Journal articles on the topic 'Labour and demographic economics'
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1
Chen, Wen-Hao, Ana Llena-Nozal, and Michael Förster. "Demographic or labour market trends." OECD Journal: Economic Studies 2013, no. 1 (February 5, 2014): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-2013-5k43jt5vcdvl.
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Ermisch, John. "DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENTS and EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKETS." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 3 (August 1995): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1995.tb01162.x.
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Molchanov, Igor. "Vocational Training, Labor Market and Immigration Policy in Russia." Economica 7, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2014/7/1/4307.
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In point of view of labour market the immigration has become the major factor in recent times. The main tasks of immigration policy: compensation of labour shortages in relation with demographic and aging population problems; to satisfy the long-term demand for labour in some business sectors; to ensure the labor supply of innovation-qualified investment processes; organizing of preparation of experts from requested profession; to limit the short-term unskilledlabor immigration; creating the necessary conditions and broaden the opportunities for immigration for business use.
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Molchanov, Igor. "Vocational Training, Labor Market and Immigration Policy in Russia." Economica 7, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2014/7/1/4307.
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In point of view of labour market the immigration has become the major factor in recent times. The main tasks of immigration policy: compensation of labour shortages in relation with demographic and aging population problems; to satisfy the long-term demand for labour in some business sectors; to ensure the labor supply of innovation-qualified investment processes; organizing of preparation of experts from requested profession; to limit the short-term unskilledlabor immigration; creating the necessary conditions and broaden the opportunities for immigration for business use.
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Sipurzyńska-Rudnicka, Katarzyna. "Przyszłość demograficzna Polski a rynek pracy." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 24 (May 7, 2018): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.24.8.
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The demographic future of Poland and the labour market The study focuses on the demographic changes expected in Poland by 2050 and their impact on the labour market. The forecasts indicate a significant loss of potential labour resources, their aging and the increase in the burden on those resources from the non-productive population. This situation may trigger a number of threats to the labour market and the economy, including the occurrence of labour shortages, weakening of competitiveness and economic growth. Previous socio-demographic statistics, however, point to the complexity of the relationship between demography and the labour market, and they discourage simplistic conclusions regarding the nature of these links in the future.
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Lisiankova, Katerina, and Robert E. Wright. "Demographic Change and the European Union Labour Market." National Institute Economic Review 194 (October 2005): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950105061497.
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If current demographic trends continue, the combined population of the twenty-five countries that currently make up the European Union will age rapidly and decline in size in the coming decades. As the EU population ages and declines, so will its labour force, which will likely constrain the labour market and generate lower rates of economic growth. Data from the most recent round of United Nation population projections is used to illustrate the scale of these changes.
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Bucăța, George. "The Challenges of Human Resources Department – The Impact of the Demographic Evolution (The Case of Migration)." Scientific Bulletin 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2018-0010.
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Abstract Employees must adapt to these permanent changes by acquiring new skills required to use new technologies. One of the phenomena developed in order to meet these challanges is labour mobility. For the purpose of economic and social mobility, labour is a form of movement in relation to the ever-changing needs of the productive factors. Mobility in the labor market can be considered from several aspects. At the EU level, the phenomenon of labour mobility is promoted by the desire to meet the challanges arising in the labour market. From a economic and political point of view, the free movement of people is inteded to create a common market for labour and promoting EU citizens, by removing barriers in this area.
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Nayab, Durr-e. "Demographic Dividend or Demographic Threat in Pakistan?" Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i1pp.1-26.
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Population growth and size have remained the focus of debate for centuries but the recent demographic transition in developing countries has made social scientists take note of the changing age structure of the population as well. As a result of declining population growth and consequent changes in age structure, the proportion of working-age population is increasing in most developing countries. An associated decline in the dependent age population offers a window of opportunity, referred to as the ‘demographic dividend’. Pakistan is also going through the demographic transition, and is experiencing a once-in-a-lifetime demographic dividend as the working-age population bulges and the dependency ratio declines. This paper looks into the demographic dividend being offered to Pakistan and its implications for the country, mainly through three mechanisms: labour supply, savings, and human capital. For economic benefits to materialise, there is a need for policies dealing with education, public health, and those that promote labour market flexibility and provide incentives for investment and savings. On the contrary, if appropriate policies are not formulated, the demographic dividend might, in fact, be a cost, leading to unemployment and an unbearable strain on education, health, and old age security.
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Wysocka, Magdalena. "Effect of Demographic Changes on the Labour Supply in Lithuania and Poland." Engineering Economics 32, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.25087.
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Demographic changes are one of the variables impacting labour supply. When viewing the situation on labour markets, not only quantitative changes in the total population size are significant, but also changes in the population categorised by economic age groups. International research indicates that the population size is decreasing. These processes translate into labour markets experiencing deficiencies in labour force. To counteract and minimise these undesirable conditions, continuous monitoring and diagnosis of the status of labour resources is required. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of demographic changes in labour supply based on the example of the Lithuanian and Polish labour markets and to redefine the groups of people forming unused labour resources. To this end, both secondary and primary data were used. The former were derived from statistical reports originating from the analysed countries, while the latter were obtained from the author’s own studies carried out among 200 respondents classified as unused labour resources. The research found that in the labour markets of both studied countries, very significant changes have occurred and will continue to occur, which may lead to the reduction in the productive-age population and to the increase in the post-productive-age population. The research has been carried out based on the systematic literature review methodology, which included theoretical and empirical research publications from 2000-2019, a diagnostic survey conducted among people classified as unused labour resources, as well as methods of descriptive statistics and induction. The literature review has demonstrated a shortage of studies on the subject of research, which makes the content of the paper a partial answer to the existing knowledge gap.
