Relevant bibliographies by topics / Labour and demographic economics

Academic literature on the topic 'Labour and demographic economics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Labour and demographic economics"

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Chen, Wen-Hao, Ana Llena-Nozal, and Michael Förster. "Demographic or labour market trends." OECD Journal: Economic Studies 2013, no. 1 (February 5, 2014): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-2013-5k43jt5vcdvl.

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Ermisch, John. "DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENTS and EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKETS." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 3 (August 1995): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1995.tb01162.x.

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Molchanov, Igor. "Vocational Training, Labor Market and Immigration Policy in Russia." Economica 7, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2014/7/1/4307.

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In point of view of labour market the immigration has become the major factor in recent times. The main tasks of immigration policy: compensation of labour shortages in relation with demographic and aging population problems; to satisfy the long-term demand for labour in some business sectors; to ensure the labor supply of innovation-qualified investment processes; organizing of preparation of experts from requested profession; to limit the short-term unskilledlabor immigration; creating the necessary conditions and broaden the opportunities for immigration for business use.
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Molchanov, Igor. "Vocational Training, Labor Market and Immigration Policy in Russia." Economica 7, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2014/7/1/4307.

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In point of view of labour market the immigration has become the major factor in recent times. The main tasks of immigration policy: compensation of labour shortages in relation with demographic and aging population problems; to satisfy the long-term demand for labour in some business sectors; to ensure the labor supply of innovation-qualified investment processes; organizing of preparation of experts from requested profession; to limit the short-term unskilledlabor immigration; creating the necessary conditions and broaden the opportunities for immigration for business use.
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Sipurzyńska-Rudnicka, Katarzyna. "Przyszłość demograficzna Polski a rynek pracy." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 24 (May 7, 2018): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.24.8.

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The demographic future of Poland and the labour market The study focuses on the demographic changes expected in Poland by 2050 and their impact on the labour market. The forecasts indicate a significant loss of potential labour resources, their aging and the increase in the burden on those resources from the non-productive population. This situation may trigger a num­ber of threats to the labour market and the economy, including the occurrence of labour shortages, weak­ening of competitiveness and economic growth. Previous socio-demographic statistics, however, point to the complexity of the relationship between demography and the labour market, and they discourage sim­plistic conclusions regarding the nature of these links in the future.
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Lisiankova, Katerina, and Robert E. Wright. "Demographic Change and the European Union Labour Market." National Institute Economic Review 194 (October 2005): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950105061497.

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If current demographic trends continue, the combined population of the twenty-five countries that currently make up the European Union will age rapidly and decline in size in the coming decades. As the EU population ages and declines, so will its labour force, which will likely constrain the labour market and generate lower rates of economic growth. Data from the most recent round of United Nation population projections is used to illustrate the scale of these changes.
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Bucăța, George. "The Challenges of Human Resources Department – The Impact of the Demographic Evolution (The Case of Migration)." Scientific Bulletin 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2018-0010.

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Abstract Employees must adapt to these permanent changes by acquiring new skills required to use new technologies. One of the phenomena developed in order to meet these challanges is labour mobility. For the purpose of economic and social mobility, labour is a form of movement in relation to the ever-changing needs of the productive factors. Mobility in the labor market can be considered from several aspects. At the EU level, the phenomenon of labour mobility is promoted by the desire to meet the challanges arising in the labour market. From a economic and political point of view, the free movement of people is inteded to create a common market for labour and promoting EU citizens, by removing barriers in this area.
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Nayab, Durr-e. "Demographic Dividend or Demographic Threat in Pakistan?" Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i1pp.1-26.

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Population growth and size have remained the focus of debate for centuries but the recent demographic transition in developing countries has made social scientists take note of the changing age structure of the population as well. As a result of declining population growth and consequent changes in age structure, the proportion of working-age population is increasing in most developing countries. An associated decline in the dependent age population offers a window of opportunity, referred to as the ‘demographic dividend’. Pakistan is also going through the demographic transition, and is experiencing a once-in-a-lifetime demographic dividend as the working-age population bulges and the dependency ratio declines. This paper looks into the demographic dividend being offered to Pakistan and its implications for the country, mainly through three mechanisms: labour supply, savings, and human capital. For economic benefits to materialise, there is a need for policies dealing with education, public health, and those that promote labour market flexibility and provide incentives for investment and savings. On the contrary, if appropriate policies are not formulated, the demographic dividend might, in fact, be a cost, leading to unemployment and an unbearable strain on education, health, and old age security.
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Wysocka, Magdalena. "Effect of Demographic Changes on the Labour Supply in Lithuania and Poland." Engineering Economics 32, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.25087.

