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1
Grönqvist, Hans. "Essays in Labor and Demographic Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9529.
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Essay 1: (co-written with Olof Åslund) We study the impact of family size on intermediate and long-term outcomes using twin births as an exogenous source of varia¬tion in family size in an unusually rich dataset. Similar to recent studies, we find no evidence of a causal effect on long-term outcomes and show that not taking selection effects into account will likely overstate the effects. We do, however, find a small but significant negative impact of family size on grades in compulsory and secondary school among children who are likely to be vulnerable to further restrictions on parental investments. Essay 2: This paper investigates the consequences of a series of Swedish policy changes beginning in 1989 where different regions started subsidizing the birth control pill. The reforms were significant and applied to all types of oral contraceptives. My identification strategy takes advantage of the fact that the reforms were implemented successively over time and targeted specific cohorts of young women, in particular teenagers. This generates plausibly exogenous variation in access to the subsidy. I first demonstrate that access significantly increased pill use. Using regional, temporal, and cohort variation in access, I then go on to examine the impact on abortions. The estimates show that the subsidy significantly decreased the abortion rate by about 8 percent. Furthermore, the results indicate that long-term access decreases the likelihood of teenage childbearing by about 20 percent. However, there is no significant effect on labor supply, marriage, educational attainment or welfare take-up. Essay 3: (co-written with Olof Åslund, Per-Anders Edin and Peter Fredriksson) We study peer effects in compulsory school performance among immigrant youth in Sweden. The empirical analysis exploits a governmental refugee placement policy that provides exogenous variation in the initial place of residence in Sweden; and it is based on tightly defined neighborhoods. There is tentative evidence that the share of immigrants in the neighborhood has a negative effect on GPA. But the main result is that, for a given share of immigrants in a neighborhood, the presence of highly educated peers of the same ethnicity has a positive effect on school grades. The results suggest that a standard deviation increase in the fraction of highly educated adults in the assigned neighborhood increases the compulsory school GPA by 0.9 percentile ranks. This magnitude corresponds roughly to a tenth of the gap in student performance between refugee immigrant and native born children. Essay 4: This paper investigates the consequences of residential segregation for immigrants’ health. To this end, I make use of a rich dataset covering the entire Swedish population age 16–74 from 1987 to 2004. The dataset contains annual information on the exact diagnosis for all individuals admitted to Swedish hospitals, as well as a wide range of individual background characteristics. It is however difficult to identify the causal link between segregation and health since individuals might sort across residential areas based on unobserved characteristics related to health. To deal with this methodological problem I exploit a governmental refugee placement policy which provides plausibly exogenous variation in segregation. The OLS estimates show a statistically significant positive correlation between segregation and the probability of hospitalization. Estimates that account for omitted variables are however in general statistically insignificant.
2
Grönqvist, Hans. "Essays in labor and demographic economics /." Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9529.
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Simion, Stefania. "Empirical essays on youths' labour markets and education." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24742.
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The first chapter assesses the impact of the cohort size on labour market outcomes. Using exogenous variation and micro-level data for France, the UK and the US, we study the effect of supply shocks measured at different ages on unemployment rates and wages during a cohort's life cycle. The results from an IV estimation show that the largest magnitude of the effects is found when the cohort size is measured at age 25. The impact of both wages and unemployment rates are temporary, however, both decreasing with time. The second chapter analyses the effects of large inflows of foreign students on English undergraduates. Our results confirm previous findings that there is no overall effect, but we identify changes in the distribution of natives. We find that top performing English students are crowded in by foreign students. It is also mainly English-born males, natives who do not have English as their mother tongue and those of Asian ethnic origins that are crowded in by foreign students. In chapter three, we aim to understand the short-term effects of changes in the level of the tuition fees charged by English universities on students' geographic mobility. Our results suggest that the increase in tuition fees in 2006/07 charged by English universities led students to enrol into universities that are closer to home, with a larger effect experienced by men and White students. Moreover, we find that students are less likely to move to universities located in rich areas.
4
Schmieder, Julia [Verfasser]. "Essays in Labor and Demographic Economics / Julia Schmieder." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/119175586X/34.
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Kudo, Yuya. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and urban industrial performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9be76708-90ef-4974-9864-b2bd5f9813cf.
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This thesis consists of three independent but thematically related papers exploring the income determination process in African labour markets from spatial and sectoral perspectives. Using long-run household panel data from rural Tanzania, chapter 2 investigates the extent to which education can explain migrants' income and consumption gains. We expect that the higher return to schooling at the destination primarily drives migrants' gains, suggesting that those who cannot afford the cost of schooling cannot reap the benefits of migration. We find that education indeed plays the role, but that it does not appear to be a major factor in limiting the internal migration as a source of raising income and consumption. Exploiting data drawn from urban household panel surveys in Ghana and Tanzania, chapter 3 investigates how rural-to-urban migrants' earnings compare with those of natives in urban labour markets. The chapter attempts to identify the growth of migrants' earnings at the destination (assimilation), making a distinction between wage and self-employed migrants. We find that wage-dependent migrants would achieve higher lifetime earnings if they entered a self-employed sector from their arrival, conditional on individuals' attributes and the varying returns to those attributes across urban residents. The evidence points towards the importance of capital constraints in a decision to start a business. Using firm-level data of manufacturing and retailing from the Enterprise Surveys conducted in seven Sub-Saharan African countries, chapter 4 attempts to improve our understanding of enterprise performance in urban Africa by investigating three aspects of firms' productive structure: technology, total factor productivity (TFP), and firm size. We find that the technology is similar between sectors, that retailing firms are smaller and less capital intensive but not, on average, ones with lower TFP, and that TFP differences are primarily within sectors. All these findings might point towards the importance of factor prices in characterising the industrial structure in urban Africa.
6
Reich, Patrick [Verfasser], and Helmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Rainer. "Essays in empirical labor and demographic economics / Patrick Reich ; Betreuer: Helmut Rainer." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233966782/34.
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Sundman, Marie-Lor. "The Effects of the Demographic Transition on Economic Growth : Implications for Japan." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15993.
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Demographic transition implies severe challenges for high income nations, for instance Japan, as the population decreases due to declines in birth rates as well as the higher rate of elderly population. More women are entering the labor market which affects birth rates. In addition, technological progress has improved health care and standard of living, bringing up life expectancies. However, the elderly population is increasing, elevating the dependency ratio which dampens the economic growth. The changed age structure alters the ratio of labor force negatively relative to population, in spite of the higher female labor participation. This paper analyzes how the current demographic transition in advanced countries influences economic growth. The paper is focused on Japan that is currently dealing with the consequences from the fastest increase in the percentage share of the elderly population compared to the other high income countries. The empirical analysis is based on a growth accounting model that estimates the impact of demographic factors on growth rates in high income countries. The empirical results indicate that demographic factors such as life expectancy and total dependency ratio have a negative impact on economic growth. The conclusion is that Japan and other rich countries have to make greater efforts in dampening the demographic change by policy making and in-migration.
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Harder, Elizabeth. "Job Susceptibility to Computerization by Demographic Characteristics: An Empirical Exploration." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1773.
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Following developments in technological advancement and the ability to automate jobs in the 21st Century, the quantity and variety of jobs impacted by computerization has increased. Using data from the 2013 American Community Survey (ACS), this paper explores how demographic characteristics influence the probability of job computerization. I perform a linear regression and find evidence that differences in race, education, and gender significantly impact the probability of an individual’s occupation to be computerized. Specifically, Hispanics are the most at risk racial/ethnic group followed in order by blacks, Asians, and whites; increased education is associated with lower probability of computerization; and men are more susceptible to facing job automation than women.
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Bonner, Suzanne M. "Fertility in Australia: The role of policy and the labour market." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86665/1/Suzanne_Bonner_Thesis.pdf.
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One of the most discussed topics in labour and demographic studies, population ageing and stability, is closely related to fertility choices. This thesis explores recent developments in the fertility literature in the context of Australia. We investigate individual preferences for child bearing, the determinants of fertility decisions and the effectiveness of policies implemented by the government aimed at improving total fertility. The first study highlights the impact of monetary incentives on the decision to bear children in light of potentially differential responses across the native and immigrant population. The second study analyses the role of unemployment and job stability on the fertility choices of women. The final study examines whether the quality-quantity trade-off exists for Australian families and explores the impact of siblings on a child's health and educational outcomes.
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Yakubu, Yakubu A. "Determinants of female labour force participation in South Africa in 2008." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6919_1298358241.
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This study employs the Human Capital Theory (HCT), which postulates that the education of women is positively related to the likelihood of their labour force participation, in order to investigate quarterly dynamics in the labour force. This approach is an advancement of knowledge gained from previous studies such as Serumanga-Zake and Kotze (2004) and Ntuli (2004) who investigated the annual dynamics in FLFP. Investigating quarterly dynamics in FLFP is prudent as the market economy is very dynamic particularly at a point when the world economy is experiencing recession. Data for the study are extracted from the 2008 Quarterly Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. Logistic regression analysis modeling was employed with the dependent variable, FLFP, as a binary outcome. Other variables controlled in the analysis are gender, population group, age, marital status, education status, sector, main industry, main occupation and province. The results show that there is association between education status and FLFP status. Findings from this research are expected to contribute to the knowledge about trends in FLFP in South Africa and aid in planning of interventions aimed at improving the status of women as one of the critical steps in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
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Maser, Alexandra. "Investigating Trends in Long Work Hours in the U.S. by Demographic Group, 1979-2017." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1967.