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Du, Yang, and Cuifen Yang. "DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGES: IMPLICATIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA." Journal of Economic Surveys 28, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 617–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joes.12072.
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Dash, Bishnu Mohan, Lokender Prashad, and Mili Dutta. "Demographic Trends of Child Labour in India: Implications for Policy Reforms." Global Business Review 19, no. 5 (September 18, 2018): 1345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918788626.
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The article highlights the situation of child labour using the Census data of Government of India from 1971 to 2011. This study has also utilized the National Sample Survey Organization 68th round data on employment and unemployment of child labour in India. In this study, bivariate and multivariate analysis has been carried out. The chi-square test has been used to study the association between child labour and various socio-economic characteristics. The multiple logistic regression technique has been used to find out the factors affecting child labour. All the analysis has been carried out in SPSS and STATA software. The article has highlighted the growth rate of child labour and its distribution with socio- economic characteristics and work participation rate of child labour in India. Using the logistic regression, the study has projected the estimates of child labour in India. Besides that, the article recommended various suggestions for the abolition and regulation of the incidences of child labour in India.
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Reddy, A. Bheemeshwar. "Labour force participation of elderly in India: patterns and determinants." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 5 (May 9, 2016): 502–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2014-0221.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the labour force participation of older persons (aged 60 and above) in India from 1983 to 2011-2012. The paper also briefly reviews the conditions of work for the elderly and examines different socio-economic and demographic factors that are associated with labour force participation of elderly in India. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses data from repeated cross-sectional rounds of Employment and Unemployment Surveys of National Sample Survey Office from 1983 to 2011-2012. The author uses probit regression model to identify the socio-economic and demographic variables that are associated with the labour participation of the elderly in India. Findings – The results show that labour force participation rate of older persons in rural India remained almost stable between 1983 and 2011-2012, despite the rapid economic growth that India experienced during the same period. Further, the results show that among the elderly, those who belong to relatively poor socio-economic status are more likely to participate in the labour force. It is observed that large percentage of the elderly workforce are engaged in poorly paid jobs in the informal sector, either as casual workers or as self-employed in low-skilled or unskilled occupations. Research limitations/implications – This paper is mostly descriptive in its analysis and it only points to the possible socio-economic and demographic determinants of elderly labour force participation in India. Originality/value – Given that the studies on employment of elderly in India are scanty, this paper provides new evidence on changes in labour force participation of elderly over last three decades. Further, this study makes an attempts to understand who among the elderly most likely to participation in labour force in India.
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Jafrin, Nusrat, Masnun Mahi, Muhammad Mehedi Masud, and Deboshree Ghosh. "Demographic dividend and economic growth in emerging economies: fresh evidence from the SAARC countries." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 8 (May 7, 2021): 1159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2020-0588.
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PurposeThe study attempts to establish the relationship between demographic dividend and GDP growth rate by utilising panel data from 1990 to 2017 in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the pooled OLS model, using data from the World Bank's database for the period 1990–2017 for five selected South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries.FindingsThe results reveal that demographic dividend affects economic growth in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, thereby supporting the demographic dividend hypothesis. For the country-specific analysis, it was also observed that demographic dividend impacts the economic growth of the five SAARC countries. In addition, growth of gross capital formation is highly significant for both aggregated and country-specific analyses. However, economic growth is unaffected by trade openness and unemployment rates. Moreover, the rate of labour force participation is negatively related to the GDP growth rate in the aggregated model.Originality/valueThis paper bestows insight into the fact that the impact of demographic dividend on the economic growth of the SAARC regions cannot be fully actualised if the workforce are underutilised. This region needs to adopt appropriate policies to strengthen the considerable benefits of demographic dividend on the economic growth.
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Sadie, J. L. "The demography of globalisation." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v4i3.2655.
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Demographic globalisation, as the counterpart of economic globalisation, is interpreted as the movement towards a state depicted as the "global village" where there are no official impediments to the cross-border movement of people. Such movement is posited as the outcome of inter-country disequilibria which determine the levels of the propensity to migrate. Relevant problems are addressed such as whether the international trade in goods and services can serve as substitute for migration of labour (accompanied or unacompanied by dependents); demographic complementarity between more and less developed countries; the type of labour demanded by countries of immigration; demographically perverse migratory flows; the socio-economic problems ensuing from the formation of numerically strong ethnic minorities in host countries; and what the outlook is for the realisation, in demographic terms, of a global village mode.
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Brunetta, Renato. "Labour Economics: History and Theory." Labour 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1991.tb00029.x.
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Brown, Ross, and Mike Danson. "‘Going Grey’: Demographic Change and the Changing Labour Market in Scotland." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 18, no. 4 (November 2003): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269094032000154997.