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Demographic changes are one of the variables impacting labour supply. When viewing the situation on labour markets, not only quantitative changes in the total population size are significant, but also changes in the population categorised by economic age groups. International research indicates that the population size is decreasing. These processes translate into labour markets experiencing deficiencies in labour force. To counteract and minimise these undesirable conditions, continuous monitoring and diagnosis of the status of labour resources is required. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of demographic changes in labour supply based on the example of the Lithuanian and Polish labour markets and to redefine the groups of people forming unused labour resources. To this end, both secondary and primary data were used. The former were derived from statistical reports originating from the analysed countries, while the latter were obtained from the author’s own studies carried out among 200 respondents classified as unused labour resources. The research found that in the labour markets of both studied countries, very significant changes have occurred and will continue to occur, which may lead to the reduction in the productive-age population and to the increase in the post-productive-age population. The research has been carried out based on the systematic literature review methodology, which included theoretical and empirical research publications from 2000-2019, a diagnostic survey conducted among people classified as unused labour resources, as well as methods of descriptive statistics and induction. The literature review has demonstrated a shortage of studies on the subject of research, which makes the content of the paper a partial answer to the existing knowledge gap.
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Du, Yang, and Cuifen Yang. "DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGES: IMPLICATIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA." Journal of Economic Surveys 28, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 617–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joes.12072.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labour and demographic economics"

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Grönqvist, Hans. "Essays in Labor and Demographic Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9529.

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Essay 1: (co-written with Olof Åslund) We study the impact of family size on intermediate and long-term outcomes using twin births as an exogenous source of varia¬tion in family size in an unusually rich dataset. Similar to recent studies, we find no evidence of a causal effect on long-term outcomes and show that not taking selection effects into account will likely overstate the effects. We do, however, find a small but significant negative impact of family size on grades in compulsory and secondary school among children who are likely to be vulnerable to further restrictions on parental investments. Essay 2: This paper investigates the consequences of a series of Swedish policy changes beginning in 1989 where different regions started subsidizing the birth control pill. The reforms were significant and applied to all types of oral contraceptives. My identification strategy takes advantage of the fact that the reforms were implemented successively over time and targeted specific cohorts of young women, in particular teenagers. This generates plausibly exogenous variation in access to the subsidy. I first demonstrate that access significantly increased pill use. Using regional, temporal, and cohort variation in access, I then go on to examine the impact on abortions. The estimates show that the subsidy significantly decreased the abortion rate by about 8 percent. Furthermore, the results indicate that long-term access decreases the likelihood of teenage childbearing by about 20 percent. However, there is no significant effect on labor supply, marriage, educational attainment or welfare take-up. Essay 3: (co-written with Olof Åslund, Per-Anders Edin and Peter Fredriksson) We study peer effects in compulsory school performance among immigrant youth in Sweden. The empirical analysis exploits a governmental refugee placement policy that provides exogenous variation in the initial place of residence in Sweden; and it is based on tightly defined neighborhoods. There is tentative evidence that the share of immigrants in the neighborhood has a negative effect on GPA. But the main result is that, for a given share of immigrants in a neighborhood, the presence of highly educated peers of the same ethnicity has a positive effect on school grades. The results suggest that a standard deviation increase in the fraction of highly educated adults in the assigned neighborhood increases the compulsory school GPA by 0.9 percentile ranks. This magnitude corresponds roughly to a tenth of the gap in student performance between refugee immigrant and native born children. Essay 4: This paper investigates the consequences of residential segregation for immigrants’ health. To this end, I make use of a rich dataset covering the entire Swedish population age 16–74 from 1987 to 2004. The dataset contains annual information on the exact diagnosis for all individuals admitted to Swedish hospitals, as well as a wide range of individual background characteristics. It is however difficult to identify the causal link between segregation and health since individuals might sort across residential areas based on unobserved characteristics related to health. To deal with this methodological problem I exploit a governmental refugee placement policy which provides plausibly exogenous variation in segregation. The OLS estimates show a statistically significant positive correlation between segregation and the probability of hospitalization. Estimates that account for omitted variables are however in general statistically insignificant.
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Grönqvist, Hans. "Essays in labor and demographic economics /." Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9529.

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Simion, Stefania. "Empirical essays on youths' labour markets and education." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24742.

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The first chapter assesses the impact of the cohort size on labour market outcomes. Using exogenous variation and micro-level data for France, the UK and the US, we study the effect of supply shocks measured at different ages on unemployment rates and wages during a cohort's life cycle. The results from an IV estimation show that the largest magnitude of the effects is found when the cohort size is measured at age 25. The impact of both wages and unemployment rates are temporary, however, both decreasing with time. The second chapter analyses the effects of large inflows of foreign students on English undergraduates. Our results confirm previous findings that there is no overall effect, but we identify changes in the distribution of natives. We find that top performing English students are crowded in by foreign students. It is also mainly English-born males, natives who do not have English as their mother tongue and those of Asian ethnic origins that are crowded in by foreign students. In chapter three, we aim to understand the short-term effects of changes in the level of the tuition fees charged by English universities on students' geographic mobility. Our results suggest that the increase in tuition fees in 2006/07 charged by English universities led students to enrol into universities that are closer to home, with a larger effect experienced by men and White students. Moreover, we find that students are less likely to move to universities located in rich areas.
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Schmieder, Julia [Verfasser]. "Essays in Labor and Demographic Economics / Julia Schmieder." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/119175586X/34.