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Many studies have found an increase in the percentage of workers working 50 or more weekly hours in the second half of the 20thcentury; however, few studies extend this analysis into the 21stcentury, and few have analyzed these patterns for women in depth. This paper provides an analysis of long work hours for men and women from 1979 to 2017. I investigate how workers who differ in education level, presence and age of children, salary type, and occupation gender-mix classification (for managerial/professional occupations), differ in their likelihood to work long hours. Using a linear probability model, I determine that those most likely to overwork include highly educated men and women, men with children, women without children, salaried workers, and workers in historically male-dominated managerial/professional occupations. Finally, using a Oaxaca decomposition, I find that changes in observable characteristics can account for between 52.28% and 72.62% of the 2 percentage point decrease in long work hours seen for men between the 2000-2002 time period and the 2015-2017 time period.
12
Kuo, Yu-Chen. "Marriage, fertility, and labor market prospects in the United States, 1960-2000." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2561.
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Over the past forty years a tremendous number of women have entered the labor
market, removing stay-home motherhood as the most dominant female occupation. The
linkage between the change in the labor market and change in family structure has drawn
a lot of attention from social scientists, and it is on this linkage that this analysis is
focused.
An essential dimension of this changing behavior is the sharp rise in out-ofwedlock
childbearing. The central issue of non-married motherhood is more related to
the diminishing willingness to marry than a changing attitude toward fertility. In a
setting where individuals choose marriage because of the gains from joint production of
child quality as well as the division of labor, the declining gains from specialization for
men influence potential spouse selection. Men and women with fewer labor market
prospects become less desirable, and consequently a marriage market with more positive
assortative mating will be observed.
The increase in female labor market participation is larger for highly-educated
women but the decrease in marriage rates is more characteristic of less-educated women
over this period. What drives these changes can be explained by using a simple economic theory, the fundamental concept of which is that couples with lower labor
market prospects also face lower gains from marriage because of the increases in femalemale
relative wages in the less-educated and black groups. A narrowing of the gap
between male and female wages would reduce the gains from division of labor and
lower the incentive to marry. In addition, when the marriage market becomes more
positively assorted, low educated men and women are less likely to marry each other.
Our empirical results indicate an increase in the homogeneity of wages between
spouses over this period regardless of whether we control for education. In particular,
black couples are more positively assorted than white couples although the trend
converges by the end of the century. We also show that the marriage market is tilted
towards better-educated men and women over the period. These findings are consistent
with the theory which explains why single motherhood is more concentrated among lesseducated
women.
13
Isma, Frednel. "Trends, Composition, and Demographic Structure of Haitian Employment: Census and Policy Analysis from 1971 to 2003." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1244131638.
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Mohammed, Isam Yasin Adb Elgadir. "Participation of African immigrants in the labour force of South Africa: Insights from the 2001 population census." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5423_1271011997.
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The study examines the participation of African immigrants in the South African labour force with the central question revolving around whether the immigrants create jobs through the establishment of their own businesses or take jobs from the locals. Analytical frame work used in this study includes descriptive statistics, chi-square test for association and standardized residuals, two-way analysis of variance and logistic regression. Demographic, locational and socio-economic characteristics were studied using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Two-factor analysis of variance was used to examine the differences on average in the African immigrants&rsquo
participation in the labour force, while logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of some demographic characteristics on employment and work status.
15
Bužinskaitė, Ramunė. "Darbo jėgos migracijos poveikis ekonomikai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080821_152032-24062.
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Šiandieninė migracija yra didžiausias visų laikų žmonių judėjimas. Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais šis reiškinys apima apie 200 milijonų žmonių. Tai tampa vis sudėtingesne problema socialiniu, kultūriniu, politiniu, religiniu ir ekonominiu požiūriu. Siekiamas tyrimo tikslas yra įvertinti kiek tiksliai migracijos pokyčiai veikia demografinius bei ekonominius pokyčius. Teorinėje problemos analizėje aiškinamasi kokias darbo jėgos formas, migracijos teorijas, darbo jėgos mobilumą apsprendžiančius veiksnius išskiria Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių autoriai, kaip jie vertina darbo jėgos migracijos poveikį ekonomikai ir politikai; Situacijos analizėje vertinama kaip darbo jėgos migracija veikia šalių ekonomikas analizuojant 3 ES valstybes: Airiją, Lenkiją bei Lietuvą, vertinami bei lyginami įvairių rodiklių procentiniai pokyčiai nuo bazinių metų per 10 metų laikotarpį. Projektiniuose sprendimuose matematiškai įvertinama demografinių bei ekonominių rodiklių pokyčių priklausomybė nuo migracijos pokyčių ir atlikus migracijos mastų prognozę, aptariama galima migracijos procesų raida Lietuvoje, kuriami 3 migracijos proces�� scenarijai: optimistinis, pesimistinis ir realistinis.Today’s migration is the biggest people movement in all-time. In late decades this phenomenon takes about two hundred million. It becomes more complicated economic, social, cultural, political and religious problem. Work mobility influences demographic and economic situation. In this work this influence will be estimated by using regression method. In the first part of this work the theoretical discourses of migration are analysed, in the second – the demographic and economic situations, influenced by labour force mobility between three countries (Ireland, Poland, Lithuania) are compared and in the third part – the correlations between migration and demographic and economic rates are found and the three scenarios (optimistic, realistic, pessimistic) are designed.
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Shaeye, Abdihafit. "Three Essays on Human Capital and Wages of Refugees and Other Immigrants in the U.S." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10601915.
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Human capital is an important mechanism that influences both the migration decisions of immigrants and the rate at which immigrants assimilate in the host country. Returns to human capital could be correlated with difficult-to-observe factors such as self-selection, and legal status, and these unobservables can affect the economic assimilation of immigrants into the host country differently. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the returns to human capital for refugees and other immigrants during the first two decades after they come to the U.S. Refugees are a subset of immigrants who have different characteristics and face different constraints than other immigrants. For example, while refugees have greater legal access to the labor market, non-refugees benefit from greater ability to self-select into both migration and (pre-migration) human capital, and those relative advantages change during the years after individuals migrate.
The empirical results show that non-refugees receive a much larger crude wage return for human capital both at arrival and over time. Although the refugees’ return grows over time, they do not catch up with that of non-refugees. These findings confirm that non-refugees are not only selected on observable characteristics (as already documented in the literature) but on unobservables as well, and that the initial selection on unobservables will matter for their differential returns to human capital even after they remain a long time in the U.S. In other words, many refugees might not be well-suited for the U.S. labor market for some permanent but unobservable reasons, whereas this may not be the case for non-refugees because they would less likely move to a country for which they are poorly-suited.
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Ezatinia, Emil. "Japans demografiska utmaning : Den åldrande befolkningens påverkan på den ekonomiska tillväxten." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62754.
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Japan står inför en stor utmaning; en snabbt växande åldrande befolkning i kombination med en minskad arbetsför befolkning. Denna uppsats syftar till att försöka förklara vilka effekter landets åldrande befolkning får för landets ekonomiska tillväxt, samt vilka faktorer som kan dämpa dessa effekter. Analysen görs med hjälp av en modifierad version av Solows tillväxtmodell som teoretisk bas. Detta görs för att skapa en förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar ett lands ekonomiska tillväxt. Med hjälp av denna modell tas befolkningens åldersstruktur med som en parameter. Den utvecklade modellen ligger sedan till grund för en empirisk analys av hur Japans ekonomiska tillväxt kan komma att påverkas som ett resultat av landets åldrande befolkning. Resultaten visar att Japan kommer att drabbas av sjunkande tillväxt på grund av den åldrande befolkningen. Likväl finns det möjliga lösningar till hands för att dämpa de negativa effekterna, exempelvis en ökad sysselsättningsgrad hos kvinnor, ökat humankapital, ökad invandring samt en kostnadseffektiv teknologisk utveckling.Japan will face a major challenge with regard to its rapidly growing aging population combined with a reduction in its working population. This paper aims to explain the impact of Japan's aging population and the country's economic growth, and the factors that may mitigate these effects. The analysis is done using a modified Solow growth model as a theoretical base. This is done to get a more in-depth understanding of the factors that affect a country's economic growth. By using this model, that includes population age structure as a parameter, we have the basis for the empirical analysis of how Japan's growth may be affected as a result of the aging population. The results show that Japan will suffer from declining growth due to its aging population. However, there are possible solutions to mitigate the negative effects, such as increasing employment rates among women, increased human capital, increased immigration and a cost effective technology development.
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Pazderníková, Michaela. "Starší pracovníci na trhu práce." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261802.
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The thesis is dealing with the older workers in the labour market. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate the situation of the older workers in the labour market in the Czech Republic, especially in the years 2000 and 2005-2015, or even in 2015, with the focus on the indicators of the labour market, on the position of the older workers in this market according to selected aspects, and on the instruments affecting and encouraging these workers in the labour market. The thesis consists of the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part defines the problem of the demographic aging population, because this process is one of the reasons, why it is necessary to pay attention to the older workers in the labour market. This theoretical part is also dealing with the employment, unemployment, employment policy and strategic documents in relation to the older workers. The practical part begins with the demographic development in the Czech Republic, the following chapters are dealing with the analysis of the labour market indicators, instruments to support the older workers in the labour market and the comparison of the Czech Republic and EU states.
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Altzinger, Wilfried, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, Bernhard Rumplmaier, Petra Sauer, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "Education and Social Mobility in Europe: Levelling the Playing Field for Europe's Children and Fuelling its Economy." European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4720/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no080_MS19.pdf.
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The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the Globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of
intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programs; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programs for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programs.Series: WWWforEurope
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Pereira, Marcílio Zanelli. "Mudanças demográficas e seus impactos no mercado de trabalho: uma análise para o Brasil - 2011." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4674.