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Brown, Ross, and Mike Danson. "'Going Grey': Demographic Change and the Changing Labour Market in Scotland." Local Economy 18, no. 4 (November 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/759369133.
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Cagliesi, Gabriella, Denise Donna Hawkes, and Max Tookey. "A multi-disciplinary approach to explaining workless-ness in Britain." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 7 (July 10, 2017): 937–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2015-0267.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to adopt the principles of labour economics, behavioural economics and social influence to identify constraints and enablers that influence people’s choices in relation to the labour market decisions. Design/methodology/approach A sequential empirical methodology has been adopted, where data from the British Household Panel Survey (2009) has been collected to explain various statuses of labour market activity, with a focus on workless-ness, across the categories of unemployment, being a student, disability, retirement and being a carer – differentiating for gender and age. The paper develops and substantiates the hypothesis theoretically and gives some indications using a multi-disciplinary approach. Findings The authors found that labour market opportunities, choices and achievements are affected by the interrelations and interactions of an individual’s demographic and psychological characteristics (such as age, gender, heuristics, perceptions, beliefs, attitude’s goals and ambitions) along with external factors (such as geographical, socio- cultural and economic conditions). Originality/value This study makes a unique contribution to labour economics as the authors abandon the traditional welfare approach and use a more general framework of capabilities and refined functioning to interpret how different types of constraints – ranging from socio-economic conditions and environmental background to specific features of individual processes of choices and decision making – affect preferences and functioning’s. The study also identifies how “under-employment” complements the use of BE/social influence in explaining labour market inactivity, and highlights how the findings of this study have important implications for policy.
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Nkhumeleni, Mpho, Nancy Stiegler, and Kanayo Ogujiuba. "Interaction of Unemployment, Socioeconomic Factors and Demographic Dividend in South Africa: Issues and Policy Options." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 12, no. 5 (September 19, 2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.13388.
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Unemployment is a major barrier to achieving a successful demographic dividend in many countries, including South Africa. A shortage of skills and knowledge among the working-age population is one of the key issues. The objective of this article is to examine if there is a link between youth unemployment in South Africa and demographic indicators. This article examines the relationship between educational achievement and employment status among working-age South Africans. Secondary data was used, and desktop analysis was performed on the information gathered from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey of 2017 and 2019. Findings show a link between youth unemployment and demographic characteristics, as well as a link between educational attainment and work status in South Africa. According to our findings, when it comes to gender and employment possibilities, women have a harder time finding jobs than men. in addition, being black or African makes it more challenging to find a job compared to other demographic groups. This suggests that more must be done in the labor market for South Africa's economy to grow. Youth labor force involvement must be increased in the future to reduce the number of discouraged job seekers. Government initiatives that promote labor market flexibility should be implemented.
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Pryazhnikova, Olga. "LABOR MIGRATION IN ASEAN COUNTRIES : INTRA-REGIONAL FEATURES." Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika, no. 4 (2021): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rva/2021.04.08.
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The review highlights distinctive features of labour migration in ASEAN region. Disparities in socio-economic development and multidirectional demographic trends in the member countries enhance significance of intra-regional labor migration as a factor of improving life standards in sending countries and increasing the efficiency of labour markets in receiving countries. Among typical problems for labour migration within the region, there are limited opportunities for foreign workers to use legal channels for migration and, as a result, lack of access to social assistance in case of crisis.
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Netti, Nadia. "The Italian Wage Curve. The effects of the Recent Labour Market Reforms." STUDI ECONOMICI, no. 95 (March 2009): 53–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2008-095003.
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- The paper examines some effects of the recent reforms aimed at increasing flexibility in the Italian labour market. It shows their incapability to respond to the "inclusion" problem which still characterises the country. New temporary low-skill jobs were created but the reforms have neither enforced industrial competitiveness nor increased productivity. Far from solving the problems of a dual economy, de-regulation of Italian labour market has reinforced them and has concurrently eroded civil rights thereby making a departure form standards of health and morality. Excessive turnover of workers and firms is a major obstacle to human capital accumulation. A hostile territory produces social inequality, poverty and under- consumption that severely compromises growth. Key words: Labor and Demographic Economics; Wages, Compensation and Labor Costs; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials JEL Classification: J, J3, J31
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Wadsworth, Jonathan. "The UK Labour Market and Immigration." National Institute Economic Review 213 (July 2010): R35—R42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110380324.
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Rising immigration has undoubtedly been one of the most significant demographic developments experienced by the United Kingdom over the past fifteen years. This article reviews the evidence on the effects of immigration on the UK labour market. On average, it seems that immigration has not had much of an effect on either employment or pay. However, there may be some evidence of downward pressures on pay and jobs impact in the low skill sector, though these effects are not large.
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Young, Ademola Obafemi. "Economic Growth and Demographic Dividend Nexus in Nigeria: A Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Approach." Asian Social Science 15, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n2p37.
