17 (June 30, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n17p17.
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The present paper aims to uncover the socio-economic and legal situation of women involved within the domestic services sector. It draws on parts of the findings brought about by a research paper I conducted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctorate at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences in Fez, Morocco. Being more essentially based on ethnography, the study was carried out through the use of observation, focus group and structured/semi-structured interviews which were conducted and analyzed in the light of the established theoretical framework of this exploratory investigation. What is new in this article is the fact that the investigation’s findings will be analysed and discussed through a critical rereading of the Moroccan Labour Law on domestic workers to gauge the extent to which it complies with the International Labour Standards set by the Domestic Workers Convention. As a result of structural adjustment, a considerable number of unemployed workers are urged to invade the informal sector. This study reveals that women involved in the domestic services sector as an informal and feminized sector are not only economically and socially marginalized, but they are also marginalized at the legislative level. All this indicates the importance of recognizing the unremunerated and the under-remunerated contributions of women to the domestic services sector and to all aspects of development. It also suggests the urgent need to amend the labour law on domestic workers and bring it in line with the International Labour Organization Standards to improve domestic workers’ conditions.
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Zani, Beatrice. "WeChat, we sell, we feel: Chinese women’s emotional petit capitalism." International Journal of Cultural Studies 23, no. 5 (August 8, 2020): 803–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877920923360.
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Through multi-situated and virtual ethnography, this article investigates the link between mobilities, subalternity, emotions and digital economies. Drawing on the case study of Chinese migrant women’s digital labour and e-commerce in Taiwan, it elucidates the social and emotional construction of translocal virtual markets, which connect online and offline the different temporalities, spatialities and emotions of women’s mobilities. In Taiwan, Chinese migrants contest a local condition of social, economic and cultural subalternity by exploring physical and digital, material and emotional markets. Setting sail through local consumption and translocal logistics, through the online application WeChat an emotional petit capitalism is socially and emotionally produced within women’s daily microcosmos of experiences and practices.
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Flubacher, Mi-Cha. "Desire and confusion: A sociolinguistic ethnography on affect in the ethnic economy of Thai massage." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2020, no. 264 (August 27, 2020): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-2096.
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AbstractIn my contribution, I will look at the interconnections between language, work, ethnicity and gender in the exemplary site of the Thai massage studio as part of a larger sociolinguistic ethnography in Vienna, Austria. I argue that Thai massage therapists are trying to establish an independent and professional self, while being continuously repositioned along gendered and racial stereotypes based on post-colonial ideas of the “exotic woman”. In other words, their work empowers them on the local labour market, but simultaneously threatens to reinstall clear social and ethnical hierarchies. In order to unpack this complex, I propose to discuss two theoretical concepts from a critical sociolinguistic perspective: the ethnic economy and the affect of desire, as they both inform an understanding of Thai massage as a particular localised global practice. I will first discuss ambivalent opportunities related to language competences in the ethnic economy, and then turn to examine how male clients come to ascribe “confused affect” to their experience with desire in the Thai massage. Finally, I will discuss the issue of researcher positionality in dealing with the potential reproduction of exoticisation through research.
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Pollert, Anna. "Thirty Years on from Women on the Line and Girls, Wives, Factory Lives." International Labor and Working-Class History 81 (2012): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000117.
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What is the lived experience of routine wage labour? Why does it matter? In the mid-1970s, Miriam Glucksmann/Ruth Cavendish, committed as a socialist and feminist and frustrated at the political isolation of academia from working class life, went to find out. She worked in a factory, and while not originally intending to write about it, ended up producing a rich ethnography: Women on the Line. Why was it important, and does it remain so? In the preface to The Making of the English Working Class, E. P. Thompson explained his choice of title: “Making, because it is the study in an active process, which owes as much to agency as to conditioning.” It is this interaction between agency and structure that is important to understanding how consciousness, identity, and action work—including the possibilities of challenging the status quo. Glucksmann gained the insight into what it felt like to “work on the line”; how work felt, the memories, experiences, everyday realities of her work colleagues; the control of the labour process, class and gender relations and collectivity; how wage exploitation operated; and resistance, including unionization, a dispute, division, and defeat.