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Tem-se observado na economia mundial mudanças demográficas que estão afetando direta e∕ou indiretamente toda a economia. No Brasil, conforme dados da ONU (2015), a população com mais de 65 anos representa, em 2015, 7,8% da população total e a previsão é que em 2030 este valor chegue a 13,5%. Além desse fato, outra questão pertinente refere-se ao aumento de trabalhadores estrangeiros no Brasil. Conforme dados da Coordenação Geral de Imigração (2015) houve um crescimento de 280% das autorizações de trabalho dadas aos estrangeiros na década de 2010. Com esse crescimento de imigrantes no país, o acréscimo relativo da população idosa e queda da população jovem, a hipótese levantada é a de que ocorram efeitos no mercado de trabalho. Para captar essas mudanças na economia, utilizou de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, o qual pôde captar os impactos setoriais que as alterações demográficas e inserção de estrangeiros causaram no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Para isso, o primeiro passo consistiu em subdividir o fator trabalho em 3 níveis de qualificação (baixa, média e alta) e quatro faixas etárias (jovem, adulto, maduro e idoso) com o intuito de calcular a elasticidade de substituição dos trabalhadores brasileiros em 62 setores utilizando a metodologia econométrica proposta por Das (2003). Como primeiro resultado pôde perceber que os trabalhadores apresentam graus diferentes de substituição, para os diferentes setores, escolaridade e faixa etária. De uma forma geral, observou-se que os trabalhadores jovens possuem a menor elasticidade de substituição, enquanto os maduros obtiveram as maiores elasticidades. Esses resultados mostram a maior vulnerabilidade dos trabalhadores da faixa etária maduro de serem substituídos por outras faixas etárias. Além disso, o resultado ressalta que há uma substitubilidade imperfeita entre os trabalhadores e que a transição demográfica tende a aprofundar esse efeito com o decorrer dos anos. Após o modelo MID-BR (Mercado de Trabalho Imigração-Demografia-Brasil) estar calibrado, foi possível realizar simulações com o intuito de captar os efeitos que a transição demográfica e a inserção de imigrantes provocam na economia nacional. Como principais resultados das simulações, foi observado que o incremento de trabalhadores brasileiros com maior escolaridade têm maior capacidade de afetar positivamente o produto nacional e que o setor de Fabricação de Automóveis, caminhões etc é o mais dinâmico da economia. A entrada de estrangeiros no país impacta positivamente o PIB real brasileiro, porém os nativos de maior escolaridade apresentaram quedas salariais. Usando dados das previsões da população economicamente ativa da ILO Labour Statistics databases (LABORSTA, 2011), foi feita uma simulação para captar o efeito da transição demográfica da década de 2010. Foi observado efeito negativo no PIB real devido à nova estrutura etária dos trabalhadores e que as faixas etárias jovens e adultos obtiveram ganhos salariais, enquanto os maduros e idosos registraram quedas.
Demographic changes are affecting direct and/or indirectly the world economy. In Brazil, according to the United Nations (2015) data, the population over 65 years old represented 7.8% of the total population in 2015, and the forecast is that by the year 2030 this frame will reach 13.5%. Besides, another question to consider refers to the increase of foreign workers in Brazil. According to the General Coordination of Immigration (Coordenação Geral de Imigração, 2015), in 2010 decade there were an increase of 280% in work permits to foreign. With this growth of immigrants in the country, in addition to the relative increase in the elderly population and fall of the young population, the hypothesis is that an impact occur in the labor market. To capture these changes in the economy, a computable general equilibrium model will be used, which will allow us to capture the sectoral impacts that demographic changes and increase of immigrants causes in the Brazilian labor market. To do so, the first step was to divide the work force in three skill levels (low, medium and high) and four age groups (young, adult, mature and old) in order to calculate the elasticity of substitution of workers in 62 sectors of the Brazilian economy using the econometric methodology proposed by Das (2003). The first results indicate that workers have varying degrees of substitution, according to different sectors, education and age. In general, the lowest values of the elasticity of substitution belonged to the younger workers while the highest values belonged to the mature ones. This result indicate that mature workers are more replaceable by other age groups. Furthermore, the results indicate imperfect substitutability between workers and that the demographic transition tend to deepen this effect over the years to come. After the calibration of MID-BR (Labour market- Immigration-Demography- Brazil) model, it was possible to simulate the effects of the demographic transition and the entrance of immigrants in the national economy. As simulations’ main results, the increase of more educated workers affects more positively the national product and the sector of Manufacture of automobiles, trucks etc is the most dynamic in the Brazilian economy. The entrance of foreigners in the country positively affects the Brazilian real GDP, however, it decreases the wages of the more educated natives. Using data of the predicted economically active population from ILO Labour Statistics databases (LABORSTA, 2011), a simulation was made to capture the effects of the demographic transition on the 2010 decade. There was a negative effect on real GDP caused by workers new age structure, additionally young and adult age groups had higher wages while mature and elderly presented lower ones.
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Liddle, Philip. "Victorian Walsall : an economic and social study." Thesis, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390346.
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Sattley, Harrison. "Voter Income, Demographics, and Political Polarization." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2223.
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Using data from the American National Election Studies from 1968 to 2016, I explore the historical relationship between voter income, other demographic factors, and political polarization. I find that while having a higher income and a better education generally correlates with increased Republican political preference, though the relationship between higher income and increased Republican preference does not hold in lower income groups. Race is by far the most significant indicator of political preference, with whites and blacks on opposite ends of the political spectrum, and Hispanics as well as other races somewhere in between the two. In addition, I analyze the data from 20th century elections separately from 21st century elections and discover key differences in how each factor influences political preference.
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Simpson, Donna. "Salads, sweat and status : migrant workers in UK horticulture." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7601/.
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Drawing on workplace ethnography at a farm in the East of England and interviews with former participants on the UK's temporary foreign worker programme, the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme, this thesis contributes to understanding of the everyday work and living experiences of migrant workers in UK horticulture. In particular, it assesses the influence of supermarket-driven supply chains and of immigration status on these experiences. This thus reveals a labour process which is strongly shaped by structural factors, yet workers' agency is also shown to play an important part. The analysis is organised around working and living spaces. It first explores the living spaces of the camp in which migrant workers were required to reside as a result of the conditions attached to the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme. Such conditions, it is argued, give rise to both social and physical enclosure and thus to employers' control of migrant workers. Secondly, the thesis focuses on everyday work spaces, illustrating how migrants' work efforts are influenced by two features of production operating in UK food supply chains: just in time and total quality control. The role of surveillance and technology are shown to be important in habituating migrants' bodies and their work efforts. The analysis of spaces of work also reveals how the piece rate form of payment and uncertainty over rates of pay are used to gain workers' consent and intensification of work effort. Moreover, it contributes to understanding of the bodily effects of that effort. The thesis further explores leisure and consumption spaces away from the camp. These can be sites of stigma, racism and exclusion and simultaneously reveal the working of a transnational social field. The analysis of these spaces provides evidence of how immigration status and nationality can shape both migrants' own identities and how others perceive them.
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Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.
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The dissertation aims to explore the supply and demand side determinant of child labour at macro, meso and micro level. At macro level it explores the effect of globalization (defined as openness to trade and inflow of foreign direct investment) and credit market imperfections on child labour. At meso level it explores the effect of labour market conditions on child labour. As the above two levels of analysis are mainly concerned with the demand for child labour, the micro level analysis explores the supply side determinant of child labour. At micro level this dissertation explores the effect of intrahousehold distribution of power on child related outcome. Specifically it explores the effect of mother’s decision making power on her child’s labour and schooling. The macro level analysis is based on cross country regression framework while meso and micro level analysis is based on the data from Pakistan. At macro level, this dissertation points out that trade openness and FDI inflow raise the standard of living in an economy thereby reducing child labour incidence. As the channel through which trade could affect child labour is by increasing income of the poor, credit market imperfection shows insignificant effect. At meso level, this dissertation points out that high adult wages in an area increase demand for child labour while presence of adult unemployed proportion in an area reduces demand for child labour. However, presence of unemployed adult in a house increases supply of child labour. Exports, on one hand, reduce supply of child labour by affecting the income of poor at macro level while on the other hand at meso level, subcontracting of production process to small informal sector increases demand for child labour. The informal sector being unprotected by law employs a high proportion of child labour. At micro level mother’s decision making power significantly decreases child labour supply and increases child schooling. The effect is significant in case of girls but not in case of boys. This study also shows that whether children work for generating income or as family helpers, mothers are equally concerned for their welfare. Their decision making power significantly reduces labour among children.
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Graber, Michael Reinhold. "Essays in labour economics." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10037957/.
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In this thesis I study the nature of labour income risk and labour market dynamics. The first chapter attempts to enhance our understanding of the interplay between labour and financial markets. We develop a simple general equilibrium model with labour market frictions and an imperfect financial market. When calibrating the model to the Great Recession and its aftermath, we find that the lack of an improvement in the financial sector’s effectiveness to intermediate resources played a crucial role in the slow recovery of the labour market. The second chapter uses rich Norwegian population panel data to provide new evidence on labour income risk over the life cycle. We find that the income processes differ systematically by age, skill level and their interaction. Our findings suggest that the redistributive nature of the Norwegian tax–transfer system plays a key role in attenuating the magnitude and persistence of income shocks, especially among the low skilled. The third chapter presents an estimated income process that is consistent with recent evidence on income risk over the life and business cycle. Using Norwegian population panel data, we estimate an income process that allows income risk within each skill group to depend on the previous income level, calendar time and experience. The fourth chapter attempts to bridge the gap between the literature on income dynamics and the search and matching literature. We develop a frictional model of the labour market in which inequality in earnings and consumption results from the interaction between heterogeneity of workers, heterogeneity of jobs, shocks to human capital, and labour market frictions.
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Leckcivilize, Attakrit. "Essays on labour economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/866/.