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In demography and population economics discourse, the macroeconomic implications of an upsurge in working age population, notably the labour force, on economic growth has been widely studied and the inherent beneficial impact has become known as demographic dividend. However, the exact mechanism linking the dividend to growth remains a perennial question. This motivates the current study to investigate empirically the dividend-growth nexus in the context of Nigerian economy in a multivariate VAR model spanning between the period 1970 and 2017. Specifically, the paper attempted to answer the question: Is the Nigerian Demographic Dividend an Education-triggered Dividend? Innovation Accounting Techniques was applied to assess the dynamic interactions among the variables. The empirical evidence obtained revealed that the innovation in gross enrollment made much contribution to the variation in economic growth relative to innovation in economic support ratio. The magnitude ranges between 20.09 and 27.54 percent. This result, thus, lend credence to the theoretical view of the education-triggered dividend model which ascribes to education twofold roles of helping to lessen fertility and also enhancing productivity but invalidates the conventional dividend paradigm.
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Vasilyeva, E. V., and Al V. Vasileva. "Demographic Research in the Context of Economic Development and Security of Regions." Economy of regions 18, no. 1 (2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-1-1.
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The present paper reviews the scientific research on key global demographic megatrends such as population ageing and migration that have a significant long-term impact on social and economic development. However, attitudes towards these demographic trends and their consequences range from seeing them as security threats to development opportunities. This review systematises demographic studies and identifies the most promising scientific areas to explain a wide range of consequences and propose relevant recommendations. Thus, a research algorithm was constructed in order to complete the following three tasks: (1) to analyse and classify the consequences of the described demographic trends for social and economic development; (2) to conduct a comparative analysis of such sources of filling the labour shortage in Russian regions as stimulating labour participation of pensioners and facilitating the access of foreigners to the labour market; (3) to identify literature gaps that require further attention. To create a database, keywords «population ageing» and «population migration» were searched in the main collections of Web of Science, Scopus and Russian Index Science Citation (RISC). The survey showed that ageing and migration do not hinder economic growth and well-being of the population. However, these demographic processes require effective policy development to comprehensively solve economic and social issues, as well as the problems of the elderly population and migrants. Therefore, ageing and migration should rather be seen as opportunities for territorial development, while poor adaptability of existing institutions to these processes is what threatens economic security. The conducted study shows that the problem of institutions’ adaptation to modern demographic trends is not fully examined in scientific literature and requires further investigation.
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Grigorova, T. V., and N. V. Laykova. "POPULATION GROWTH AS AN INDISPENSABLE CONDITION FOR LABOUR MARKET FORMATION." Territory Development, no. 2(20) (2020): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32324/2412-8945-2020-2-57-60.
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This article examines the problem of relationship between demography and economy and presents statistical data that characterize the demographic processes in Russia since 1997. The population is considered as the labor, the number and structure of which largely determines the economic development of the country. Authors explore the reasons for the low birth rate of the population and the outflow of people from sparsely populated areas and show the dynamics of international migration. It is shown that financial support is needed not only for families with children, but also for those young people who are planning the birth of their first child. It is specified that only state investments, correct and consistent policy can change the current demographic situation.
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Smedes, Michael, and Jennifer Humphrys. "Australian labour account: Linking production to people and jobs." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200684.
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This paper describes how the Australian Labour Account supports macro-economic analysis of peoples’ participation in employment and related production over time. Development of Labour Accounts have provided an opportunity to significantly improve the quality of aggregates such as the number of jobs occupied within each industry, measures of hours worked, and labour productivity growth. Finally, it provides an opportunity to further emphasise the household experience within the system of economic accounts, linking from production activities to important demographic and socio-economic issues.
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Bagirova, Anna P., and Oksana M. Shubat. "Models of Grandparents’ Labour in the Socio-Economic Space of Russia." Economy of Region 17, no. 1 (March 2021): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-1-15.
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Foreign researchers consider the phenomenon of grandparents’ labour in the framework of the economy of parental labour. Since the early 2000s, Russian scientists have been actively studying this problem due to high socio-economic disparity of Russian regions, and important strategic objectives stated in the Demography National Project and the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025. We identified and described specific regional situations, namely, models of grandparents’ labour in the socio-economic space of the country. To analyse grandparents’ labour, we examined individual questions of the “Comprehensive monitoring of living conditions” survey published by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). The research methodology includes both hierarchical (based on Ward’s method, the square of the Euclidean distance, and other measures) and non-hierarchical cluster analysis (the k-means method). We proposed a method for studying grandparents’ labour based on research of parental labour and international demographic studies on grandparenthood. The empirical analysis revealed 6 models of grandparents’ labour in the socio-economic space of Russia. These models differ in the level and intensity of involvement of older women in the sphere of grandparents’ labour and their potential in this area. For each model of grandparents’ labour, we identified the core regions (groups of regions) involved in the clustering. We explained why the government should be interested in the activation and stimulation of grandparents’ labour in Russian regions. Further research should focus on examining the particularities of grandparents’ labour depending on the actors: men, grandparents living with their grandchildren and apart from them, living in the same city, in the same or different regions of Russia.
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Kalashnikova, Liudmyla, and Viktoriia Chorna. "Quantification labour migration processes: systemization of the experience of foreign and domestic studies." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016611001.