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Middleton, Townsend, and Jason Cons. "Coming to terms: Reinserting research assistants into ethnography’s past and present." Ethnography 15, no. 3 (August 20, 2014): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138114533466.
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Research assistants have long been central to ethnographic practice, yet the conventions of academic labor have left their roles under-stated and obscure. The implications, we opine, are both theoretical and practical. Writing research assistants back in to our collective considerations of the method does more than simply fill a lacuna in the ‘reflexive turn’. It opens windows onto a radically transformed field of ethnographic practice. Today, the ‘field’ appears neither where nor what it used to be. Ethnographers are exploring ever-new terrains—many of them emergent, unstable, and dangerous. These endeavors, in turn, are prompting new kinds of research relationships. Against this backdrop, the time is now for a critical reappraisal of the players of contemporary ethnography. Venturing a new calculus of reflexive thinking, this Introduction engages the research assistant to revisit core ethnographic concerns—among them: research in dangerous places; the ethics of ethnographic labor; the shifting differentials of ‘academic vs. native’ expertise; and the socially produced nature of the ‘field’ itself. As the articles and Introduction of this special issue show, research assistants unsettle conventional understandings of what ethnography is and can be. Readmitted to the conversation, they provide a unique look into ethnography's current state of play—and glimpses of the method's future possibilities.
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Lumsden, Karen, and Alex Black. "Austerity Policing, Emotional Labour and the Boundaries of Police Work: An Ethnography of a Police Force Control Room in England." British Journal of Criminology 58, no. 3 (August 10, 2017): 606–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azx045.
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Barrera, Leticia. "Files Circulation and the Forms of Legal Experts." Journal of Legal Anthropology 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2008): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2008.010101.
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A common assumption in Western legal cultures is that judicial law-making is materialised in practices that resemble the operation of a professional bureaucracy, practices that are also central to the construction of knowledge in other systems, such as accounting, audit, science, and even ethnography (Dauber 1995; Strathern 2000; Riles 2000, 2004, 2006; Maurer 2002; Yngvesson and Coutin 2006). This argument situates the judiciary as a formalistic organization that builds its ambition of universality on the procurement and dissemination of knowledge on a rational basis. Drawing on ethnographic research in the Argentine Supreme Court, this paper seeks to unpack this assumption through a detailed look at how the figures of legal bureaucrats, in particular law clerks, become visible through the documentary practices they perform within the judicial apparatus. As these practices unfold, they render visible these subjects in different forms, though not always accessible to outsiders. Persons are displayed through a bureaucratic circuit of files that simultaneously furthers and denies human agency while reinforcing the division of labour within the institution. This dynamic, I argue, can be understood in light of Marilyn Strathern’s (1988) insights about the forms of objectification and personification that operate in two “ethnographically conceived” social domains (Pottage 2001:113): a Euro-American commodity-driven economy, and Melanesia’s economy based on gift-exchange.
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Arkenback-Sundström, Charlotte. "A Postdigital Perspective on Service Work: Salespeople’s Service Encounters in the Connected Store." Postdigital Science and Education 4, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 422–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42438-021-00280-2.
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AbstractCovid-19 has disrupted global markets, accelerated the digital transformation of frontline service, and changed how service organisations, frontline service employees, and consumers interact. This article explores how digitalisation is changing retail service work from a postdigital perspective. The article draws on an ethnography of salespeople’s service encounters in speciality chain stores between July 2015 and August 2021. Using a practice theory framework (the theory of practice architectures), the article explores what conditions form salespeople’s service encounters in connected stores and how retail organisations’ digitalisation of frontline service changes salespeople’s practice of service encounters. The contributions of this article to the ongoing debate over the digitalisation of service work are twofold. On the theoretical plane, the article provides an alternative framework to labour process theory for exploring and describing service work organised around digital technologies. Secondly, it uncovers the conditions that are changing salespeople’s practice of service encounters, along with attributes associated with service work and emotional labour skills. The research shows that the connected service encounter is characterised by postdigital dialogue that involves new roles and skills in frontline service work. Overall, the findings contribute to a better understanding of how digitalisation changes action and interaction in service encounters from an employee perspective.