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Empirical studies in labour economics often suffer from endogeneity problems. Employing exogenous variations in policies and natural shock, this thesis investigates three topics. The �first two topics concern labour market phenomena in Thailand, whereas the third provides a case study of labour demand adjustment after an international supply chain shock. Chapter 2 assesses the impact of minimum wage policy on wage inequality in Thailand. The result is rather mixed. Although the minimum wage effectively reduces wage inequality among workers in formal sectors, it does not affect the wage distribution in the informal sector at all. The evidence suggests that such a result is mainly driven by weak law enforcement. Meanwhile, using changes in compulsory schooling law, chapter 3 provides consistent estimates of the rates of return to education in Thailand. Based on the IV method, only female employees experience a positive and significant return to (upper primary) education. Interestingly, the size and direction of bias of the estimator, especially for male sub-sample, are not consistent with the conventional result. The possible reasons underlying these �findings are elaborated. Chapter 4 relies on a different type of shock. The Great Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami 2011 is treated as an external shock to the international supply chain of Auto industry. Then I estimate the impact of the supply chain disruption on labour inputs adjustment in the US auto industry. Despite the break down in supply chain of motor vehicle parts and accessories among Japanese auto companies, these �firms do not seem to reduce their labour inputs (used as a proxy for changes in production) significantly except for a small drop in average monthly earnings of workers in Japanese assembly plants. Also, their competitors make only slight adjustment to capitalize on the Japanese loss. Regarding other margins of adjustment, there is no evidence in support of the adjustment through import or price. Yet inventories and sales incentive appear to be major tools employed to mitigate either positive demand or negative supply shocks on both groups of companies.
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Tsai, Ming-jiun, and 蔡明君. "Foreign Labour and Economic Growth in Taiwan: An Analysis of Economic--Demographic Approach." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ftxx7f.
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碩士南華大學
經濟學研究所
95
In recent years, immigrant labors are brought to Taiwan to make up the shortage in the industries, which partly results from the low fertility rate. Researches, such as Denton and Spencer (2005), Hui and Hashmi (2004), suggest that although economic growth can be spurred by taking in immigrants, immigrant labor could also create a lot of economic and social problem in the host country. However, at present Taiwan is using a short-term contract labor policy instead of a immigration one, it will be of equal interest to test the effect of the short-term policy on economic growth. To do so, the model of Denton & Spencer (2005) is used as a reference in this article. The empirical sample include 23 counties in Taiwan between 1995 and 2005. The empirical results generally support the positive effect of labor import.
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Ostermeier, Martin. "Key Labour Market Issues and Decent Work in Developing and Emerging Countries." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-145E-C.
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Carvalho, Melissa Anne Vaz. "Reforms of employment protection legislation in Europe in times of crisis: was the labour market segmentation gap brought closer together?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19496.
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The labour market is disproportionately tormented by unemployment and economic downturns, since it is segmented into "insiders" which enjoy job protection and "outsiders" which do not to the same extent. The study of this dissertation follows the line of labour market segmentation and tries to understand if modifications to Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) since 2008 have altered the position of insiders and outsiders in the labour market of 26 countries under Excessive Deficit Procedures by the European Union. The question is: Have EPL policies favoured insiders or outsiders, or has EPL been reduced on both ends, in turn worsening protection on all forms of employment? By retrieving extensive data on 353 policies implemented in the field over the past 9 years, through the use of detailed LABREF database, the reforms were analysed if they enacted an increase “in favour” of insiders or outsiders protection or “against” such increase. This dissertation exposes if said reforms in each country have weakened or strengthen security for the two segments, as well as, discusses the changing role that HRM will have resulting from the modifications in EPL. It also shows that most changes in EPL were triggered in the years of highest recession and how some countries made most changes to their EPL due to the pressure from external intervention. It begins by giving a theoretical framework around the economic insider-outsider theory, EPL and the discussion around liberalization. Later interprets the findings and finally, debates results.O mercado de trabalho é desproporcionalmente atormentado pelo desemprego e pelas recessões econômicas, pois, é segmentado em "insiders" que beneficiam de proteção no emprego e "outsiders" que não beneficiam da mesma forma. Esta dissertação segue a linha de segmentação do mercado de trabalho e tenta entender se as alterações à Legislação de Proteção ao Emprego (LPE) desde 2008 alteraram a posição “insiders” ou “outsiders” no mercado de trabalho de 26 países sob Procedimentos de Déficit Excessivo pela União Europeia. União. A questão é: as políticas da LPE favoreceram “insiders” ou “outsiders”, ou a EPL foi reduzida em ambos os lados, o que, agravou a proteção em todas as formas de emprego? Obtendo dados sobre 353 políticas implementadas no campo nos últimos 9 anos, através do uso detalhado do banco de dados LABREF, as reformas foram analisadas se consistiram num aumento “a favor” da proteção de “insiders” ou “outsiders” ou se foram em “contra” tal aumento. Esta dissertação expõe se as referidas reformas em cada país enfraqueceram ou fortaleceram a proteção dos dois segmentos e discute o papel que GRH terá como resultado das modificações no EPL. Mostra que a maioria das mudanças no EPL foi desencadeada nos anos de mais alta recessão e como alguns países fizeram as mudanças em seu EPL devido à pressão da intervenção externa. Começa por dar um quadro teórico em torno da teoria económica de insider-outsider, da LPE e da discussão em torno da liberalização. Depois interpreta os resultados e, finalmente, debate os efeitos destes.
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Saleh, Suhana. "Population dynamics and the nexus between human capital and economic growth in Malaysia." Thesis, 2016. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/34685/.
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Changes in population dynamics due to lower fertility and mortality rates, and longer life expectancy have contributed to an ageing population across the world. Initially experienced in developed countries, population ageing is now becoming more apparent in developing countries as well. This thesis investigates the implications of population dynamics, in particular population ageing on Malaysia’s economic growth and its goal of becoming a high-income and advanced nation by 2020. Although the effect of ageing on economic growth takes several paths, the impact on human capital is critical as the latter has been seen as the ‘engine of economic growth’.
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Ostapchuk, Iryna. "What are the economic consequences of the migration and remittances for the Ukraine?" Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/3798.
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Background: Economic integration activities in modern globalized world increasingly
involve international movements of labor. Inthe case of the Ukraine, the country is one of the
top ten donors of the labor force, where both, temporary and permanent migrant workers
account for about 10% of the Ukraine’s total population. Considering that remittances
received in Ukraine from its migrants workers are estimated to be about 4% of the Gross
Domestic Product, there are grounds to claim that high flow of labor and workers remittance
flows have been influencing the country's economic development in resent years.
Purpose: The purposeof this paper is to analyze the impact of migration and remittances,
and examine their consequences on the Ukraine's economy.
Practical Approach: Different forms of secondary empirical material of both qualitative
and quantitative character have been used. Furthermore, to complement the analysis, a survey
among Ukrainian migrants working in Portugal has been conducted.
Results: Ithas been determined that labor migration and remittances haveadual effect on
the Ukraine'seconomy.First, remittances do have a strong short -term boost to domestic
demand that positively affected GDP growth in recent years. Second, however, is that large
financial inflows do not contribute to the business sector but instead generate dependence on
remittances as they are a source of a supplemental income for many thousands of Ukrainian
households; moreover,strong migration trends do not seem to generate more opportunities for
those remaining in the Ukraine.Contexto: As actividades de integração económica domundo globalizado moderno implicam cada vez mais deslocações internacionais de trabalhadores. No caso da Ucrânia, o país é um dos 10 maiores a enviarforça laboral para o exterior, onde tanto os trabalhadores emigrantes temporários, como os permanentes representam cerca de10% do total da população ucraniana. Tendo em consideração as remessas recebidas na Ucrânia, oriundas dos seus trabalhadores emigrantes e estimadasem cerca de 4% do Produto Interno Bruto, existe fundamento para preconizar que o elevado fluxo de trabalho e remessas de trabalhadores têm influenciado o desenvolvimento da economia do país nos últimos anos. Objectivo: O objetivodeste relatório é analisar o impacto da emigração e o das respetivas remessas e examinar as suas consequências na economia da Ucrânia. Metodologia: Foram utilizadas diferentes formas de materialempírico secundáriode características tanto quantitativas como qualitativas. Além disso, para complementar a análise, foi realizado um estudo entre emigrantes ucranianos a trabalhar actualmente em Portugal. Resultados: Determinou-se que a migração laboral e as remissas desencadeiamum efeito duplo na economia ucraniana. Numa primeira instância, as remissas potenciam fortemente o poder de compra doméstico a curto prazo, o que afectou positivamente o crescimento de PIB nos últimos anos. No entanto, numa segunda fase encontram -se os vastos fluxos financeiros internos que não contribuem para o sector de negócios, mas que, em vez disso , provocam dependências das remissas como uma fonte de rendimento suplementar para muitos milhares de lares ucranianos; mais ainda, as fortes tendências migratórias não parecem proporcionar mais oportunidades para os que permanecem na Ucrânia.
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(11114442), Daniel Bonin. "POLICY INDUCED MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES." Thesis, 2021.
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State and local adoption/repeal of highly polarized policies causes migration responses
both out of and into the affected region. Interpreting the responses as revealed policy pref?erences leads to the conclusion that marijuana legalization and abortion waiting periods
had been favored nationally, while gay marriage had been opposed. Policy preferences are
geographically heterogeneous, which leads to different responses across counties. From 1992-
2017, these policy changes reduced domestic migration by two percent, which is approxi?mately 20% of the total migration decline. The migration changes, via partisan sorting,
accounted for a significant share of the increased political polarization from 2012-2016 in
western, urban, and swing counties.