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The article made the attempt to systematize foreign and domestic research experiences on quantitative measurement of quality performance indicators work-migration processes. In particular, it analyses the possibility of harmonization of statistical accounting of labor migration, carried out by separate departmental systems to gather broad demographic information. As well as the features of the specialized and general sample surveys of the labour movement in the countries of ES and the post-soviet states. On the basis of the analysis of the necessity of the integration of economic, demographic and sociological approaches for full-scale analysis of the labour migration situation in the labour market. It is proved that sociological research work-migration processes more flexible, in comparison with the economic. And their use will allow to consider the impact on the adoption of the individual decisions on the labour movement of the whole complex of modern trends of development of society and economy. It is proposed to supplement recommendations A. Vorobyov, A. Grebenyuk, A. Topilin regarding the definition of the range of respondents, and social indicators included in the Toolkit of sample surveys of labour migration. The implementation of such methodological innovations will allow to solve the question of forecasting the dynamics work-migration processes.
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Rudakov, M. N. "The regional labour market: demography and economy of the Republic of Karelia." Russian Economic Journal, no. 5 (November 2020): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2020-5-52-63.
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The interaction between demographic and economical factors of the development of the regional labour market is being considered. The analysis of the dynamics of key economical-demographic indexes is completed on the base of the wholly period of market transformation. The idea that the market transformations determined not only the structural changes of the economy, but also the adequate intersectoral displacement of labour resources and so the labour sphere optimization is approved. The defining reaction of the labour market on the structural dynamics of the economy caused the growth of institutional variety of employment’s forms.
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Stark, Oded. "On the Economics of International Labour Migration." Population Studies 44, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000144516.
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Sills, Stephen J. "Philippine labour migration to Taiwan: Social, political, demographic, and economic dimensions." MIGRATION LETTERS 4, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v4i1.206.
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The Philippines has become one of today’s leading exporters of migrants. This migration flow largely results from internal demographic and economic pressures, but has also been brought about by the policy decisions of the Philippine government which sees potential relief from remittances and reduction of unemployment. The continued cycling of labour migrants for more than 30 years has resulted in a “culture” of migration. Destinations for temporary labour migrants are influenced as well by demographic determinants such as low birth rates in the destination country, leading to a need for labourers, and high birth rates in the sending country, leading to surplus labourers.
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Govorova, Natalia. "EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET IN PANDEMIC REALITY." Contemporary Europe, no. 100 (December 31, 2020): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72020128139.
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The beginning of 2020 was marked by an outbreak of the global pandemic COVID-19, which forced almost all governments to adopt restrictive measures in which social distance played a key role. In order to stop the spread of the virus and ensure the safety of people, many businesses were temporarily shut down and millions of workers were absent from their workplaces for long periods. So far, it is difficult to predict how much time, financial resources and effort it will take various actors to recover the world, European and domestic economies. Individual sectors and enterprises will continue to be adversely affected by the effects of the pandemic for a long time to come and will have to increase costs to ensure safety for operational process and labour force. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic in social, economic, demographic, financial, political and other areas has yet to be comprehensively assessed and analyzed by experts. The article provides insight into analysis of the European labour market and measures adopted by the EU on smoothing the consequences of the coronavirus crisis in the social and labour spheres.
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Bartosik, Krzysztof. "The “Family 500+” programme and female labour force participation in Poland. Demographic and economic determinants." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 63, no. 3 (2020): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.3.2.
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The paper investigates the effect of child cash benefit “Family 500+” on the female labour supply in Poland, taking into account demographic and cyclical determinants. The study is based on the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and Polish Central Statistical Office quarterly data. The analyses cover the period of 2016–2018. The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is the measure of labour supply. The analysis uses a counterfactual method to determine the impact of demographic and behavioural changes on female labour supply. To identify the causes of the economic inactivity of women (adopted by LFS), decomposition of the growth rate of economically inactive women is applied. The effect of the business cycle on female labour supply is analysed using OLS recursive regression. The study found that the LFPR of women aged 25–44 decreased after 2015. This was related to the cash transfers under the “Family 500+” programme and the increasing number of economically inactive women by reason of “family and household responsibilities”. At the same time, changes in the demographic structure contributed positively to the LFPR of women aged 25–44, while the business cycle did not have a significant impact on it. OLS recursive regression showed that in the 25–44 age group, the introduction of “Family 500+” coincided with changes in the relationships between the LFPR, the percentage of the “discouraged”, economically inactive women by reason of “family responsibilities” and the unemployment rate.
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Oliinyk, Y., and O. Vashchenko. "SOCIAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS OF FORMATION AND THE USE OF LABOR POTENTIAL IN KYIV REGION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 72 (2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.72.1.