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Kudo, Yuya. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and urban industrial performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9be76708-90ef-4974-9864-b2bd5f9813cf.

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This thesis consists of three independent but thematically related papers exploring the income determination process in African labour markets from spatial and sectoral perspectives. Using long-run household panel data from rural Tanzania, chapter 2 investigates the extent to which education can explain migrants' income and consumption gains. We expect that the higher return to schooling at the destination primarily drives migrants' gains, suggesting that those who cannot afford the cost of schooling cannot reap the benefits of migration. We find that education indeed plays the role, but that it does not appear to be a major factor in limiting the internal migration as a source of raising income and consumption. Exploiting data drawn from urban household panel surveys in Ghana and Tanzania, chapter 3 investigates how rural-to-urban migrants' earnings compare with those of natives in urban labour markets. The chapter attempts to identify the growth of migrants' earnings at the destination (assimilation), making a distinction between wage and self-employed migrants. We find that wage-dependent migrants would achieve higher lifetime earnings if they entered a self-employed sector from their arrival, conditional on individuals' attributes and the varying returns to those attributes across urban residents. The evidence points towards the importance of capital constraints in a decision to start a business. Using firm-level data of manufacturing and retailing from the Enterprise Surveys conducted in seven Sub-Saharan African countries, chapter 4 attempts to improve our understanding of enterprise performance in urban Africa by investigating three aspects of firms' productive structure: technology, total factor productivity (TFP), and firm size. We find that the technology is similar between sectors, that retailing firms are smaller and less capital intensive but not, on average, ones with lower TFP, and that TFP differences are primarily within sectors. All these findings might point towards the importance of factor prices in characterising the industrial structure in urban Africa.
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Reich, Patrick [Verfasser], and Helmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Rainer. "Essays in empirical labor and demographic economics / Patrick Reich ; Betreuer: Helmut Rainer." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233966782/34.

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Sundman, Marie-Lor. "The Effects of the Demographic Transition on Economic Growth : Implications for Japan." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15993.

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Demographic transition implies severe challenges for high income nations, for instance Japan, as the population decreases due to declines in birth rates as well as the higher rate of elderly population. More women are entering the labor market which affects birth rates. In addition, technological progress has improved health care and standard of living, bringing up life expectancies. However, the elderly population is increasing, elevating the dependency ratio which dampens the economic growth. The changed age structure alters the ratio of labor force negatively relative to population, in spite of the higher female labor participation. This paper analyzes how the current demographic transition in advanced countries influences economic growth. The paper is focused on Japan that is currently dealing with the consequences from the fastest increase in the percentage share of the elderly population compared to the other high income countries. The empirical analysis is based on a growth accounting model that estimates the impact of demographic factors on growth rates in high income countries. The empirical results indicate that demographic factors such as life expectancy and total dependency ratio have a negative impact on economic growth. The conclusion is that Japan and other rich countries have to make greater efforts in dampening the demographic change by policy making and in-migration.
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Harder, Elizabeth. "Job Susceptibility to Computerization by Demographic Characteristics: An Empirical Exploration." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1773.

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Following developments in technological advancement and the ability to automate jobs in the 21st Century, the quantity and variety of jobs impacted by computerization has increased. Using data from the 2013 American Community Survey (ACS), this paper explores how demographic characteristics influence the probability of job computerization. I perform a linear regression and find evidence that differences in race, education, and gender significantly impact the probability of an individual’s occupation to be computerized. Specifically, Hispanics are the most at risk racial/ethnic group followed in order by blacks, Asians, and whites; increased education is associated with lower probability of computerization; and men are more susceptible to facing job automation than women.
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Bonner, Suzanne M. "Fertility in Australia: The role of policy and the labour market." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86665/1/Suzanne_Bonner_Thesis.pdf.

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One of the most discussed topics in labour and demographic studies, population ageing and stability, is closely related to fertility choices. This thesis explores recent developments in the fertility literature in the context of Australia. We investigate individual preferences for child bearing, the determinants of fertility decisions and the effectiveness of policies implemented by the government aimed at improving total fertility. The first study highlights the impact of monetary incentives on the decision to bear children in light of potentially differential responses across the native and immigrant population. The second study analyses the role of unemployment and job stability on the fertility choices of women. The final study examines whether the quality-quantity trade-off exists for Australian families and explores the impact of siblings on a child's health and educational outcomes.
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Yakubu, Yakubu A. "Determinants of female labour force participation in South Africa in 2008." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6919_1298358241.