In cases where unmarried parents have joint physical custody of their child(ren), there
is a wide range of default relocation restrictions that depend on their state of origin. Using
IRS county-to-county migration data, demographic data from the ACS, and state relocation
restrictions gathered from divorce law websites, I study the impact of these default reloca?tion restrictions on domestic US migration. Results from both regression discontinuity and
selection on observables designs, find about 10% - 30% less migration to counties that are
outside the allowed relocation range. This migration friction is shown to strengthen from
1992 - 2012, as both joint physical custody and unmarried parents became more common,
thereby contributing to the decline in domestic US migration.
In the United States, between 2004 and 2008, 28 states increased their minimum wage;
the national minimum wage was increased in 2007. The average migration response to these
increases was a 3% change in migration away from a one dollar increase. These effects are not
distributed evenly across the population. People from more impacted demographic groups
are more likely to move away from minimum wage increases.
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Vinagre, Flávio Miguel Rodrigues. "Competências essenciais para o sucesso de um contabilista: visão de estudantes universitários." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19183.
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A profissão de contabilista tem vindo a sofrer alterações no que diz respeito às suas funções, devido à crescente globalização e ao desenvolvimento tecnológico. Pelo que, os recrutadores defendem que um atual contabilista deve ter conhecimentos de outras áreas, além das contabilísticas, e possuir competências mais gerais e tecnológicas. Face a isto, as empresas veem nos recém-graduados o capital humano mais adequado para satisfazer estas necessidades e, consequentemente, ganhar vantagem competitiva face aos seus concorrentes. Contudo, as empresas ainda demonstram alguma insatisfação com as competências adquiridas nos recém-graduados.
Neste contexto, este estudo tenciona analisar a perceção de estudantes de Licenciatura e Mestrado em cursos de Contabilidade acerca das competências mais relevantes para o sucesso de um contabilista e verificar se vão ao encontro das expetativas do mercado. Para além disso, estudar se a experiência profissional e o grau académico podem influenciar a importância atribuída às competências. No inquérito efetuado a estudantes de cursos de Contabilidade verifica-se que os mesmos assumem maior importância às competências ligadas à ética e à utilização de aplicações de tratamento de dados.
Esta investigação contribui para um melhor conhecimento das competências que os estudantes do ensino superior (atuais e futuros contabilistas) percecionam que devem obter para responder às necessidades dos empregadores, bem como poder eventualmente servir como alicerce para futuras mudanças nos métodos de ensino para que haja uma maior convergência entre o que os estudantes e as instituições de ensino oferecem e o que o mercado empresarial procura.The accounting profession has been undergoing changes in its functions due to increasing globalization and technology development. Recruiters therefore argue that an accountant must have knowledge from other areas than accounting and have more general and technological skills. Face to it, companies sees recent graduates as the most suitable human capital to satisfy these needs and, consequently, gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. However, companies still demonstrate some dissatisfaction with skills acquired in recent graduates. In this context, this study intends to analyze the perception of Bachelor and Master students in Accounting courses about the most relevant skills for the success of an accountant and verify if they meet the expectations of the market. In addition, study whether the professional experience and the academic degree can influence the importance attributed to the skills. In the survey conducted on accounting students, it was found that they assume greater importance to skills related to ethics and the use of database applications. This investigation contributes to a better understanding of the skills that higher education students (current and future accountants) perceive they need to obtain to meet the needs of employers, as well as possibly serving as a foundation for future changes in teaching methods to bring more convergence between what students and high education institutions offer and what the business market demands.
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Lopes, Tânia Filipa de Almeida. "O mercado de trabalho e o trabalho temporário: um estudo de caso." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15714.
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Numa economia global, com a predominância da lógica financeira e da elevada
rentabilidade a curto prazo, existe uma pressão incessante para a máxima flexibilização
no mercado de trabalho.
Em resposta a esta realidade, as empresas têm vindo a alterar o seu
funcionamento, nomeadamente através do recurso a novos formatos de contratação de
trabalhadores, recorrendo com maior frequência a formas mais flexíveis de trabalho,
deste modo o modelo padrão de mercado ou a relação de emprego tradicional teve que
ser adaptado e é sob este contexto que emerge o trabalho temporário.
A presente dissertação incide sobre a temática do mercado de trabalho e o
trabalho temporário, para tal foram efectuadas várias entrevistas a técnicos de recursos
humanos na área do trabalho temporário para melhor compreender a actividade e
analisar os dados obtidos nas entrevistas com os dados validados estatisticamente em
Portugal.
O estudo elaborado permite compreender que o regime de trabalho temporário,
apesar de ter legislação própria para maior protecção do trabalhador e da empresa,
coloca o trabalhador numa situação de maior fragilidade, uma vez que não sabe quando
irá terminar as suas funções, contudo, esta pode ser uma porta de entrada na empresa
onde está a exercer, ou seja, no mercado de trabalho permanente.On a global economy, with the predominance of financial principle and short term high rentability, there is a continuous pressure for flexible working conditions. As an answer, companies have been changing their operation, namely by using new hiring formats, with a bigger frequency of more flexible working methods. Thereby, the market standard pattern or the traditional employment relation had to be adapted and it is under this backgroung that the temporary employment emerges. The present dissertation concerns about the labour market and temporary employment where, by using several interviews done to human resources technicians that work in this area to better understand the line of business and to analize the collected data with the statistically validated Portuguese data. This study allows to understand that the temporary employment system, besides that fact that has is own regulation to better protect both worker and company, subjects the first to a bigger vulnerability, as they don’t know when they’ll be dismissed however, this can also be a gateway to permanent employment on the same company.
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Pereira, Ana Catarina Ferreira. "Discriminação de géneros no mercado de trabalho português: ocupação de cargos de topo e diferenças salariais." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/6636.
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O presente trabalho ir-se-á centrar na análise do mercado de trabalho português para o período de 2008 a 2010, tendo como objetivo verificar se existe igualdade de géneros na ocupação de cargos de topo e na atribuição da remuneração mensal. Pretende-se, inicialmente, efetuar uma análise geral do mercado, através da população ativa e as suas qualificações e posteriormente a análise de relatórios de sustentabilidade de algumas empresas. Os resultados indicam que existe uma tendência para a equidade, no entanto, existe ainda alguma discriminação perante as mulheres na atribuição da remuneração nos quadros superiores.This work will focus on the analyzes of the Portuguese labour market for the period of 2008 to 2010. The objective of it is to verify if there is equity between genders on top management and if there is any gender wage gap. Initially, there will be an analyses of the labour market focusing on the active population, and their qualification, and later on, the sustainability reports of some organizations. The Results imply that there is a tendency for a wage equity between genders. However, women continue to be discriminated, because they still receive lower wages than man concerning top management positions.
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Medeiros, Rui Pedro Reis de. "The impact of cultural time perception in economic behavior: A reinforcement of Max Weber's thesis." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19318.
Full textAbstract:
The individual and collective perception of time, which is culturally transmitted, molds significantly the way individuals and societies behave and perform in economic matters. The overall aim is to explore how time (as a resource and an institution) is thought-out and how it is one of the most preponderant factors to influence, for instance, consumption, preferences, economic growth and development. The investigation aims to further corroborate and strengthen Max Weber’s 1904-1905 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. This is done by showing that the perception of time comes forward as an important cause of the differences between the ascetic Protestant and Catholic mentalities, and consequently their economic behavior and decision-making processes. In other words, it aims to prove that cultural time is a variable (albeit often neglected) that plays a central role in the way the “capitalistic spirit” appeared among certain Protestant doctrines and helped construct the economic paradigms of our times.A perceção individual e coletiva de tempo, que é transmitida por via cultural, molda consideravelmente a forma como os indivíduos e as sociedades agem e como é o seu desempenho em termos económicos. O principal objetivo da presente tese é abordar a forma como o tempo (como um recurso e uma instituição) está presente como um dos fatores que mais influência tem sobre o consumo, as preferências, o crescimento económico e o desenvolvimento. Pretende-se, nesse sentido, corroborar e consolidar a obra A Ética Protestante e o Espírito do Capitalismo de Max Weber (1904-1905). Tal faz-se ao demonstrar que a perceção de tempo assume um papel central no contraste entre as formas de pensamento e conceções protestantes e católicas, e consequentemente o seu comportamento económico e processos de tomada de decisão. Por outras palavras, pretende-se provar que o tempo cultural é uma variável (ainda que frequentemente negligenciada) que assume um papel central na forma como o “espírito capitalista” surgiu em determinadas doutrinas protestantes e ajudou a construir os paradigmas económicos dos nossos tempos.
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Montenegro, Maria Cristina Ferraz. "Potential impact on workforce and labor market as a result of AI/automation: A perspective of the Portuguese labor force." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19532.
Full textAbstract:
The dissertation aims at exploring the impacts of automation and its branches (Artificial
Intelligence, Internet of Things, Machine Learning, and others) in the workforce. As such, it
intends to analyze predicted current jobs at risk of being automated and potential emerging
professions due to the digital transformations humankind is subject to. It is intended to
understand whether these transformations, also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, are
likely to follow the same evolution as the previous Industrial Revolutions. The main target
will be people working in Portugal, independent of their nationality, and I aspire to examine
the level of awareness of the target about the potential technological impact on their labor
activity and the extent to which they are preparing themselves for such continuous and
exponential changes in the labor force.
A research on the previous Industrial Revolutions will be conducted. Also, a
questionnaire will be performed to understand whether respondents believe their organization
uses a technologically-oriented approach in their business and if the individual workers are
preparing themselves towards a new working model that includes automation-related
technologies.