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The article exposes general features of labour potential development on Kyiv region in comparison with other regions of Ukraine. Focused on analysis of factors of employment of the labour potential of the region from the standpoint of social geography. Socio-geographical factors of formation and the use of labour potential of the region are revealed. Research of labour potential of Kiev region allows you to understand which socio-geographical factors most strongly influence the modern formation and the use of the labour potential of the region in comparison with other regions of Ukraine. The article proposes 23 indicators of four subsystems with six components, which determine the formation and the use of labor resources in the region. Integral indices of certain subsystems were calculated, which reflect the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of labour resources potential, which dynamically change under the influence of socio-geographical factors. The method of factor analysis has been applied, which provided for the normalization of the indicators (taking into account their stimulating and disincentive impact) of the regions of Ukraine; aggregation of indicators in indices for components of labour potential and the calculation of integral indices of educational-cultural, medical-ecological, demographic and economic subsystems. According to the results of calculations of factor scales and the integral rank of labour potential development in the regions of Ukraine, the peculiarities of the formation and the use of labour potential in Ukraine and the corresponding influence of socio-geographical factors are revealed. According to the integral ranking of the assessment of the formation and the use of labour potential, five groups of regions have been identified. The brief characterization of the selected groups of regions in relation to the role in shaping the labour potential of their regional centres is given in line with the level of diversification of the economy and the impact on the socio-cultural development of the region and the country as a whole, determined in the gender of socio-geographic factors of labour potential development. Three main aggregate socio-geographical factors of formation and development of labour potential of regions of Ukraine (medical-ecological factor, educational-cultural factor, demographic and economic factor) and their influence were revealed. Significant disproportions were found in the level of labour potential development in the regions of Ukraine. The place of the Kiev region was described in accordance with their actions. Kyiv region belongs to a group of regions with a high level of labour potential with the most significant effect of demographic and economic factors. Kyiv region is described as Hinterland, which is in close social and economic interconnection with Kyiv, which certainly affects the market situation of the labour market.
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Tonet Maciel, Francieli, and Ana Maria Hermeto C. Oliveira. "Women’s formal and informal labour in Brazil: an inequality decomposition (2000-2010)." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 700–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2017-0056.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of changes in the relative composition and in the segmentation between formal and informal labour on earnings differentials among women over the last decade in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The authors follow Machado and Mata’s method to decompose the changes along the earnings distribution, with correction for sample selection and using microdata from the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010. Informal labour was divided into informal salaried labour and self-employment, and both groups were compared with the formal labour separately. Findings The results indicate that, in both cases, an increase in earnings differentials in the bottom of the earnings distribution due to segmentation, suggesting that the returns to formal labour have grown relatively to informal labour during the period. On the other hand, earnings differentials decrease as one moves up the earnings distribution due to the composition effect, which is stronger on the top of the distribution relatively to the bottom. Furthermore, there are compensating differentials for self-employed women above the 30th quantile, which contributed to reduce the inequality between this group and formal workers. Originality/value The paper contributes to a better understanding of the changes taking place in female labour, shedding some light on how they affect different points along the earnings distribution. Furthermore, the adopted approach proposes a new application for the correction of sample bias in the context of quantile regression by employing a logit multinomial, and using the Demographic Census data.
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Magruk, Andrzej, and Ewa Rollnik-Sadowska. "Competences of Career Counsellors in Conditions of Uncertain Future - Context of 4th Industrial Revolution." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (September 7, 2021): 1263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.117.
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Current labour market is influenced by uncertainty posed by challenges of occurring trends. Those trends are on the one hand shaped by demographic changes influencing labour supply and on the other hand transformations provided by 4th industrial revolution. Emerging innovative technological development, in addition to demographics and rising inequality, brings widespread automation and irreversible shifts in the structure of jobs giving rise to new opportunities but also creating new areas of uncertainty. The unpredictability of the labour market sets new tasks for the institutions supporting better adjustment of labour supply to demand needs. Crucial institution realizing those tasks are career counsellors who provide their service for different groups of clients. Effective career guidance is determined by comprehensive competences of counsellors. It should be noted that with regard to competences in the context of Industry 4.0, most of the research to date has focused on the analysis of employees' competences rather than on the competences of career counsellors. The development of the future labour market is subject to a hitherto unknown transformation. These premises, as well as the originality and validity of the research, both in the national and European dimension, prompted the authors to conduct innovative qualitative study. The aim of the article is to identify future competences of career counsellors in line with the ongoing trends on the labour market
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Rocha, Sonia. "Metropolitan Poverty in Brazil: Economic Cycles, Labour Market and Demographic Trends." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 19, no. 3 (September 1995): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1995.tb00515.x.
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Krasinets, Evgeny S. "Foreign labour in the russian labour market: Problems and decisions." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.9.
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In the current conditions of economic and socio-demographic development of the Russian Federation, the role of migration processes in making up for the loss of labour potential and ensuring a sustainable and balanced growth of the economy is increasing. Of great relevance are becoming studies of the problems of labour market balance in their interaction with migration processes and development of practical measures in the field of improving the regulation of labour immigration. The article analyzes statistical material characterizing the trends in attracting and using foreign labor in the modern Russian economy. The peculiarities of the functioning of the national labour market are identified and revealed. Quantitative and structural imbalances in the labour market between labour demand and supply are analyzed. It is shown that the labour market is central among the socio-economic determinants of labour immigration. There is made an assessment of the state and dynamics of the processes of attracting and using foreign labour in connection with the analysis of trends in the situation at the labour market. The impact of labor immigration and its structure on the functioning of the labour market and employment is revealed. The ambiguous consequences of the use of foreign labour for development of the national economy were considered. The positive and negative effects of labour immigration were highlighted. A special attention was paid to development of the issues of improving the state migration policy in the field of labour immigration. The most problematic components of attracting and using foreign workers are shown. There is proposed the development of tasks related to overcoming the existing miscalculations in the labour immigration management practice. There are identified specific measures for solution of the existing problems of receiving foreign labour in order to ensure both short-term and long-term economic and geopolitical interests of the country's development. There are developed proposals and recommendations on the regulation of flows of foreign migrant workers.