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This study employs the Human Capital Theory (HCT), which postulates that the education of women is positively related to the likelihood of their labour force participation, in order to investigate quarterly dynamics in the labour force. This approach is an advancement of knowledge gained from previous studies such as Serumanga-Zake and Kotze (2004) and Ntuli (2004) who investigated the annual dynamics in FLFP. Investigating quarterly dynamics in FLFP is prudent as the market economy is very dynamic particularly at a point when the world economy is experiencing recession. Data for the study are extracted from the 2008 Quarterly Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. Logistic regression analysis modeling was employed with the dependent variable, FLFP, as a binary outcome. Other variables controlled in the analysis are gender, population group, age, marital status, education status, sector, main industry, main occupation and province. The results show that there is association between education status and FLFP status. Findings from this research are expected to contribute to the knowledge about trends in FLFP in South Africa and aid in planning of interventions aimed at improving the status of women as one of the critical steps in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

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Books on the topic "Labour and demographic economics"

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1969-, Kuhn Michael, and Ochsen Carsten, eds. Labour markets and demographic change. Wiesbaden: VS, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009.

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Brígida, García, Anker Richard 1943-, and Pinnelli Antonella, eds. Women in the labour market in changing economies: Demographic issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Sauvé, Roger. Ontario people: Trends and projections: demographic, social, household, labour market, income and economic change from an Ontario perspective. Okotoks, AB: People Patterns Consulting, 2002.

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Sauvé, Roger. Alberta people: Trends and projections: demographic, social, household, labour market, income and economic change from an Alberta perspective. Okotoks, AB: People Patterns Consulting, 2000.

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Biagi, Federico. Demographic and education effects on unemployment in Europe: Economic factors and labour market institutions. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Ageing populations and changing labour markets: Social and economic impacts of the demographic time bomb. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.

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Roberts, Kenneth. Britain's economic recovery, the new demographic trend and young people's transition into the labour market. London: Social Statistics Research Unit, City University, 1989.

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Sauvé, Roger. Manitoba people: Trends and projections : demographic, social, household, labour market, income and economic change from a Manitoba perspective. Okotoks, Alta: People Patterns Consulting, 2001.

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Sauvé, Roger. Saskatchewan people: Trends and projections : demographic, social, household, labour market, income and economic change from a Saskatchewan perspective. Okotoks, Alta: People Patterns Consulting, 2001.

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Sauvé, Roger. BC people: Trends and projections : demographic, social, household, labour market, income and economic change from a British Columbia perspective. Okotoks, Alta: People Patterns Counsulting, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Labour and demographic economics"

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Lancia, Francesco, and Giovanni Prarolo. "Life Expectancy, Human Capital Accumulation, Technological Adoption and the Process of Economic Growth." In Labour Markets and Demographic Change, 169–89. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91478-7_9.

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Bertola, Giuseppe, Francine D. Blau, and Lawrence M. Kahn. "Labor Market Institutions and Demographic Employment Patterns." In Palgrave Readers in Economics, 477–527. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89265-4_23.

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Cigno, Alessandro. "The Timing of Births: A Theory of Fertility, Family Expenditures and Labour Market Participation Over Time." In Demographic Change and Economic Development, 133–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83789-0_7.

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Du, Yang, and Cuifen Yang. "Demographic Transition and Labour Market Changes: Implications for Economic Development in China." In China's Economy, 25–44. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118982433.ch3.

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Ní Léime, Áine, and Debra Street. "Gender, Transitions and Turning Points: The Life Course and Older Workers’ Trajectories in Different US Occupations." In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 19–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_2.

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AbstractThis chapter interrogates the proposition that extending working life is an unproblematic policy measure introduced to address demographic ageing and increased pension costs. The implications of extending working life varies for workers in different occupations. The chapter draws on interview data from a qualitative study of 17 men and 20 women workers in the United States. Interviewees working either as teachers or in physically-demanding jobs such as care-giving for older people or cleaning narrated their work-life history and discussed their current work, future plans and their views on working longer.Analysis of different strands of their work-life trajectories – work, family, health – from a life course perspective reveals that workers may be channelled into particular kinds of employment and that advantage or disadvantage can accumulate across the life course. It supports previous research showing that physically-demanding work adversely affects workers’ health. Gendered expectations regarding the provision of care can result in disrupted careers for women, leading to lower pension provision and the need to continue working later. Such processes, combined with pension reforms and the increasingly precarious nature of employment can lead to poor economic and health outcomes for some workers. The implications of these findings for policy are discussed.
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Siemieńska, Renata. "Attitudes Towards Older People in the Labour Market and in Politics: A Cross-National Comparison." In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 99–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_6.