The main findings of the conducted research were that most organizations include basic
technological tools in their daily businesses yet are still way ahead in the integration of the
most recent trends of this digital era. Also, respondents are not preparing themselves much as
they believe the technological impacts on the labor force are still futuristic. Nevertheless,
respondents are confident about a framework where humankind and automation work sideby-
sideO desenvolvimento desta tese tem como principal foco explorar os impactos da automação e seus derivados (Inteligência Artificial, Internet das Coisas, Machine Learning, entre outros) no mercado laboral. Pretende-se analisar as previsões dos empregos que estão correntemente em risco de serem automatizados e aqueles com maior probabilidade de emergir, resultantes das transformações digitais. Requer-se começar por perceber se estas transformações, também conhecidas como Quarta Revolução Industrial, seguirão a mesma evolução que as passadas Revoluções Industriais. O target a analisar será a população activa em Portugal, independentemente da sua nacionalidade, começando por examinar o nível de awareness da população seleccionada relativamente ao impacto das novas tecnologias na sua actividade laboral bem como o seu nível de preparação para as mudanças que irão impactar o futuro dos trabalhos. Será concretizado um estudo das Revoluções Industriais passadas. Em acréscimo, será realizado um questionário de forma a perceber até que ponto é que os respondentes percepcionam o nível de maturidade tecnológica das suas empresas e se os indivíduos consideram estar a preparar-se para um futuro onde se prevê um novo modelo de trabalho altamente aliado à automação. As principais descobertas do estudo são que a maioria das empresas em questão utilizam ferramentas tecnológicas básicas relativamente às recentes trends digitais. Apurouse, também, que os respondentes não se estão a preparar muito uma vez que acreditam que as implicações tecnológicas no trabalho são ainda futuristas. No entanto, a maioria aparenta estar confiante acerca de uma estrutura laboral onde a humanidade e a automação podem caminhar lado-a-lado.
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Cassang, Amaury. "Impact of labor shortage on employer search strategies: A theoretical model." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21423.
Full textAbstract:
Labor shortage is an important issue in most countries, for both firms and the
social planner, which has been understudied relatively to its importance. In this
paper the author creates a theoretical framework to study the effect of such a
shortage from the employer perspective. The paper focuses on the impact a shortage
may have on the firm search strategy by considering the extensive/intensive
dichotomy perspective. The paper investigates how labor shortage impacts the
employer search strategy according to the shortage strength. To do so, the paper
develops a modified version of the model created by Barron, Berger & Black (1997).
The theoretical results give clear insights on the relation between labor shortage
strength, profit and investment in search strategies. The paper has three main
findings. First, if the firm has to stick to its original strategy, then, when facing a
shortage, it should decrease the investment if it is an extensive one whatever the
strength of the shortage is. However, if it invests on an intensive strategy, then, the
firm should increase its investment if the shortage is enough strong. Second, the
fewer the firm has resources, the more rentable the intensive search is. Finally, the
study shows labor shortage impact on the search strategy of an employer by
increasing the importance of extensive search for the firm. One of the main
implications of this study is that it may be possible to identify labor shortage via the
evolution of employer’s investment in search strategy.A escassez de mão-de-obra é uma questão importante na maioria dos países, para empresas e planeadores sociais, e tem sido pouco estudada relativamente à sua importância. Neste artigo, o autor cria um quadro teórico para estudar o efeito da escassez na perspectiva do empregador. O artigo centra-se no seu impacto na estratégia de procura de empresas, considerando a perspectiva de dicotomia extensiva/intensiva. O artigo investiga o impacto da escassez de mão-de-obra na estratégia de pesquisa do empregador, de acordo com a força da escassez. Para tal, o documento desenvolve uma versão modificada do modelo criado por Barron, Berger & Black (1997). Os resultados teóricos dão uma visão clara da relação entre a força da escassez de mão-de-obra, o lucro e o investimento em estratégias de procura. O artigo tem três conclusões principais. Primeiro, se a empresa tiver de se cingir à sua estratégia original, então, ao enfrentar uma escassez, deverá diminuir o investimento se for um investimento extensivo, qualquer que seja a força da escassez. Contudo, se investir numa estratégia intensiva, então, a empresa deve aumentar o seu investimento se a escassez for suficientemente forte. Em segundo lugar, quanto menos recursos a empresa tiver, mais rentável será a procura intensiva. Finalmente, o estudo mostra o impacto da escassez de mão-de-obra na estratégia de busca de um empregador, aumentando a importância da busca extensiva. Uma das principais implicações deste estudo é que poderá ser possível identificar a escassez de mão-de-obra através da evolução do investimento do empregador na estratégia de busca.
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Mendonça, Sofia Fernandes Gata Arnaut de. "Contribution of the destination weddings for the arise of events tourism: the case of Portugal." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/22279.
Full textAbstract:
Despite representing a recent world trend, wedding tourism felt a growth of 75% the
past few years, which shows this market, specifically, the destination weddings niche, is
proving to have an optimistic development and becoming a relevant topic in events
tourism. The study’s main objective analyzes how the destination weddings have
contributed for the arise of events tourism in Portugal by examining what tactics are
being utilized towards an international positioning; research the motivation of foreign
couple´s in selecting Portugal as their wedding destination, understanding their
preference level and understand how the Covid19 pandemic came to influence this
niche market. A quantitative method was used to achieve the objectives, being that 2
distinct surveys were elaborated, to foreign couples and another to vendors that take
part in the industry. This way, a data triangulation method was adopted with the goal of
obtaining robust results by gathering a broader source of data. The findings drawn
mainly state how the destination weddings have contributed to events tourism.Apesar de representar uma tendência mundial recente, o turismo de casamentos teve um crescimento de 75% nos últimos anos, mostrando que este mercado, especificamente, o nicho de "destination weddings", está a revelar ter um desenvolvimento otimista e a tornar-se um tema relevante no turismo de eventos. O principal objetivo do estudo é entender como é que os "destination weddings" contribuem para o incremento do turismo de eventos em Portugal, examinando as táticas utilizadas para um posicionamento internacional; pesquisar a motivação de casais estrangeiros na escolha de Portugal como destino de casamento, compreendendo o seu nível de preferência e perceber como é que a pandemia Covid19 influenciou este nicho de mercado. Foi utilizado um método quantitativo para alcançar os objetivos, sendo que foram elaborados 2 inquéritos distintos, um para casais estrangeiros e outro para fornecedores que fazem parte da indústria. Desta forma, um método de triangulação de dados foi adotado com o objetivo de obter resultados robustos, por meio, do recolhimento de um número mais amplo de dados. Os resultados obtidos mostram principalmente como os "destination weddings" contribuíram para o turismo de eventos.
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Silva, Mariana Cunha da. "O perfil sociodemográfico dos trabalhadores a tempo parcial." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/17733.
Full textAbstract:
A utilização do trabalho a tempo parcial num mercado de trabalho que se caracteriza,
cada vez mais, pela sua flexibilidade, tem vindo a ser questionado na literatura.
O trabalho a tempo parcial caracteriza-se por ser o trabalho efetuado num tempo igual
ou inferior a 30 horas semanais e pode ser de caráter voluntário, quando a escolha por
trabalhar a tempo parcial é do trabalhador, ou pode ser de caráter involuntário, quando o
trabalhador apenas trabalha a tempo parcial porque não encontra um trabalho a tempo
completo. A revisão de literatura realizada sobre o tema indica que o trabalho a tempo parcial
é recorrente entre jovens, trabalhadores do género feminino e trabalhadores em idades mais
avançadas.
Para estudar o trabalho a tempo parcial em Portugal e caracterizar o perfil
sociodemográfico destes trabalhadores, foram utilizados os dados obtidos pelo Labour Force
Survey, tendo como ano de referência o ano de 2015.
Os resultados permitiram traçar o perfil do trabalhador a tempo parcial e apontam para
a existência de poucas diferenças entre o perfil do trabalhador voluntário e involuntário. As
diferenças existentes encontram-se ao nível da idade dos trabalhadores, do tipo de contrato de
trabalho e das horas de trabalho semanais realizados.Part-time work is pervasive in the labour market and has attracted the interest of researchers. It is defined as the job that carries fewer than 30 hours per week, and it may performed on voluntary or involuntary basis. The former regards an individual option, while the involuntary comprises the cases where individuals find it difficult to access a full-time job. The literature review on indicates that part-time work is recurrent among young people, female workers and elder workers. We use Labour Force Survey data to characterize the socio-demographic profile of part-time workers in Portugal in 2015. The results show that part-time workers are mainly young, women but also some older workers. There are no large differences between the voluntary and involuntary part-time workers. The differences rely on the age of the workers, contract type, and weekly working hours.
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Rijo, Pedro Miguel Bento. "Alterações das condições de trabalho em contexto de pandemia." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24164.
Full textAbstract:
O atual contexto pandémico provocou profundas alterações económicas e sociais mundialmente, introduzindo alterações sobre o mercado de trabalho na ótica da procura e oferta de emprego. Por sua vez, também relacionado com a temática do trabalho, surge o conceito de condições de trabalho, tornando-se relevante perceber de que forma é que estas se alteraram, considerando que as mesmas têm profundos impactos no bem-estar e produtividade dos colaboradores, o que poderá representar em última instância, alterações nos resultados económicos empresariais.
Assim sendo, o presente estudo dedica-se a efetuar uma análise micro da empresa Adecco Portugal relativamente à forma como as condições de trabalho se alteraram, comparando o universo temporal pré-pandemia e o atual contexto pandémico, tratando-se assim de um estudo de caso com âmbito de aplicação empresarial.
Para efeitos de recolha de dados, foi aplicado um questionário aos colaboradores da Adecco e foi realizada uma entrevista a uma colaboradora por via digital. A análise dos dados permitiu constatar a existência de alterações nas condições de trabalho, permitindo detalhar as mesmas.