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Maitra, Saikat, and Srabani Maitra. "Producing the Aesthetic Self: An Analysis of Aesthetic Skill and Labour in the Organized Retail Industries in India." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 3 (November 16, 2018): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118808129.
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Drawing on the concept of aesthetic labour, this article examines how skill training programmes in the organized retail industries in Kolkata modulate underclass female service worker-bodies to align them with the corporeal ideals of a globally fetishized consumer-citizenship aesthetics. Applicants for the entry-level jobs in retail are usually young women from economically underprivileged families, who are routinely viewed as being ‘deficient’ in the basic social, communicational and cultural norms. This necessitates a refashioning of the workers’ personhood by changing their bodily deportments, hygiene standards, communicational skills and social etiquettes. Yet there is little sustained examination of the impact of such skill training on the everyday lives of young female employees who are simultaneously tied to the aspirations for corporate social mobility as well as the vagaries of their own personal lives imbued with poverty, low wage and socio-economic precariousness. Based on a two-year ethnography in shopping malls in Kolkata, this study makes an original contribution in reflecting on how, while female service workers might very well learn to inhabit spaces like shopping malls through a learnt performance of embodied consumer cosmopolitanism under aesthetic labour regimes, their class backgrounds continue to produce moral surveillance, frictions as well as restrictions.
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Assumpção, Luiz Felipe Monsores de. "A resiliência da inspeção do trabalho brasileira: estratégias de reconfiguração (ou desfiguração?) no pós- Constituição de 88." Teoria Jurídica Contemporânea 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 206–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21875/tjc.v4i1.24008.
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RESUMO:O presente artigo é um recorte de um estudo recente e mais amplo sobre a Inspeção do Trabalho brasileira. Seu propósito é examinar o processo de reconfiguração institucional, bem como da política de inspeção do trabalho nas décadas que seguiram à promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Toma-se como pressuposto que tal processo não decorreu tão só de fatores exógenos, mas também das estratégias de autodefesa, sejam as de cunho procedimental, mobilizadas no âmbito da máquina administrativa, sejam as resultantes da agenda classista que determinou as ações dos grupos de pressão em favor do corpo fiscal. Ao fim, se analisam possíveis desdobramentos dessa resiliência institucional da Inspeção do Trabalho a partir da “reforma trabalhista” de 2017 e, mais recentemente, da extinção do Ministério do Trabalho. Neste fragmento, de corte interdisciplinar, tomam-se como dados alguns aportes do trabalho historiográfico realizado na pesquisa original. Isso se pode dizer, também, do referencial teórico, com destaque para perspectiva luhmanniana dos sistemas auto-organizados e a teoria crítica do direito. Considerando a condição do autor, de sujeito imerso no objeto da pesquisa, optou-se pela análise contextualizada de textos normativos e dados estatísticos, pelo que se buscou atenuar o rigor descritivo, à guisa de uma etnografia documental. Os resultados, em síntese, apontam para a ambiguidade das estratégias de defesa institucional da Inspeção do Trabalho, que ao tempo de amortecerem os impactos produzidos pelas políticas neoliberais das últimas décadas, também concorrem para sua descaracterização poiética como “magistratura social”. ABSTRACT:This article is an excerpt of a recent and broader study on the Brazilian Labour Inspection. Its purpose is to examine the process of institutional reconfiguration as well as labor inspection policy in the decades following the advent of Brazilian Constitution of 1988. It is assumed that this process was not only due to external factors, but also to self-defense strategies, whether procedural ones, mobilized within the administrative machinery, or those resulting from the class agenda that determined the actions of pressure groups in favor of the interests of Federal Inspectors. Finally, we analyze possible consequences of this institutional resilience of the Labour Inspection after the “labor reform” of 2017 and, more recently, the extinction of the Brazilian Ministry of Labour. This article, with an interdisciplinary approach, appropriates, as a previous data, the contributions of the historiographical work produced in other excerpts of this research. It also shares the theoretical references, such as the theory of social systems and the critique of labor law. Considering the double quality of this author, researcher and object of the research, it was opted for the documentary ethnography of normative texts and statistical data, as well as participant observation. The results, in summary, point to the ambiguity of institutional defense strategies of the Brazilian Labour Inspection, which intends to absorb the impacts produced by the neoliberal policies of the last decades, eventually uncharacterized it as a kind of “social magistracy”.