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AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to compare attitudes towards people over 70 as potential workers in the labour force in countries with different social welfare regimes, cultures, demographic and economic situations. Life course theory/perspective suggests a multidisciplinary paradigm. It suggests to examine how people live in different structural contexts and how economic, social and cultural changes influence attitudes towards older people and their presence in public life. The social context is defined in micro and macro scales (e.g. individual and family situations of persons in different stages of their life, their economic situation, occupational experience, social activities) within different societies. The basic assumption is that a particular life course stage of a person influences subsequent experiences and also attitudes towards seniors. As predicted age, gender, education, and life satisfaction are factors that differentiate attitudes. The differences found in 1990 are still observed to some extent in 2012. A significant proportion of respondents expect older people to withdraw to the private sphere. Some of them expect older people to be active in non-governmental organizations, informal assistance relationships, institutions established for older people which allow the needs of older people to be satisfied. In reality older people are kept on the margins of mainstream public life.The data of World Values Survey conducted in 2012 have been used in the analyses shown in the chapter. Eleven countries have been selected to show the situation in different countries with different history and welfare systems. The data are unique. The set of questions asked internationally in the wave of the study has not been included in the next waves of WVS. However, we may consider that the findings presented in the chapter are important for understanding the actual situation of older people, the perception of their social and cultural capital, the respondents’ willingness to see them as part of labour force and to be included in public life. The recent statistical data and reports show that older people are still poorly represented on decision-making positions in politics and economic institutions.
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Traoré, Nohoua, and Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey. "Migrants in the Plantation Economy in Côte d’Ivoire: A Historical Perspective." In IMISCOE Research Series, 189–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_10.

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AbstractThe chapter is a contribution to deepening knowledge on the historical trajectories of migration in Côte d’Ivoire. Based on a critical review of documents and literature, the chapter highlights the different waves of migration into Côte d’Ivoire. Both colonial and post-colonial coercive and attractive migration policies created the country as an important migration hub in West Africa. We situate the development of the cash crop economy in Côte d’Ivoire and its 20 years economic boom between 1960s and early 1980s, within the history of labour migrations into the country and the later crises that ensued as a result. While the development of the Ivorian economy was the driver for the policies during the period, the colonial era labour movements into the area hinged on repressive labour policies while the latter period was an attractive open door policy which included favourable land, citizenship and voting right grants to migrants. We reflected on how demographic growth and economic recession of the 1990s blurred this dynamic, thus leading to a change in the relationship between indigenes and migrants. The situation has led to a rigidity of Ivorian laws that cumulated in military, political and post electoral crises and civil strife thereby putting a brake on immigration. We reflected on the accentuation of migrant flows and transfers into the country in the recent Ivoirian migration and civic discourse and narratives which silences the contribution of migrants to the economic development of Côte d’Ivoire and the historical foundations of immigration and of a strong presence of foreign labour in the country. This we argue has ramifications for the management of migration in the country.
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Coale, Ansley J. "Demographic Transition." In Social Economics, 16–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19806-1_4.

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Dervis, Oana-Alexandra, Elena Trifan, and Gabriela Jitaru. "The Socio-Economic Challenges in Access to Romanian Higher Education. Student Perception and Funding Policy Directions." In Higher Education in Romania: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Opportunities, 71–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94496-4_5.

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AbstractAccess to education, specifically in relation to socio-economic background, is one of the enduring issues in educational research. The theme is particularly salient for the Romanian case from a policy perspective, given the increase in social polarisation specific to the post-communist transition and its effect on access to higher education. Recent reforms in university funding have started to address this issue, with the inclusion of several mechanisms that allocate financial resources according to university efforts towards social equity. The main objective of our research is to provide an overview of the policies concerning the inclusion of students from low socio-economic backgrounds and assess the degree to which progress has been made towards reaching current national targets regarding access to higher education. We argue that although significant improvements have been made at the level of policy initiative, more precise targeting is needed in order to meet labour market demands, given that most current efforts are directed either at fresh high school graduates or at diminishing the dropout rate. These efforts, even if 100% successful, will not prove sufficient given current demographic trends. Therefore, we consider another potential avenue for increasing student numbers, suggesting that an orientation towards non-traditional students (adult students) might be beneficial. With this in mind, in the second half of the paper, we explore the main characteristics and trends concerning Romanian mature students using the results from the EUROSTUDENT VI and EUROSTUDENT VII studies, with the goal of formulating policy proposals that aim to unlock the potential of this demographic.
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Harrison, Barry, Charles Smith, and Brinley Davies. "Labour." In Introductory Economics, 118–27. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22006-9_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Labour and demographic economics"

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"The Population of the Tajik SSR During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945): Problem Statement." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-10.