Desta forma, compreender-se-á aprofundadamente a realidade dos colaboradores da Adecco, o que poderá ser útil para melhorar as mesmas por parte da introdução de ações corretivas no âmbito empresarial, para aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre os impactos da pandemia, potenciar o desenvolvimento de políticas de recursos humanos por parte de outras empresas, bem como na construção de políticas públicas com o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre o mercado de trabalho português.The current pandemic context has caused profound economic and social changes worldwide, causing changes in the labor market from the perspective of job demand and supply. Also related to the theme of work, the concept of working conditions arises, making it relevant to realize that the way they have changed, considering they have profound impacts on the well-being and productivity of employees, which may ultimately represent changes in business economic results. Therefore, this study is dedicated to conducting a micro analysis of the company Adecco Portugal related about working conditions have changed, comparing the pre-pandemic context and the current pandemic context. For data purposes, a questionnaire was provided to Adecco employees and an interview was conducted with an employee by digital resources. The analysis of data verify the existence of changes in working conditions. In this way, the reality of Adecco employees will be thoroughly understood, which can be useful to improve how to solve by introducing corrective actions in the business sphere, to deepen knowledge about the impacts of the pandemic, to enhance the development of human resources policies by other companies, as well as in the construction of public policies with the deepening of knowledge about the Portuguese labour market.
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Batista, Sílvia Isabel Vieira. "Eficácia do coaching: aplicabilidade do modelo LTS." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/8861.
Full textAbstract:
O coaching afirma-se como uma ferramenta de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional que tem vindo a ter crescente aceitação dentro das empresas. No entanto, coexistem na literatura estudos que se por um lado evidenciam efeitos positivos do coaching nas organizações, outros há que denotam algumas reservas. Essas reservas incidem sobre a sua parametrização (formato e processos), a qualificação necessária dos agentes de coaching, bem como a sua real eficácia.
No sentido de dar resposta aos desafios de investigação lançados por Passmore & Fillery-Travis (2011), o presente estudo propõe-se aplicar o Modelo LTS (Learning Transfer System) de Holton (2000) procurando testar até que ponto se afigura válido para operacionalizar os fatores que afetam a transferência do coaching para o contexto de trabalho.
Para o efeito, foram conduzidas entrevistas em profundidade a coachees, num contexto real de uma empresa que aplica um programa de coaching. As entrevistas incidiram sobre os fatores da eficácia do coaching cujo conteúdo foi analisado com base no sistema categorial a priori 11 dos fatores propostos no Modelo LTS de Holton (2000).
Os resultados indicam que as dimensões e os fatores considerados no presente estudo são válidos para avaliação da transferência do coaching, pese embora variarem na sua centralidade.Coaching presents itself as a personal and professional development tool that has been increasingly more sought after within corporations. However, there are in the literature studies that show evidence both of positive effects as well as limitations in organizations. Such limitations concern its parameterization (both format and processes), the required qualification of coaches, as well as its real effectiveness. Aiming at providing an answer to the research challenges posed by Passmore & Fillery-Travis (2001), this study intends to test in which extent the measurement of factors that affect coaching transfer into work context overlaps with Holton (2000) LTS Model. To achieve this, we conducted in-depth interviews with coaches, in a real organizational environment where a coach program is set in place. Interviews focused the coaching effectiveness factors whose content was analyzed against the background of 11 category system categories from Holton’s LTS (2000) Model. Findings show that the dimensions and factors taken into consideration in this study are valid to evaluate coaching transfer, although they may vary in its centrality.
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Berfelde, Mathilde. "Recent trends and reforms in unemployment benefit coverage: the case of employees with non-standard contracts." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19711.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines the generosity of unemployment benefits granted to non-standard (outsiders) and standard workers (insiders) in four different countries (Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and Sweden) between 2000 and 2017, which were selected based on their value to represent a different institutional legacy. These legacies were based off the Varieties of Capitalism literature and the Welfare Regime literature. Comparative Case Study Analysis was the chosen methodology to assess the unemployment benefit reforms, which were primarily retrieved from the LABREF database. Two supporting theories were used to analyse the outcomes, dualization theory and liberalization theory. The findings showed a clear correlation between the institutional legacies of each case and the generosity of the unemployment benefits given to insiders and outsiders. The alternative explanation that a common trend towards liberalization made unemployment benefit systems converge in all four countries could not be supported.
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Mertens, Sebastian. "Employer branding in the german consulting industry: Meeting expectations, values and requirements of generation y through a successful employer branding strategy." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/8623.
Full textAbstract:
Research Problem – Since qualified personnel is forecasted to become scarce, German consulting
firms must find a way to retain and attract needed human resources to preserve their
competitive edge in the long run. Generation Y poses a great challenge as established, but obsolete
HRM practices might not work for Gen Y prospects due to its novelty in work settings.
Study Purpose – In spite of the growing importance of employer branding and Gen Y, previous
studies did not research its features in a country-, industry- and target group specific setting.
The present study explores how German consulting firms can best position themselves as
an employer of choice for Gen Y.
Design/Methodology – An exploratory case study and a quantitative study (n = 172) present
the basis of the conducted research to answer the addressed research questions and hypotheses
derived from a literature review. The interpretation is based on descriptive and multivariate
analysis to derive insightful results.
Findings/Implications – The concept of employer branding has arrived in today’s consulting
marketplace. Potential applicants are most attracted by organizational attributes which are related
to psychological benefits and prefer personal contact in terms of recruitment and a balanced
preference of personal and impersonal information sources for informing themselves
about potential employers.
Limitations – The case study cannot be generalized towards an entire industry since no comparison
to other firms took place yet. The sample size of the qualitative study (n = 172) does
not claim to be representative, but gives a first insight into a new field.Questão de investigação – Dado que se prevê que, num futuro próximo, devido às alterações demográficas, o pessoal qualificado será escasso, as empresas de consultoria alemãs precisam de encontrar um modo de reter e conquistar os recursos humanos necessários para preservar a sua vantagem competitiva a longo prazo. Em particular, as expectativas e as exigências da "Geração Y" representam grandes desafios às empresas, mas práticas de GRH obsoletas podem não funcionar para Geração Y devido à sua novidade em ambientes de trabalho . Objetivo do estudo – Apesar da crescente importância do Employer Branding e Geração Y, os estudos anteriores não pesquisaram as suas características em contextos específicos: países, sectores ou grupos específicos. Deste modo, a presente dissertação de mestrado explora a forma como as empresas de consultoria alemã podem melhor posição como empregador de eleição para a Geração Y, quer na perspetiva das empresas quer dos potenciais candidatos. Metodologia – A fim de responder às questões de investigação e hipóteses derivadas da revisão da literatura, desenhou-se um estudo de caso exploratório e um estudo quantitativo (n = 172). A interpretação deste último é baseado na análise descritiva e multivariada para obter resultados significativos. Resultados/Implicações – Na verdade , o conceito de employer branding chegou recentemente ao mercado de consultoria. Os potenciais candidatos são mais atraídos por atributos organizacionais que estão relacionados com benefícios psicológicos e privilegiam o contato pessoal, ao invés do impessoal, em termos de instrumentos de recrutamento. Contudo, exibem uma preferência equilibrada relativamente às fontes de informação (pessoais e impessoais) sobre um potencial empregador. Limitações de Investigação – As principais limitações são a impossibilidade de generalização dos resultados do estudo de caso para o sector, uma vez que não houve lugar à comparação com outras empresas. A dimensão da amostra do estudo qualitativo (n = 172) , não tem a pretensão de ser representativa , mas dá uma primeira visão sobre um novo campo. Ao longo do estudo são apontadas pistas para colmatar estas limitações em futuras investigações.
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Campos, Filipa Machado de. "Benefícios: estudo de preferências e de efeitos decorrentes da sua atribuição." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21403.
Full textAbstract:
A prática de "recompensar" começou a assumir diferentes formas, nomeadamente, através da oferta de benefícios. Estes, ganharam importância nos últimos anos, como componentes das políticas de remuneração das empresas, mas ainda há muito para explorar no que respeita a investigações nesta área.
Acredita-se existir um desfasamento entre aquilo que o empregador perceciona que é interessante para os trabalhadores em termos de benefícios e aquilo que é realmente utilizado pelos mesmos. Partindo desta problemática, pretende-se explorar as preferências dos indivíduos no que concerne aos benefícios. Adicionalmente, o objetivo consiste em estudar os efeitos nos indíviduos, decorrentes da atribuição dos benefícios, particularmente no reconhecimento, motivação e fenómeno de "job-lock".
A recolha de dados foi efetuada através de um questionário, que registou um total de 152 respostas. Todos os inquiridos atendiam às condições de estar em idade ativa e estar atualmente empregados. Com vista à análise dos objetivos traçados, foram criadas as seguintes variáveis, divididas por secções: Preferência por pacotes/agregações de benefícios; Posse atual de benefícios; Preferência por tipo de benefícios; Opinião face a benefícios; Motivação - intrínseca e extrínseca; Reconhecimento; Intenções de saída; Dados demográficos; Fenómeno "job-lock".
Os resultados apontam uma preferência por benefícios da categoria Segurança Pessoal e Saúde, para os dois grupos em análise. Ao contrário do expectável, verificou-se uma escolha por pacotes de benefícios fixos, compostos por benefícios core, ao invés de possibilidade de escolha. Adicionalmente, os resultados comprovaram um claro efeito da oferta de benefícios na motivação intrínseca, no reconhecimento dos trabalhadores e na inibição das intenções de saída.The practice of "rewarding" started to assume different shapes, namely, through the offer of benefits. These have gained importance in recent years, as components of the companies’ remuneration policies, however, there is still a lot to explore in what concerns the research in this area. It is believed to exist a gap between what the employer perceives that is interesting for the employees in terms of benefits and what is actually used by them. Considering this problem, it is intended to explore the preferences of individuals regarding benefits. Additionally, the objective is to study the effects on individuals, resulting from the attribution of benefits, particularly the recognition, motivation, and "job-lock" phenomenon. The data collection was carried out through a questionnaire, which recorded a total of 152 responses. All respondents met the conditions of being on an active age and being currently employed. To analyse the goals that were set for this investigation, the following variables were created, divided by sections: Preference for packages of benefits; Current possession of benefits; Preference for a type of benefits; Opinion regarding benefits; Motivation - intrinsic and extrinsic; Recognition; Exit intentions; Demographic data; "Job-lock" phenomenon. The results show a preference for Personal Security and Health benefits, for both groups analysed. Against what it was expected, respondents chose the fixed benefit packages, composed of core benefits, rather than creating their own package. Additionally, the results showed a clear effect of benefits offer on the intrinsic motivation, on the recognition of employees, and the inhibition of exit intentions.