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Baciu, Loreni Elena, Melinda Dinca, Theofild Lazar, and Johans Tveit Sandvin. "Exploring the social relations of Roma employability." Journal of Comparative Social Work 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v11i1.138.
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The article reports on a qualitative study of Roma employability in Romania. Being the largest ethnic minority group in Europe, the Roma population is the object of profound marginalization in most of the countries where they reside, by measures such as spatial segregation and exclusion from the formal labour market. This article focuses particularly on the Roma living in rural segregated communities. Inspired by institutional ethnography, the aim is to explore the social organization of rural Roma employability from the standpoint of the Roma themselves. The main obstacles to employment, as they are known and shared by our interviewees, are a lack of available jobs within reach, their own lack of education and a rejection by employers on the grounds of them being Roma. As the analyses show, these obstacles, and the individual’s experiences and knowledge about them, are shaped and maintained by extended translocal relations of administration and governance, thus making the rural Roma dependent on a precarious secondary labour market of low-paid day work for neighbouring farmers. The uncertainty of this work, and the organization and work of everyday life it implies for the people inhabiting these communities, further increases the distance to formal employment. It is this complex set of relations coordinating people’s doings that produce the employability of Roma inhabiting the rural segregated communities.
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Pillai, Nicolas, and Vanessa Jackson. "How television works: Discourses, determinants and dynamics arising from the re-enactment of Jazz 625." Journal of Popular Television 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jptv_00046_1.
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Re-enactment can enable participatory researchers to ‘experience’ through qualitative ethnography the dynamics of how teams of practitioners employ tacit skills to make decisions and collaborate. This article explores the practice-as-research re-enactment of a historic 1960s television show, Jazz 625 (1964–66). With the emphasis on the process rather than the product through the production of a modern-day interpretation of the original – entitled Jazz 1080 – the researchers draw conclusions around the complex workings of a television production team through the creation of a new artefact. The empirical research captures how professional attitudes and institutionalized forms of collaborative creative labour shape programme-making. Comparisons are made between the original and re-enacted productions, with the conclusion being made that, despite advances in technology, the practices and processes of television production are remarkably similar between the 1960s and the early twenty-first century.
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Carruth, Lauren, and Lahra Smith. "Building one's own house: power and escape for Ethiopian women through international migration." Journal of Modern African Studies 60, no. 1 (March 2022): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000434.
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AbstractThis study uses ethnography along Ethiopian women's irregular migration routes through Djibouti to analyse the complex reasons women leave home to seek labour opportunities in the Gulf States. Theories and policies that either narrowly depict women's motivations as economic in nature or focus only on women's needs for security and protection, fail to account both for the politics of seeking employment abroad, and the ways migration provides women a potential refuge from various forms of violence at home. Using a feminist analysis, we argue that women do not migrate only for financial opportunities, but also to escape combinations of domestic, political and structural violence. As such, irregular migration both evinces a failure of asylum systems and humanitarian organisations to protect Ethiopians, and a failure of the state to provide Ethiopian women meaningful citizenship. Lacking both protection and meaningful citizenship, international migration represents women's journeys for opportunity and emancipation.