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Based on the analysis of works on the history of Tajikistan during the Great Patriotic War, the article reveals that the topic of the history of the Republic’s population has not received sufficient research. Tajik historians have focused on economic development, primarily in agriculture, labour feat and assistance to the front. In recent years, various papers were published about the difficult living conditions of the population, work of health authorities, reception and accommodation of evacuees and special settlers. Analysis of archival intelligence demonstrated that statistical information about the population contained in the archives of Tajikistan and Russia will form the basis for studying demographic processes in war conditions.
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"Demographic Potential of Neo-Industrial Development of the EAEU Countries." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-2-13.

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The article analyses the dynamics of population migration in the members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which directly correlates with the indicators of labour potential in these countries. The dynamics of the population movement and migration in the EAEU member states was clearly shown, the migration balance was calculated based on statistical data. It is concluded that, in regards to the demographic development of the EAEU, a significant increase in the population is observed in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, ensuring the maintenance of the total population, while Belarus, Armenia, and the Russian Federation show a population decline. The general analysis demonstrates a synergistic effect in the EAEU population system, indicating how some EAEU member states are replaced by others in terms of population size.
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Voroshilova, Anzhelika. "Demographic determinants of parental labor motivation types." In International Days of Statistics and Economics 2019. Libuše Macáková, MELANDRIUM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2019.los.186.165.

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Csugány, Julianna. "LABOUR MARKET TENDENCIES IN THE ERA OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.55.

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In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, technological change is also transforming the labour market. Technological and structural unemployment is simultaneously present in the economy, as well as the labour shortage causes many problems for the firms. The labour market has to respond to both demographic and technological change, while workers’ expectations and workers’ preferences are transformed in the digital era. The biggest fear in the new technological era is related to robots, which generate the loss of jobs because they can substitute human resources in an efficient way. Technological changes typically threaten lower-skilled workers doing routine tasks, while the need for a high-skilled workforce combined with creativity is increasing. This asymmetry of training already appeared in the earlier industrial revolution, but nowadays digital literacy, as well as the technological knowledge necessary for the operation of machines and equipment, are becoming a basic skill, so new competence requirements are formulated for the employees. In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, not only robots cause problems in the global labour market, but also international trends that cause major transformation in both the supply and demand side of the labour market. Effective labour market adaptation to technological change can be the key to competitiveness in the new technological era. This research aims to provide a short analysis of the differences in the European labour market in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The labour demand and supply will be analysed in order to highlight the main tendencies related to the qualitative features of labour market in the new technological era.
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Anggraini, Dina, Yunisvita, and Imelda. "Economic and Socio-Demographic Factors of Labor Mobility in the Service Sector." In 4th Sriwijaya Economics, Accounting, and Business Conference. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008440403780386.

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Kudins, Janis. "Involvement of older people in employment in Latvia." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.023.

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Demographic transformation and increase of older people in Europe have encouraged discussions regarding how economics could help older people to grow old in a dignified way and be active in labour market. In Latvia the term older people is usually applied to pensioners. In this research the author analysed the number of pensioners in Latvia from 2012 till 2018, as well as change of pensioners’ employment level in population aged 45 and over. This research showed that 63.1 % of pensioners (45 years old and over) in Latvia were employed in 2018. Compared to 2012 the amount of employed pensioners in 2018 has increased by 10.2 %. Regression analysis between employed pensioners and average pension in Latvia from 2004 till 2018 shows a statistically significant linear interrelationship (R2 = 0,723) but the data correlation analysis shows a strong positive correlation (r = 0,850).
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Petrušová, Dagmar, Katarína Kráľová, and Jana Sochuľáková. "COMPARISON OF DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS IN SLOVAKIA AND SLOVENIA." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.25.

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Every country and its economy has undergone some historical development and is going through it even nowadays, constantly evolving. Today, however, individual changes occur more frequently, are dynamic and have a larger dimension. Technology has accelerated processes and information exchange. The economies of states can no longer function in isolation, because we are at a time where the division of labour is not only of European but also of global character. This work focuses on the development of selected macroeconomic indicators, mainly employment and unemployment of two Slavic states of Slovakia and Slovenia. The size of the area and the number of inhabitant’s ranks among the small states of Europe, they have similar geographical and demographic conditions. However, the development of the economy seems different, which is the subject of this paper. To compare the development of macroeconomic variables of the above-mentioned states, the data were drawn from the published data of the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and Eurostat. To evaluate the year-on-year changes in selected indicators, the relative indices were used.
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Dedukić, Dinka. "Human Resources and Labor Market in Croatia." In 6th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2022 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2022.239.