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Mendes, Pedro da Silveira Botelho Grade. "How to overcome the challenges to recruit and retain operational workers in the engineering services sector." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24364.
Full textAbstract:
There’s a chronicle shortage in skilled and non-skilled workers for the construction and
engineering services industries. This issue leads to a major challenge for companies operating in
these sector – how to overcome the challenges to recruit and retain operational workers for these
industries. The main goal for this assignment was to identify strategies and solutions that might
help companies to overcome this concern. In that regard, the “Pereira Problem Solving Research
Methodology” was employed, in order to better understand the underlaying causes, trend and main
impacts of this matter, while also being able to uncover possible solutions and its expected benefits.
The results show that companies need to address both ends of the issue – Recruitment and
Retention – in a proactive and effective manner, in order to be able to ensure its operational teams’
growth and stability, thus guaranteeing its business sustainability.Existe uma falta crónica de mão de obra, especializada e não especializada, nos sectores da construção civil e dos serviços de engenharia. Este problema leva a um enorme desafio para as empresas que operam estes sectores – como assegurar um recrutamento e retenção consistente de trabalhadores operacionais nestas indústrias. O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi identificar um conjunto de estratégias e soluções que possam ajudar as empresas destes sectores a ultrapassar esta dificuldade latente. Nesse sentido, foi utilizada a metodologia “Pereira Problem Solving Research Methodology”, a fim de perceber de forma efectiva as principais causas, a tendência e principais impactos deste problema, e ao mesmo tempo identificar possíveis soluções e os seus benefícios esperados. Os resultados mostram que as organizações necessitam de actuar nos dois lados desta questão – Recrutamento e Retenção – de forma proactiva e efectiva, de forma a garantirem um crescimento sustentável das equipas operacionais, assegurado desta forma a sustentabilidade geral do negócio.
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Andrade, Érica Suely Varela. "Team building em Portugal e sua importância na motivação das equipas." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/4733.
Full textAbstract:
Para enfrentar os desafios com que se deparam actualmente, as empresas deverão apostar mais nos seus colaboradores, e principalmente, preocupar-se em criar estímulos, de forma a motivá-los para que possam alcançar tanto os objectivos da organização quanto os objectivos pessoais. Pois pensar apenas em obter lucro e produtividade não incrementando politicas e práticas que privilegiem os recursos humanos, certamente não será uma boa opção.
As actividades de Team Building estão a obter cada vez mais importância no seio das organizações, grandes empresas e multinacionais. Estão a tornar-se cada vez mais cruciais para qualquer empresa, dadas as melhorias verificadas no ambiente de trabalho e, consequentemente conduzem a um aumento de produtividade.
Existem diversas actividades que se realizadas têm o objectivo de aumentar o grau de motivação dos colaboradores, sendo que, de acordo com as necessidades e pretensões, as empresas podem adoptar as actividades que mais se adequam à sua situação.
O recurso ao Team Building como um instrumento de motivação dos colaboradores é actualmente muito praticado nas organizações que utilizam estilos de gestão modernos e orientados para a estratégia. Neste sentido, pretende-se ilustrar as melhorias que o Team Building tem vindo a desempenhar particularmente numa empresa portuguesa.
Em termos metodológicos, recorreu-se ao método do estudo de caso qualitativo, à técnica de inquérito por questionário e à pesquisa bibliográfica.To address the challenges they face today, companies should invest more in their employees and especially worrying more in order to create incentives to motivate them to achieve both, the objectives of the organization and the personal goals. Because thinking only of profit and productivity without developing polices and practices that focus on human resources, will certainly not be a good option Team Building activities are gaining increasing importance within organizations and especially in large companies and multinationals. They are crucial for any company due to the improvement of work environment they provide and hence lead to higher productivity of their employees. There are several activities that can be performed with the aim of increasing the degree of motivation of the employees, and, according to the needs and wishes, companies can adopt activities that best suits its situation. The use of team building as a means of motivating employees is now widely practiced in organizations that use modern management styles and oriented strategy. In this sense, it is intended to illustrate the improvements that team building has been providing particularly in a Portuguese company. In methodological terms, we used the method of qualitative case study and techniques of questionnaire survey and literature search.
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Ventura, Teresa Garcia Prego. "Quantifying the economic impact of CETA on Portugal." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15773.
Full textAbstract:
The European Union and Canada recently signed a Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement
(CETA) which covers virtually all sectors and aspects of Canada-EU trade. For small open
economies, like Portugal, trade is a key factor in productivity and competitiveness gains that
foster economic performance and growth. Canada is among Portugal's top 10 importing
countries, and wine is Portugal's main export good to Canada. The wine sector represents an
important source of economic revenue for Portugal, contributing very significantly to the final
value of agricultural production and exports. This dissertation studies the impact of CETA on
Portugal-Canada wine trade, assessing its effects on the Portuguese wine sector. After a
thorough examination of the Canadian wine sector, the Canadian consumer profile and market
trends, an analysis was made to address the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
related to Portugal's positioning in the Canadian market in view of CETA's entry into force.A União Europeia e o Canadá assinaram recentemente um acordo de livre comércio, conhecido por "Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement" (CETA), que abrange praticamente todos os sectores e aspectos do comércio Canadá-UE. Para pequenas economias, como Portugal, o comércio é um factor-chave nos ganhos de produtividade e competitividade que fomentam o desempenho económico e crescimento. O Canadá está entre os 10 maiores mercados importadores de vinho português, sendo este o principal produto das exportações portuguesas para o Canadá. O sector do vinho representa uma importante fonte de receitas para Portugal, contribuindo significativamente para o valor final da produção agrícola e exportações nacionais. Esta dissertação estuda o impacto do CETA no comércio de vinho entre Portugal e o Canadá, avaliando os seus efeitos no sector vitivinícola português. Após uma análise ao sector do vinho no Canadá, o perfil do consumidor e as tendências de mercado, avaliaram-se os pontos fortes, fracos, oportunidades e ameaças relacionados com o posicionamento de Portugal no mercado canadiano face à entrada em vigor do CETA.
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Moreira, Duarte Nuno Graça. "Does the Zero Lower Bound affect Euro Area productivity?: a case study." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19572.
Full textAbstract:
The main research question associated with this case study is to contribute modestly to the discussion of the relationship between Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) framework and Productivity of the Euro Area, Germany and the GIIPS. The relationship between ZLB and Unit Labor Costs is also analyzed.
The series analyzed correspond to the period from the first quarter of 2000 to the third quarter of 2018. The purpose of choosing this period is to maximize the quality of the analysis by addressing multiple stages of the global business cycles.
To put this analysis into practice, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied and the Granger Causality was analyzed.
It is possible to conclude that only in Portugal does the ZLB affect Productivity and that the ZLB affect unit labor costs in Portugal and Spain exclusively.A preocupação do presente estudo de caso é contribuir modestamente para a discussão da relação entre a Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) e a produtividade da Área Euro, da Alemanha e dos GIIPS em particular. Foi também analisada a relação entre a ZLB e os Custos Unitários do Trabalho. As séries analisadas correspondem ao período compreendido entre o primeiro trimestre de 2000 e o terceiro trimestre de 2018. O objetivo da escolha deste período compreende-se com o facto de se pretender maximizar a qualidade da análise, analisando múltiplas fases do ciclo económico global. Para colocar em prática esta análise foi estimado o modelo Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) e analisada a Causalidade à Granger. Foi possível concluir que apenas em Portugal a ZLB afeta a produtividade e que a ZLB afeta os Custos Unitários do Trabalho em Portugal e Espanha, exclusivamente.
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Piçarro, Jéssica Nicolau. "Efeitos da diversidade etária: um estudo no setor da hotelaria." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/17823.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo explora a perceção dos gestores de Recursos Humanos (RH) sobre
efeitos da diversidade etária no setor da hotelaria, nomeadamente, ao nível das políticas
implementadas pelos mesmos. Espera-se verificar se existe um padrão sobre as perceções
entre as organizações em análise; quais os desajustamentos provenientes da diversidade
etária e como estes podem ser geridos. Apresenta-se como um estudo de natureza
qualitativa, utilizando como base dados demográficos e entrevistas semiestruturadas a
gestores de RH. Mostra-se relevante face ao contexto demográfico português e ao
crescimento do setor da hotelaria e do turismo em Portugal. Relativamente aos resultados
verificou-se que a perceção dos gestores de RH sobre os efeitos da diversidade etária é
positiva, bem como a interação entre as gerações, ainda que as práticas neste âmbito sejam
diminutas.The present study intends to analyze the perceptions of Human Resources (HR) Managers on the effects of age diversity in Leisure and Hospitality sector as well as their adopted policies on that area. It is expected to verify, whether or not, there is a pattern between the organizations, the mismatches arising from age diversity and how they are being managed. Moreover, the study follows a qualitative method based on demographic data and semi-structured interviews with HR managers. It becomes rather relevant given the current status of Portuguese demographics and also the growing trend of Leisure and Hospitality sector in the country. The results showed a good perception from HR managers about age diversity effects in organizations and also a good interaction between generations, however, most of them said that, until now, they did not implement policies to increase age diversity.