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Gerasimova, Irina Gennadyevna, Irina Sergeevna Oblova, and Ekaterina Ilinichna Golovina. "The Demographic Factor Impact on the Economics of the Arctic Region." Resources 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10110117.
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Decline of the international price of some minerals, such as coal, has changed the living standards of the Arctic population leading to its considerable out-migration because of the drop in profitability not only in mining, but also in related industries. Being essential for the sustainable economic development, the highly qualified specialists are currently a crucial issue in the Arctic. This research employs demographic and economic indicators to address the gap in the study of demographic challenges for the Arctic administrative-territorial entities. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the population dynamic in the Russian and global Arctic regions. As part of this study, the impact of the demographic factor on the economic indicators of the region was assessed on the basis of GRP data calculation. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the major trends in the Arctic labour market. Based on the results of the assessment, an increase in GRP was determined with the simultaneous decrease in the Arctic population. The current demographic situation in the Arctic regions in the context of gender factors was reviewed. It should be noted that the article contains exceptions and the causes of the phenomena described. The results of the research may contribute to better understanding of regional variation and trends in socio-economic development of the Arctic as well as the stabilisation of the Arctic population.
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Šileika, Algis, Valdas Rupšys, and Boguslavas Gruževskis. "YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS REDUCTION MEASURES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2004): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2004.9636076.
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The efficient use of the labour force in post‐industrial society predetermines the competitiveness of the economy and encourages social development. In this context, youth unemployment is a particularly undesirable phenomenon, reducing the efficiency of youth labour force within the level of general labour, raising social costs, and restricting social development. The position of young people on the labour market depends on a number of social, economic and demographic factors, leading to the conclusion that youth unemployment as a socio‐economic phenomenon is a particularly negative result of the interaction between these factors. The aim of the paper is to discuss the theoretical assumptions of the youth integration to the labour market and to discuss the subsequences of their unemployment. Another target of the paper is to propose the policy measures for rising economic activity of the youth. The authors of the article suggest that the youth integration to the labour market could be increased by integrated decisions based on qualified services of vocational training.
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Lazutka, Romas, Arūnas Juška, and Jekaterina Navickė. "Labour and Capital Under a Neoliberal Economic Model: Economic Growth and Demographic Crisis in Lithuania." Europe-Asia Studies 70, no. 9 (October 21, 2018): 1433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1525339.
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Németh, András Olivér, Petra Németh, and Péter Vékás. "Demographics, Labour Market, and Pension Sustainability in Hungary." Society and Economy 42, no. 2 (June 2020): 146–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2019.015.
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The sustainability of an unfunded pension system depends highly on demographic and labour market trends, i.e. how fertility, mortality, and employment rates change. In this paper we provide a brief summary of recent developments in these fields in Hungary and draw up a picture of the current situation. Then, we forecast the path of the economic old-age dependency ratio, i.e. the ratio of the elderly and employed populations. We make different alternative assumptions about fertility, mortality, and employment rates. According to our baseline scenario the dependency ratio is expected to rise from 40.6% to 77% by 2050. Such a sharp increase makes policy intervention inevitable. Based on our sensitivity analysis, the only viable remedy is increasing the retirement age.
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Krzemień, Robert. "Między wolnością wyboru a przymusem ekonomicznym – system emerytalny wobec wyzwań narastającego obciążenia demograficznego." Civitas Hominibus. Rocznik Filozoficzno-Społeczny 16, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25312/2391-5145.16/2021_01rk.
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Between freedom of choice and economic compulsion – the pension system in the face challenges of a growing demographic burden From the early 1990s demographic changes in Poland, characterised by an increase in life expectancy and a decline in fertility rates, have resulted in an increase in the old-age dependency ratio. An ageing population poses demographic and socio-economic challenges which, in turn, lead to a steady increase in public spending and changes in the functioning of pension systems. Pension benefits may be reduced and the retirement age increased. The increase in the proportion of the elderly in the population should therefore prompt us to take countermeasures to eliminate at least some of the negative effects. This article points out the significant links between demographic changes and the deteriorating situation of the pension system. It emphasizes that the reforms of the pension system, which are not always widely supported by society, become a condition for the realization of one of the most important principles of sustainable socio-economic development-intergenerational equity. The main objective of this paper is to identify the most significant implications of the demographic crisis on changes in the socio-economic situation of the country, using the example of the pension system, and to present selected solutions in order to better adapt to the new demographic order. The focus is on the need to increase the labour force participation of senior citizens, whose potential is insufficiently utilized. Due to the complexity and comprehensiveness of the problem, the article provides only a limited outline of the issues. Keywords: economic activity, demography, social politics, labour market, population ageing, retirement age, demographic changes
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DELFINO, DORIANA, and PETER J. SIMMONS. "Dynamics of tuberculosis and economic growth." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 6 (November 21, 2005): 719–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002500.