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At a time of demographic changes and a growing labor shortage, finding employ­ees, and above all competent employees, is the focus of companies. This paper will discuss hu­man resources and the Croatian labor market. The research was conducted in 2018, and the fi­nal sample for analysis included 1041 respondents, the results obtained on the research ques­tions are the result of the respondents’ judgment. From the analysis of the conducted research, it emerges that 11% of respondents believe that they are not ready for the Croatian labor mar­ket. Respondents cited unfair relations in the labor market (bribery, corruption, employment through connections) as the main reason for insufficient readiness for the Croatian labor mar­ket. They cite the lack of application of knowledge in practice as the main disadvantage of high­er education, and considering the situation of mismatch between the education system and the labor market, 60% of respondents are aware that they are responsible for their competitiveness in the labor market.
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Sika, Peter. "POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SILVER ECONOMY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.81.

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The economic behaviour, needs and preferences of people vary in the individual phases of their lives. The silver economy market is made up of consumers, employees or employers aged 50+. The share of this population is an important target group for entrepreneurs, brings a wide range of new products and services to businesses and has a significant role for the national economy as there is a change in the understanding of the ageing process from a threat towards economic opportunities. Although the ageing workforce and seniors in the Slovak Republic do not represent a strong demand for market goods yet, their economic potential may not be negligible. The rapid ageing of the Slovak population represents, among other things, an economic potential that can be exploited in favour of innovation and improvement. Despite not a high level of pensions, seniors have considerable purchasing power, which will generate an increasing demand for specific goods and services, which is an opportunity for the labour market. In this paper we try to describe selected areas in which the silver economy and the ageing population itself should be viewed as a challenge to new business opportunities. In particular, these include health service and health care, spa care, the pharmaceutical industry, tourism, the financial sector and, last but not least, construction industry. The silver economy will change the rules of market forces in existing sectors and create a wholly new industry at the intersection of demographic and technological changes with a high export potential.
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Özdemir, Lutfiye, Orhan Polat, Gamze Seyitoğlu, and Sevde Çiçekli. "A Research and Determination of the Effective Elements in the Prevention of Migration from the Village to the City for Sustainable Rural Development i." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01882.

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In today's Turkey, rapid technological changes and developments at global level has increased to migration from village to urban areas. Sustainable rural development (SRD) means that future generations can meet their needs in a settlement that is less than a population of 20,000, so that past generations can’t complain about them. For sustainable rural development, it is important to prevent rural migration and to present labour, production, marketing and living opportunities in rural areas. In this context, the study was conducted in order to investigate the causes of migration from the village to the city, to take the necessary precautions and to make suggestions for the SRD. For this purpose, the research has been applied to farmers in selected villages in Central Anatolia, Black Sea, Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean and Eastern Anatolia Regions in Turkey with face to face discussions and 141 questionnaires have already been collected. It was found that Cronbach Alpha was found to be quite reliable as the result of the analysis with a scale value of 0.785. Reasons for migration as a result of factor analysis can be classified as: 1) Migration due to education, 2) Migrations based on physical infrastructure. Numerous independent variables considered to be effective on these problems were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. As a result, it has been determined that many factors, mainly demographic qualities, are effective on migrations based on both education and physical infrastructure.
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Reports on the topic "Labour and demographic economics"

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Valente Rosa, Maria João. Demographic ageing: the rigidity of conventional metrics and the need for their revision. IPR-NOVA, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23906/wp63/2022.

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This article aims to discuss the scope and value of the conventional metrics used to assess and compare levels of ageing between different populations. The age brackets for classifying if the population is ageing or aged are typically based on chronological age and are very close to the stages of the economic tripartite life cycle: the school/education phase; the labour market participation phase; the retirement phase. Those conventional metrics produce distortions in capturing the levels of demographic ageing. If the change in the age structure is rooted in social development, not in a social crisis, having more people in older ages should be related to that. Living longer, on average, does not only mean living more years but also a change in people's social profile, which the usual metrics for measuring ageing do not capture. Because of the central place that demographic ageing occupies in the framework of social, political and scientific reflection on the present and future of societies, Demographic Science should contribute with new metrics reflecting the real social improvements in populations age structures. This reflection supports the need to undertake a critical analysis of the way demographic ageing has usually been presented; stresses the need to advance ageing metrics that match societies' development by considering the life expectancy; and presents a new indicator for measurement demographic ageing that compares what we observe with what we can expect from the age structure at any given mortality level.
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Buiter, Willem. Centre For Labour Economics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2578.

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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Santhya, K. G., Snigdha Banerjee, Basant Kumar Panda, A. J. Francis Zavier, Avishek Hazra, and Shilpi Rampal. Role of debt in overseas labour migration in India. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1035.