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We find significant empirical links between the health structure of the population and the productive system of an economy that is subject to infectious disease, in particular tuberculosis. Consequently, development policy, aimed to improve the level of prosperity, has significant effects on the demographic-epidemiological dynamics of the population. Moreover, infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, affect the size of the labour force and the productive capacity of the economy. We combine a Lotka-Volterra type system capturing the dynamics of TB epidemics with a Solow-Swan growth model where output is produced from capital and healthy labour. The demographic-epidemological parameters of the Lotka-Volterra type system are functions of GDP per healthy worker. We find significant differences between the most prosperous quartile and the rest of the world. In the former, the disease is eradicated whereas in the lowest three quartiles we predict damped capital and epidemic cycles converging to a population which is about 80 per cent of capacity and of whom about 2 per cent are TB infected. It follows that raising productivity in the lower quartiles is a critical policy aim.
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Novianto, Arif. "MEMPERBESAR TENTARA CADANGAN PEKERJA: “BONUS DEMOGRAFI” DAN EKONOMI POLITIK NEGARA NEOLIBERAL DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Kawistara 7, no. 2 (June 9, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.18834.
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Demographic dividend which means that the amount of productive age (ages 15-65 years) has been interpreted by liberals as an opportunity for great improvement in the economy of a country. In a report from the World Bank, ILO and Bappenas said that the demographic dividend that occurred in Indonesia and reached its peak in 2035 is a golden bridge towards progress. This means that Indonesia if it is able to use it believed to be a country with high income and can transform into an industrial country. This paper seeks to elaborate on the structural condition of the emergence of the demographic dividend and associate it with the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) which was implemented in 2015. Through analysis of the political economy of this paper will discuss about the problems faced by the reserve army of labour in relation to the neoliberal state. The findings of this paper is: 1) the impasse in the agrarian transformation process; 2) the demographic dividend entangled in the framework of the neoliberal state; 3) the reserve army of labour into specific mechanisms of capitalism in controlling wages and depoliticize the labor movement.
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GRENČÍKOVÁ, Adriana, Jozef HABÁNIK, Jana ŠPANKOVÁ, Matej HÚŽEVKA, and Martin ŠRÁMKA. "Current Labour Market Challenges in the Light of Future Economic and Demographic Developments." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.07.
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Economic growth and GDP growth have been dramatically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both indicators are the factors that decisively affect the situation in the labour market, which is currently facing major challenges. One of the challenges is aging population. The number of the working- age population is declining, which may also have a significant impact on GDP growth in the future. The main purpose of the study is to analyse past and predicted GDP growth rates and the past and predicted shares of the working age population in the selected economies. Based on the analyses, the study attempts to identify the factors that are able to stimulate GDP growth while the size of working age population is predicted to shrink in the future. In the opening section of the empirical part, a comparison of the GDP evolution in China, Russia, USA, India, Slovakia and the EU is presented. Subsequently, long-term GDP and demographic forecasts are presented. It follows from the analyses that it is necessary to introduce new technologies to replace the shrinking workforce if sustainable economic growth is to achieve.
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Roa, María José, Dulce Saura, and Francisco J. Vázquez. "Economic growth, labor market and demographic patterns." Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 22, no. 1 (February 2011): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2010.11.005.
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Sitarskyi, Bohdan. "Потенційні загрози трудової міграції для національної безпеки України." Facta Simonidis 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/fs.18.
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This article discusses the main potential threats of labor migration to Ukraine as identified on the basis of the author’s sociological research. The key factors of the labor migration problem for Ukraine are those relating to economic and demographic aspects, as well as the human capital. Having analysed the results of his sociological research, the author suggests that the number of labor migrants may continue to rise and that the country’s partial dependence on migrant labour may have negative consequences for the economic situation of Ukraine in the future.
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Scharfenort, Nadine. "Generating Jobs For Youth GCC Nationals? – Tourism Development, Demographic Change, and Labour Market Situation in GCC Countries." Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft 12, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tw-2020-0017.
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AbstractThe GCC states have built their economies on the hydrocarbon industry that allowed rapid economic and urban development and financed large, inefficient public sectors. The over-dependence of nationals on public sector employment now exerts massive pressure on the governments: All GCC countries are still undergoing a period of rapid increase in their youth populations, resulting in a significant number of new labour-market entrants each year with an undersupply of adequate jobs, accompanied by a rise of un- and underemployment mostly among national youths. National development strategies to diversify the economy currently focus on the development of service sectors, including the labour-intensive tourism sector.I argue that the travel and tourism sector has great potential to reduce the unemployment and underemployment of young GCC citizens despite their reservations towards private sector and tourism employment. However, this can only be achieved by implementing long-needed reforms of education systems, labour markets, and the mentality of societies.
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Breuer, Sebastian, and Steffen Elstner. "Germany’s Growth Prospects against the Backdrop of Demographic Change." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, no. 5 (October 25, 2020): 565–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0094.
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AbstractThis paper shows how the German Council of Economic Experts (GCEE) determines Germany’s potential output, and compares the results with those of the European Commission. The approach of the European Commission is a natural benchmark, as it provides the basis for the deficit and debt rules of the European Union. In comparison with the European Commission’s method, the GCEE’s method places greater emphasis on demographic factors in estimating labour input. Additionally, both approaches differ regarding how they estimate the structural unemployment rate and total factor productivity. Finally, this paper discusses the limitations of, and the different options for estimating potential output.