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The Population Council, in partnership with the Global Fund to End Modern Slavery and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, undertook a multicomponent study to better understand the relationship between debt and overseas labor migration from India. The study shed light on: levels and patterns of household indebtedness among migrant households, with a special focus on households with overseas migrants; cost of overseas labor migration from India and the role of debt in financing overseas migration; role of debt in migration-related decisions; differences in work-related choices and experiences and financial vulnerabilities migrant workers experienced by household indebtedness; and migrant workers’ perceptions about financial products that can potentially reduce their financial vulnerabilities. This report describes the levels and patterns of household indebtedness and socio-demographic differentials in indebted international migrant households. It sheds light on costs incurred for overseas labor migration and the role of debt in financing migration, migration-related decisions, work-related choices and experiences, and financial vulnerabilities faced in India and overseas. A description of financial products that can potentially reduce the financial vulnerabilities of overseas labor migrants is included, as are recommendations for programs and research.
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Herbert, George. How Can Middle-income Countries Improve Their Skills Systems Post- COVID-19? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.082.

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Vocational training systems in middle-income countries are going to face multiple challenges in the post-COVID era, notably, challenges related to (1) automation; (2) the transition to a green economy, and (3) demographic pressures. Of these, automation - linked to the burgeoning ‘fourth industrial revolution’ that is set to transform the global economy - represents the most serious challenge and is the only one of the three challenges discussed in any depth in this paper. Whilst estimates of the likely scale of automation in the coming years and decades vary widely, it appears likely that waves of automation will lead to a dramatic decline in many kinds of jobs that largely involve routine, repetitive tasks. These trends pre-date COVID-19, but the disruption caused by the pandemic provides an opportunity to prepare for these challenges by implementing vocational training system reforms as part of the Build Back Better agenda. Reforms to vocational training systems will be crucial to ensuring middle-income countries respond appropriately to accelerating labour market changes. However, they should only form a limited part of that response and need to be integrated with a wide range of other policy measures. Vocational training reform will need to occur in the context of major reforms to basic education in order to ensure that all workers are equipped with the cross-cutting cognitive and socio-emotional skills they will require to perform hard-to-automate tasks and to be able to learn and adapt rapidly in a changing economy. Middle-income countries will also likely need to progressively expand social protection schemes in order to provide a safety net for workers that struggle to adapt to changing labour market requirements.
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Cavalli, Nicolò. Future orientation and fertility: cross-national evidence using Google search. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2020.res06.

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Using digital traces to investigate demographic behaviours, I leverage in this paper aggregated web search data to develop a Future Orientation Index for 200 countries and territories across the world. This index is expressed as the ratio of Google search volumes for ‘next year’ (e.g., 2021) to search volumes for ‘current year’ (e.g., 2020), adjusted for country-level internet penetration rates. I show that countries with lower levels of future orientation also have higher levels of fertility. Fertility rates decrease quickly as future orientation levels increase; but at the highest levels of future orientation, this correlation flattens out. Theoretically, I reconstruct the role that varying degrees of future orientation might play in fertility decisions by incorporating advances in behavioural economics into a traditional quantity-quality framework à la Becker.
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Rural NEET Youth Policy Brief - Challenges Associated with Formal Education in Rural Areas. COST Action 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.neetpb.2022.05.

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The youth demographic in rural areas continues to experience a global decline despite significant efforts from both national and international organisations to downturn this ne- gative trend. Such efforts aim to create conditions for learning as well as opportunities that can enable young people to develop knowledge, skills, and competencies. Despite the economic recovery trends of recent years (before the COVID-19 pandemic), young people continue to be particularly vulnerable and especially during times of crisis. Youth disengagement from the labour market can lead to economic loss, demotivation, margina- lisation, and be reflected in challenges such as a lack of qualifications, health issues, poverty, and other forms of social exclusion. To address such challenges, it is vital that a detailed understan- ding of youth needs is developed. This work should be based on heterogeneous characteristics (personal vs institutional) that include (although not limited to) socio-economic, demographic, financial, technical, and institutional perspectives. This information should subsequently inform both future policy-making and decision-making processes.
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Youth Livelihood Opportunities in Egypt. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2001.1000.

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This report presents results from a quantitative and qualitative study on youth livelihood opportunities in Egypt. The study was motivated by growing evidence of increasing unemployment among the young at a time when new entrants into the labor force are also increasing at unprecedented rates. Egypt has a youth population of over 13 million aged 15–24—over a fifth of the total population. They constitute the largest segment of the economically active population. Whether this bulge of young workers entering the labor force is a “demographic gift” or a “demographic burden” depends in large measure on the policies that are in place to guide their entry into the labor force, and their accumulation of human capital. Opportunity structures for youth at this transitional stage of their life will not only contribute to the economic and social development of the country, but also shape and influence all aspects of their lives as adults.
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